a horrifying list of reasons which usually justifies those acts upon the sack of a city

Cilicia is a region of Turkey famous for being full of pirates and bandits; Cicero will be its governor 20 years later and hated it

pateo, patere: to lie open

A riddle: <br>

• ab illo ...
• __qui cepit
• ...conditas,
• ab hoc ...
• __qui constitutas accepit
• ...captas <br>dicetis
• Syracusas

Dicetis: <br>Syracusae conditae sunt ab illo qui cepit; <br>Syracusae captae sunt ab hoc qui [Syracusas] constitutas accepit

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annales_maximi Annales is also the title of Ennius' historical epic poem and of some histories in Greek or Latin

"who....not"

medeor, -eri (deponent) - to heal 2nd person plural ending

• id si impetrassent, tum
• __ut morem veterem Hennensium conservarent,
• publice in eum,
• __tametsi vexasset Siciliam,
• tamen,
• __quoniam haec a maioribus instituta accepissent,
• testimonium ne quod dicerent;
• __sin autem ea non reddidisset,
• tum ut in iudicio adessent,
• tum ut de eius iniuriis iudices docerent,
• sed maxime de religione quererentur

ago can mean to argue or make a case, as in a law case

precor, precari - prayer, plea

word order for emphasis - this place makes it particularly outrageous

myoparo, -onis: light pirate ship

in 212 BCE, in the Second Punic War https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Syracuse_(213%E2%80%93212_BC)

adverbial - =quo or quomodo

idiom - "in reality," "actually"

adscio/ascio, -ire: to accept, adopt

sancio, sancire - to confirm, consecrate

internal accusative - plurimum "the most", "to the greatest degree"

• Ea tametsi multis istius et variis iniuriis acciderunt, <br>tamen haec una causa [in opinione Siculorum] plurimum valet,
• quod
• __[Cerere violata] omnis cultus fructusque Cereris in iis locis interisse
• arbitrantur.

The hero to whom Ceres is supposed to have taught the art of agriculture

vestigium, -i, n. footprint, trace

132 BCE - First Slave War

tam...quam are correlatives, "as...as" (comparing dominorum with libidinum)

=Dis=Hades

decumae = decimae (tenths or tithes)

verbena, -ae, f. branches, boughs, laurels

infula: fillet, ribbon (ritual decoration)

venit in mentem + gen

With gen. (so mostly in Cic.): non minus saepe ei venit in mentem potestatis, quam aequitatis tuae, he bethought himself of, Cic. Quint. 2, 6: tibi tuarum virtutum veniat in mentem, id. de Or. 2, 61, 249: venit mihi Platonis in mentem, id. Fin. 5, 1, 2: solet mihi in mentem venire illius temporis, id. Fam. 7, 3, 1.—

mindset, disposition, emotional state

see taedas, section 106 above

Ceres is supposed to have carried two torches to search for the abducted Proserpina

=aperto

Outline:

• 1-2 exordium: Verres stole all the artwork from Sicily
• 3-29 Verres' thefts from the house of Heius in Messana
• --3-7 narration, outrage
• --7-29 refutation of Verres' argument that he bought the statues fairly
• -- 21-24 Verres worse than a pirate
• 30-34 Verres' henchmen/spies
• 32-52 Verres' thefts in Lilybaeum
• --38 Verres isn't just a thief, he's insane
• 53-60 commiseratio/outrage - unheard of - setting up gold workshops and embroidery factories
• 60-8 Theft from King Antiochus of Syria
• --69-72 actually, this was a theft from Jupiter, and from Catulus (on the jury) who rebuilt Jupiter's temple
• 72-83 theft of Diana from Segesta = theft from Scipio (his descendant is on the jury) * --81 if Scipio isn't going to defend his ancestor's honor, I will as a new man - I have Scipio's virtues anyway <br><br> 105 I won't go on too long (signals entertaining "digression") 106- Ceres of Henna & the myth of Proserpina

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_of_Ceres,_Liber_and_Libera#:~:text=The%20Sanctuary%20of%20Ceres%2C%20Liber,31%20BC%2C%20but%20was%20repaired.

