limus, -i: mud

alveus, -i: a hollow channel, riverbed

last syllable is long

"into a wide [opening]"

turbo, -inis: a spiral, coil, whirl

tortilis, -e (adj): twisted

murex, -icis, m: a sea snail used to make Imperial purple dye

i.e. his trident

stagno, -are: to form a pool/lake, overflow

This later became the oracle of Apollo at Delphi, when he killed the monster Python at Mount Parnassus

Themis is a Greek word for justice, and worshipped as the goddess of law/justice

nymphs local to this region - https://www.theoi.com/Nymphe/NymphaiKorykiai.html

torus, -i, m. bed, marriage bed

latus, -a, -um - wide (as opposed to latus, lateris, n.)

nominative - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phocis_(ancient_region)

parco, -ere, peperci: to spare +dative

prosum: to do good, to help +dative

"Daughters of Nereus" - sea nymphs

the reins which control or hold back a horse

canus, -a -um - gray/white

vinetum, -i. vineyard

ulmus, -i, f. elm tree

aduncus, -a, -um: hooked, curved

cumba, ae - a small boat

This has some similarities to Greek mythology, the Biblical story of Noah's ark, and the Mesopotamian myth Atrahasis, pointing to shared traditions between Greeks and Near Eastern cultures. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_flood_myths

sero, seri, sevi, satum - to sow, grow as a crop

exspatio, -are = erro, -are (Ovid invented this word)

Neptune is also the god of earthquakes

i.e. Neptune, Jove's brother, god of the sea

Aeolus is the god of the winds. In the Odyssey, he puts the winds in a bag for Odysseus in order to let him sail safely home, but Odysseus' sailors open the bag while he is asleep, and they get blown off course. In the Aeneid, Juno offers to let Aeolus marry a nymph in exchange for causing a storm to blow Aeneas off course, but Aeolus says she only needs to ask. Neptune, when he realizes what is happening, puts an end to the storm.

ablative; a mountain in Arcadia where Hermes was said to have been born (his mother, a nymph, is also named Cyllene)

inritus (adv): in vain

colonus = agricola

fragor, -oris: crash, break

roro, -are: to drip

antecedent of quaecumque, which is the subject of fugant

= Auster

the Roman equivalent of Boreas

The Cyclopes (plural of Cyclops) are monsters who work the forge of Vulcan/Hephaestus in Mt Etna, according to mythology

A Stoic idea about the cosmos: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekpyrosis

axis, -is: the North Pole, or the whole sky

i.e. to Jupiter

tus, turis: incense

orbus, -a, -um: orphaned, bereft, deprived of

iactura, -ae: loss, throwing away (subject of est)

impleo, -ere: to fulfill (as in, to play a role, with partes) adsensus, -us: agreement

fremo, fremere: to roar, resound

rabies, -ei: madness, frenzy

delabor, delabi (deponent): to slip down, to descend

admitto, -ere: to commit, as a crime

object of ausum

Tonans, Tonantis - "Thundering," an epithet of Jove

Lycaon tried to trick Jove into eating human flesh (story below)

The Giants were supposed to have attacked the gods by piling three mountains (Olympus, Ossa, and Pelion) on top of each other

sooner, more quickly

A Fury, a goddess of vengeance, violence, and rage: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erinyes

villus, -i: tuft of hair, fur

obses, obsidis: hostage

i.e. "me" (Jupiter)

necopinus, -a, -um: unexpected

crepusculum, -i: twilight

pinetum, -i: pine grove

latebrae, -arum: shadows, den(s)

Maenalus is a mountainous part of Arcadia (a wild inland part of Greece, in mythology)

lustro, -are: to wander through, examine, review, look at

subsisto, -ere: to stop, halt

"untreatable," "incurable"

A sea god: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nereus

i.e. the river Styx, which the gods swear oaths on

The "Hundred-Handers" were another group of mythological monsters - in other versions they help Zeus overthrow the Titans: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hecatoncheires

caesaries, -ei: dark hair

The Palatine hill was where the Romans with the greatest wealth and social status lived in Republican times, and where the emperors and their families lived beginning with Augustus

i.e. Jove/Jupiter, son of Saturn

Terra, or Gaia, was said to be the mother of the Giants in Greek mythology; children of Gaia are usually sinister, destructive, monstrous enemies to the Olympian gods

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giants_(Greek_mythology)#:~:text=In%20Greek%20and%20Roman%20mythology,battle%20with%20the%20Olympian%20gods.

