Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Na-Phatthalung et al observed that transcripts of the zinc transporter Slc30a1 was upregulated in Salmonella-infected murine macrophages and in human primary macrophages therefore they sought to determine if, and how, Slc30a1 could contribute to the control of bacterial pathogens. Using a reporter mouse the authors show that Slc30a1 expression increases in a subset of peritoneal and splenic macrophages of Salmonella-infected animals. Specific deletion of Slc30a1 in LysM+ cells resulted in a significantly higher susceptibility of mice to Salmonella infection which, counter to the authors conclusions, is not explained by the small differences in the bacterial burden observed in vivo and in vitro. Although loss of Slc30a1 resulted in reduced iNOS levels in activated macrophages, the study lacks experiments that mechanistically link loss of NO-mediated bactericidal activity to Salmonella survival in Slc30a1 deficient cells. The additional deletion of Mt1, another zinc binding protein, resulted in even lower nitrite levels of activated macrophages but only modest effects on Salmonella survival. By combining genetic approaches with molecular techniques that measure variables in macrophage activation and the labile zinc pool, Na-Phattalung et al successfully demonstrate that Slc30a1 and metallothionein 1 regulate zinc homeostasis in order to modulate effective immune responses to Salmonella infection. The authors have done a lot of work and the information that Slc30a1 expression in macrophages contributes to control of Salmonella infection in mice is a new finding that will be of interest to the field. Whether the mechanism by which SLC30A1 controls bacterial replication and/or lethality of infection involves nitric oxide production by macrophages remains to be shown.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

The results of the deep mutagenesis screen represent a wealth of information on the expression and function of SERT that everyone studying this protein will appreciate. However, as the authors explain, the screen identified mutations that increased APP+ transport but inhibited transport of the cognate substrate, 5-HT. Because of the methods used, 5-HT could not be used as a substrate, somewhat limiting the usefulness of the screen.

However, the authors have taken advantage of this limitation to address the mechanistic features of SERT that discriminate between 5-HT and APP+. From the position of mutations that augment APP+ transport, they have identified the aqueous pathway created in inward facing SERT conformations as a region of importance. Based on the MD simulations, transition to inward facing conformations is facilitated by 5-HT but less so by APP+. The authors conclude, quite reasonably, that mutations interfering with the stability of inward-closed SERT states could overcome the reduced ability of APP+ to open the pathway.

Another reasonable conclusion based on the mutant screen, is that mutations detrimental to surface expression were found in packed hydrophobic regions of the protein, but similar mutations in the permeation pathways were less likely to decrease expression. The authors postulate that this provides an evolutionary advantage by maintaining the structural fold while allowing modification of ion and substrate binding and coupling sites, a reasonable but speculative conclusion.

Not all gain-of-function mutations have to be specific to APP+. The authors point out that Ala173Gly converts SERT to the residue found in NET and DAT at this position. It would have been interesting to know how this mutation and others affect 5-HT transport. Indeed, the lack of any 5-HT transport measurements with the mutants is a glaring weakness of the manuscript.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

The manuscript by Rubin and Agrawal et al presents a very nice imaging analysis of clonal cell organization in the fetal and late juvenile mouse growth cartilages. The authors have performed a thorough quantification of the orientations of clusters and of clones of cells with respect to the growth axis. They conclude that growth cartilage is not as strictly 'columnar' as has been commonly described, especially at the fetal stage. There is value to having such quantifications in the literature as a reminder that interpretations of phenotypes need to be rooted in the cell biology of the stage at hand, as emphasized by the authors. However, although the approach is comprehensive, aspects of the quantification methods are not described adequately to determine if they are correct for the questions. There are also some inequivalent comparisons to prior literature and an oversight of important published observations showing that some of these conclusions have been known for decades, though not as thoroughly quantitative. There have long been observations that some growth cartilages do not have proliferative columns oriented in the axis of growth and that not all columns of a growth cartilage are perfectly organized; these facts do not negate the observations that columnar organization does exist, as re-confirmed here, and that it correlates with and contributes to rapid growth rates. Each of these points is further elaborated below.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

It has been reported that the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) mediates bone metabolism and nociceptive functions. However, the exact localization and organization of the central SNS circuitry innervating bone and the brain sites have not been mapped and efferent SNS outflow to bone has not yet been characterized yet. Authors used pseudorabies (PRV) viral transneuronal tracing approach to identify central SNS outflow sites that innervate bone. The authors found that the central SNS outflow to bone originates from brain nuclei, sub-nuclei and regions of six brain divisions (midbrain and pons, hypothalamus, hindbrain medulla, forebrain, cerebral cortex, and thalamus). The authors provided compelling evidence for a brain-bone SNS neuroaxis that may regulate bone metabolism and nociceptive functions, which provided a greater understanding of the neural regulation of bone metabolism and would stimulate further research into bone pain and the neural regulation of bone metabolism. Authors may discuss and summarize their results in detail for a better understanding of their findings and enhancing the manuscript's utility for readers.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

The manuscript from Barekatain et al. is investigating heterogeneity within the population of insulin vesicles from an insulinoma cell line (INS-1E) in response to glucose stimulation. Prevailing dogma in the beta-cell field suggests that there are distinct pools of mature insulin granules, such as ready-releasable and a reserve pool, which contribute to distinct phases of insulin release in response to glucose stimulation. Whether these pools (and others) are distinct in protein/lipid composition or other aspects is not known, but has been suggested. In this manuscript, the authors use density gradient sedimentation to enrich for insulin vesicles, noting the existence of a number of co-purifying contaminants (ER and mitochondrial markers). Following immunolabeling with synaptotagmin V and fluorescent-conjugated secondary antibodies, insulin vesicles were applied to a microfluidic device and separated by dielectrophoretic and electrokinetic forces following an applied voltage. The equilibrium between these opposing forces was used to physically separate insulin granules. Here some differences were observed in the insulin (Syt V positive) granule populations, when isolated from cells that were either non-stimulated or stimulated with glucose, which has been suggested previously by other studies as noted by the authors; however in the current manuscript, the inclusion of a number of control experiments may provide a better context for what the data reveal about these changes.

The major strength of the paper is in the use of the novel, highly sophisticated methodology to examine physical attributes of insulin granules and thus begin to provide some insight into the existence of distinct insulin granule populations within a beta-cell -these include insulin granules that are maturing, membrane-docked (i.e. readily releasable), in reserve, newly-synthesized, aged, etc. Whether physical differences exist between these various granule pools is not known. In this capacity, the technical abilities of the current manuscript may begin to offer some insight into whether these perceived distinctions are physical.

The major weakness of the manuscript is that the study falls short in terms of linking the biology to the sophisticated changes observed and primarily focuses on differences in response to glucose. Without knowing what the various populations of granules are, it is challenging to understand what the changes in response to glucose mean.

Specific concerns are as follows:

(1) There is confusion on what the DC-iDEP separation between stimulated and stimulated cells reveals. Do these changes reflect maturation state of granules, nascent vs. old granules? Ready-releasable vs. reserve pool? The comments in the text seem to offer all possibilities.

(2) It is unclear what we can infer regarding the physical changes of granules between the stimulated states of the cells. Without an understanding of the magnitude of the effect, it is unclear how biologically significant these changes are. For example, what degree of lipid or protein remodeling would be necessary to give a similar change?

(3) The reliance on a single vesicle marker, Syt V, is concerning given that granule remodeling is the focus.

(4) Additional confirmation that the isolated vesicles are in fact insulin granules would be helpful. As noted, granules were gradient enriched, but did carry contaminants. Note that the microscopy image provided does not provide any real validation for this marker.

Further confirmation that the immune-isolated vesicles are in fact insulin granules should be included. EM with immunogold labeling post-SytV enrichment would be a potential methodology to confirm.

(5) It would be useful to understand if the observed effects are specific to the INS-1E cell line or are a more universal effect of glucose on beta-cells.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Summary:

This study considers how to model distinct host cell states that correspond to different stages of a viral infection: from naïve and susceptible cells to infected cells and a minority of important interferon-secreting cells that are the first line of defense against viral spread. The study first considers the distinct host cell states by analyzing previously published single-cell RNAseq data. Then an agent-based model on a square lattice is used to probe the dependence of the system on various parameters. Finally, a simplified version of the model is explored, and shown to have some similarity with the more complex model, yet lacks the dependence on the interferon range. By exploring these models one gains an intuitive understanding of the system, and the model may be used to generate hypotheses that could be tested experimentally, telling us "when to be surprised" if the biological system deviates from the model predictions.

Strengths:

- Clear presentation of the experimental findings and a clear logical progression from these experimental findings to the modeling.<br /> - The modeling results are easy to understand, revealing interesting behavior and percolation-like features.<br /> - The scaling results presented span several decades and are therefore compelling.<br /> - The results presented suggest several interesting directions for theoretical follow-up work, as well as possible experiments to probe the system (e.g. by stimulating or blocking IFN secretion).

Weaknesses:

- The fixed time-step of the agent-based modeling may introduce biases. I would consider simulating the system with Gillespie dynamics where the reaction rates depend on the ambient system parameters.<br /> - Single-cell RNAseq data requires careful handling or it may generate false leads. The strength of the RNAseq evidence presented is not clear.

Two places where the manuscript could be extended:

- Since the "range" of IFN is an important parameter, it makes sense to consider other lattice geometries other than the square lattice, which is somewhat pathological. Perhaps a hexagonal lattice would generalize better.<br /> - Tissues are typically three-dimensional, not two-dimensional. (Epithelium is an exception). It would be interesting to see how the modeling translates to the three-dimensional case. Percolations transitions are known to be very sensitive to the dimensionality of the system.

Justification of claims and conclusions:

The claims and conclusions are well justified.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

In this manuscript, Pierre Ferrer and colleagues explore the exciting possibility that, in the male germ line, the composition and function of deeply conserved chromatin remodeling complexes is fine-tuned by the addition of testis-specific actin-related proteins (ARPs). In this regard, the Authors aim to extend previously reported non-canonical (transcriptional) roles of ARPs in somatic cells to the unique developmental context of the germ line. The manuscript is focused on the potential regulatory role in post-meiotic transcription of two ARPs: ACTL7A and ACTL7B (particularly the latter). The canonical function of both testis-specific ARPs in spermatogenesis is well established, as they have been previously shown to be required for the extensive cellular morphogenesis program driving post-meiotic development (spermiogenesis). Disentangling the actual functions of ACTL7A and ACTL7B as transcriptional regulators from their canonical role in the profound morphological reshaping of post-meiotic cells (a process that also deeply impacts nuclear architecture and regulation) represents a key challenge in terms of interpreting the reported findings (see below).

The authors begin by documenting, via fluorescence microscopy, the intranuclear localization of ACTL7B. This ARP is convincingly shown to accumulate in the nucleus of spermatocytes and spermatids. Using a series of elegant reporter-based experiments in a somatic cell line, the authors map the driver of this nuclear accumulation to a potential NLS sequence in the ACTL7B actin-like body domain. Ferrer and colleagues then performed a testicular RNA-seq analysis in ACTL7B KO mice to define the putative role of ACTL7B in male germ cell transcription. They report substantial changes to the testicular transcriptome - particularly the upregulation of several classes of genes - in ACTL7B KO mice. However, wild-type testes were used as controls for this experiment, thus introducing a clear confounding effect to the analysis (ACTL7B KO testes have extensive post-meiotic defects due to the canonical role of ACTL7B in spermatid development). Then, the authors employ cutting-edge AI-driven approaches to predict that both ACTL7A and ACTL7B are likely to bind to four key chromatin remodeling complexes. Although these predictions are based on a robust methodology, they would certainly benefit from experimental validation. Finally, the authors associate the loss of ACTL7B with decreased lysine acetylation and lower levels of the HDAC1 and HDAC3 chromatin remodelers in the nucleus of developing spermatids.

Globally, these data may provide important insight into the unique processes male germ cells employ to sustain their extraordinarily complex transcriptional program. Furthermore, the concept that (comparably younger) testis-specific proteins can be incorporated into ancient chromatin remodeling complexes to modulate their function in the germ line is timely and exciting.

It is my opinion that the manuscript would benefit from additional experimental validation to better support the authors' conclusions. In particular, I believe that addressing two critical points would substantially strengthen the message of the manuscript:

(1) The proposed role of ACTL7B in post-meiotic transcriptional regulation temporally overlaps with the protein's previously reported canonical functions in spermiogenesis (PMID: 36617158 and 37800308). Indeed, the canonical functions of ACTL7B have been shown to have a profound effect at the level of spermatid morphology and to impact nuclear organization. This potentially renders the observed transcriptional deregulation in ACTL7B KO testes an indirect consequence of spermatid morphology defects. I acknowledge that it is experimentally difficult to disentangle the proposed intranuclear roles of ACTL7B from the protein's well-documented cytoplasmic function. Perhaps the generation of a NLS-scrambled ACTL7B variant could offer some insight. In light of the substantial investment this approach would represent, I would suggest, as an alternative, that instead of using wild-type testes as controls for the transcriptome and chromatin localization assays, the authors consider the possibility of using testicular tissue from a mutant with similarly abnormal spermiogenesis but due to transcription-independent defects. This would, in my opinion, offer a more suitable baseline to compare ACTL7B KO testes with.

(2) The manuscript would greatly benefit if experimental validation of the AI-driven predictions were to be provided (in terms of the binding capacity of ACTL7A and ACTL7B to key chromatin remodeling complexes). More so it seems that the authors have the technical expertise / available mass spectrometry data required for this purpose (lines 664-665). Still on this topic, given the predicted interactions of ACTL7A and ACTL7B with the SRCAP, EP400, SMARCA2 and SMARCA4 complexes (Figure 7), it is rather counter-intuitive that the Authors chose for their immunofluorescence assays, in ACTL7B KO testes, to determine the chromatin localization of HDAC1 and HDAC3, rather than that of any of above four complexes.

DOI: 10.1186/s41232-024-00336-3

Resource: (MMRRC Cat# 011015-UCD,RRID:MMRRC_011015-UCD)

Curator: @bandrow

SciCrunch record: RRID:MMRRC_011015-UCD

What is this?

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Summary:

In Okholm et al., the authors evaluate the functional impact of circHIPK3 in bladder cancer cells. By knocking it down and performing an RNA-seq analysis, the authors found thousand deregulated genes which look unaffected by miRNAs sponging function and that are, instead, enriched for a 11-mer motif. Further investigations showed that the 11-mer motif is shared with the circHIPK3 and able to bind the IGF2BP2 protein. The authors validated the binding of IGF2BP2 and demonstrated that IGF2BP2 KD antagonizes the effect of circHIPK3 KD and leads to the upregulation of genes containing the 11-mer. Among the genes affected by circHIPK3 KD and IGF2BP2 KD, resulting in downregulation and upregulation respectively, the authors found STAT3 gene which also consistently leads to the concomitant upregulation of one of its targets TP53. The authors propose a mechanism of competition between circHIPK3 and IGF2BP2 triggered by IGF2BP2 nucleation, potentially via phase separation.

Strengths:

The number of circRNAs continues to drastically grow however the field lacks detailed molecular investigations. The presented work critically addresses some of the major pitfalls in the field of circRNAs and there has been a careful analysis of aspects frequently poorly investigated. The time-point KD followed by RNA-seq, investigation of miRNAs-sponge function of circHIPK3, identification of 11-mer motif, identification and validation of IGF2BP2, and the analysis of copy number ratio between circHIPK3 and IGF2BP2 in assessing the potential ceRNA mode of action have been extensively explored and, comprehensively convincing.

Weaknesses:

The authors addressed the majority of the weak points raised initially. However the role played by the circHIPK3 in cancer remains elusive and not elucidated in full in this study.

Overall, the presented study surely adds some further knowledge in describing circHIPK3 function, its capability to regulate some downstream genes, and its interaction and competition for IGF2BP2. However, whereas the experimental part sounds technically logical, it remains unclear the overall goal of this study and the achieved final conclusions.

This study is a promising step forward in the comprehension of the functional role of circHIPK3. These data could possibly help to better understand the circHIPK3 role in cancer

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

In the present study, the authors examined how dPAG neurons respond to predatory threats and how dPAG and BLA communicate threat signals. The authors employed single-unit recording and optogenetics tools to address these issues in an 'approach food-avoid predator' paradigm. They characterized dPAG and BLA neurons responsive to a looming robot predator and found that dPAG opto-stimulation elicited fleeing and increased BLA activity. Importantly, they found that dPAG stimulation produces activity changes in subpopulations of BLA neurons related to predator detection, thus supporting the idea that dPAG conveys innate fear signals to the amygdala. In addition, injections of anterograde and retrograde tracers into the dPAG and BLA, respectively, along with the examination of c-FOS activity in midline thalamic relay stations, suggest that the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PVT) may serve as a mediator of dPAG to BLA neurotransmission. Of relevance, the study helps to validate an important concept that dPAG mediates primal fear emotion and may engage upstream amygdalar targets to evoke defensive responses. The series of experiments provide a compelling case for supporting their conclusions. The study brings important concepts revealing dynamics of fear-related circuits particularly attractive to a broad audience, from basic scientists interested in neural circuits to psychiatrists.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Summary:

This study examines context-dependent stimulus selection by recording neural activity from several sensory and motor cortical areas along a sensorimotor pathway, including S1, S2, MM, and ALM. Mice are trained to either withhold licking or perform directional licking in response to visual or tactile stimulus. Depending on the task rule, the mice must respond to one stimulus modality while ignoring the other. Neural activity to the same tactile stimulus is modulated by task in all the areas recorded, with significant activity changes in a subset of neurons and population activity occupying distinct activity subspaces. Recordings further reveal a contextual signal in the pre-stimulus baseline activity that differentiates task context. This signal is correlated with subsequent task modulation of neural activity. Comparison across brain areas shows that this contextual signal is stronger in frontal cortical regions than sensory regions. Analyses link this signal to behavior by showing that it tracks the behavioral performance switch during task rule transitions. Silencing activity in frontal cortical regions during the baseline period impairs behavioral performance.

Strengths:

This is a carefully done study with solid results and thorough controls. The authors identify a contextual signal in baseline neural activity that predicts rule-dependent decision-related activity. The comprehensive characterization across a sensorimotor pathway is another strength. Analyses and perturbation experiments link this contextual signal to animals' behavior. The results provide a neural substrate that will surely inspire follow-up mechanistic investigations.

Weaknesses:

None. The authors have further improved the manuscript during the revision with additional analyses.

Impact:

This study reports an important neural signature for context-dependent decision-making that has important implications for mechanisms of context-dependent neural computation in general.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Summary and overall evaluation:

Human vision is inherently limited so that only a small part of a visual scene can be perceived at a given moment. To address this limitation, the visual system has evolved a number of strategies and mechanisms that work in concert. First, humans move their eyes using saccadic eye movements. This allows us to place the high-resolution region in the center of the eye's retina (the fovea centralis) on objects of interest so that these are sampled with high acuity. Second, salient, conspicuous stimuli that appear abruptly and/or differ strongly from the other stimuli in the scene, seem to automatically attract ("exogenous") attention, so that a large share of the neuronal "resources" for visual processing is devoted to the stimuli, which improves the perception of the stimuli. Third, stimuli that are important for the current task and the current behavioral goals can be prioritized by attention mechanisms ("endogenous" attention), which also secures their allocated share of processing resources and helps them be perceived. It is well-established that eye movements are closely linked to the mechanisms of attention (for a review, see Carrasco, 2011, cited in the manuscript). However, it is still unclear what role voluntary, endogenous attention plays in the control of saccadic eye movements.

The present study used an experimental procedure involving time-pressure for responding, in order to uncover how the control of saccades by exogenous and endogenous attention unfolds over time. The findings of the study indicate that saccade planning was indeed influenced by the locus of endogenous attention, but that this influence was short-lasting and could be overcome quickly. Taken together, the present findings reveal new dynamics between endogenous attention and eye movement control, and lead the way for studying them using experiments under time pressure.

The results provided by the present study advance our understanding of vision, eye movements, and their control by brain mechanisms for attention. In addition, they demonstrate how tasks involving time pressure can be used to study the dynamics of cognitive processes. Therefore, the present study seems highly important not only for vision science, but also for psychology, (cognitive) neuroscience, and related research fields more generally.