Eleusis, outside Athens, was a Panhellenic sanctuary of Demeter - people came from all over the Mediterranean (including Rome) to participate in the Eleusinian Mysteries until the Christian church shut them down

i.e. Ceres

omens, like a statue weeping, raining frogs, or animals born with two heads

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibylline_Books

A story told in Ovid's Metamorphoses: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyane

Of the people of Henna (modern Enna)

i.e. Hic nunc iste reus appellabitur? aut ego accusator appellabitur? aut hoc iudicium appellabitur?

https://ancientimes.blogspot.com/2020/04/roman-ivories-inherited-art.html

a ship with 5 banks of oars (quinque + remi - like a trireme but a lot bigger)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masinissa

gerundive expressing purpose - muliebrem vestem is the object

a textile factory or workshop

i.e. modern Malta

ablative absolute https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiberius_Gracchus

ablative absolute - the Romans distinguish years from each other by naming the two consuls

Demeter and Persephone, in Greek

i.e. Hades/Pluto

altitudo can be height or depth

planities, -ei, f. - flatness

edo, edire; = perexcelsus

perstringo: tie up; touch upon

ordio, -ire: to begin to weave (literally or figuratively)

coarguo, -ere: prove guilty

gerund, active in voice infitior, ari - to deny

ablative absolute

antecedent is Eo [loco]

Senate house

sarcasm alert

Punic Wars = the wars with Carthage (in Africa) in the 3rd and 2nd c. BCE

polluendis is a gerund-replacing gerundive which takes iis sacris as its object, it's active in voice

spoliandi is a gerund-replacing gerundive, so it's active in meaning and takes sacrari as its object

"How" (Qui can also be ablative, in an archaic form)

ad+amo, amare

passive periphrastic (like Carthago delenda est)

ne...quidem: even ornandi is a gerund (active verbal noun) causa takes a genitive before it: "for the sake of ___"

double dative with tibi - tibi is the dative of advantage, auxilio the dative of purpose

facilius is a comparative adverb, quo an ablative of means - "because of which X more easily does Y"

i.e. Verres'

see note on deferunt in 99

defero can specifically mean reporting to the officials, giving information, ratting someone out, petitioning for action

Vide ne

• ille non solum temperantia sed etiam intellegentia te atque istos ...
• --qui se elegantis dici volunt *... vicerit.

There are two "actiones" or parts of the trial in Cicero's case against Verres; only the first "actio" actually took place before Verres fled into exile in Marseilles, so the second "actio" is what Cicero planned to say but never got to. There are four speeches, or "books," in the second "actio."

A large water jar

from Enguion

The Erymanthian boar is one of Hercules' canonical 12 labors

a little "sack of a city" set piece - Greek and Roman historians love writing these

quaestors and aediles are junior Roman magistrates - there's probably a Sicilian/Greek equivalent that Cicero is translating

genitive of value/price

From Assorus, a city in inland Sicily

= custos (aedes + tueor)

a trumpet

"whether" (introduces an indirect question)

faciendum, utendum, and quaerendum are all passive periphrastic uses of the gerundive (like "Carthago delenda est")

Second person singular imperative of nolo, nolle

Subject is still maiores

In provinciis intellegebant,

• __si is ...
• ____qui esset cum imperio ac potestate
• ____quod apud quemque esset
• __...emere vellet, idque ei liceret,
• fore uti ...
• __quod quisque vellet,
• __sive esset venale sive non esset,
• __quanti vellet
• ...auferret.

Primum,

• si id ...
• __quod vis
• tibi ego concedam,
• __ut emeris, <br>—quoniam in toto hoc genere hac una defensione usurus es,— <br>quaero
• __cuius modi tu iudicia Romae putaris esse,
• si ...
• __tibi hoc quemquam concessurum
• ...putasti,
• ____te in praetura atque imperio tot res tam pretiosas, omnis denique res ...
• __quae alicuius preti fuerint,
• __... tota ex provincia coemisse

Verres inherited his house from Chelidon, his lover, who Cicero says was a prostitute

note the tense

"but that," "who did not"

"he found them benignis"

aedileship, or year in office as aedile - a public office in charge of infrastructure in the city and public games. The more of your own money you put into these things as aedile, the more people appreciate you (and the more likely they are to vote you into higher office later)

Polyclitus - Another great classical sculptor

diminutive form of ara, arae, f.

Myron was a Hellenistic Greek sculptor best known for the Discobolus (discus-thrower):

Myron was a Hellenistic Greek sculptor best known for the Discobolus (discus-thrower):

A Roman general who conquered Corinth in the 2nd c. BCE

note that he's a little apologetic or embarrassed about knowing the name of Praxiteles, so he has to explain it - Roman lawyers of this period aren't supposed to be Greek sculpture experts

Praxiteles - One of the most famous Hellenistic sculpturs

can mean "signs" generally, but here means sculptures or statues

Facilius enim perspicietur

• qualis apud eos fueris
• __qui te oderunt, qui accusant, qui persequuntur,
• __cum [apud tuos Mamertinos] inveniare improbissima ratione esse praedatus.