"wicked stepmothers" in myth include Medea (also a poisoner) and Phaedra

A famous father-in-law and son-in-law pair from Ovid's own time were Pompey and Caesar (Pompey married Caesar's daughter Julia, so he was Caesar's son-in-law until she died in 53 BCE), who fought a civil war in 49-46 BCE

The "myth of ages" or "ages of man" is an idea first found in Hesiod's Theogony in classical literature - his version is slightly different from Ovid's: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ages_of_Man

goes with communem

insulto: to leap on, leap along

literally a less valuable vein of ore

frutex: shrub, hedge

candeo, -ere - to glow

caneo, canere: to go white/pale

Greek accusative; agrees w habendum

vindex: avenger, punisher, enforcer

induo, -ere: to put on (like clothing)

sublimis, -e: high, lofty

subject is Prometheus again

born to - i.e., son of Iapetus (Prometheus)

nitidus: shining

orbus: orphaned, deprived of + abl of separation

dissaepio: to fence off, pen in

lanio, laniare: to tear, lacerate

give up; separate

The Septem Triones are the seven stars of what we call Ursa Major or the Big Dipper, including/pointing to the North Star

tepesco, -ere: to grow warm

matutinus, -a, -um: of morning

negative purpose - "so that they don't"

flamen, flaminis, n. breath, blast

plaga, -ae: region, climate

antecedent of quae is flumina<br> quae, diversa locis, <br>partim sorbentur ab ipsa, <br /> in mare perveniunt partim <br> campoque recepta liberioris aquae / pro ripis litora pulsant.

glomero: to make a globe or sphere<br> [in speciem magni orbis]

eximo, -ere: to remove, release

spissus, -a, -um: thick, dense

dirimo, -ere: to split up, end

lis, litis: quarrel (like litigation)

"lacking" + genitive of the thing missing

i.e. Helios/Sol

3rd person plural perfect

dative of possession

• meis

"beginnings," "things begun"

mutatas formas [in nova corpora] <br>dicere <br>fert animus

Praetor intellegens negare * sibi placere, * __quod senatusconsultum ratum esse non deberet, * id me Romam deportare.

He specifies later that he's talking about his first cousin, Lucius. Cicero's brother is Quintus Tullius Cicero, who had a political career of his own: he was Cicero's campaign manager for the consulship in 63, helped Cicero get recalled from exile in 57, and later served with Caesar in Gaul in 54.

the subject of adferre; vim is its object

A Greek pun - Theo comes from the word for god; Mnastus from the word for remembering; and ractus from the word for breaking

litterae commendaticiae = recommendation letter written for a friend or client to get them access and support; tabellae tributariae = letter of credit, i.e. a record of a loan

i.e. was on very good terms

usually means twin or sibling, but here = verum

a division, i.e. into yeas and nays in the debate

an accounting, like a ledger

praesum, praeesse: to be in charge of + dative

olive oil is rubbed on athletes in the palaestra, hence the connection

gerund - "by speaking"

"as much as", "to the extent that"

in court, in an official audience/capacity

actually his cousin (his uncle's son)

<caedo, caedere - to strike

commonefacio: moneo + facio, to bring to mind, to remind of

a senatus consultum is a decree or decision of the senate, the announcement of the outcome of their debate

de Sex. Peducaeo, * qui de illa civitate totaque provincia optime meritus esset, sese antea, * cum audissent ei negotium facessitum, * cumque eum publice pro plurimis eius et maximis meritis laudare cuperent, <br><br>a C. Verre prohibitos esse; iniquum esse, * tametsi Peducaeus eorum laudatione iam non uteretur, <br>tamen non id prius decernere * quod aliquando voluissent * quam * __quod tum cogerentur.

purpose clause

senate debates are announced beforehand on a particular topic; "refero" is the verb used for referring or proposing a matter to the senate for debate, and the topic is "de re publica" generally or "de" + a specific topic.