Strengths:

The experiments of the study are performed with great care and rigor and the data is analyzed thoroughly and comprehensively. Overall, the results support the authors' conclusions, so I have only minor comments (see below). Taken together, the findings seem important for a wide community of researchers in vision science, psychology, and neuroscience.

Weaknesses (minor points):

(1) In this experimental paradigm, participants must decide where to saccade based on the color of the cue in the visual periphery (they should have made a prosaccade toward a green cue and an antisaccade away from a magenta cue). Thus, irrespective of whether the cue signaled that a prosaccade or an antisaccade was to be made, the identity of the cue was always essential for the task (as the authors explain on p. 5, lines 129-138). Also, the location where the cue appeared was blocked, and thus known to the participants in advance, so that endogenous attention could be directed to the cue at the beginning of a trial (e.g., p. 5, lines 129-132). These aspects of the experimental paradigm differ from the classic prosaccade/antisaccade paradigm (e.g. Antoniades et al., 2013, Vision Research). In the classic paradigm, the identity of the cues does not have to be distinguished to solve the task, since there is only one stimulus that should be looked at (prosaccade) or away from (antisaccade), and whether a prosaccade or antisaccade was required is constant across a block of trials. Thus, in contrast to the present paradigm, in the classic paradigm, the participants do not know where the cue is about to appear, but they know whether to perform a prosaccade or an antisaccade based on the location of the cue.

The present paradigm keeps the location of the cue constant in a block of trials by intention, because this ensures that endogenous attention is allocated to its location and is not overpowered by the exogenous capture of attention that would happen when a single stimulus appeared abruptly in the visual field. Thus, the reason for keeping the location of the cue constant seems convincing. However, I wondered what consequences the constant location would have for the task representations that persist across the task and govern how attention is allocated. In the classic paradigm, there is always a single stimulus that captures attention exogenously (as it appears abruptly). In a prosaccade block, participants can prioritize the visual transient caused by the stimulus, and follow it with a saccade to its coordinates. In an antisaccade block, following the transient with a saccade would always be wrong, so that participants could try to suppress the attention capture by the transient, and base their saccade on the coordinates of the opposite location. Thus, in prosaccade and antisaccade blocks, the task representations controlling how visual transients are processed to perform the task differ. In the present task, prosaccades and antisaccades cannot be distinguished by the visual transients. Thus, such a situation could favor endogenous attention and increase its influence on saccade planning, even though saccade planning under more naturalistic conditions would be dominated by visual transients. I suggest discussing how this (and vice versa the emphasis on visual transients in the classic paradigm) could affect the generality of the presented findings (e.g., how does this relate to the interpretation that saccade plans are obligatorily coupled to endogenous attention? See, Results, p. 10, lines 306-308, see also Deubel & Schneider, 1996, Vision Research).

(2) Discussion (p. 16, lines 472-475): The authors suppose that "It is as if the exogenous response was automatically followed by a motor bias in the opposite direction. Perhaps the oculomotor circuitry is such that an exogenous signal can rapidly trigger a saccade, but if it does not, then the corresponding motor plan is rapidly suppressed regardless of anything else.". I think this interesting point should be discussed in more detail. Could it also be that instead of suppression, other currently active motor plans were enhanced? Would this involve attention? Some attention models assume that attention works by distributing available (neuronal) processing resources (e.g., Desimone & Duncan, 1995, Annual Review of Neuroscience; Bundesen, 1990, Psychological Review; Bundesen et al., 2005, Psychological Review) so that the information receiving the largest share of resources results in perception and is used for action, but this happens without the active suppression of information.

(3) Methods, p. 19, lines 593-596: It is reported that saccades were scored based on their direction. I think more information should be provided to understand which eye movements entered the analysis. Was there a criterion for saccade amplitude? I think it would be very helpful to provide data on the distributions of saccade amplitudes or on their accuracy (e.g. average distance from target) or reliability (e.g. standard deviation of landing points). Also, it is reported that some data was excluded from the analysis, and I suggest reporting how much of the data was excluded. Was the exclusion of the data related to whether participants were "reliable" or "unreliable" performers?

(4) Results, p. 9, lines 262-266: Some data analyses are performed on a subset of participants that met certain performance criteria. The reasons for this data selection seem convincing (e.g. to ensure empirical curves were not flat, line 264). Nevertheless, I suggest to explain and justify this step in more detail. In addition, if not all participants achieved an acceptable performance and data quality, this could also speak to the experimental task and its difficulty. Thus, I suggest discussing the potential implications of this, in particular, how this could affect the studied mechanisms, and whether it could limit the presented findings to a special group within the studied population.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Hall et al. benchmarked different variant calling methods on Nanopore reads of bacterial samples and compared the performance of Nanopore to short reads produced with Illumina sequencing. To establish a common ground for comparison, the authors first generated a variant truth set for each sample and then projected this set to the reference sequence of the sample to obtain a mutated reference. Subsequently, Hall et al. called SNPs and small indels using commonly used deep learning and conventional variant callers and compared the precision and accuracy from reads produced with simplex and duplex Nanopore sequencing to Illumina data. The authors did not investigate large structural variation, which is a major limitation of the current manuscript. It will be very interesting to see a follow-up study covering this much more challenging type of variation.

In their comprehensive comparison of SNPs and small indels, the authors observed superior performance of deep learning over conventional variant callers when Nanopore reads were basecalled with the most accurate (but also computationally very expensive) model, even exceeding Illumina in some cases. Not surprisingly, Nanopore underperformed compared to Illumina when basecalled with the fastest (but computationally much less demanding) method with the lowest accuracy. The authors then investigated the surprisingly higher performance of Nanopore data in some cases and identified lower recall with Illumina short read data, particularly from repetitive regions and regions with high variant density, as the driver. Combining the most accurate Nanopore basecalling method with a deep learning variant caller resulted in low error rates in homopolymer regions, similar to Illumina data. This is remarkable, as homopolymer regions are (or, were) traditionally challenging for Nanopore sequencing.

Lastly, Hall et al. provided useful information on the required Nanopore read depth, which is surprisingly low, and the computational resources for variant calling with deep learning callers. With that, the authors established a new state-of-the-art for Nanopore-only variant, calling on bacterial sequencing data. Most likely these findings will be transferred to other organisms as well or at least provide a proof-of-concept that can be built upon.

As the authors mention multiple times throughout the manuscript, Nanopore can provide sequencing data in nearly real-time and in remote regions, therefore opening up a ton of new possibilities, for example for infectious disease surveillance.

However, the high-performing variant calling method as established in this study requires the computationally very expensive sup and/or duplex Nanopore basecalling, whereas the least computationally demanding method underperforms. Here, the manuscript would greatly benefit from extending the last section on computational requirements, as the authors determine the resources for the variant calling but do not cover the entire picture. This could even be misleading for less experienced researchers who want to perform bacterial sequencing at high performance but with low resources. The authors mention it in the discussion but do not make clear enough that the described computational resources are probably largely insufficient to perform the high-accuracy basecalling required.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Summary:

The rete ovarii (RO) has long been disregarded as a non-functional structure within the ovary. In their study, Anbarci and colleagues have delineated the markers and developmental dynamics of three distinct regions of the RO - the intraovarian rete (IOR), the extraovarian rete (EOR), and the connecting rete (CR). Notably focusing on the EOR, the authors presented evidence illustrating that the EOR forms a convoluted tubular structure culminating in a dilated tip. Intriguingly, microinjections into this tip revealed luminal flow towards the ovary containing potentially secreted functional proteins. Additionally, the EOR cells exhibit associations with vasculature, macrophages, and neuronal projections, proposing the notion that the RO may play a functional role in ovarian development during critical ovariogenesis stages. By identifying marker genes within the RO, the authors have also suggested that the RO could serve as a potential structure linking the ovary with the neuronal system.

Strengths:

Overall, the reviewer commends the authors for their systematic research on the RO, shedding light on this overlooked structure in developing ovaries. Furthermore, the authors have proposed a series of hypotheses that are both captivating and scientifically significant, with the potential to reshape our understanding of ovarian development through future investigations.

Weaknesses:

There is a lack of conclusive data supporting many conclusions in the manuscript. Therefore, the paper's overall conclusions should be moderated until functional validations are conducted.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Summary:

The authors aimed to establish a faster and more efficient method of tracking steps of T-cell extravasation across the blood brain barrier. The authors developed a framework to visualize, recognize and track the movement of different immune cells across primary human and mouse brain microvascular endothelial cells without the need for fluorescence-based imaging. The authors succinctly describe the basic requirements for tracking in the introduction followed by an in-depth account of the execution.

Weaknesses and Strengths:

Materials & methods and results:

(1) The methods section also lacks details of the microfluidic device that the authors talk about in the paper. Under physiological sheer stress, the T-cells detach from the pMBMEC monolayer, and are hence unable to be detected; however, this observation requires an explanation pertaining to the reason of occurrence and potential solutions to circumvent it to ensure physiologically relevant experimental parameters.

(2) The author describes a method for debris exclusion using UFMTrack that eliminates objects of <30 pixels in size from analysis based on a mean pixel size of 400 for T lymphocytes. However, this mean pixel size appears to stem from in-vitro activated CD8 T cells, which rapidly grow and proliferate upon stimulation. In line with this, activated lymphocytes exhibit increased cytoplasmic area, making them appear less dense or "brighter" by phase microscopy compared to naïve lymphocytes, which are relatively compact and subsequently appear dimmer. Given this, it is not clear whether UFMTrack is sufficiently trained to identify naïve human lymphocytes in circulating blood, nor smaller, murine lymphocytes. Analysis of each lymphocyte subtype in terms of pixel size and intensity would be beneficial to strengthen the claim that UFMTrack can identify each of these populations. Additionally, demonstrating that UFMTrack can correctly characterize the behavior of naïve versus activated lymphocytes isolated from murine and human sources would strengthen the claim that UFMTrack can be broadly applied to study lymphocyte dynamics in diverse models without additional training

(3) Average precision was compared to the analysis of UFMTrack but it is unclear how average precision was calculated. This information should have been included in the methods section

(4) CD4 and CD8 T cells exhibit distinct biology and interaction kinetics driven in part by their MHC molecule affinity and distinct receptor expression profiles. Thus, it is unclear why two distinct mechanisms of endothelial cell activation are needed to see differences between the populations.

(5) The BMECs are barrier tissues but were cultured on µdishes in this study. To study the transmigration of T-cells across the endothelium, the model would have been more relevant on a semi-permeable membrane instead of a closed surface.

(6) Methods are provided for the isolation and expansion of human effector and memory CD4+ T cells. However, there is no mention of specific CD4+ T cell populations used for analysis with UFMTrack, nor a clear breakdown of tracking efficiency for each subpopulation. Further, there is no similar method for the isolation of CD8+ T cell compartments. A clear breakdown of the performance efficiency of UFMTrack with each cell population investigated in this study would provide greater insight into the software's performance with regard to tracking the behavior and movement of distinct immune populations.

(7) The results section is quite extensive and discusses details of establishment of the framework while highlighting both the pros and cons of the different aspects of the process, for example the limitation of the two models, 2D and 2D+T were highlighted well. However, the results section includes details which may be more fitting in the methods section.

(8) A few statements in the results section lacked literary support, which was not provided in the discussion either, such as support for increased variance of T-cell instantaneous speed on stimulated vs non-stimulated pMBMECs. Another example is the enhancement of cytokine stimulation directed T-cell movement on the pMBMECs that the authors observed but failed to relay the physiological relevance of it. The authors don't provide enough references for developments in the field prior to their work which form the basis and need for this technology.

(9) The rationale for use of OT-1 and 2D2-derived murine lymphocytes is unclear here. The OT-1 model has been generated to study antigen-specific CD8+ T cell responses, while the 2D2 model has been generated to recapitulate CD4 T cell-specific myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) responses.

Figures and text:

(1) There are certain discrepancies and misarrangement of figures and text. For example, discussion of the effect of sheer flow on T cell attachment as part of the introduction in figure 1 and then mentioning it in the text again in the results section as part of figure 4 is repetitive.

(2) Section IV, subsection 1 of the results section, refers to 'data acquisition section above' in line 279, however the said section is part of materials and methods which is provided towards the end of the manuscript.

(3) There are figures in the manuscript that have not been referenced in the results section, for example, figure 3A and B. Figure 1 hasn't been addressed until subsection 7 of materials and methods

(4) A lack of significance but an observed trend of increased variance of T cell instantaneous speed is reported in line 296-298; however, the graph (figure 4G) shows a significant change in instantaneous speed between non-stimulated and TNFα-stimulated systems. This is misleading to the readers.

(5) The authors talk about three beginner experimentors testing the manual T cell tracking process but figure 5 only showcases data from two experimentors without stating the reason for excluding experimentor 1.

Discussion:

(1) While the discussion captures the major takeaways from the paper, it lacks relevant supporting references to relate the observation to physiological conditions and applicability.

(2) The discussion lacks connection to the results since the figures were not referenced while discussing an observed trend

(3) The authors briefly looked into mouse and human BMECs and their individual interaction with T-cells, but don't discuss the differences between the two, if any, that challenged their framework.

(4) Even though though the imaging tool relies on difference in appearance for detection, the authors talk about lack of feasibility in detecting transmigration of BMDMs due to their significantly different appearance. The statement lacks a problem solving approach to discuss how and why this was the case.

Relevance to the field:

Utilizing the framework provided by the authors, the application can be adapted and/or utilized for visualizing a range of different cell types, provided they are different in appearance. However, this would require extensive changes to the script and won't be adaptable in its current form.

DOI: 10.1038/s44319-024-00152-3

Resource: (CCLV Cat# CCLV-RIE 1018, RRID:CVCL_0063)

Curator: @AniH

SciCrunch record: RRID:CVCL_0063

What is this?

DOI: 10.1038/s44319-024-00152-3

Resource: (IMSR Cat# JAX_002014,RRID:IMSR_JAX:002014)

Curator: @AniH

SciCrunch record: RRID:IMSR_JAX:002014

What is this?

DOI: 10.1038/s44319-024-00152-3

Resource: (IMSR Cat# JAX_007676,RRID:IMSR_JAX:007676)

Curator: @AniH

SciCrunch record: RRID:IMSR_JAX:007676

What is this?

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

I remain enthusiastic about this study. The manuscript is well-written, logical, and conceptually clear. To my knowledge, no prior modeling study has tackled the question of 'why prepare before executing, why not just execute?' Prior studies have simply assumed, to emulate empirical findings, that preparatory inputs precede execution. They never asked why. The authors show that, when there are constraints on inputs, preparation becomes a natural strategy. In contrast, with no constraint on inputs, there is no need for preparation as one could get anything one liked just via the inputs during movement. For the sake of tractability, the authors use a simple magnitude constraint: the cost function punishes the integral of the squared inputs. Thus, if small inputs before movement can reduce the size of the inputs needed during movement, preparation is a good strategy. This occurs if (and only if) the network has strong dynamics (otherwise feeding it preparatory activity would not produce anything interesting). All of this is sensible and clarifying.

As discussed in the prior round of reviews, the central constraint that the authors use is a mathematically tractable stand-in for a range of plausible (but often trickier to define and evaluate) constraints, such as simplicity of inputs (or inputs being things that other areas could provide). The manuscript now embraces this fact more explicitly, and also gives some results showing that other constraints (such as on the derivative of activity, which is one component of complexity) can have the same effect. The manuscript also now discusses and addresses a modest weakness of the previous manuscript: the preparatory activity in their simulations is often overly complex temporally, lacking the (rough) plateau typically seen for data. Depending on your point of view, this is simply 'window dressing', but from my perspective it was important to know that their approach could yield more realistic-looking preparatory activity. Both these additions (the new constraint, and the more realistic temporal profile of preparatory activity) are added simply as supplementary figures rather than in the main text, and are brought up only in the Discussion. At first this struck me as slightly odd, but in the end I think this is appropriate. These are really Discussion-type issues, and dealing with them there makes sense. The 'different constraints' issue in particular is deep, tricky to explore for technical reasons, and could thus support a small research program. I think it is fair to talk about it thoughtfully (as the Discussion now does) and then just mention some simple results.

My remaining comments largely pertain to some subtle (but to me important) nuances at a few locations in the text. These should be easy for the authors to address, in whatever way they see fit.

Specific comments:

(1) The authors state the following on line 56: "For preparatory processes to avoid triggering premature movement, any pre-movement activity in the motor and dorsal pre-motor (PMd) cortices must carefully exclude those pyramidal tract neurons."<br /> This constraint is overly restrictive. PT neurons absolutely can change their activity during preparation in principle (and appear to do so in practice). The key constraint is looser: those changes should have no net effect on the muscles. E.g., if d is the vector of changes in PT neuron firing rates, and b is the vector of weights, then the constraint is that b'd = 0. d = 0 is one good way of doing this, but only one. Half the d's could go up and half could go down. Or they all go up, but half the b's are negative. Put differently, there is no reason the null space has to be upstream of the PT neurons. It could be partly, or entirely, downstream.<br /> In the end, this doesn't change the point the authors are making. It is still the case that d has to be structured to avoid causing muscle activity, which raises exactly the point the authors care about: why risk this unless preparation brings benefits? However, this point can be made with a more accurate motivation. This matters, because people often think that a null-space is a tricky thing to engineer, when really it is quite natural. With enough neurons, preparing in the null space is quite simple.

(2) Line 167: 'near-autonomous internal dynamics in M1'.<br /> It would be good if such statements, early in the paper, could be modified to reflect the fact that the dynamics observed in M1 may depend on recurrence that is NOT purely internal to M1. A better phrase might be 'near-autonomous dynamics that can be observed in M1'. A similar point applies on line 13. This issue is handled very thoughtfully in the Discussion, starting on line 713. Obviously it is not sensible to also add multiple sentences making the same point early on. However, it is still worth phrasing things carefully, otherwise the reader may have the wrong impression up until the Discussion (i.e. they may think that both the authors, and prior studies, believe that all the relevant dynamics are internal to M1). If possible, it might also be worth adding one sentence, somewhere early, to keep readers from falling into this hole (and then being stuck there till the Discussion digs them out).

(3) The authors make the point, starting on line 815, that transient (but strong) preparatory activity empirically occurs without a delay. They note that their model will do this but only if 'no delay' means 'no external delay'. For their model to prepare, there still needs to be an internal delay between when the first inputs arrive and when movement generating inputs arrive.

This is not only a reasonable assumption, but is something that does indeed occur empirically. This can be seen in Figure 8c of Lara et al. Similarly, Kaufman et al. 2016 noted that "the sudden change in the CIS [the movement triggering event] occurred well after (~150 ms) the visual go cue... (~60 ms latency)" Behavioral experiments have also argued that internal movement-triggering events tend to be quite sluggish relative to the earliest they could be, causing RTs to be longer than they should be (Haith et al. Independence of Movement Preparation and Movement Initiation). Given this empirical support, the authors might wish to add a sentence indicating that the data tend to justify their assumption that the internal delay (separating the earliest response to sensory events from the events that actually cause movement to begin) never shrinks to zero.

While on this topic, the Haith and Krakauer paper mentioned above good to cite because it does ponder the question of whether preparation is really necessary. By showing that they could get RTs to shrink considerably before behavior became inaccurate, they showed that people normally (when not pressured) use more preparation time than they really need. Given Lara et al, we know that preparation does always occur, but Haith and Krakauer were quite right that it can be very brief. This helped -- along with neural results -- change our view of preparation from something more cognitive that had to occur, so something more mechanical that was simply a good network strategy, which is indeed the authors current point. Working a discussion of this into the current paper may or may not make sense, but if there is a place where it is easy to cite, it would be appropriate.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

The data reported here demonstrate that Sema7a defines the local behavior of growing axons in the developing zebrafish lateral line. The analysis is sophisticated and convincingly demonstrates effects on axon growth and synapse architecture. Collectively, the findings point to the idea that the diffusible form of sema7a may influence how axons grow within the neuromast and that the GPI-linked form of sema7a may subsequently impact how synapses form, though additional work is needed to strongly link each form to its' proposed effect on circuit assembly.