<br><br> inveniare is a second person singular passive subjunctive form.

Numquam tam male est Siculis

• quin aliquid facete et commode dicant,
• velut in hac re aiebant
• **in labores Herculis non minus hunc immanissimum verrem quam illum aprum Erymanthium referri oportere

quin - "but that," "that...not" verres, -is = aper, apri - wild boar (a pun on Verres' name) refero, referre - to report, relate, tell the story of facete - cleverly, facetiously

diminutives of signum and parvus

accusative of extent of time

fors, fortis - luck, chance

vectis, -is - lever

ablative absolute<br> convulsus - shaken, torn apart<br> repagula, -ae - bolt<br> valva, -ae - door

clava, -ae and fustis, -is are both types of cudgel/club

mulco, -are - to beat

ablative absolute

comparative neuter singular adjective - "more" or "rather" attritum

rictus, -i, n. smile/mouth <br> mentum, -i, n. chin

tam and quam are correlatives: "as as_"

quo is an ablative of comparison with pulchrius:

• quo ... <br>non facile dixerim
• ...quicquam me vidisse pulchrius <br> <br>Quicquam pulchrius eo vidi? Non facile dicam.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_of_Heracles,_Agrigento

A city on the southern coast of Sicily - there are massive Greek temples still standing there

Aesculapius (or Asclepius) is a Greek healing god - people slept (or "incubated") in his temples when they needed healing.

[Demetrius said]

• Romae nuper ipsum istum esse pollicitum
• sese id signum legatis redditurum
• **si eius rei testificatio tolleretur
• **cautumque esset
• **eos testimonium non esse dicturos,

from the OCD: The gymnasiarch of the Hellenistic and Roman polis was general supervisor of the civic gymnasium (or gymnasia), responsible for its administration and the moral supervision of its youthful users (see epheboi), for whom he was a fearsome authority‐figure empowered to fine and flog.

praesum, praeesse: to be in charge of (the thing you're in charge of goes in the dative)

i.e., publicae litterae sunt in quas dicitur...

commodo, -are - to lend future active participle (esse implied makes it a future infinitive)

"similar to the truth" = "plausible" or "likely"

Dedit igitur tibi nunc fortuna Siculorum / C. Marcellum iudicem,

• ut, ...
• ** cuius ad statuam / Siculi [te praetore] alligabantur,
• eius religione / te <his iudicibus> vinctum adstrictumque ...dedamus

a patibulum is a torture device

2nd person singular deponent imperfect subjunctive

praesidi is a partitive genitive here - "nothing of/no amount of praesidium" = no praesidium

introduces an either/or question (an is or)

These are all genitives of legal charge <br> pecuniam + capio = take a bribe (or maybe extort money, here?)

genitive of value/price/cost

indirect question

cum - tum are correlatives, "not only - but also"

I mean, for Sicily

i.e. Verres

the dative form of Sopater, a Greek name (Sicily was colonized by the Greeks)

"ne multa [dicam]..." <br> See, Cicero can edit himself and speak in short sentences when he feels like it!

deponent

"as though," "as if"

ablative absolute

result clause containing a double dative - urbi (dative of advantage) and ornamento (dative of purpose)

The Mamertines were Roman mercenaries who settled in Messana before the Punic Wars. Messana is on the corner of Sicily closest to the "toe" of Italy.

potius is a comparative adverb ("rather") with quam ("than")

Haec ego, iudices, non auderem proferre,

• ni[si] vererer
• **ne forte ...
• **plura de isto ab aliis in sermone quam a me in iudicio
• **vos audisse
• ... diceretis. (contrary to fact condition)

Quis non hoc intellegeret, (potential subjunctive)

• [in improbi praesentis imperio] maiorem esse vim
• **quam [in bonorum absentium patrocinio]

specto, -are can mean "pertain to" or "be relevant to"

sc "crimen"

=possum

i.e. belonging to you, the Roman people

"majesty" but also "sovereignty" - crimes de maiestate are basically treason

<"peculation" in English - embezzling public funds

indirect question

"there is need of" + ablative or nominative (+ dative of the person who needs it)

in an organized/orderly way

obrigesco: to go stiff or rigid

potential subjunctive

The Claudii Marcelli, a branch of the Claudian patrician gens. M. Claudius Marcellus recaptured a lot of Sicily and Italy from Hannibal in the 3rd c. BCE, which is why there are statues of him all over Sicily. Cicero gave a defense speech of a Marcus Marcellus in 46 BCE (he had two brothers, all high achievers in politics). Another M. Marcellus was briefly Augustus' heir (he was Augustus' sister Octavia's son) before his untimely death in 23 BCE.

