Behavioral Economics is the combination of psychology and economics that investigates what happens in markets in which some of the agents display human limitations and complications.

‘This area of enquiry is sometimes referred to as "behavioral finance," but we call it "behavioral economics." Behavioral economics combines the twin disciplines of psychology and economics to explain why and how people make seemimgly irrational or illogical decisions when they spend, invest, save, and borrow money.’ Belsky and Gilovich (1999)

Behavioural finance is the study of the influence of psychology on the behaviour of financial practitioners and the subsequent effect on markets. Sewell (2005)

Here are a few other commonly used heuristics, from George Pólya's 1945 book, How to Solve It:[2] If you are having difficulty understanding a problem, try drawing a picture. If you can't find a solution, try assuming that you have a solution and seeing what you can derive from that ("working backward"). If the problem is abstract, try examining a concrete example. Try solving a more general problem first (the "inventor's paradox": the more ambitious plan may have more chances of success).

Discounted cumulative gain (DCG) is a measure of ranking quality. In information retrieval, it is often used to measure effectiveness of web search engine algorithms or related applications.

Batı'da olduğu gibi Türkiye'de de Zen, seküler hümanizm, entelektüel anarşizm ve hippilik ile birbirine karıştırılmış ve bu kavramlar adeta birbiri yerine kullanılabilirmiş gibi okuyuculara sunulmuştur. Herhangi bir kural ve ilke yerine içgüdülere dönük bir yaşam süren kimselerin de Zen'in gerçeğine varmış aydınlanmış kişiler gibi görülebileceği bile iddia edilmiştir. Oysa Bodhidharma'nın Kanakışı Vaazı'nda (Bloodstream Sermon) söylediği "Buddhalar ilkeleri tutmazlar. Ve Buddhalar ilkeleri çiğnemezler. Buddhalar herhangi bir şeyi tutmaz veya çiğnemezler." ifadesi ile aynı yerde geçen şu ifadeler herhangi bir disiplin dışında kalarak Buddha doğasından bahsetmenin çelişkisini göstermektedir:

Kimi manastırlarda Zen ustasının topluluğa konuşması (teisho), ve usta ile özel görüşmeler (dokusan, daisan, veya sanzen olarak adlandırılır) dışında sıkı bir konuşma yasağı uygulanır.

Zen Okulunun en önemli savı Sakyamuni Buddha'nın öğretisinin sözle anlatılamayacağıdır. Söylenceye göre, Buda bir gün elinde bir çiçekle onun vaazını bekleyen öğrencilerinin önünde konuşmadan oturur. Öğrencileri arasından sadece Kasyapa Buda'nın mesajını anlar ve gülümser. Böylelikle Dhyana (Zen) Kasyapa'ya aktarılmıştır.

A function like f(x,y)=x+y is a function of two variables. It takes an element of R2, like (2,1), and gives a value that is a real number (i.e., an element of R), like f(2,1)=3. Since f maps R2 to R, we write f:R2→R. We can also use this “mapping” notation to define the actual function. We could define the above f(x,y) by writing f:(x,y)↦x+y. To contrast a simple real number with a vector, we refer to the real number as a scalar. Hence, we can refer to f:R2→R as a scalar-valued function of two variables or even just say it is a real-valued function of two variables. Everything works the same for scalar valued functions of three or more variables. For example, f(x,y,z), which we can write f:R3→R, is a scalar-valued function of three variables.

f:R→R as a shorthand way of expressing that f is a function from R onto R.

DEFINITION OF 'LOCK-UP OPTION' A stock option offered by a target company to a white knight for additional equity or for the purchase of a valuable portion of their company.

The study of the structural properties of preferences can be traced back to Book III of Aristotle's Topics. Since the early twentieth century several philosophers have studied the structure of preferences with logical tools. In 1957 and in 1963, respectively, Sören Halldén and Georg Henrik von Wright proposed the first complete systems of preference logic (Halldén 1957, von Wright 1963)

A real estate developer is interested in building a high rise apartment complex near an urban Ivy League university. To ensure the success of the project, a market research firm is hired to conduct focus groups with current students. Students are segmented by academic year (freshman, upper classmen, graduate studies) and amount of financial aid received. Study participants are given a series of index cards. Each card has 6 attributes to describe the potential building project (proximity to campus, cost, telecommunication packages, laundry options, floor plans, and security features offered). The estimated cost to construct the building described on each card is equivalent. Participants are asked to order the cards from least to most appealing. This forced ranking exercise will indirectly reveal the participants' priorities and preferences. Multi-variate regression analysis may be used to determine the strength of preferences across target market segments.

Many alternative models exist in econometrics, marketing, sociometrics and other fields, including utility maximization, optimization applied to consumer theory, and a plethora of other identification strategies which may be more or less accurate depending on the data, sample, hypothesis and the particular decision being modelled. In addition Choice Modelling is regarded as the most suitable method for estimating consumers’ willingness to pay for quality improvements in multiple dimensions.[2] The Nobel Prize for economics was awarded to a principal proponent of the Choice Modelling theory, Daniel McFadden.[3]