Comments on latest version:

The authors comprehensively and appropriately addressed most of the reviewers' concerns. In particular, they added evidence that hair cells express both Sema7A isoforms, showed that membrane bound Sema7A does not have long range effects on guidance, demonstrated how axons behave close to ectopic Sema7A, and analyzed other features of the hair cells that revealed no strong phenotypes. The authors also softened the language in many, but not all places. Overall, I am satisfied with the study as a whole.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

In this work, Jarc et al. describe a method to decouple the mechanisms supporting progenitor self-renewal and expansion from feed-forward mechanisms promoting their differentiation.

The authors aimed at expanding pancreatic progenitor (PP) cells, strictly characterized as PDX1+/SOX9+/NKX6.1+ cells, for several rounds. This required finding the best cell culture conditions that allow sustaining PP cell proliferation along cell passages while avoiding their further differentiation. They achieve this by comparing the transcriptome of PP cells that can be expanded for several passages against the transcriptome of unexpanded (just differentiated) PP cells.

The optimized culture conditions enabled the selection of PDX1+/SOX9+/NKX6.1+ PP cells and their consistent, 2000-fold, expansion over ten passages and 40-45 days. Transcriptome analyses confirmed the stabilization of PP identity and the effective suppression of differentiation. These optimized culture conditions consisted in substituting the Vitamin A containing B27 supplement with a B27 formulation devoid of vitamin A (to avoid retinoic acid (RA) signaling from an autocrine feed-forward loop), substituting A38-01 with the ALK5 II inhibitor (ALK5i II) that targets primarily ALK5, supplementation of medium with FGF18 (in addition to FGF2) and the canonical Wnt inhibitor IWR-1, and cell culture on vitronectin-N (VTN-N) as a substrate instead of Matrigel.

The strength of this work relies on a clever approach to identify cell culture modifications that allow expansion of PP cells (once differentiated) while maintaining, if not reinforcing, PP cell identity. Along the work, it is emphasized that PP cell identity is associated to the co-expression of PDX1, SOX9 and NKX6.1. The optimized protocol is unique (among the other datasets used in the comparison shown here) at inducing a strong upregulation of GP2, a unique marker of human fetal pancreas progenitors. Importantly GP2+ enriched hPS cell-derived PP cells are more efficiently differentiating into pancreatic endocrine cells (Aghazadeh et al., 2022; Ameri et al., 2017).

The unlimited expansion of PP cells reported here would allow scaling-up the generation of beta cells, for the cell therapy of diabetes, by eliminating a source of variability derived from the number of differentiation procedures to be carried out when starting at the hPS cell stage each time. The approach presented here would allow selection of the most optimally differentiated PP cell population for subsequent expansion and storage. Among other conditions optimized, the authors report a role for Vitamin A in activating retinoic acid signaling in an autocrine feed-forward loop, and the supplementation with FGF18 to reinforce FGF2 signaling.

This is a relevant topic in the field of research, and some of the cell culture conditions reported here for PP expansion might have important implications in cell therapy approaches. Thus, the approach and results presented in this study could be of interest for researchers working in the field of in vitro pancreatic beta cell differentiation from hPSCs. Table S1 and Table S4 are clearly detailed and extremely instrumental to this aim.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

This manuscript extends previous research by this group by relating variation in pupil size to the endpoints of saccades produced by human participants under various conditions including trial-based choices between pairs of spots and search for small items in natural scenes. Based on the premise that pupil size is a reliable proxy of "effort", the authors conclude that less costly saccade targets are preferred. Finding that this preference was influenced by the performance of a non-visual, attention-demanding task, the authors conclude that a common source of effort animates gaze behavior and other cognitive tasks.

Strengths:

Strengths of the manuscript include the novelty of the approach, the clarity of the findings, and the community interest in the problem.

Weaknesses:

Enthusiasm for this manuscript is reduced by the following weaknesses:

(1) A relationship between pupil size and saccade production seems clear based on the authors' previous and current work. What is at issue is the interpretation. The authors test one, preferred hypothesis, and the narrative of the manuscript treats the hypothesis that pupil size is a proxy of effort as beyond dispute or question. The stated elements of their argument seem to go like this:<br /> PROPOSITION 1: Pupil size varies systematically across task conditions, being larger when tasks are more demanding.<br /> PROPOSITION 2: Pupil size is related to the locus coeruleus.<br /> PROPOSITION 3: The locus coeruleus NE system modulates neural activity and interactions.<br /> CONCLUSION: Therefore, pupil size indexes the resource demand or "effort" associated with task conditions.<br /> How the conclusion follows from the propositions is not self-evident. Proposition 3, in particular, fails to establish the link that is supposed to lead to the conclusion.

(2) The authors test one, preferred hypothesis and do not consider plausible alternatives. Is "cost" the only conceivable hypothesis? The hypothesis is framed in very narrow terms. For example, the cholinergic and dopamine systems that have been featured in other researchers' consideration of pupil size modulation are missing here. Thus, because the authors do not rule out plausible alternative hypotheses, the logical structure of this manuscript can be criticized as committing the fallacy of affirming the consequent.

(3) The authors cite particular publications in support of the claim that saccade selection is influenced by an assessment of effort. Given the extensive work by others on this general topic, the skeptic could regard the theoretical perspective of this manuscript as too impoverished. Their work may be enhanced by consideration of other work on this general topic, e.g, (i) Shenhav A, Botvinick MM, Cohen JD. (2013) The expected value of control: an integrative theory of anterior cingulate cortex function. Neuron. 2013 Jul 24;79(2):217-40. (ii) Müller T, Husain M, Apps MAJ. (2022) Preferences for seeking effort or reward information bias the willingness to work. Sci Rep. 2022 Nov 14;12(1):19486. (iii) Bustamante LA, Oshinowo T, Lee JR, Tong E, Burton AR, Shenhav A, Cohen JD, Daw ND. (2023) Effort Foraging Task reveals a positive correlation between individual differences in the cost of cognitive and physical effort in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2023 Dec 12;120(50):e2221510120.

(4) What is the source of cost in saccade production? What is the currency of that cost? The authors state (page 13), "... oblique saccades require more complex oculomotor programs than horizontal eye movements because more neuronal populations in the superior colliculus (SC) and frontal eye fields (FEF) [76-79], and more muscles are necessary to plan and execute the saccade [76, 80, 81]." This statement raises questions and concerns. First, the basis of the claim that more neurons in FEF and SC are needed for oblique versus cardinal saccades is not established in any of the publications cited. Second, the authors may be referring to the fact that oblique saccades require coordination between pontine and midbrain circuits. This must be clarified. Second, the cost is unlikely to originate in extraocular muscle fatigue because the muscle fibers are so different from skeletal muscles, being fundamentally less fatigable. Third, if net muscle contraction is the cost, then why are upward saccades, which require the eyelid, not more expensive than downward? Thus, just how some saccades are more effortful than others is not clear.

(5) The authors do not consider observations about variation in pupil size that seem to be incompatible with the preferred hypothesis. For example, at least two studies have described systematically larger pupil dilation associated with faster relative to accurate performance in manual and saccade tasks (e.g., Naber M, Murphy P. Pupillometric investigation into the speed-accuracy trade-off in a visuo-motor aiming task. Psychophysiology. 2020 Mar;57(3):e13499; Reppert TR, Heitz RP, Schall JD. Neural mechanisms for executive control of speed-accuracy trade-off. Cell Rep. 2023 Nov 28;42(11):113422). Is the fast relative to the accurate option necessarily more costly?

(6) The authors draw conclusions based on trends across participants, but they should be more transparent about variation that contradicts these trends. In Figures 3 and 4 we see many participants producing behavior unlike most others. Who are they? Why do they look so different? Is it just noise, or do different participants adopt different policies?

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Summary:

In this paper, Chikermane et al. leverages a large open dataset of intracranial recordings (sEEG or ECoG) to analyze resting state (eyes closed) oscillatory activity from a variety of human brain areas. The authors identify a dominant proportion of channels in which beta band activity (12-30Hz) is most prominent and subsequently seek to relate this to anatomical connectivity data by using the sEEG/ECoG electrodes as seeds in a large set of MRI data from the human connectome project. This reveals separate regions and white matter tracts for alpha (primarily occipital) and beta (prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia) oscillations. Finally, using a third available dataset of PET imaging, the authors relate the parcellated signals to dopamine signaling as estimated by spatial uptake patterns of dopamine, and reveal a significant correlation between the functional connectivity maps and the dopamine reuptake maps, suggesting a functional relationship between the two.

Strengths:

Overall, I found the paper well justified, focused on an important topic, and interesting. The authors' use of 3 different open datasets was creative and informative, and it significantly adds to our understanding of different oscillatory networks in the human brain, and their more elusive relation with neuromodulator signaling networks by adding to our knowledge of the association between beta oscillations and dopamine signaling. Even my main comments about the lack of a theta network analysis and discussion points are relatively minor, and I believe this paper is valuable and informative.

Weaknesses:

The analyses were adequate, and the authors cleverly leveraged these different datasets to build an interesting story. The main aspect I found missing (in addition to some discussion items, see below) was an examination of the theta network. Theta oscillations have been involved in a number of cognitive processes including spatial navigation and memory, and have been proposed to have different potential originating brain regions, and it would be informative to see how their anatomical networks (e.g. as in Figure 2) look like under the author's analyses.

The authors devote a significant portion of the discussion to relating their findings to a popular hypothesis for the function of beta oscillations, the maintenance of the "status quo", mostly in the context of motor control. As the authors acknowledge, given the static nature of the data and lack of behavior, this interpretation remains largely speculative and I found it a bit too far-reaching given the data shown in the paper. In contrast, I missed a more detailed discussion on the growing literature indicating a role for beta in mood (e.g. in Kirkby et al. 2018), especially given the apparent lack of hippocampal and amygdala involvement in the paper, which was surprising.

Major comment:

• Although the proportion of electrodes with theta-dominant oscillations was lower (~15%) than alpha (~22%) or beta (~57%), it would be very valuable to also see the same analyses the authors carried out in these frequency bands extended to theta oscillations.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Summary:

This manuscript aims to understand the role of GABA-ergic inhibition in the human MT+ region in predicting visuo-spatial intelligence through a combination of behavioral measures, fMRI (for functional connectivity measurement), and MRS (for GABA/glutamate concentration measurement). While this is a commendable goal, it becomes apparent that the authors lack fundamental understanding of vision, intelligence, or the relevant literature. As a result, the execution of the research is less coherent, dampening the enthusiasm of the review.

Strengths:

(1) Comprehensive Approach: The study adopts a multi-level approach, i.e., neurochemical analysis of GABA levels, functional connectivity, and behavioral measures to provide a holistic understanding of the relationship between GABA-ergic inhibition and visuo-spatial intelligence.

(2) Sophisticated Techniques: The use of ultra-high field magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) technology for measuring GABA and glutamate concentrations in the MT+ region is a recent development.

Weaknesses:

Study Design and Hypothesis<br /> (1) The central hypothesis of the manuscript posits that "3D visuo-spatial intelligence (the performance of BDT) might be predicted by the inhibitory and/or excitation mechanisms in MT+ and the integrative functions connecting MT+ with the frontal cortex." However, several issues arise:<br /> 1.1 The Suppression Index depicted in Figure 1a, labeled as the "behavior circle," appears irrelevant to the central hypothesis.<br /> 1.2 The construct of 3D visuo-spatial intelligence, operationalized as the performance in the Block Design task, is inconsistently treated as another behavioral task throughout the manuscript, leading to confusion.<br /> 1.3 The schematics in Figure 1a and Figure 6 appear too high-level to be falsifiable. It is suggested that the authors formulate specific and testable hypotheses and preregister them before data collection.

(2) Central to the hypothesis and design of the manuscript is a misinterpretation of a prior study by Melnick et al. (2013). While the original study identified a strong correlation between WAIS (IQ) and the Suppression Index (SI), the current manuscript erroneously asserts a specific relationship between the block design test (from WAIS) and SI. It should be noted that in the original paper, WAIS comprises Similarities, Vocabulary, Block design, and Matrix reasoning tests in Study 1, while the complete WAIS is used in Study 2. Did the authors conduct other WAIS subtests other than the block design task?

(3) Additionally, there are numerous misleading references and unsubstantiated claims throughout the manuscript. As an example of misleading reference, "the human MT ... a key region in the multiple representations of sensory flows (including optic, tactile, and auditory flows) (Bedny et al., 2010; Ricciardi et al., 2007); this ideally suits it to be a new MD core." The two references in this sentence are claims about plasticity in the congenitally blind with sensory deprivation from birth, which is not really relevant to the proposal that hMT+ is a new MD core in healthy volunteers.<br /> Another example of unsubstantiated claim: the rationale for selecting V1 as the control region is based on the assertion that "it mediates the 2D rather than 3D visual domain (Born & Bradley, 2005)". That's not the point made in the Born & Bradley (2005) paper on MT. It's crucial to note that V1 is where the initial binocular convergence occurs in cortex, i.e., inputs from both the right and left eyes to generate a perception of depth.

Results & Discussion<br /> (1) The missing correlation between SI and BDT is crucial to the rest of the analysis. The authors should discuss whether they replicated the pattern of results from Melnick et al. (2013) despite using only one WAIS subtest.

(2) ROIs: can the authors clarify if the results are based on bilateral MT+/V1 or just those in the left hemisphere? Can the authors plot the MRS scan area in V1? I would be surprised if it's precise to V1 and doesn't spread to V2/3 (which is fine to report as early visual cortex).

(3) Did the authors examine V1 FC with either the frontal regions and/or whole brain, as a control analysis? If not, can the author justify why V1 serves as the control region only in the MRS but not in FC (Figure 4) or the mediation analysis (Figure 5)? That seems a little odd given that control analyses are needed to establish the specificity of the claim to MT+.

(4) It is not clear how to interpret the similarity or difference between panels a and b in Figure 4.

(5) SI is not relevant to the authors' priori hypothesis, but is included in several mediation analyses. Can the authors do model comparisons between the ones in Figure 5c, d, and Figure S6? In other words, is SI necessary in the mediation model? There seem discrepancies between the necessity of SI in Figures 5c/S6 vs. Figure 5d.

(6) The sudden appearance of "efficient information" in Figure 6, referring to the neural efficiency hypothesis, raises concerns. Efficient visual information processing occurs throughout the visual cortex, starting from V1. Thus, it appears somewhat selective to apply the neural efficiency hypothesis to MT+ in this context.

Transparency Issues:<br /> (1) Don't think it's acceptable to make the claim that "All data needed to evaluate the conclusions in the paper are present in the paper and/or the Supplementary information". It is the results or visualizations of data analysis, rather than the raw data themselves, that are presented in the paper/supp info.

(2) No GitHub link has been provided in the manuscript to access the source data, which limits the reproducibility and transparency of the study.

Minor:<br /> "Locates" should be replaced with "located" throughout the paper. For example: "To investigate this issue, this study selects the human MT complex (hMT+), a region located at the occipito-temporal border, which represents multiple sensory flows, as the target brain area."

Use "hMT+" instead of "MT+" to be consistent with the term in the literature.

"Green circle" in Figure 1 should be corrected to match its actual color.

The abbreviation for the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale should be "WAIS," not "WASI."

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Summary:

-The paper offers a systematic and rigorous description of the layer-and sublayer specific outputs of the somatosensory cortex using a modern toolbox for the analysis of brain connectivity which combines: 1) Layer-specific genetic drivers for conditional viral tracing; 2) whole brain analyses of axon tracts using tissue clearing and imaging; 3) Segmentation and quantification of axons with normalization to the number of transduced neurons; 4) registration of connectivity to a widely used anatomical reference atlas; 5) functional validation of the connectivity using optogenetic approaches in vivo.

Strengths:

- Although the connectivity of the somatosensory cortex is already known, precise data are dispersed in different accounts (papers, online resources,) using different methods. So the present account has the merit of condensing this information in one very precisely documented report. It also brings new insights on the connectivity, such as the precise comparison of layer specific outputs, and of the primary and secondary somatosensory areas. It also shows a topographic organization of the circuits linking the somatosensory and motor cortices. The paper also offers a clear description of the methodology and of a rigorous approach to quantitative anatomy.

Weaknesses:

The weakness relates to the intrinsic limitations of the in toto approaches, that currently lack the precision and resolution allowing to identify single axons, axon branching or synaptic connectivity. These limitations are identified and discussed by the authors.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

In the current paper, Abbasi et al. aimed to characterize and compare the patterns of functional connectivity across frequency bands (1 Hz - 90 Hz) between regions of a speech network derived from an online meta-analysis tool (Neurosynth.org) during speech production and perception. The authors present evidence for complex neural dynamics from which they highlight directional connectivity from the right cerebellum to left superior temporal areas in lower frequency bands (up to beta) and between the same regions in the opposite direction in the (lower) high gamma range (60-90 Hz). Abbasi et al. interpret their findings within the predictive coding framework, with the cerebellum and other "higher-order" (motor) regions transmitting top-down sensory predictions to "lower-order" (sensory) regions in the lower frequencies and prediction errors flowing in the opposite direction (i.e., bottom-up) from those sensory regions in the gamma band. They also report a negative correlation between the strength of this top-down functional connectivity and the alignment of superior temporal regions to the syllable rate of one's speech.

Strengths:

(1) The comprehensive characterization of functional connectivity during speaking and listening to speech may be valuable as a first step toward understanding the neural dynamics involved.

(2) The inclusion of subcortical regions and connectivity profiles up to 90Hz using MEG is interesting and relatively novel.

(3) The analysis pipeline is generally adequate for the exploratory nature of the work.

Weaknesses:

(1) The work is framed as a test of the predictive coding theory as it applies to speech production and perception, but the methodological approach is not suited to this endeavor.

(2) Because of their theoretical framework, the authors readily attribute roles or hierarchy to brain regions (e.g., higher- vs lower-order) and cognitive functions to observed connectivity patterns (e.g., feedforward vs feedback, predictions vs prediction errors) that cannot be determined from the data. Thus, many of the authors' claims are unsupported.

(3) The authors' theoretical stance seems to influence the presentation of the results, which may inadvertently misrepresent the (otherwise perfectly valid; cf. Abbasi et al., 2023) exploratory nature of the study. Thus, results about specific regions are often highlighted in figures (e.g., Figure 2 top row) and text without clear reasons.

(4) Some of the key findings (e.g., connectivity in opposite directions in distinct frequency bands) feature in a previous publication and are, therefore, interesting but not novel.

(5) The quantitative comparison between speech production and perception is interesting but insufficiently motivated.

(6) Details about the Neurosynth meta-analysis and subsequent selection of brain regions for the functional connectivity analyses are incomplete. Moreover, the use of the term 'Speech' in Neurosynth seems inappropriate (i.e., includes irrelevant works, yielding questionable results). The approach of using separate meta-analyses for 'Speech production' and 'Speech perception' taken by Abbasi et al. (2023) seems more principled. This approach would result, for example, in the inclusion of brain areas such as M1 and the BG that are relevant for speech production.

(7) The results involving subcortical regions are central to the paper, but no steps are taken to address the challenges involved in the analysis of subcortical activity using MEG. Additional methodological detail and analyses would be required to make these results more compelling. For example, it would be important to know what the coverage of the MEG system is, what head model was used for the source localization of cerebellar activity, and if specific preprocessing or additional analyses were performed to ensure that the localized subcortical activity (in particular) is valid.

(8) The results and methods are often detailed with important omissions (a speech-brain coupling analysis section is missing) and imprecisions (e.g., re: Figure 5; the Connectivity Analysis section is copy-pasted from their previous work), which makes it difficult to understand what is being examined and how. (It is also not good practice to refer the reader to previous publications for basic methodological details, for example, about the experimental paradigm and key analyses.) Conversely, some methodological details are given, e.g., the acquisition of EMG data, without further explanation of how those data were used in the current paper.

(9) The examination of gamma functional connectivity in the 60 - 90 Hz range could be better motivated. Although some citations involving short-range connectivity in these frequencies are given (e.g., within the visual system), a more compelling argument for looking at this frequency range for longer-range connectivity may be required.