In Rome (as opposed to Syracuse or Greek cities), senatorial debates go in a particular order, starting with the consuls elect and going down the hierarchy from there; only senators can speak. At public assemblies, only praetors, tribunes, consuls, or specifically invited orators can speak.

mali and boni are partitive genitives with plus

i.e. of Verres

adverbial - "that much less", "because of that...less"

i.e. the one in the Curia

i.e. Verres

palaestrita, ae, m., = παλαιστρίτης, the director of a wrestling-school

an opinion or speech given in a senate debate

impersonal - by the senators

Heraclius, a Syracusan citizen introduced below

the Mamertina civitas is Messana (see above)

• nam turpitudinem summam esse ... <br>arbitrantur
• ...referri in tabulas publicas
• __pretio adductam civitatem, et pretio parvo, ea ...
• ____quae accepisset a maioribus
• __...vendidisse atque abalienasse

as opposed to Roman people, he's suggesting

object of ducere

i.e. motivated by money

=aliquis

<desino, -ere - to stop

impersonal - "let's say that...", "granted that..."

comparative adjective with quam

mystagogus, i, m., = μυσταγωγός,

one who conducts a person through secret and sacred places as a guide, an initiator, a mystagogue

quem antecedent is Archimedem, subject of audisset and tulisse is Marcellus

• __quem ...
• cum audisset
• __...interfectum <br>permoleste tulisse

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archimedes

pluris...quam sets up a comparison between deos and homines desideratos

2nd person plural imperative - "think of it this way," "understand the situation this way"

in Capitolio = in terrestri domicilio Iovis

"The Sea," i.e. the Black Sea/Euxine Sea; Pontus is also the name of a kingdom on the shore of that sea, now northeastern Turkey. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pontus

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titus_Quinctius_Flamininus

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristaeus

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paean_(god)

negative connotations - obsessions, hobbies

heavy sarcasm

A Greek female poet: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sappho

argumentum, -i: figure, representation

archaic imperative - "let it be so," "granted"

operarius: a working man, a manual laborer (derogative, referring to Verres)

Aediles are junior magistrates in charge of infrastructure, games, and exhibitions

a Tusculan villa, a status symbol - Cicero ended up buying one later in his political career (and was resented by the old-money crowd for it). Tusculum is a town just outside Rome.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silanion

gramineus, -a, -um: made of grass or bamboo

bulla, -ae: knob, stud

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorgon

comparative neuter singular adjective: "a more respectable thing"

verum tamen honestius est rei publicae nostrae, iudices, * ea * __quae illis pulchra esse videantur * imperatorem nostrum in bello reliquisse * __quam praetorem in pace abstulisse

supine form - "unbelievable to say/in saying"

adverb - =plane, certe

=nobiles, honestos

Vereor * ne haec ... * __qui non viderunt * ...omnia me nimis augere atque ornare * arbitrentur; quod tamen nemo suspicari debet, * tam esse me cupidum * __ut tot viros primarios velim, [praesertim ex iudicum numero], * _qui Syracusis fuerint, * _qui haec viderint, * __esse temeritati et mendacio meo conscios

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Sicilian_tyrants

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panel_painting

see note on section 71

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_of_Athena_(Syracuse)

double dative - ornamento is a dative of purpose, urbi a dative of advantage

i.e. suis

reasoning, calculation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_of_Honor_and_Virtue

genitive of description

parco, -ere: to spare, leave unharmed (takes a dative object)

periculi is a partitive genitive with nihil: no amount of danger

"at the highest point of which"

Greek for "new city" (nea + polis)

Tyche or Tycha is the Greek word for Fortune

= πρυτανεῖον,

the town-hall, a public building in some of the Grecian states, where the Prytanes assembled and dined, and where those who had done special service to the State were entertained at the public expense

operio, -ire: to cover, overwhelm

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arethusa_(mythology)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiero_I_of_Syracuse