"up to that point" or "to that degree" (usque = as far as)

divarico, -are - to spread out

caedo, caedere - to strike, beat, cut down, or kill (not in this case, though)

= futurum esse

stipo, stipare: crowd {around), surround

i.e. "quod indignum videretur illis

• qui aderant, [et illis]
• qui audiebant <br>incredibile videretur...

adverbial - "here," "on this point"

bigger than the pyramids?!

defensor [postulat]

jussive subjunctive

trials de pecuniis repetundis ("about seeking restitution/getting property back") are trials for embezzlement. This trial of Verres is, in fact, a trial de pecuniis repetundis, but Cicero is putting that aside for the moment

<vir (so insulting to Scipio...)

imago, imaginis - death mask Roman nobiles keep the death masks of their ancestors on display in the atrium of their house

desinat = jussive subjunctive queri = deponent infinitive

(Quam ob rem)

• si suscipis domesticae laudis patrocinium, me non solum silere de vestris monumentis oportebit, <br>sed etiam laetari
• P. Africani eius modi fortunam esse mortui
• **ut eius honos ab iis ...
• **qui [ex eadem familia] sint
• **...defendatur, <br>
• **neque ullum adventicium auxilium requiratur.

future deponent

proagorus, i, m., = προήγορος, a director, the highest magistrate in some towns of Sicily

Audistis nuper

• dicere legatos Tyndaritanos, homines honestissimos ac principes civitatis,
• **Mercurium, ...
• **qui sacris anniversariis apud eos ac summa religione coleretur,
• **quem P. Africanus (Carthagine capta) Tyndaritanis non solum suae victoriae sed etiam illorum fidei societatisque monumentum atque indicium dedisset,
• **...huius vi scelere imperioque esse sublatum

People from Tyndaris, a city near Messana (close to the toe of Italy)

See note on Chelidon in section 71

A prostitute (at least according to Cicero) who Verres lived with (in her house) until her death; she's been described as an Olivia Pope-like political fixer by Bauman. She left her property to Verres when she died.

"as many as possible"

Non vereor

• ne tibi, Q. Catule, displiceat,
• (cuius amplissimum orbi terrarum clarissimumque monumentum est),
• **quam plurimos esse custodes monumentorum
• **et putare omnis bonos
• **alienae gloriae defensionem [ad officium suum] pertinere.

Non vereor

• ne hoc officium meum P. Servilio iudici non probem,
• qui ...
• **cum res maximas gesserit
• **monumentaque suarum rerum gestarum cum maxime constituat
• **atque in iis elaboret
• ...profecto volet haec non solum suis posteris verum etiam omnibus viris fortibus et bonis civibus defendenda, non spolianda improbis tradere.

iudex, iudicis

these are the "his rebus" mentioned in the previous clause"

Est aliqua mea pars virilis,

• quod eius civitatis sum
• **quam ille amplam inlustrem claramque reddidit,
• praecipue quod in his rebus pro mea parte versor
• **quarum ille princeps fuit, aequitate, industria, temperantia, defensione miserorum, odio improborum;
• quae cognatio studiorum et artium prope modum non minus est coniuncta quam ista
• **qua vos delectamini
• generis et nominis.

a "novus homo" is one without any ancestors who had been consul before, a "self-made man" of sorts - Cicero is one

internal accusative - "can do the most" or "has the most power"

second person future passive/deponent

non est pudoris mei

• (P. Scipione, florentissimo adulescente, vivo et incolumi)
• me propugnatorem monumentorum P. Scipionis defensoremque <br>profiteri

genitive of characteristic - "not characteristic of..."

so condescending!

ablative absolute

certiorem te faciunt<br>

• Publium Africanum [Carthagine deleta] simulacrum Dianae maioribus suis restituisse,
• idque apud Segestanos eius imperatoris nomine positum ac dedicatum fuisse;
• hoc Verrem demoliendum et asportandum nomenque omnino P. Scipionis delendum tollendumque curasse; <br>orant te atque obsecrant
• ut sibi religionem, generi tuo laudem gloriamque restituas,
• ut,
• **quod per P. Africanum ex urbe hostium recuperarint,
• id [per te] [ex praedonis domo] conservare possint.

=recuperaverint (perfect subjunctive)