(10) The choice of source localization method (linearly constrained minimum variance) could be explained, particularly given that other methods (e.g. dynamic imaging of coherent sources) were specifically designed and might potentially be a better alternative for the types of analyses performed in the study.

(11) The mGC analysis needs to be more comprehensively detailed for the reader to be able to assess what is being reported and the strength of the evidence. Relatedly, first-level statistics (e.g., via estimation of the noise level) would make the mGC and DAI results more compelling.

(12) Considering the exploratory nature of the study, it is essential for other researchers to continue investigating and validating the results presented in the current manuscript. Thus, it is concerning that data and scripts are not fully and openly available. Data need not be in its raw state to be shared and useful, which circumvents the stated data privacy concerns.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Summary:

The authors presented data that linked vitamin B12, S-adenosyl methionine (SAM), and phosphatidylcholine (PC) synthesis to lipid homeostasis in C. elegans. They confirmed mechanisms previously shown by other labs, including the regulation of FAT-7 expression by SBP-1, and the targeting of SEIP-1 by PC levels. The authors also attempted to link the synthesis of phospho-choline by the ASM-3 sphingomyelinase to PC synthesis and lipid homeostasis. However, the relative contribution of phospho-choline by ASM-3 versus the canonical Kennedy pathway was not elucidated. Therefore, the significance of the ASM-3-dependent mechanism to PC synthesis requires further investigation.

Strengths:

The authors used a wide range of biochemical and cell biological methods to measure fatty acid composition, neutral lipid levels, and lipid droplet dynamics in C. elegans. The quality of the data is generally high.

Weaknesses:

Data interpretation and the construction of the working model did not seem to take into account the two well-established pathways for PC synthesis. The Kennedy pathway generates PC from phospho-choline and DAG via a cytidine-based intermediate. The second PC synthesis pathway entails the methylation of PE by PEMT, with the donor methyl groups provided by the vitamin B12-dependent 1-carbon cycle. The authors' model seemed to overlook part of the Kennedy pathway that involves choline kinase (and not ASM-3) as the canonical enzyme that generates phospho-choline. The authors also did not explicitly consider DAG as a precursor of triacylglycerol (TAG), which was directly or indirectly measured as a readout of organismal fat content in the paper. Therefore, alternative models should be entertained. For example, the proposed genetic and dietary effects on lipid homeostasis could stem from the competition for a limiting pool of precursors that were shared by PC and TAG synthesis. PC itself may not have a deterministic role, as depicted by the authors' model. Finally, the claim that "coelomocytes regulate diets-induced lipid homeostasis through asm-3" was not well supported. In the absence of quantitative analysis of phospho-choline in mutants, it was unclear how much ASM-3 contributed to the overall phospho-choline, and ultimately PC level. The proposed inter-tissue regulation of PC synthesis also requires coelomocytes-specific knock-down/depletion of asm-3 for verification.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Summary:

Prior research on SCC3, a cohesin subunit protein, in yeast and Arabidopsis has underscored its vital role in cell division. This study investigated into the specific functions of SCC3 in rice mitosis and meiosis. In a weakened SCC3 mutant, sister chromatids separating was observed in anaphase I, resulting in 24 univalents and subsequent sterility. The authors meticulously documented SCC3's loading and degradation dynamics on chromosomes, noting its impact on DNA replication. Despite the loss of homologous chromosome pairing and synapsis in the mutant, chromosomes retained double-strand breaks without fragmenting. Consequently, the authors inferred that in the scc3 mutant, DNA repair more frequently relies on sister chromatids as templates compared to the wild type.

Strengths:

The study presents exceptionally well-executed research in the field of rice cytogenetics.

Weaknesses:

While the paper's conclusions are generally well-supported, further substantiation is needed for the claim that SCC3 inhibits template choice for sister chromatids. To bolster this conclusion, I recommend that the authors perform whole-genome sequencing on parental and F1 individuals from two rice variants, subsequently calculating the allele frequencies at heterozygous sites in the F1 individuals. If SCC3 indeed inhibits inter-sister chromatid repair in the wild type, we would anticipate a higher frequency of inter-homologous chromosome repair (i.e., gene conversion). This should be manifested as a bias away from the Mendelian inheritance ratio (50:50) in the offspring of the wild type compared to the offspring of the scc3+/- mutant.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Summary:

In this report, Ravala et al demonstrate that IP4, the soluble head-group of phosphatiylinositol 3,4,5 - trisphosphate (PIP3), is an inhibitor of pREX-1, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for Rac1 and related small G proteins that regulate cell cell migration. This finding is perhaps unexpected since pREX-1 activity is PIP3-dependent. By way of Cryo-EM (revealing the structure of the p-REX-1/IP4 complex at 4.2Å resolution), hydrogen-deuterium mass spectrometry and small angle X-ray scattering, they deduce a mechanism for IP4 activation, and conduct mutagenic and cell-based signaling assays that support it. The major finding is that IP4 stabilizes two interdomain interfaces that block access of the DH domain, which conveys GEF activity towards small G protein substrates. One of these is the interface between the PH domain that binds to IP4 and a 4-helix bundle extension of the IP4 Phosphatase domain and the DEP1 domain. The two interfaces are connected by a long helix that extends from PH to DEP1. Although the structure of fully activated pREX-1 has not been determined, the authors propose a "jackknife" mechanism, similar to that described earlier by Chang et al (2022) (referenced in the author's manuscript) in which binding of IP3 relieves a kink in a helix that links the PH/DH modules and allows the DH-PH-DEP triad to assume an extended conformation in which the DH domain is accessible. While the structure of the activated pREX-1 has not been determined, cysteine mutagenesis that enforces the proposed kink is consistent with this hypothesis. SAXS and HDX-MS experiments suggest that IP4 acts by stiffening the inhibitory interfaces, rather than by reorganizing them. Indeed, the cryo-EM structure of ligand-free pREX-1 shows that interdomain contacts are largely retained in the absence of IP4.

Strengths:

The manuscript thus describes a novel regulatory role for IP4 and is thus of considerable significance to our understanding of regulatory mechanisms that control cell migration, particularly in immune cell populations. Specifically, they show how the inositol polyphosphate IP4 controls the activity of pREX-1, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor that controls the activity of small G proteins Rac and CDC42. In their clearly-written discussion, the authors explain how PIP3, the cell membrane and the Gbeta-gamma subunits of heterotrimeric membranes together localize pREX-1 at the membrane and induce activation. The quality of experimental data is high and both in vitro and cell-based assays of site-directed mutants designed to test the author's hypotheses are confirmatory. The results strongly support the conclusions. The combination of cryo-EM data, that describe the static (if heterogeneous) structures with experiments (small angle x-ray scattering and hydrogen-deuterium exchange-mass spectrometry) that report on dynamics are well employed by the authors

Manuscript revision:

The reviewers noted a number of weaknesses, including error analysis of the HDX data, interpretation of the mutagenesis data, the small fraction of the total number of particles used to generate the EM reconstruction, the novelty of the findings in light of the previous report by Cheng et al, 2022, various details regarding presentation of structural results and questions regarding the interpretation of the inhibition data (Figure 1D). The authors have responded adequately to these critiques. It appears that pREX-1 is a highly dynamic molecule, and considerable heterogeneity among particles might be expected.

While, indeed, the conformation of pREX presented in this report is not novel, the finding that this inactive conformational state is stabilized by IP4 is significant and important. The evidence for this is both structural and biochemical, as indicated by micromolar competition of IP4 with PI3-enriched vesicles resulting in the inhibition of pREX-1 GEF activity.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Summary:

This study aims to demonstrate that cortical feedback is not necessary to signal behavioral outcome to shell neurons of the inferior colliculus during a sound detection task. The demonstration is achieved in a very clear manner by the observation of the activity of cortico-recepient neurons in animals which have received lesions of the auditory cortex. The experiment shows that neither behavior performance nor neuronal responses are significantly impacted by cortical lesions except for the case of partial lesions which seem to have a disruptive effect on behavioral outcome signaling.

Strengths:

The demonstration of the main conclusions is based on state-of-the-art, carefully controlled methods and is highly convincing. There is an in depth discussion of the different effects of auditory cortical lesions on sound detection behavior.

Weaknesses:

The description of feedback signals could be more detailed although it is difficult to achieve good temporal resolution with the calcium imaging technique necessary for targeting cortico-recipient neurons.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Summary:

Leveraging zebra fish as a research model, Wang et al identified "cytoneme-like structures" as a mechanism for mediating cell-cell communications among skin epidermal cells. The authors further demonstrated that the "cytoneme-like structures" can mediate Notch signaling, and the "cytoneme-like structures" are influenced by IL17 signaling.

Strengths:

Elegant zebrafish genetics, reporters, and live imaging.

Weaknesses: (minor)<br /> This paper focused on characterizing the "cytoneme-like structures" between different layers and the NOTCH signaling. However, these "cytoneme-like structures" observed in undifferentiated KC (Figure 2B), although at a slightly lower frequency, were not interpreted. In addition, it is unclear if these "cytoneme-like structures" can mediate other signaling pathways than NOTCH.

Overall, this is a solid paper with convincing data reporting the "cytoneme-like structures" in vivo, and with compelling data demonstrating the roles in NOTCH signaling and the regulation by IL17.

These findings provide a foundation for future work exploring the "cytoneme-like structures" in the mammalian system and other epithelial tissue types. This paper also suggests a potential connection between the "cytoneme-like structures" and psoriasis, which needs to be further explored in clinical samples.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Summary:

In this study, Li et al. identified CAD96CA and FGF1 among 20 receptor tyrosine kinase receptors as mediators of JH signaling. By performing a screen in HaEpi cells with overactivated JH signaling, the authors pinpointed two main RTKs that contribute to the transduction of JH. Using the CRISPR/Cas9 system to generate mutants, the authors confirmed that these RTKs are required for normal JH activation, as precocious pupariation was observed in their absence. Additionally, the authors demonstrated that both CAD96CA and FGF1 exhibit a high affinity for JH, and their activation is necessary for the proper phosphorylation of Tai and Met, transcription factors that promote the transcriptional response. Finally, the authors provided evidence suggesting that the function of CAD96CA and FGF1 as JH receptors is conserved across insects.

Strengths:

The data provided by the authors are convincing and support the main conclusions of the study, providing ample evidence to demonstrate that phosphorylation of the transducers Met and Tai mainly depends on the activity of two RTKs. Additionally, the binding assays conducted by the authors support the function of CAD96CA and FGF1 as membrane receptors of JH. The study's results validate, at least in H. amigera, the predicted existence of membrane receptors for JH.

Weaknesses:

The study has several weaknesses that need to be addressed. Firstly, it is not clear what criteria were used by the authors to discard several other RTKs that were identified as repressors of JH signaling. For example, while NRK and Wsck may not fulfill all the requirements to become JH receptors, other evidence, such as depletion analysis and target gene expression, suggests they are involved in proper JH signaling activation.

Secondly, the expression of the six RTKs, which, when knocked down, were able to revert JH signaling activation, was mainly detected in the last larval stage of H. amigera. However, since JH signaling is active throughout larval development, it is unclear whether these RTKs are completely required for pathway activation or only needed for high activation levels at the last larval stage.<br /> Additionally, the mechanism by which different RTKs exert their functions in a specific manner is not clear. According to the expression profile of the different RTKs, one might expect some redundant role of those receptors. In fact the no reversion of phosphorilation of tai and met upon depletion of Wsck in cells with overactivated JH signalling seems to support this idea.

Nevertheless, and despite the overlapping expression of the different receptors, all RTKs seem to be required for proper pathway activation, even in the case of FGF1 which seems to be only expressed in the midgut. This is an intriguing point unresolved in the study.

Finally, the study does not explain how RTKs with known ligands could also bind JH and contribute to JH signaling activation. in Drosophila, FGF1 is activated by pyramus and thisbe for mesoderm development, while CAD96CA is activated by collagen during wound healing. Now the authors claim that in addition to these ligands, the receptors also bind to JH. However, it is unclear whether these RTKs are activated by JH independently of their known ligands, suggesting a specific binding site for JH, or if they are only induced by JH activation when those ligands are present in a synergistic manner. Alternatively, another explanation could be that the RTK pathways by their known ligands activation may induce certain levels of JH transducer phosphorylation, which, in the presence of JH, contributes to the full pathway activation without JH-RTK binding being necessary.

DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3592641/v1

Resource: Bloomington Drosophila Stock Center (RRID:SCR_006457)

Curator: @maulamb

SciCrunch record: RRID:SCR_006457

What is this?

DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3592641/v1

Resource: (BDSC Cat# 8121,RRID:BDSC_8121)

Curator: @maulamb

SciCrunch record: RRID:BDSC_8121

What is this?

DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3592641/v1

Resource: (BDSC Cat# 458,RRID:BDSC_458)

Curator: @maulamb

SciCrunch record: RRID:BDSC_458

What is this?

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Summary:

The work by Kalita et al. reports regulation of RecB expression by Hfq protein in E.coli cell. RecBCD is an essential complex for DNA repair and chromosome maintenance. The expression level needs to be regulated at low level under regular growth conditions but upregulated upon DNA damage. Through quantitative imaging, the authors demonstrate that recB mRNAs and proteins are expressed at low level under regular conditions. While the mRNA copy number demonstrates high noise level due to stochastic gene expression, the protein level is maintained at a lower noise level compared to expected value. Upon DNA damage, the authors claim that the recB mRNA concentration is decreased, however RecB protein level is compensated by higher translation efficiency. Through analyzing CLASH data on Hfq, they identified two Hfq binding sites on RecB polycistronic mRNA, one of which is localized at the ribosome binding site (RBS). Through measuring RecB mRNA and protein level in the ∆hfq cell, the authors conclude that binding of Hfq to the RBS region of recB mRNA suppresses translation of recB mRNA. This conclusion is further supported by the same measurement in the presence of Hfq sequestrator, the sRNA ChiX, and the deletion of the Hfq binding region on the mRNA.

Strengths:

(1) The manuscript is well-written and easy to understand.<br /> (2) While there are reported cases of Hfq regulating translation of bound mRNAs, its effect on reducing translation noise is relatively new.<br /> (3) The imaging and analysis are carefully performed with necessary controls.

Weaknesses:

The major weaknesses include a lack of mechanistic depth, and part of the conclusions are not fully supported by the data.

(1) Mechanistically, it is still unclear why upon DNA damage, translation level of recB mRNA increases, which makes the story less complete. The authors mention in the Discussion that a moderate (30%) decrease in Hfq protein was observed in previous study, which may explain the loss of translation repression on recB. However, given that this mRNA exists in very low copy number (a few per cell) and that Hfq copy number is on the order of a few hundred to a few thousand, it's unclear how 30% decrease in the protein level should resides a significant change in its regulation of recB mRNA.<br /> (2) Based on the experiment and the model, Hfq regulates translation of recB gene through binding to the RBS of the upstream ptrA gene through translation coupling. In this case, one would expect that the behavior of ptrA gene expression and its response to Hfq regulation would be quite similar to recB. Performing the same measurement on ptrA gene expression in the presence and absence of Hfq would strengthen the conclusion and model.<br /> (3) The authors agree that they cannot exclude the possibility of sRNA being involved in the translation regulation. However, this can be tested by performing the imaging experiments in the presence of Hfq proximal face mutations, which largely disrupt binding of sRNAs.<br /> (4) The data on construct with a long region of Hfq binding site on recB mRNA deleted is less convincing. There is no control to show that removing this sequence region itself has no effect on translation, and the effect is solely due to the lack of Hfq binding. A better experiment would be using a Hfq distal face mutant that is deficient in binding to the ARN motifs.<br /> (5) Ln 249-251: The authors claim that the stability of recB mRNA is not changed in ∆hfq simply based on the steady-state mRNA level. To claim so, the lifetime needs to be measured in the absence of Hfq.<br /> (6) What's the labeling efficiency of Halo-tag? If not 100% labeled, is it considered in the protein number quantification? Is the protein copy number quantification through imaging calibrated by an independent method? Does Halo tag affect the protein translation or degradation?<br /> (7) Upper panel of Fig S8a is redundant as in Fig 5B. Seems that Fig S8d is not described in the text.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Strength:

The development of an automated Barnes maze allows for more naturalistic and uninterrupted behavior, facilitating the study of spatial learning and memory, as well as the analysis of the brain's neural networks during behavior when combined with neurophysiological techniques. The system's design has been thoughtfully considered, encompassing numerous intricate details. These details include the incorporation of flexible options for selecting start, goal, and proximal landmark positions, the inclusion of a rotating platform to prevent the accumulation of olfactory cues, and careful attention given to atomization, taking into account specific considerations such as the rotation of the maze without causing wire shortage or breakage. When combined with neurophysiological manipulations or recordings, the system provides a powerful tool for studying spatial navigation system.<br /> The behavioral experiment protocols, along with the analysis of animal behavior, are conducted with care, and the development of behavioral modeling to capture the animal's search strategy is thoughtfully executed. It is intriguing to observe how the integration of these innovative stochastic models can elucidate the evolution of mice's search strategy within a variant of the Barnes maze.

Comments on revised version:

The authors have addressed all the points I outlined in the previous round of review, resulting in significant improvements to the manuscript. However, I have one remaining comment. Given the updated inter-animal analysis (Supplementary Figure 8), it appears that male and female mice develop strategies differently across days. Male mice seem to progressively increase their employment of spatial strategy across days, at the expense of the random strategy. Conversely, female mice exhibit both spatial and serial strategies at their highest levels on day 2, with minimal changes observed on the subsequent days.<br /> These findings could alter the interpretation of Figure 5 and the corresponding text in the section "Evolution of search strategy across days".<br /> For instance, this statement on page 6 doesn't hold for female mice: "The spatial strategy was increased across days, ... largely at the expense of the random strategy."

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Summary:

The authors investigate the hypothesis that neurexins serve a crucial role as regulators of the synaptic strength and timing at the glycinergic synapse between neurons of the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB) and the lateral superior olivary complex (LSO). It is worth mentioning that LSO neurons are an integration station of the auditory brainstem circuit displaying high reliability and temporal precision. These features are necessary for computing interaural cues to derive sound source location from comparing the intensities of sounds arriving at the two ears. In this context, the authors' findings build up according to the hypothesis first by displaying that neurexins were expressed in the MNTB at varying levels. They followed this up with deletion of all neurexins in the MNTB through the employment of a triple knock-out (TKO). Using electrophysiological recordings in acute brainstem slices of these TKO mice, they gathered solid evidence for the role of neurexins in synaptic transmission at this glycinergic synapse primarily by ensuring tight coupling of Ca2+ channels and vesicular release sites. Additionally, the authors uncovered a connection between the deletion of neurexins and a higher number of glycinergic synapses of TKO mice, for which they provided evidence in the form of immunostainings and related it to electrophysiological data on spontaneous release. Consequently, this investigation expands our knowledge on the molecular regulation of synaptic transmission at glycinergic synapses, as well as on the auditory processing at the level of the brainstem.

Strengths:

The authors demonstrate substantial results in support of the hypothesis of a critical role of neurexins for regulating glycinergic transmission in the LSO using various techniques. They provide evidence for the expression of neurexins in the MNTB and consecutively successfully generate and characterize the neurexin TKO. For their study on LSO IPSCs the authors transduced MNTB neurons by co-injection of virus carrying Cre and ChR2 and subsequently optogenetically evoke release of glycine. As a result, they observed a significant reduction in amplitude and significantly slower rise and decay times of the IPSCs of the TKO in comparison with control mice in which MNTB neurons were only transduced with ChR2. Furthermore, they observed an increased paired pulse ratio (PPR) of LSO IPSCs in the TKO mice, indicating lower release probability. Elaborating on the hypothesis that neurexins are essential for the coupling of synaptic vesicles to Ca2+ channels, the authors show lowered Ca2+ sensitivity in the TKO mice. Additionally, they reveal convincing evidence for the connection between the increased frequency of spontaneous IPSC and the higher number of glycinergic synapses of the LSO in the TKO mice, revealed by immunolabeling against the glycinergic presynaptic markers GlyT2 or VGAT.

Weaknesses:

A concern is on novelty as this work on the effects of pan-neurexin deletion in a glycinergic synapse is quite consistent with the authors prior work on glutamatergic synapses (Luo et al., 2020).

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Summary

In this manuscript, Weng et al. identify the neuron specific transcriptome that impacts age dependent cognitive decline. The authors design a pipeline to profile neurons from wild type and long-lived insulin receptor/IGF-1 mutants using timepoints when memory functions are declining. They discover signatures unique to neurons which validates their approach. The authors identify that genes related to neuronal identity are lost with age in wild type worms. For example, old neurons reduce the expression of genes linked to synaptic function and neuropeptide signaling and increase the expression of chromatin regulators, insulin peptides and glycoproteins. Depletion of selected genes which are upregulated in old neurons (utx-1, ins-19 and nmgp-1) leads to improved short memory function. This indicates that some genes that increase with age have detrimental effects on learning and memory. The pipeline is then used to test neuronal profiles of long-lived insulin/IGF-1 daf-2 mutants. Genes related to stress response pathways are upregulated in long lived daf-2 mutants (e.g. dod-24, F08H9.4) and those genes are required for improved neuron function.

Strengths

The manuscript is well written, and the experiments are well described. The authors take great care to explain their reasoning for performing experiments in a specific way and guide the reader through the interpretation of the results, which makes this manuscript an enjoyable and interesting read. The authors discover novel regulators of learning and memory using neuron-specific transcriptomic analysis in aged animals, which underlines the importance of cell specific deep sequencing. The timepoints of the transcriptomic profiling are elegantly chosen, as they coincide with the loss of memory and can be used to specifically reveal gene expression profiles related to neuron function. The authors discuss on the dod-24 example how powerful this approach is. In daf-2 mutants whole-body dod-24 expression differs from neuron specific profiles, which underlines the importance of precise cell specific approaches. This dataset will provide a very useful resource for the C. elegans and aging community as it complements existing datasets with additional time points and neuron specific deep profiling.

Weakness

This study nicely describes the neuron specific profiles of aged long-lived daf-2 mutants. Selected neuronal genes that were upregulated in daf-2 mutants (e.g. F08H9.4, mtl-1, dod-24, alh-2, C44B7.5) decreased learning/memory when knocked down. However, the knock down of these genes was not specific to neurons. The authors use a neuron-sensitive RNAi strain to address this concern and acknowledge this caveat in the text. While it is likely that selected candidates act only in neurons it is possible that other tissues participate as well.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Summary:

This is a well prepared manuscript which presented interesting research result.

Strengths:

The omics method produced unbiased results.

Weaknesses:

LPS neutralization is not new method for treating leptospiral infection.

Reviewer #4 (Public Review):

Summary:

In the present study, Spikol et al. explore the projection patterns and functional characteristics of two distinct and genetically defined populations in the larval zebrafish Nucleus Incertus (NI), expressing the transcription factor gsc2 or the neuropeptide rln3a. To label in vivo these neurons two transgenic lines were generated by CRISPR/Cas9 mediated Knock-in. These genetic tools allowed the analysis of the projection patterns of these neuronal populations showing that the NI neurons expressing gsc2 and rln3a exhibit markedly different projection patterns, targeting separate subregions within the midbrain interpeduncular nucleus (IPN).<br /> Functional imaging and behavioral analysis revealed that while gsc2 neurons respond to electric shock stimuli, rln3a neurons show high spontaneous activity and play a role in regulating locomotor activity.

Strengths:

The paper relies on a series of rigorous experimental approaches including molecular genetic, neuroanatomical, functional and behavioral analysis. The resources generated including the two knock-in transgenic reporter lines will be of great value for the zebrafish neurobiology community as well as inspire further studies of the NI in other model systems.

Weaknesses:

Technical weaknesses present in the first version of the manuscript have largely been addressed in the present revision.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Summary:

This manuscript describes RNAi depletion of isp-1 or spg-7 in the GABAergic neurons of C. elegans leads to: lifespan extension; increased resistance to paraquat oxidative stress and heat stress; decreased brood size and mitotic germ cell numbers in the gonad and increased DNA aggregates in the oocytes; increased mitochondrial membrane potential, ATP levels, mitochondrial mass, mitochondrial DNA copies, mitochondrial DNA polymerase gamma polg-1 levels, and decreased ROS levels. The authors further show that daf-16 is necessary for GABAergic depletion of isp-1 mediated lifespan extension, stress resistance, increased mitochondrial membrane potential, mitochondrial mass and DNA copies, and decreased brood size. Unc-25 for GABA synthesis, unc-31 for neuropeptide secretion, and flp-13 neuropeptide are all in the same pathway of isp-1 RNAi in GABAergic neurons for lifespan extension and stress resistance.

Strengths:

The topic is interesting and relatively novel in terms of GABAergic mitochondrial dysfunction. The data provided support the conclusions well.

Weaknesses:

The mechanistic evidence needs to be improved substantially.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Summary:

Mou and Ji investigated neuro-computational mechanisms behind observational spatial learning in rats and reported several signs of functional coupling between the ACC and CA1 at the single neuron level. Using multi-site tetrode recording, they found that ACC cells encoding a path on a maze were activated while a rat observed another rat took that path. This activation was also correlated with the activation of CA1 cells encoding the same path and facilitated their replay during sharp-wave ripples (SWRs) before the recording rat ran on the maze by itself. These activity patterns were associated with correct path choice during self-running and were absent in control conditions where the recording rat did not learn the correct choice through observations. Based on these findings, the authors argue that ACC cells capture the critical information during observation to organize hippocampal cell activity for subsequent spatial decisions.

Strengths:

The authors used multiple outcome measures to build a strong case for path-specific spike coordination between ACC and CA1 cells. The analyses were conducted carefully, and proper control measures were used to establish the statistical significance of the detected effects. The authors also demonstrated tight correlations between the spike coordination patterns and the successful use of observed information for future decisions.

Weaknesses:

(1) As evidence for the activation of path information in the ACC during observation, the authors showed positive correlations between firing rates during observation and those during self-running. This argument will be solidified if the authors use a decoding approach to demonstrate the activation of path-selective ACC ensemble activity patterns during observation. This approach will also open the door to uncovering how the activation of ACC path representation is related to the moment-to-moment position of the demonstrator rat and whether it is coupled with the timing of SWRs.

(2) The authors argued that the ACC biases the content of awake replay in CA1 during SWRs in the observation period. The reviewer wonders if a similar bias also occurs during SWRs in the self-run period (i.e., water consumption after the correct choice). This analysis will be helpful in testing if the biased replay occurs due to the need to convert observed information into future choices.

(3) Although the authors demonstrated the necessity of the ACC for the task, it still remains to be determined firing coordination between the ACC and CA1 during observation is necessary for the correct path choice during self-runs. Some discussion on this point, along with future direction, would be beneficial for readers.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Summary:

In the present work, Deganutti et al. report a structural study on GPCR functional dynamics using a computational approach called supervised molecular dynamics.

Strengths:

The study has the potential to provide novel insight into GPCR functionality. An example is the interaction between loops of GPCR and G proteins, which are not resolved experimentally, or the interaction between D344 and R385 identified during the Gs coupling by GLP-1R. However, validation of the findings, even computationally through for instance in silico mutagenesis study, is advisable.

Weaknesses:

In its current form, the manuscript seems immature and in particular, the described results grasp only the surface of the complex molecular mechanisms underlying GPCR activation. No significant advance of the existing structural data on GPCR and GPCR/G protein coupling is provided. Most of the results are a reproduction of the previously reported structures.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Summary:

The study presented by Leitao et al., represents an important advancement in comprehending the social learning processes of sperm whales across various communicative and socio-cultural contexts. The authors introduce the concept of "vocal style" as an addition to the previously established notion of "vocal repertoire," thereby enhancing our understanding of sperm whale vocal identity.

Strengths:

A key finding of this research is the correlation between the similarity of clan vocal styles for non-ID codas and spatial overlap (while no change occurs for ID codas), suggesting that social learning plays a crucial role in shaping symbolic cultural boundaries among sperm whale populations. This work holds great appeal for researchers interested in animal cultures and communication. It is poised to attract a broad audience, including scholars studying animal communication and social learning processes across diverse species, particularly cetaceans.

Weaknesses:

In terms of terminology, while the authors use the term "saying" to describe whale vocalizations, it may be more conservative to employ terms like "vocalize" or "whale speech" throughout the manuscript. This approach aligns with the distinction between human speech and other forms of animal communication, as outlined in prior research (Hockett, 1960; Cheney & Seyfarth, 1998; Hauser et al., 2002; Pinker & Jackendoff, 2005; Tomasello, 2010).

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Summary:

This paper describes a new mechanism of clearance of protein aggregates occurring during mitosis.

The authors have observed that animal cells can clear misfolded aggregated proteins at the end of mitosis. The images and data gathered are solid, convincing, and statistically significant. However, there is a lack of insight into the underlying mechanism. They show the involvement of the ER, ATPase-dependent, BiP chaperone, and the requirement of Cdk1 inactivation (a hallmark of mitotic exit) in the process. They also show that the mechanism seems to be independent of the APC/C complex (anaphase-promoting complex). Several points need to be clarified regarding the mechanism that clears the aggregates during mitosis:

• What happens in the cell substructure during mitosis to explain the recruitment of BiP towards the aggregates, which seem to be relocated to the cytoplasm surrounded by the ER membrane.

• How the changes in the cell substructure during mitosis explain the relocation of protein aggregates during mitosis.

• Why BiP seems to be the main player of this mechanism and not the cyto Hsp70 first described to be involved in protein disaggregation.

Strengths:

Experimental data showing clearance of protein aggregates during mitosis is solid, statistically significant, and very interesting.

Weaknesses:

Weak mechanistic insight to explain the process of protein disaggregation, particularly the interconnection between what happens in the cell substructure during mitosis to trigger and drive clearance of protein aggregates.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Summary:

In this manuscript, Boudjerna and Balagé et al. aim to elucidate the spatial origin of centriole amplification and the mechanisms behind the formation of an apical-basal body patch in multiciliated cells (MCCs). To this end, they focused on the role of microtubules and developed new tools for spatiotemporal and high-resolution analysis of different stages of centriole amplification, including the centrosome stages, A-stage, G-stage, and MCC-stage. Among these tools, the MEF-MCC cells grown on micropatterns stands out for its versatility as it is not tissue-specific and does not require epithelial cell-to-cell contact for differentiation. Additionally, the Cen2-GFP; mRuby-Deup1 knock-in mouse model was used to study different stages of centriole amplification in physiological brain MCCs. This model offers an advantage over the previously described Cen2-GFP model by enabling the resolution of early events in centriole amplification through the visualization of Deup1-positive structures and their dynamics. Finally, the authors leveraged powerful imaging techniques, including super-resolution microscopy, the U-ExM, and high-resolution live cell imaging in order to detect and track centriole amplification, elongation, disengagement, and migration.

By combining the MEF-MCC and knock-in mouse model with spatiotemporal imaging in control and nocodazole-treated cells(treated acutely or chronically), the authors define the sequence of events during centriole amplification, revealing the critical roles of microtubules for the first time. Initially, the centrosome-mediated microtubule network forms, organizing a pericentrosomal nest from which procentrioles and deuterosomes emerge. Their findings indicate the importance of microtubules in recruiting and maintaining pericentriolar material clouds that contain DEUP1, PCNT, SAS6, PLK1, PLK4, and tubulins. Following the amplification stage, the procentrioles mature, leading to cells displaying numerous MTOCs, as demonstrated by regrowth experiments. Mature centrioles then disengage from deuterosomes, attach to the nuclear envelope, and migrate to the apical surface facilitated by microtubules.

Strengths:

The manuscript provides new insights into the regulatory function of microtubules in centriole amplification. Addressing the role of microtubules during different stages of centriole amplification required the development of new tools to study brain MCCs, which will be useful in future studies of MCCs. A notable strength of this manuscript is the authors' thorough and quantitative analysis of highly dynamic processes in MCCs. The precision and detail in describing these dynamic events are impressive. This comprehensive analysis advances our understanding of MCC biology.

Weaknesses:

The role of microtubules and other molecular players during different stages of centriole amplification in brain MCCs can be further studied and strengthened using the tools developed in the manuscript. A more quantitative description of some of the analysis performed in the manuscript is required to strengthen the conclusions.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Summary:

The authors want to prove that there is a redox potential between germline stem cells (GSCs) and somatic cyst stem cells (CySCs) in the Drosophila testis, with ROS being higher in the former compared to the latter. They also want to prove that ROS travels from CySCs to GSCs. Finally, they begin to characterize the phenotypes caused by loss of SOD (which normally lowers ROS levels) in the tj- lineage and how this impacts the germline.

Strengths:

The role of SOD in somatic support cells is an under-explored area.

Weaknesses:

The authors fall short of accomplishing their goals. There are issues with the concept of the paper (ROS gradient between cells that causes a transfer of ROS across membranes for homeostasis), the data, the figures, and the scholarship of the testis. I have discussed each of the points in detail below. These weaknesses negatively impact the conclusions put forward by the authors. In short, their data is not compelling: there is no evidence provided by the authors that ROS diffuses from CySCs to GSCs as most of the claims about stem cells are founded on data about differentiating germ and somatic cells. The somatic SOD depletion phenotype is incompletely characterized and several pathways appear to change in these cells, including reduced Egfr signaling, increased Tor signaling, and increased Hh signaling. None of these results are sufficiently followed up on. And none of them are considered relative to their known roles in the testis. For example, high Hh signaling in CySCs increases their competitiveness with GSCs. Increased Tor signaling in all CySCs does not affect the CySC lineage. Reduced Egfr signaling in CySCs reduces the number of CySCs and reduces/inhibits abscission between GSCs-gonialblasts.

Major issues:

(1) Data<br /> a. Problems proving which mitochondria are associated with which lineage.<br /> b. There is no evidence that ROS diffuses from CySCs into GSCs.<br /> c. The changes in gst-GFP (redox readout) are possibly seen in differentiating germ cells (i.e., spermatogonia) but not in GSCs. This weakens their model that ROS in CySC is transferred to GSCs.<br /> d. Most of the paper examines the effect of SOD depletion (which should increase ROS) on the CySC lineage and GSC lineage. One big caveat is that tj-Gal4 is expressed in hub cells (Fairchild, 2016) so the loss of SOD from hub cells may also contribute to the phenotype. In fact, the niche in Figure 2D looks larger than the niche in the control in Figure 2C, arguing that the expression of Tj in niche cells may be contributing to the phenotype. The authors need to better characterize the niche in tj>SOD-RNAi testes.<br /> e. The tj>SOD-RNAi phenotype is an expansion of the Zfh1+ CySC pool, expansion of the Tj+ Zfh1- cyst cells (both due to increased somatic proliferation) and a non-autonomous disruption of the germline.<br /> f. I am not convinced that MAPK signaling is decreased in tj>SOD-i testes. Not only is this antibody finicky, but the authors don't have any follow-up experiments to see if they can restore SOD-depleted CySCs by expressing an Egfr gain of function. Additionally, reduced Egfr activity causes fewer somatic cells (not more) (Amoyel, 2016) and also inhibits abscission between GSCs and gonialblasts (Lenhart 2015), which causes interconnected cysts of 8- to 16 germ cells with one GSC emanating from the hub.<br /> g. The increase in Hh signaling in SOD-depleted CySCs would increase their competitiveness against GSCs and GSCs would be lost (Amoyel 2014). The authors need to validate that Hh protein expression is indeed increased in SOD-depleted CySCs/cyst cells and which cells are producing this Hh. Normally, only hub cells produce Hh (Michel, 2012; Amoyel 2013) to promote self-renewal in CySCs.<br /> h. The increase in p4E-BP is an indication that Tor signaling is increased, but an increase in Tor in the CySC lineage does not significantly affect the number of CySCs or cyst cells (Chen, 2021). So again I am not sure how increased Tor factors into their phenotype.<br /> i. The over-expression of SOD in CySCs part is incomplete. The authors would need to monitor ROS in these testes. They would also need to examine with tj>SOD affects the size of the hub.

(2) Concept<br /> Why would it be important to have a redox gradient across adjacent cells? The authors mention that ROS can be passed between cells, but it would be helpful for them to provide more details about where this has been documented to occur and what biological functions ROS transfer regulates.

(3) Issues with scholarship of the testis<br /> a. Line 82 - There is no mention of BMPs, which are the only GSC-self-renewal signal. Upd/Jak/STAT is required for adhesion of GSCs to the niche but not self-renewal (Leatherman and Dinardo, 2008, 2010). The author should read a review about the testis. I suggest Greenspan et al 2015. The scholarship of the testis should be improved.<br /> b. Line 82-84 - BMPs are produced by both hub cells and CySCs. BMP signaling in GSCs represses bam. So it is not technically correct to say the CySCs repress bam expression in GSCs.<br /> c. Throughout the figures the authors score Vasa+ cells for GSCs. This is technically not correct. What they are counting is single, Vasa+ cells in contact with the niche. All graphs should be updated with the label "GSCs" on the Y-axis.

(4) Issues with the text<br /> a. Line 1: multi-lineage is not correct. Multi-lineage refers to stem cells that produce multiple types of daughter cells. GSCs produce only one type of offspring and CySCs produce only one type of offspring. So both are uni-lineage. Please change accordingly.<br /> b. Lines 62-75 - Intestinal stem cells have constitutively high ROS (Jaspar lab paper) so low ROS in stem cell cells is not an absolute.<br /> c. Line 79: The term cystic is not used in the Drosophila testis. There are cyst stem cells (CySCs) that produce cyst cells. Please revise.<br /> d. Line 90 - perfectly balanced is an overstatement and should be toned down.<br /> e. Line 98 - division of labour is not supported by the data and should be rephrased.<br /> f. Line 200 - the authors provide no data on BMPs - the GSC self-renewal cue - so they should avoid discussing an absence of self-renewal cues.

(5) Issues with the figures<br /> a. The images are too small to appreciate the location of mitochrondria in GSCs and CySCs.<br /> b. Figure 1<br /> i. cell membranes are not marked, reducing the precision of assigning mitochondria to GSC or CySCs. It would be very helpful if the authors depleted ATP5A from GSCs and showed that the puncta are reduced in these cells and did a similar set of experiments for the tj-Gal4 lineage. It would also be very helpful if the authors expressed membrane markers (like myr-GFP) in the GSC and then in the CySC lineage and then stained with ATP5A. This would pinpoint in which cells ATP5A immunoreactivity is occurring.<br /> ii. The presumed changes in gst-GFP (redox readout) are possibly seen in differentiating germ cells (i.e., spermatogonia) but not in GSC.<br /> iii. Panels F, Q, and S are not explained and currently are irrelevant.<br /> c. Figure 3K - The evidence to support less Ecad in GSCs in tj>SOD-i testes is not compelling as the figure is too small and the insets show changes in Ecad in somatic cells, not GSC.<br /> d. Figure 4:<br /> i. Panel A, B The apparent decline (not quantified) may not contribute to the phenotype.<br /> ii. dpERK is a finicky antibody and the authors are showing a single example of each genotype. This is an important experiment because the authors are going to use it to conclude that MAPK is decreased in the tj>SOD-i samples. However, the authors don't have any positive (dominant-active Egfr) or negative (tj>mapk-i). As is standing the data are not compelling. The graph in F does not convey any useful information.<br /> e. Figure S1D - cannot discern green on black. It is critical for the authors to show monochromes (gray scale) for the readouts that they want to emphasize. I cannot see the green on black in Figure S1D.<br /> f. Figure S4 - there is no quantification of the number of Tj cells in K-N.

(6) Issues with Methods<br /> a. Materials and Methods are not described in sufficient depth - please revise.<br /> b. Note that tj-Gal4 has real-time expression in hub cells and this is not considered by the authors. The ideal genotype for targeting CySCs is tjGal4, Gal80TS, hh-Gal80. Additionally, the authors do not mention whether they are depleting throughout development into adulthood or only in adults. If the latter, then they must have used a temperature shift like growing the flies at 18C and then upshifting to 25C or 29C during adult stages.<br /> c. The authors need to show data points in all of the graphs. Some graphs do this but others do not.<br /> d. The authors state that all data points are from three biological replicates. This is not sufficient for GSC and CySC counts. Most labs count GSCs and CySCs from at least 10 testes of the correct genotype.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

The authors tested a dietary intervention focused on improving meal regularity in this interesting paper. The study, a two-group, single-center, randomized, controlled, single-blind trial, utilized a smartphone application to track participants' meal frequencies and instructed the experimental group to confine their eating to these times for six weeks. The authors concluded that improving meal regularity reduced excess body weight despite food intake not being altered and contributed to overall improvements in well-being.

The concept is interesting, but the need for more rigor is of concern.

A notable limitation is the reliance on self-reported food intake, with the primary outcome being self-reported body weight/BMI, indicating an average weight loss of 2.62 kg. Despite no observed change in caloric intake, the authors assert weight loss among participants.

The trial's reliance on self-reported caloric intake is problematic, as participants tend to underreport intake; for example, in the NEJM paper (DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199212313272701), some participants underreported caloric intake by approximately 50%, rendering such data unreliable and hence misleading. More rigorous methods for assessing food intake are available and should have been utilized. Merely acknowledging the unreliability of self-reported caloric intake is insufficient as it would still leave the reader with the impression that there is no change in food intake when we actually have no idea if food intake was altered. A more robust approach to assessing food intake is imperative. Even if a decrease in caloric intake is observed through rigorous measurement, as I am convinced a more rigorous study would unveil testing this paradigm, this intervention may merely represent another short-term diet among countless others that show that one may lose weight by going on a diet, principally due to heightened dietary awareness.

Furthermore, the assessment of circadian rhythm using the MCTQ, a self-reported measure of chronotype, may not be as reliable as more objective methods like actigraphy.

Given the potential limitations associated with self-reported data in both dietary intake and circadian rhythm assessment, the overall impact of this manuscript is low. Increasing rigor by incorporating more objective and reliable measurement techniques in future studies could strengthen the validity and impact of the findings.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Summary:

In this study, the authors have started off using an immortalized human cell line and then gene-edited it to decrease the levels of VEGF1 (in order to influence vascularization), and the levels of Runx2 (to decrease chondro/osteogenesis). They first transplanted these cells with a collagen scaffold. The modified cells showed a decrease in vascularization when VEGF1 was decreased, and suggested an increase in cartilage formation.

In another study, the matrix generated by these cells was subsequently remodeled into a bone marrow organ. When RUNX2 was decreased, the cells did not mineralize in vitro, and their matrices expressed types I and II collagen but not type X collagen in vitro, in comparison with unedited cells. In vivo, the author claims that remodeling of the matrices into bone was somewhat inhibited. Lastly, they utilized matrices generated by RUNX2 edited cells to regenerate chondro-osteal defects. They suggest that the edited cells regenerated cartilage in comparison with unedited cells.

Strengths:

-The notion that inducing changes in the ECM by genetically editing the cells is a novel one, as it has long been thought that ECM composition influences cell activity.

-If successful, it may be possible to make off-the-shelf ECMS to carry out different types of tissue repair.

Weaknesses:

-The authors have not generated histologically identifiable cartilage or bone in their transplants of the cells with a type I scaffold.

-In many cases, they did not generate histologically identifiable cartilage with their cell-free-edited scaffold. They did generate small amounts of bone but this is most likely due to BMPs that were synthesized by the cells and trapped in the matrix.

-There is a great deal of missing detail in the manuscript.

-The in vivo study is underpowered, the results are not well documented pictorially, and are not convincing.

-Given the fact that they have genetically modified cells, they could have done analyses of ECM components to determine what was different between the lines, both at the transcriptome and the protein level. Consequently, the study is purely descriptive and does not provide any mechanistic understanding of what mixture of matrix components and growth factors works best for cartilage or bone. But this presupposes that they actually induced the formation of bona fide cartilage, at least.

DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4166090/v1

Resource: Fiji (RRID:SCR_002285)

Curator: @evieth

SciCrunch record: RRID:SCR_002285

What is this?

DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4166090/v1

Resource: ImageJ (RRID:SCR_003070)

Curator: @evieth

SciCrunch record: RRID:SCR_003070

What is this?

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Summary:

This manuscript describes some biochemical experiments on the crucial virulence factor EsxA (ESAT-6) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. EsxA is secreted via the ESX-1 secretion system. Although this system is recognized to be crucial for virulence the actual mechanisms employed by the ESX-1 substrates are still mostly unknown. The EsxA substrate is attracting most attention as the central player in virulence, especially phagosomal membrane disruption. EsxA is secreted as a dimer together with EsxB. The authors show that EsxA is also able to form homodimers and even tetramers, albeit at very low pH (below 5). Furthermore addition of a nanobody that specifically binds EsxA is blocking intracellular survival, also if the nanobody is produced in the cytosol of the infected macrophages.

Strengths:

Decent biochemical characterization of EsxA and identification of a new and interesting tool to study the function of EsxA (nanobody). Well written.

Weaknesses:

The findings are not critically evaluated using extra experiments or controls.<br /> For instance, tetrameric EsxA in itself is interesting and could reveal how EsxA works. But one would say that this is a starting point to make small point mutations that specifically affect tetramer formation and then evaluate what the effect is on phagosomal membrane lysis. Also one would like to see experiments to indicate whether these structures can be produced under in vitro conditions, especially because it seems that this mainly happens when the pH is lower than 5, which is not normally happening in phagosomes that are loaded with M. tuberculosis.<br /> Also the fact that the addition of the nanobody, either directly to the bacteria or produced in the cytosol of macrophages is interesting, but again the starting point for further experimentation. As a control one would like to se the effect on an Esx-1 secretion mutant. Furthermore, does cytososlic production or direct addition of the nanobody affect phagosomal escape? What happens if an EsxA mutant is produced that does not bind the nanobody?<br /> Finally, it is a bit strange that the authors use a non-native version of esxA that has not only an additional His-tag but also an additional 12 amino acids, which makes the protein in total almost 20% bigger. Of course these additions do not have to alter the characteristics, but they might. On the other hand they easily discard the natural acetylation of EsxA by mycobacteria itself (proven for M. marinum) as not relevant for the function because it might not happen in (the close homologue) M. tuberculosis.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Summary:

Mäkelä et al. here investigate genome concentration as a limiting factor on growth. Previous work has identified key roles for transcription (RNA polymerase) and translation (ribosomes) as limiting factors on growth, which enable an exponential increase in cell mass. While a potential limiting role of genome concentration under certain conditions has been explored theoretically, Mäkelä et al. here present direct evidence that when replication is inhibited, genome concentration emerges as a limiting factor.

Strengths:

A major strength of this paper is the diligent and compelling combination of experiment and modeling used to address this core question. The use of origin- and ftsZ-targeted CRISPRi is a very nice approach that enables dissection of the specific effects of limiting genome dosage in the context of a growing cytoplasm. While it might be expected that genome concentration eventually becomes a limiting factor, what is surprising and novel here is that this happens very rapidly, with growth transitioning even for cells within the normal length distribution for E. coli. Fundamentally, it demonstrates the fine balance of bacterial physiology, where the concentration of the genome itself (at least under rapid growth conditions) is no higher than it needs to be.

Weaknesses:

One limitation of the study is that genome concentration is largely treated as a single commodity. While this facilitates their modeling approach, one would expect that the growth phenotypes observed arise due to copy number limitation in a relatively small number of rate-limiting genes. The authors do report shifts in the composition of both the proteome and the transcriptome in response to replication inhibition, but while they report a positional effect of distance from the replication origin (reflecting loss of high-copy, origin-proximal genes), other factors shaping compositional shifts and their functional effects on growth are not extensively explored. This is particularly true for ribosomal RNA itself, which the authors assume to grow proportionately with protein. More generally, understanding which genes exert the greatest copy number-dependent influence on growth may aid both efforts to enhance (biotechnology) and inhibit (infection) bacterial growth.

Overall, this study provides a fundamental contribution to bacterial physiology by illuminating the relationship between DNA, mRNA, and protein in determining growth rate. While coarse-grained, the work invites exciting questions about how the composition of major cellular components is fine-tuned to a cell's needs and which specific gene products mediate this connection. This work has implications not only for biotechnology, as the authors discuss, but potentially also for our understanding of how DNA-targeted antibiotics limit bacterial growth.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Summary:

Kundu et al. investigated the effects of pre-exposure to a non-pathogenic Leptospira strain in the prevention of severe disease following subsequent infection by a pathogenic strain. They utilized a single or double exposure method to the non-pathogen prior to challenge with a pathogenic strain. They found that prior exposure to a non-pathogen prevented many of the disease manifestations of the pathogen. Bacteria, however, were able to disseminate, colonize the kidneys, and be shed in the urine. This is an important foundational work to describe a novel method of vaccination against leptospirosis. Numerous studies have attempted to use recombinant proteins to vaccinate against leptospirosis, with limited success. The authors provide a new approach that takes advantage of the homology between a non-pathogen and a pathogen to provide heterologous protection. This will provide a new direction in which we can approach creating vaccines against this re-emerging disease.

Strengths:

The major strength of this paper is that it is one of the first studies utilizing a live non-pathogenic strain of Leptospira to immunize against severe disease associated with leptospirosis. They utilize two independent experiments (a single and double vaccination) to define this strategy. This represents a very interesting and novel approach to vaccine development. This is of clear importance to the field.

The authors use a variety of experiments to show the protection imparted by pre-exposure to the non-pathogen. They look at disease manifestations such as death and weight loss. They define the ability of Leptospira to disseminate and colonize the kidney. They show the effects infection has on kidney architecture and a marker of fibrosis. They also begin to define the immune response in both of these exposure methods. This provides evidence of the numerous advantages this vaccination strategy may have. Thus, this study provides an important foundation for future studies utilizing this method to protect against leptospirosis.

Weaknesses:

Although they provide some evidence of the utility of pretreatment with a non-pathogen, there are some areas in which the paper needs to be clarified and expanded.

The authors draw their conclusions based on the data presented. However, they state the graphs only represent one of two independent experiments. Each experiment utilized 3-4 mice per group. In order to be confident in the conclusions, a power analysis needs to be done to show that there is sufficient power with 3-4 mice per group. In addition, it would be important to show both experiments in one graph which would inherently increase the power by doubling the group size, while also providing evidence that this is a reproducible phenotype between experiments. Overall, this weakens the strength of the conclusions drawn and would require additional statistical analysis or additional replicates to provide confidence in these conclusions.

A direct comparison between single and double exposure to the non-pathogen is not able to be determined. The ages of mice infected were different between the single (8 weeks) and double (10 weeks) exposure methods, thus the phenotypes associated with LIC infection are different at these two ages. The authors state that this is expected, but do not provide a reasoning for this drastic difference in phenotypes. It is therefore difficult to compare the two exposure methods, and thus determine if one approach provides advantages over the other. An experiment directly comparing the two exposure methods while infecting mice at the same age would be of great relevance to and strengthen this work.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Summary:

Alexander et al. reported the gene-regulatory networks underpinning sex determination of murine primordial germ cells (PGCs) through single-nucleus multiomics, offering a detailed chromatin accessibility and gene expression map across three embryonic stages in both male (XY) and female (XX) mice. It highlights how regulatory element accessibility may precede gene expression, pointing to chromatin accessibility as a primer for lineage commitment before differentiation. Sexual dimorphism in these elements and gene expression increases over time, and the study maps transcription factors regulating sexually dimorphic genes in PGCs, identifying sex-specific enrichment in various transcription factors.

Strengths:

The study includes step-wise multiomic analysis with some computational approach to identify candidate TFs regulating XX and XY PGC gene expression, providing a detailed timeline of chromatin accessibility and gene expression during PGC development, which identifies previously unknown PGC subpopulations and offers a multimodal reference atlas of differentiating PGC clusters. Furthermore, the study maps a complex network of transcription factors associated with sex determination in PGCs, adding depth to our understanding of these processes.

Weaknesses:

While the multiomics approach is powerful, it primarily offers correlational insights between chromatin accessibility, gene expression, and transcription factor activity, without direct functional validation of identified regulatory networks.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Summary:

The manuscript by Saadat et al., examines the structure and function of the NHL-2 RNA binding domain in miRNA-mediated gene regulation in C. elegans. NHL-2 has previously been shown to function in miRNA and other smRNA pathways in C. elegans but its mechanism of action is unclear. The authors present a crystal structure that revealed candidate RNA binding residues. In vitro binding assays confirmed that these amino acids were required for RNA binding. The authors tested the importance of the RING and NHL domains in NHL-2 by mutating the endogenous gene using CRISPR and analyzing developmental and molecular effects in C. elegans. They concluded that the RNA binding domain of NHL-2 and co-factors, including CGH-1 and IFET-1, are important for the regulation of some miRNA targets in developing C. elegans.

Strengths:

The NHL-2 structural work and in vitro analyses of RNA binding activity are rigorous. The work is important for providing new structural information for an important post-transcriptional regulator.

Weaknesses:

The in vivo studies to better understand the role of NHL and several cofactors require further controls, replicates or better explanations of the methods and analyses in order to support the conclusions. In particular, protein levels of the mutant NHL-2 strains should be analyzed to rule out differences in expression contributing to the results; the reporter strategy would be improved by showing it is dependent on miRNA regulation, including an internal control and adding quantitative data; validation of similar levels of ALG-1 protein in the immunoprecipitation experiments would add confidence for the differences in levels of miRNA targets detected.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Summary:

This important paper provides the best-to-date characterization of chirping in weakly electric fish using a large number of variables. These include environment (free vs divided fish, with or without clutter), breeding state, gender, intruder vs resident, social status, locomotion state and social and environmental experience, without and with playback experiments. It applies state-of-the-art methods for reducing the dimensionality of the data and finding patterns of correlation between different kinds of variables (factor analysis, K-means). The strength of the evidence, collated from a large number of trials with many controls, leads to the conclusion that the traditionally assumed communication function of chirps may be secondary to its role in environmental assessment and exploration that takes social context into account. Based on their extensive analyses, the authors suggest that chirps are mainly used as probes that help detect beats caused by other fish and as well as objects.

Strengths:

The work is based on completely novel recordings using interaction chambers. The amount of new data and associated analyses is simply staggering, and yet, well organized in presentation. The study further evaluates the electric field strength around a fish (via modelling with the boundary element method) and how its decay parallels the chirp rate, thereby relating the above variables to electric field geometry.

The main conclusions are that the lack of any significant behavioural correlates for chirping, and the lack of temporal patterning in chirp time series, cast doubt on a primary communication goal for most chirps. Rather, the key determinants of chirping are the difference frequency between two interacting conspecifics as well as individual subjects' environmental and social experience. The paper concludes that there is a lack of evidence for stereotyped temporal patterning of chirp time series, as well as of sender-receiver chirp transitions beyond the known increase in chirp frequency during an interaction.

These conclusions by themselves will be very useful to the field. They will also allow scientists working on other "communication" systems to perhaps reconsider and expand the goals of the probes used in those senses. A lot of data are summarized in this paper, with thorough referencing to past work.

The alternative hypotheses that arise from the work are that chirps are mainly used as environmental probes for better beat detection and processing and object localization, and in this sense are self-directed signals. This led to their prediction that environmental complexity ("clutter") should increase chirp rate, which is fact was revealed by their new experiments. The authors also argue that waveform EODs have less power across high spatial frequencies compared to pulse-type fish, with a resulting relatively impoverished power of resolution. Chirping in wave-type fish could temporarily compensate for the lower frequency resolution while still being able to resolve EOD perturbations with a good temporal definition (which pulse-type fish lack due to low pulse rates).

The authors also advance the interesting idea that the sinusoidal frequency modulations caused by chirps are the electric fish's solution to the minute (and undetectable by neural wetware) echo-delays available to it, due to the propagation of electric fields at the speed of light in water. The paper provides a number of experimental avenues to pursue in order to validate the non-communication role of chirps.

Weaknesses:

My main criticism is that the alternative putative role for chirps as probe signals that optimize beat detection could be better developed. The paper could be clearer as to what that means precisely, especially since beating - and therefore detection of some aspects of beating due to the proximity of a conspecific - most often precedes chirping. One meaning the authors suggest, tentatively, is that the chirps could enhance electrosensory responses to the beat, for example by causing beat phase shifts that remediate blind spots in the electric field of view.

A second criticism is that the study links the beat detection to underwater object localization. The paper does not significantly develop that line of thought given their data - the authors tread carefully here given the speculative aspect of this link. It is certainly possible that the image on the fish's body of an object in the environment will be slightly modified by introducing a chirp on the waveform, as this may enhance certain heterogeneities of the object in relation to its environment. The thrust of this argument derives mainly from the notion of Fourier analysis with pulse type fish EOD waveforms (see above, and radar theory more generally), where higher temporal frequencies in the beat waveform induced by the chirp will enable a better spatial resolution of objects. It remains to be seen whether experiments can show this to be significant.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Summary:<br /> Stuchly et al. proposed a single-cell trajectory inference tool, tviblindi, which was built on a sequential implementation of the k-nearest neighbor graph, random walk, persistent homology and clustering, and interactive visualization. The paper was organized around the detailed illustration of the usage and interpretation of results through the human thymus system.

Strengths:<br /> Overall, I found the paper and method to be practical and needed in the field. Especially the in-depth, step-by-step demonstration of the application of tviblindi in numerous T cell development trajectories and how to interpret and validate the findings can be a template for many basic science and disease-related studies. The videos are also very helpful in showcasing how the tool works.

Weaknesses:<br /> I only have a few minor suggestions that hopefully can make the paper easier to follow and the advantage of the method to be more convincing.<br /> (1) The "Computational method for the TI and interrogation - tviblindi" subsection under the Results is a little hard to follow without having a thorough understanding of the tviblindi algorithm procedures. I would suggest that the authors discuss the uniqueness and advantages of the tool after the detailed introduction of the method (moving it after the "Connectome - a fully automated pipeline".<br /> Also, considering it is a computational tool paper, inevitably, readers are curious about how it functions compared to other popular trajectory inference approaches. I did not find any formal discussion until almost the end of the supplementary note (even that is not cited anywhere in the main text). Authors may consider improving the summary of the advantages of tviblindi by incorporating concrete quantitative comparisons with other trajectory tools.<br /> (2) Regarding the discussion in Figure 4 the trajectory goes through the apoptotic stage and reconnects back to the canonical trajectory with counterintuitive directionality, it can be a checkpoint as authors interpret using their expert knowledge, or maybe a false discovery of the tool. Maybe authors can consider running other algorithms on those cells and see which tracks they identify and if the directionality matches with the tviblindi.<br /> (3) The paper mainly focused on mass cytometry data and had a brief discussion on scRNA-seq. Can the tool be applied to multimodality data such as CITE-seq data that have both protein markers and gene expression? Any suggestions if users want to adapt to scATAC-seq or other epigenomic data?

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Summary:

This work investigates the computational consequences of assemblies containing both excitatory and inhibitory neurons (E/I assembly) in a model with parameters constrained by experimental data from the telencephalic area Dp of zebrafish. The authors show how this precise E/I balance shapes the geometry of neuronal dynamics in comparison to unstructured networks and networks with more global inhibitory balance. Specifically, E/I assemblies lead to the activity being locally restricted onto manifolds - a dynamical structure in between high-dimensional representations in unstructured networks and discrete attractors in networks with global inhibitory balance. Furthermore, E/I assemblies lead to smoother representations of mixtures of stimuli while those stimuli can still be reliably classified, and allow for more robust learning of additional stimuli.

Strengths:

Since experimental studies do suggest that E/I balance is very precise and E/I assemblies exist, it is important to study the consequences of those connectivity structures on network dynamics. The authors convincingly show that E/I assemblies lead to different geometries of stimulus representation compared to unstructured networks and networks with global inhibition. This finding might open the door for future studies for exploring the functional advantage of these locally defined manifolds, and how other network properties allow to shape those manifolds.

The authors also make sure that their spiking model is well-constrained by experimental data from the zebrafish pDp. Both spontaneous and odor stimulus triggered spiking activity is within the range of experimental measurements. But the model is also general enough to be potentially applied to findings in other animal models and brain regions.

Weaknesses:

I find the point about pattern completion a bit confusing. In Fig. 3 the authors argue that only the Scaled I network can lead to pattern completion for morphed inputs since the output correlations are higher than the input correlations. For me, this sounds less like the network can perform pattern completion but it can nonlinearly increase the output correlations. Furthermore, in Suppl. Fig. 3 the authors show that activating half the assembly does lead to pattern completion in the sense that also non-activated assembly cells become highly active and that this pattern completion can be seen for Scaled I, Tuned E+I, and Tuned I networks. These two results seem a bit contradictory to me and require further clarification, and the authors might want to clarify how exactly they define pattern completion.

The authors argue that Tuned E+I networks have several advantages over Scaled I networks. While I agree with the authors that in some cases adding this localized E/I balance is beneficial, I believe that a more rigorous comparison between Tuned E+I networks and Scaled I networks is needed: quantification of variance (Fig. 4G) and angle distributions (Fig. 4H) should also be shown for the Scaled I network. Similarly in Fig. 5, what is the Mahalanobis distance for Scaled I networks and how well can the Scaled I network be classified compared to the Tuned E+I network? I suspect that the Scaled I network will actually be better at classifying odors compared to the E+I network. The authors might want to speculate about the benefit of having networks with both sources of inhibition (local and global) and hence being able to switch between locally defined manifolds and discrete attractor states.

At a few points in the manuscript, the authors use statements without actually providing evidence in terms of a Figure. Often the authors themselves acknowledge this, by adding the term "not shown" to the end of the sentence. I believe it will be helpful to the reader to be provided with figures or panels in support of the statements.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Summary:

How is it that animals find learned food locations in their daily life? Do they use landmarks to home in on these learned locations or do they learn a path based on self-motion (turn left, take ten steps forward, turn right, etc.). This study carefully examines this question in a well-designed behavioral apparatus. A key finding is that to support the observed behavior in the hidden food arena, mice appear to not use the distal cues that are present in the environment for performing this task. Removal of such cues did not change the learning rate, for example. In a clever analysis of whether the resulting cognitive map based on self-motion cues could allow a mouse to take a shortcut, it was found that indeed they are. The work nicely shows the evolution of the rodent's learning of the task, and the role of active sensing in the targeted reduction of uncertainty of food location proximal to its expected location.

Strengths:

A convincing demonstration that mice can synthesize a cognitive map for the finding of a static reward using body frame-based cues. This shows that the uncertainty of the final target location is resolved by an active sensing process of probing holes proximal to the expected location. Showing that changing the position of entry into the arena rotates the anticipated location of the reward in a manner consistent with failure to use distal cues.

Weaknesses:

The task is low stakes, and thus the failure to use distal cues at most costs the animal a delay in finding the food; this delay is likely unimportant to the animal. Thus, it is unclear whether this result would generalize to a situation where the animal may be under some time pressure, urgency due to food (or water) restriction, or due to predatory threat. In such cases, the use of distal cues to make locating the reward robust to changing start locations may be more likely to be observed.

Reviewer #4 (Public Review):

Summary:

Although previous research suggested that noradrenergic glutamatergic signaling could influence respiratory control, the work performed by Chang and colleagues reveals that excitatory (specifically Vglut2) neurons is dynamically and widely expressed throughout the central noradrenergic system, but it is not significantly crucial to change baseline breathing as well the hypercapnia and hypoxia ventilatory responses. The central point that will make a significant change in the field is how NA-glutamate transmission may influence breathing control and the dysfunction of NA neurons in respiratory disorders.

Strengths:

There are several strengths such as the comprehensive analysis of Vglut1, Vglut2, and Vglut3 expression in the central noradrenergic system and the combined measurements of breathing parameters in conscious unrestrained mice.

Other considerations :

These results strongly suggest that glutamate may not be necessary for modulating breathing under normal conditions or even when faced with high levels of carbon dioxide (hypercapnia) or low oxygen levels (hypoxia). This finding is unexpected, considering many studies have underscored glutamate's vital role in respiratory regulation, more so than catecholamines. This leads us to question the significance of catecholamines in controlling respiration. Moreover, if glutamate is not essential for this function, we need to explore its role in other physiological processes such as sympathetic nerve activity (SNA), thermoregulation, and sensory physiology.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

This study described changes in membrane excitability and Na+ and K+ current amplitudes of sympathetic motor neurons in culture. The findings indicate that neurons isolated from aged animals show increased membrane excitability manifested as increased firing rates in response to electrical stimulation and changes in related membrane properties including depolarized resting membrane potential, increased rheobase, and spontaneous firing. By contrast, neuron cultures from young mice show little to no spontaneous firing and relatively low firing rates in response to current injection. These changes in excitability correlate with reductions in the magnitude of KCNQ currents in neurons cultured from aged mice compared to neurons from cultured from young mice. The authors conclude that aging promotes hyperexcitability of sympathetic motor neurons through changes in KCNQ channels.

The electrophysiological cataloging of the neuronal properties is well done, and the experiments are performed using perforated patch recordings which preserves the internal constituents of neurons, providing confidence that the effects seen are not due to washout of regulators from the cells. The main weakness is that this study is a descriptive tabulation of changes in the electrophysiology of neurons in culture, and the effects shown are correlative rather than establishing causality. Pharmacological support is provided indicating that blockade or enhancement of KCNQ reverses the changes in excitability, but the specifics of the effects and relevance to intact preparations are unclear. Additional experiments in slice cultures would provide greater significance on the potential relevance of the findings for intact preparations.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Summary:

This is an interesting manuscript that uses state-of-the-art experimental and simulation approaches to quantify motor unit discharge patterns in the human TA and VL. The non-linear profiles of motor unit discharge were calculated and found to have an initial acceleration phase followed by an attenuation phase. Lower threshold motor units had a larger gain of the initial acceleration whereas the higher threshold motor unit had a higher gain in the attenuation phase. These data represent a technical feat and are important for understanding how humans generate and control voluntary force.

Strengths:<br /> The authors used rigorous, state-of-the-art analyses to decompose and validate their motor unit data during a wide range of voluntary efforts.

The analyses are clearly presented, applied, and visualized.

The supplemental data provides important transparency.

Weaknesses:

The number of participants and muscles tested are quite small - particularly given the constraints on yield. It is unclear if this will translate to other motor pools. The justification for TA and VL should be provided.

While an impressive effort was made to identify and track motor units across a range of contractions, it appears that a substantial portion of muscle force was not identified. Though high-intensity contractions are challenging to decompose - the authors are commended for their technical ability to record population motor unit discharge times with recruitment thresholds up to 75% of a participant's maximal voluntary contractions. However previous groups have seen substantial recruitment of motor units above 80% and even 90% maximum activation in the soleus. Given the innervation ratios of higher threshold motor units, if recruitment continued to 100%, the top quartile would likely represent a substantial portion of the traditional fast-fatigable motor units. It would be highly interesting to understand the recruitment and rate coding of the highest threshold motor units, at a minimum I would suggest using terms other than "entire range" or "full spectrum of recruitment thresholds"

The quantification of hysteresis using torque appears to make self-evident the observation that lower threshold motor units demonstrate less hysteresis with respect to torque. If there is motor unit discharge there will be force. I believe this limitation goes beyond the floor effects discussed in the manuscript. Traditionally, individuals have used the discharge of a lower threshold unit as the measure on which to apply hysteresis analyses to infer ion channel function in human spinal motoneurons.

The main findings are not entirely novel. See Monster and Chan 1977 and Kanosue et al 1979.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Summary:

Rapamycin is a macrolide of immunologic therapeutic importance, proposed as a ligand of mTOR. It is also employed as in essays to probe protein-protein interactions.<br /> The authors serendipitously found that the drug rapamycin and some related compounds, potently activate the cationic channel TRPM8, which is the main mediator of cold sensation in mammals. The authors show that rapamycin might bind to a novel binding site that is different from the binding site for menthol, the prototypical activator of TRPM8. These solid results are important to a wide audience since rapamycin is a widely used drug and is also employed in essays to probe protein-protein interactions, which could be affected by potential specific interactions of rapamycin with other membrane proteins, as illustrated herein.

Strengths:

The authors employ several experimental approaches to convincingly show that rapamycin activates directly the TRPM8 cation channel and not an accessory protein or the surrounding membrane. In general, the electrophysiological, mutational and fluorescence imaging experiments are adequately carried out and cautiously interpreted, presenting a clear picture of the direct interaction with TRPM8. In particular, the authors convincingly show that the interactions of rapamycin with TRPM8 are distinct from interactions of menthol with the same ion channel.

Weaknesses:

The main weakness of the manuscript is the NMR method employed to show that rapamycin binds to TRPM8. The authors developed and deployed a novel signal processing approach based on subtraction of several independent NMR spectra to show that rapamycin binds to the TRPM8 protein and not to the surrounding membrane or other proteins. While interesting and potentially useful, the method is not well developed (several positive controls are missing) and is not presented in a clear manner, such that the quality of data can be assessed and the reliability and pertinence of the subtraction procedure evaluated.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Summary:

In this study, the authors analyzed the complex functional organization of the hippocampus using two separate adult lifespan datasets. They investigated how individual variations in the detailed connectivity patterns within the hippocampus relate to behavioral and molecular traits. The findings confirm three overlapping hippocampal gradients and reveal that each is linked to established functional patterns in the cortex, the arrangement of dopamine receptors within the hippocampus, and differences in memory abilities among individuals. By employing multivariate data analysis techniques, they identified older adults who display a hippocampal gradient pattern resembling that of younger individuals and exhibit better memory performance compared to their age-matched peers. This underscores the behavioral importance of maintaining a specific functional organization within the hippocampus as people age.

Strengths:

The evidence supporting the conclusions is overall compelling, based on a unique dataset, rich set of carefully unpacked results, and an in-depth data analysis. Possible confounds are carefully considered and ruled out.

Weaknesses:

No major weaknesses. The transparency of the statistical analyses could be improved by explicitly (1) stating what tests and corrections (if any) were performed, and (2) justifying the elected statistical approaches. Further, some of the findings related to the DA markers are borderline statistically significant and therefore perhaps less compelling but they line up nicely with results obtained using experimental animals and I expect the small effect sizes to be largely related to the quality and specificity of the PET data rather than the derived functional connectivity gradients.

Reviewer #4 (Public Review):

In this study, Anoud et al. show convincing results of genes involved in the radio-resistance of tardigrades. With transcriptomics, they found many genes involved in DNA repair pathways to be overexpressed after ionizing radiation. In addition, they found RNF146 coding for a ubiquitin ligase, and genes of the AMNP family. Finally, they more deeply characterized one upregulated gene that they named TDR1 (Tardigrade DNA damage Response 1) which seems specific to tardigrades. With proteomics they verified these results. They show that TDR1 binds DNA in vitro and co-localize with DNA in tardigrades. Because of the difficulties of carrying reverse genetics in tardigrades, the authors showed in vitro that human cells expressing TDR1 led to a reduced number of phospho-H2AX foci (indicating DNA damages) when treated with Bleomycin. Based on these results, the authors suggested that TDR1 interacts with DNA and might regulate chromosomal organization and favors DNA repair.

Strengths:

The paper provides solid evidence of the upregulation of DNA repair enzymes after irradiation of tardigrades, as well as upregulation of the TRD1 protein.

The reduction of gamma-H2A.X spots in U2OS cells after expression of TRD1 supports a role in a DNA damage.

The shown interaction of TDR1 with DNA.

Weaknesses:

No reverse genetics to support a DNA repair function for TRD1, even if I recognize that these remain difficult to carry in tardigrades.

No pulse field electrophoresis gels to show DNA damages in tardigrades, which remain apparently challenging to perform in tardigrades.

After revision, the manuscript gained in structure, and in precision.

Overall, the manuscript provides valuable and convincing results contributing to our knowledge of tardigrade radio resistance. While reverse genetics remain difficult to carry in tardigrades, the authors used the alternative approach to investigate TDR1 function in vitro in human cells.

This study illustrates integrative biology as it combines a set of different methodologies including next-generation sequencing, transcriptomic and proteomic analyses, immunohistochemistry, immunolabelling, in vitro assays and SEM. According to me, the quality and importance of the results make it of interest to the fields of DNA repair, radiobiology, and radio resistance.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Summary:

This manuscript describes how antibiotics influence genetic stability and survival in Mycobacterium smegmatis. Prolonged treatment with first-line antibiotics did not significantly impact mutation rates. Instead, adaptation to these drugs appears to be mediated by upregulation of DNA repair enzymes. While this study offers robust data, findings remain correlative and fall short of providing mechanistic insights.

Strengths:

The strength of this study is the use of genome-wide approaches to address the specific question of whether or not mycobacteria induce mutagenic potential upon antibiotic exposure.

Weaknesses:

The authors suggest that the upregulation of DNA repair enzymes ensures a low mutation rate under drug pressure. However, this suggestion is based on correlative data, and there is no mechanistic validation of their speculations in this study.

Furthermore, as detailed below, some of the statements made by the authors are not substantiated by the data presented in the manuscript.

Finally, some clarifications are needed for the methodologies employed in this study. Most importantly, reduced colony growth should be demonstrated on agar plates to indicate that the drug concentrations calculated from liquid culture growth can be applied to agar surface growth. Without such validations, the lack of induced mutation could simply be due to the fact that the drug concentrations used in this study were insufficient.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Summary:

The study aims to determine whether the endosomal protein SNX4 performs a role in neurotransmitter release and synaptic vesicle recycling. The authors exploited a newly generated conditional knockout mouse to allow them to interrogate the SNX4 function. A series of basic parameters were assessed, with an observed impact on neurotransmitter release and active zone morphology. The work is interesting, however as things currently stand, the work is descriptive with little mechanistic insight. There are a number of places where the data appear to be a little preliminary, and some of the conclusions require further validation.

Strengths:

The strengths of the work are the state-of-the-art methods to monitor presynaptic function.

Weaknesses:

The weaknesses are the fact that the work is largely descriptive, with no mechanistic insight into the role of SNX4. Further weaknesses are the absence of controls in some experiments and the design of specific experiments.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Summary:

The authors consider several known aspects of PV and SOM interneurons and tie them together into a coherent single-cell model that demonstrates how the aspects interact. These aspects are:<br /> (1) While SOM interneurons target distal parts of pyramidal cell dendrites, PV interneurons target perisomatic regions.<br /> (2) SOM interneurons are associated with beta rhythms, PV interneurons with gamma rhythms.<br /> (3) Clustered excitation on dendrites can trigger various forms of dendritic spikes independent of somatic spikes. The main finding is that SOM and PV interneurons are not simply associated with beta and gamma frequencies respectively, but that their ability to modulate the activity of a pyramidal cell "works best" at their assigned frequencies. For example, distally targeting SOM interneurons are ideally placed to precisely modulate dendritic Ca-spikes when their firing is modulated at beta frequencies or timed relative to excitatory inputs. Outside those activity regimes, not only is modulation weakened, but overall firing reduced.

Strengths:

I think the greatest strength is the model itself. While the various individual findings were largely known or strongly expected, the model provides a coherent and quantitative picture of how they come together and interact.

The paper also powerfully demonstrates that an established view of "subtractive" vs. "divisive" inhibition may be too soma-focused and provide an incomplete picture in cells with dendritic nonlinearities giving rise to a separate, non-somatic all-or-nothing mechanism (Ca-spike).

Weaknesses:

While the authors overall did an admirable job of simulating the neuron in an in-vivo-like activity regime, I think it still provides an idealized picture that it optimized for the generation of the types of events the authors were interested in. That is not a problem per se - studying a mechanism under idealized conditions is a great advantage of simulation techniques - but this should be more clearly characterized. Specifics on this are very detailed and will follow in the comments to authors.

What disappointed me a bit was the lack of a concise summary of what we learned beyond the fact that beta and gamma act differently on dendritic integration. The individual paragraphs of the discussion often are 80% summary of existing theories and only a single vague statement about how the results in this study relate. I think a summarizing schematic or similar would help immensely.

Orthogonal to that, there were some points where the authors could have offered more depth on specific features. For example, the authors summarized that their "results suggest that the timescales of these rhythms align with the specialized impacts of SOM and PV interneurons on neuronal integration". Here they could go deeper and try to explain why SOM impact is specialized at slower time scales. (I think their results provide enough for a speculative outlook.)

Beyond that, the authors invite the community to reappraise the role of gamma and beta in coding. This idea seems to be hindered by the fact that I cannot find a mention of a release of the model used in this work. The base pyramidal cell model is of course available from the original study, but it would be helpful for follow-up work to release the complete setup including excitatory and inhibitory synapses and their activation in the different simulation paradigms used. As well as code related to that.

Impact:

Individually, most results were at least qualitatively known or at least expected. However, demonstrating that beta-modulation of dendritic events and gamma-modulation of soma spiking can work together, at the same time and in the same model can lead to highly valuable follow-up work. For example, by studying how top-down excitation onto apical compartments and bottom-up excitation on basal compartments interacts with the various rhythms; or what the impact of silencing of SOM neurons by VIP interneuron activation entails. But this requires - again - public release of the model and the code controlling the simulation setups.

Beyond that, the authors clearly demonstrated that a single compartment, i.e., only a soma-focused view is too simple, at least when beta is considered. Conversely, the authors were able to describe the impact of most things related to the apical dendrite on somatic spiking as "going through" the Ca-spike mechanism. Therefore, the setup may serve as the basis of constraining simplified two-compartment models in the future.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

In this study, Wang and coworkers established a model of Drosophila-S. marcescens interactions and thoroughly examined host-microbe bidirectional interactions. They found that:

(1) Drosophila larvae directly impact microbial aggregation and density;<br /> (2) Drosophila larvae affect microbial metabolism and cell wall morphology, as evidenced by reduced prodigiosin production and EPS production, respectively;<br /> (3) Drosophila larvae attenuate microbial virulence;<br /> (4) Drosophila larvae modulate the global transcription of microbes for adaptation to the host;<br /> (5) Microbial single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) analysis revealed heterogeneity in microbial pathogenicity and growth;<br /> (6) AMPs are key factors controlling microbial virulence phenotypes.

Taken together, they concluded that host immune factors such as AMPs are directly involved in the pathogen-to-commensal transition by altering microbial transcription.

General comments:

In general, this study is intriguing as it demonstrates that host immune effectors such as AMPs can serve as critical factors capable of modulating microbial transcription for host-microbe symbiosis. However, several important questions remain unanswered. One such question is: What is the mechanism by which AMPs modulate the pathogen-to-commensal transition? One hypothesis suggests that antimicrobial activity may influence microbial physiology, subsequently modulating transcription for the transition from pathogen to commensal. In this context, it is imperative to test various antibiotics with different modes of action (e.g., targeting the cell wall, transcription, or translation) at sub-lethal concentrations to determine whether sub-lethal doses of antimicrobial activity are sufficient to induce the pathogen-to-commensal transition.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Summary:

In this study the authors tested for alterations in selection intensity across ~13,000 protein coding genes along the gorilla lineage in order to test the hypothesis that the evolution of a polygynous social system resulted in relaxed selective constraint through a reduction in sperm competition. Of these genes, 578 exhibited signatures of relaxed purifying selection that were enriched for functions in male germ cells including meiosis and sperm biology. These genes were also more likely expressed in male germ cells and to contain deleterious mutations. Functional analysis of genes not previously implicated in male reproduction identified 41 new genes essential to male fertility in a Drosophila model. Moreover, genes under relaxed selective constraint in the gorilla lineage were more likely to contain loss of function variants in a cohort of infertile men. The authors conclude their results support the hypothesis that the emergence of a polygynous social system may have reduced the degree of selective pressures exerted through sperm competition.

Strengths:

(1) The identification of novel genes involved in spermatogenesis using signatures of relaxed selective constraint coupled to in vivo RNAi in Drosophila is very exciting and offers a proof of principal as to the power of evolutionarily-informed functional genomics that has been largely underutilized.

Weaknesses:

(1) The analysis is restricted to protein-coding regions of genes that have single, orthologous sequences spanning 261 mammalian species, and as such is a non-random set of 13,310 genes that have higher evolutionary conservation. While this approach is necessary for the analyses being performed, it excludes non-coding regions, recently duplicated genes/gene families, and rapidly evolving genes, which are all likely subject to stronger selection as compared to evolutionarily conserved genes (and gene regions). Thus, the conclusions of relaxed selective constraint as being pervasive is likely missing a large number of the most strongly selected genes, among which have repeatedly been shown to include sex and reproduction related genes. Would the results be similar if the set of orthologous genes were restricted to the primate lineage, as it may include more rapidly evolving genes?

(2) The identification of genes showing relaxed selection along the gorilla lineage, which are overrepresented in male reproduction, supports the hypothesis that the emergency of polygyny resulted in relaxed sperm competition and is the driving force behind their observations. However, there is no control group to support that polygyny is the driving force. To more fully test this hypothesis the authors should consider contrasting their findings to observations for other species whereby polygyny did not evolve (or a gradation between). Ideally this could be integrated into RELAX-Scan comparisons, but even a semi-qualitative observation could be made for lineages more often having shared signatures of relaxed constraint across the 576 genes identified in gorilla.

(3) The comparisons of infertile human males to a large number of presumably healthy males from a separate cohort can lead to genetic differences related to population structure and/or differences in study recruitment as compared to infertility, and care must be taken to avoid confounding in any association study before drawing conclusions. Population structure is likely to occur in human cohorts and is more likely to affect patterns of rare variation, even when controls are ascertained using similar enrollment criteria, geographic regions, racial/ethnic and national identities. In this study, the MERGE cohort upon a quick search appears to be largely recruited from Germany, vs. the control cohort gnomeAD is a more cosmopolitan study including somewhat diverse ancestries. Thus, it is likely the infertile vs. control cohort has existing genetic differences unrelated to the phenotype.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Summary:

Hudaiberdiev and Ovcharenko investigate regions within the genome where a high abundance of DNA-associated proteins are located and identify DNA sequence features enriched in these regions, their conservation in evolution, and variation in disease. Using ChIP-seq binding profiles of over 1,000 proteins in three human cell lines (HepG2, K562, and H1) as a data source they're able to identify nearly 44,000 high-occupancy target loci (HOT) that form at promoter and enhancer regions, thus suggesting these HOT loci regulate housekeeping and cell identity genes. Their primary investigative tool is HepG2 cells, but they employ K562 and H1 cells as tools to validate these assertions in other human cell types. Their analyses use RNA pol II signal, super-enhancer, regular-enhancer, and epigenetic marks to support the identification of these regions. The work is notable, in that it identifies a set of proteins that are invariantly associated with high-occupancy enhancers and promoters and argues for the integration of these molecules at different genomic loci. These observations are leveraged by the authors to argue HOT loci as potential sites of transcriptional condensates, a claim that they are well poised to provide information in support of. This work would benefit from refinement and some additional work to support the claims.

Comments:

Condensates are thought to be scaffolded by one or more proteins or RNA molecules that are associated together to induce phase separation. The authors can readily provide from their analysis a check of whether HOT loci exist within different condensate compartments (or a marker for them). Generally, ChIPSeq signal from MED1 and Ronin (THAP11) would be anticipated to correspond with transcriptional condensates of different flavors, other coactivator proteins (e.g., BRD4), would be useful to include as well. Similarly, condensate scaffolding proteins of facultative and constitutive heterochromatin (HP1a and EZH2/1) would augment the authors' model by providing further evidence that HOT Loci occur at transcriptional condensates and not heterochromatin condensates. Sites of splicing might be informative as well, splicing condensates (or nuclear speckles) are scaffolded by SRRM/SON, which is probably not in their data set, but members of the serine arginine-rich splicing factor family of proteins can serve as a proxy-SRSF2 is the best studied of this set. This would provide a significant improvement to their proposed model and be expected since the authors note that these proteins occur at the enhancers and promoter regions of highly expressed genes.

It is curious that MAX is found to be highly enriched without its binding partner Myc, is Myc's signal simply lower in abundance, or is it absent from HOT loci? How could it be possible that a pair of proteins, which bind DNA as a heterodimer are found in HOT loci without invoking a condensate model to interpret the results?

Numerous studies have linked the physical properties of transcription factor proteins to their role in the genome. The authors here provide a limited analysis of the proteins found at different HOT-loci by employing go terms. Is there evidence for specific types of structural motifs, disordered motifs, or related properties of these proteins present in specific loci?

Condensates themselves possess different emergent properties, but it is a product of the proteins and RNAs that concentrate in them and not a result of any one specific function (condensates can have multiple functions!)

Transcriptional condensates serve as functional bodies. The notion the authors present in their discussion is not held by practitioners of condensate science, in that condensates exist to perform biochemical functions and are dissolved in response to satisfying that need, not that they serve simply as reservoirs of active molecules. For example, transcriptional condensates form at enhancers or promoters that concentrate factors involved in the activation and expression of that gene and are subsequently dissolved in response to a regulatory signal (in transcription this can be the nascently synthesized RNA itself or other factors). The association reactions driving the formation of active biochemical machinery within condensates are materially changed, as are the kinetics of assembly. It is unnecessary and inaccurate to qualify transcriptional condensates as depots for transcriptional machinery.

This work has the potential to advance the field forward by providing a detailed perspective on what proteins are located in what regions of the genome. Publication of this information alongside the manuscript would advance the field materially.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Summary:

In this work, Styer et al. explore host selection as a means for recruiting microbes that may aid their host under stressful conditions, in this case under drought stress, as an alternative to target-SynCom design. They do so by subjecting rice plants to several generations of soil transplantation, and by using the most successful rice plants as donors for the next generation. By using several NGS approaches and very thorough bioinformatics analysis, the authors identify potential microbial taxa and the associated functions enriched in the conditions of interest.

Strengths:

In general, I think this approach was very much needed in the field as an alternative to SynComs, which are still not readily usable in croplands. This work sets the grounds for future similar approaches, using different stresses and different host plants.

In this work, the experimental setup is well thought-through and well-replicated. In addition, an exhaustive set of preliminary experiments was performed before deciding on the final panel of soils to use and scoring methodology. The figures are clear and well-explained.

Weaknesses:

One of the more unexpected results is that sterile/non-inoculated calcined clay also tends to enrich similar microbes, and the authors did extensive work exploring possible sources and microbial dispersal within the growth chamber. In a future experiment, the work would benefit from including a truly sterile control (same growth chamber but completely isolated from possible contaminations). In this regard, the reader may get to wonder whether these efforts are necessary at all (selection experiments), since plants seem to get from their environment what they need to survive. This is discussed across the paper but not directly addressed and I think the manuscript would benefit from a clear argument for or against this idea.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Summary:

The manuscript by Chatterjee et al. examines the role of the mirror locus in patterning butterfly wings. The authors examine the pattern of mirror expression in the common buckeye butterfly, Junonia coenia, and then employ CRISPR mutagenesis to generate mosaic butterflies carrying clones of mirror mutant cells. They find that mirror is expressed in a well-defined posterior sector of final-instar wing discs from both hindwings and forewings and that CRISPR-injected larvae display a loss of adult wing structures presumably derived from the mirror expressing region of hindwing primordium (the case for forewings is a bit less clear since the mirror domain is narrower than in the hindwing, but there also do seem to be some anomalies in posterior regions of forewings in adults derived from CRISPR injected larvae). The authors conclude that the wings of these butterflies have at least three different fundamental wing compartments, the mirror domain, a posterior domain defined by engrailed expression, and an anterior domain expressing neither mirror nor engrailed. They speculate that this most posterior compartment has been reduced to a rudiment in Drosophila and thus has not been adequately recognized as such a primary regional specialization.

Critique:

This is a very straightforward study and the experimental results presented support the key claims that mirror is expressed in a restricted posterior section of the wing primordium and that mosaic wings from CRISPR-injected larvae display loss of adult wing structures presumably derived from cells expressing mirror (or at least nearby). The major issue I have with this paper is the strong interpretation of these findings that lead the authors to conclude that mirror is acting as a high-level gene akin to engrailed in defining a separate extreme posterior wing compartment. To place this claim in context, it is important in my view to consider what is known about engrailed, for which there is ample evidence to support the claim that this gene does play a very ancestral and conserved function in defining posterior compartments of all body segments (including the wing) across arthropods.

(1) Engrailed is expressed in a broad posterior domain with a sharp anterior border in all segments of virtually all arthropods examined (broad use of a very good pan-species anti-En antibody makes this case very strong).

(2) In Drosophila, marked clones of wing cells (generated during larval stages) strictly obey a straight anterior-posterior border indicating that cells in these two domains do not normally intermix, thus, supporting the claim that a clear A/P lineage compartment exists.

In my opinion, mirror does not seem to be in the same category of regulator as engrailed for the following reasons:

(1) There is no evidence that I am aware of, either from the current experiments, or others that the mirror expression domain corresponds to a clonal lineage compartment. It is also unclear from the data shown in this study whether engrailed is co-expressed with mirror in the posterior-most cells of J. coenia wing discs. If so, it does not seem justified to infer that mirror acts as an independent determinant of the region of the wing where it is expressed.

(2) Mirror is not only expressed in a posterior region of the wing in flies but also in the ventral region of the eye. In Drosophila, mirror mutants not only lack the alula (derived approximately from cells where mirror is expressed), but also lack tissue derived from the ventral region of the eye disc (although this ventral tissue loss phenotype may extend beyond the cells expressing mirror).

In summary, it seems most reasonable to me to think of mirror as a transcription factor that provides important development information for a diverse set of cells in which it can be expressed (posterior wing cells and ventral eye cells) but not that it acts as a high-level regulator as engrailed.

Recommendation:

While the data provided in this succinct study are solid and interesting, it is not clear to me that these findings support the major claim that mirror defines an extreme posterior compartment akin to that specified by engrailed. Minimally, the authors should address the points outlined above in their discussion section and greatly tone down their conclusion regarding mirror being a conserved selector-like gene dedicated to establishing posterior-most fates of the wing. They also should cite and discuss the original study in Drosophila describing the mirror expression pattern in the embryo and eye and the corresponding eye phenotype of mirror mutants: McNeill et al., Genes & Dev. 1997. 11: 1073-1082; doi:10.1101/gad.11.8.1073.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Summary:

Understanding the mechanical properties of chromosomes remains an important issue in cell biology. Measuring chromosome stiffness can provide valuable insights into chromosome organization and function. Using a sophisticated micromanipulation system, Liu et al. analyzed chromosome stiffness in MI and MII oocytes. The authors found that chromosomes in MI oocytes were ten-fold stiffer than mitotic ones. The stiffness of chromosomes in MI mouse oocytes was significantly higher than that in MII oocytes. Furthermore, the knockout of the meiosis-specific cohesin component (Rec8, Stag3, Rad21l) did not affect meiotic chromosome stiffness. Interestingly, the authors showed that chromosomes from old MI oocytes had higher stiffness than those from young MI oocytes. The authors claimed this effect was not due to the accumulated DNA damage during the aging process because induced DNA damage reduced chromosome stiffness in oocytes.

Strengths:

The technique used (isolating the chromosomes in meiosis and measuring their stiffness) is the authors' specialty. The results are intriguing and informative to the chromatin/chromosome and other related fields.

Weaknesses:

(1) How intact the measured chromosomes were is unclear.

(2) Some control data needs to be included.

(3) The paper was not well-written, particularly the Introduction section.

(4) How intact were the measured chromosomes? Although the structural preservation of the chromosomes is essential for this kind of measurement, the meiotic chromosomes were isolated in PBS with Triton X-100 and measured at room temperature. It is known that chromosomes are very sensitive to cation concentrations and macromolecular crowding in the environment (PMID: 29358072, 22540018, 37986866). It would be better to discuss this point.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

The diversity of bacterial species in the human gut microbiome is widely known, but the extensive diversity within each species is far less appreciated. Strains found in individuals on opposite sides of the globe can differ by as little as handfuls of mutations, while strains found in an individual's gut, or in the same household, might have a common ancestor tens of thousands of years ago. What are the evolutionary, ecological, and transmission dynamics that established and maintain this diversity?

The time, T, since the common ancestor of two strains, can be directly inferred by comparing their core genomes and finding the fraction of synonymous (non-amino acid changing) sites at which they differ: dS. With the per-site per-generation mutation rate, μ, and the mean generation times roughly known, this directly yields T (albeit with substantial uncertainty of the generation time.) A traditional way to probe the extent to which selection plays a role is to study pairs of strains and compare the fraction of non-synonymous (amino acid or stop-codon changing) sites, dN, at which the strains differ with their dS. Small dN/dS, as found between distantly related strains, is attributed to purifying selection against deleterious mutations dominating over mutations that have driven adaptive evolution. Large dN/dS as found in laboratory evolution experiments, is caused by beneficial mutations that quickly arise in large bacterial populations, and, with substantial selective advantages, per generation, can rise to high abundance fast enough that very few synonymous mutations arise in the lineages that take over the population.

A number of studies (including by Lieberman's group) have analyzed large numbers of strains of various dominant human gut species and studied how dN/dS varies. Although between closely related strains the variations are large -- often much larger than attributable to just statistical variations -- a systematic trend from dN/dS around unity or larger for close relatives to dN/dS ~ 0.1 for more distant relatives has been found in enough species that it is natural to conjecture a general explanation.<br /> The conventional explanation is that, for close relatives, the effects of selection over the time since they diverged has not yet purged weakly deleterious mutations that arose by chance -- roughly mutations with sT<1 -- while since the common ancestor of more distantly related strains, there is plenty of time for most of those that arose to have been purged.

Torrillo and Lieberman have carried out an in-depth -- sophisticated and quantitative -- analysis of models of some of the evolutionary processes that shape the dependence of dN/dS on dS -- and hence on their divergence time, T. They first review the purifying selection model and show that -- even ignoring its inability to explain dN/dS > 1 for many closely related pairs -- the model has major problems explaining the crossover from dN/dS somewhat less than unity to much smaller values as dS goes through -- on a logarithmic scale -- the 10^-4 range. The first problem, already seen in the infinite-population-size deterministic model, is that a very large fraction of non-synonymous mutations would have to have deleterious s's in the 10^-5 per generation range to fit the data (and a small fraction effectively neutral). As the s's are naturally expected (at least in the absence of quantitative analysis to the contrary) to be spread out over a wide range on a logarithmic scale of s, this seems implausible. But the authors go further and analyze the effects of fluctuations that occur even in the very large populations: ~ >10^12 bacteria per species in one gut, and 10^10 human guts globally. They show that Muller's ratchet -- the gradual accumulation of weakly deleterious mutations that are not purged by selection - leads to a mutational meltdown with the parameters needed to fit the purifying selection model. In particular, with N_e the "effective population size" that roughly parametrizes the magnitude of stochastic birth-death and transition fluctuations, and U the total mutation rate to such deleterious mutations this occurs for U/s > log(sN_e) which they show would obtain with the fitted parameters.

Torrillo and Lieberman promise an alternate model: that there are a modest number of "loci" at which conditionally beneficial mutations can occur that are beneficial in some individual guts (or other environmental conditions) at some times, but deleterious in other (or the same) gut at other times. With the ancestors of a pair of strains having passed through one too many individuals and transmissions, it is possible for a beneficial mutation to occur and rise in the population, only later to be reverted by the beneficial inverse mutation. With tens of loci at which this can occur, they show that this process could explain the drop of dN/dS from short times -- in which very few such mutations have occurred -- to very long times by which most have flipped back and forth so that a random pair of strains will have the same nucleotide at such sites with 50% probability. Their qualitative analysis of a minimally simple model of this process shows that the bacterial populations are plenty big enough for such specific mutations to occur many times in each individual's gut, and with modest beneficials, to takeover. With a few of these conditionally beneficial mutations or reversions occurring during an individuals lifetime, they get a reasonably quantitative agreement with the dN/dS vs dS data with very few parameters. A key assumption of their model is that genetically exact reversion mutations are far more likely to takeover a gut population -- and spread -- than compensatory mutations which have a similar phenotypic-reversion effect: a mutation that is reverted does not show up in dN, while one that is compensated by another shows up as a two-mutation difference after the environment has changed twice.

Strengths:

The quantitative arguments made against the conventional purifying selection model are highly compelling, especially the consideration of multiple aspects that are usually ignored, including -- crucially -- how Muller's ratchet arises and depends on the realistic and needed-to-fit parameters; the effects of bottlenecks in transmission and the possibility that purifying selection mainly occurs then; and complications of the model of a single deleterious s, to include a distribution of selective disadvantages. Generally, the author's approach of focusing on the simplest models with as few as possible parameters (some roughly known), and then adding in various effects one-by-one, is outstanding and, in being used to analyze environmental microbial data, exceptional.

The reversion model the authors propose and study is a simple general one and they again explore carefully various aspects of it -- including dynamics within and between hosts -- and the consequent qualitative and quantitative effects. Again, the quantitive analysis of almost all aspects is exemplary. Although it is hard to make a compelling guess of the number of loci that are subject to alternating selection on the needed time-scales (years to centuries) they make a reasonable argument for a lower bound in terms of the number of known invertible promoters (that can genetically switch gene expression on and off).

Weaknesses:

The primary weakness of this paper is one that the author's are completely open about: the assumption that, collectively, any of possibly-many compensatory mutations that could phenotypically revert an earlier mutation, are less likely to arise and takeover local populations than the exact specific reversion mutation. While detailed analysis of this is, reasonably enough, beyond the scope of the present paper, more discussion of this issue would add substantially to this work. Quantitatively, the problem is that even a modest number of compensatory mutations occurring as the environmental pressures change could lead to enough accumulation of non-synonymous mutations that they could cause dN/dS to stay large -- easily >1 -- to much larger dS than is observed. If, say, the appropriate locus is a gene, the number of combinations of mutations that are better in each environment would play a role in how large dN would saturate to in the steady state (1/2 of n_loci in the author's model). It is possible that clonal interference between compensatory and reversion mutations would result in the mutations with the largest s -- eg, as mentioned, reversion of a stop codon -- being much more likely to take over, and this could limit the typical number of differences between quite well-diverged strains. However, the reversion and subsequent re-reversion would have to both beat out other possible compensatory mutations -- naively less likely. I recommend that a few sentences in the Discussion be added on this important issue along with comments on the more general puzzle -- at least to this reader! -- as to why there appear to be so little adaptive genetic changes in core genomes on time scales of human lifetimes and civilization.

An important feature of gut bacterial evolution that is now being intensely studied is only mentioned in passing at the end of this paper: horizontal transfer and recombination of core genetic material. As this tends to bring in many more mutations overall than occur in regions of a pair of genomes with asexual ancestry, the effects cannot be neglected. To what extent can this give rise to a similar dependence of dN/dS on dS as seen in the data? Of course, such a picture begs the question as to what sets the low dN/dS of segments that are recombined --- often from genetic distances comparable to the diameter of the species.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Ninein is a centrosome protein that has been implicated in microtubule anchorage and centrosome cohesion. Mutations in the human ninein gene have been linked to Seckel syndrome and a rare form of skeletal dysplasia. However, the role of ninein in skeletal development remains unknown. Here, we describe a ninein knockout mouse with advanced endochondral ossification during embryonic development. Although the long bones maintain a regular size, the absence of ninein delays the formation of the bone marrow cavity in the prenatal tibia. Likewise, intramembranous ossification in the skull is more developed, leading to a premature closure of the interfrontal suture. We demonstrate that ninein is strongly expressed in osteoclasts of control mice and that its absence reduces the fusion of precursor cells into syncytial osteoclasts. As a consequence, ninein-deficient osteoclasts have a reduced capacity to resorb bone. At the cellular level, the absence of ninein interferes with<br /> centrosomal microtubule organization, reduces centrosome cohesion, and provokes the loss of centrosome clustering in multinucleated mature osteoclasts. We propose that centrosomal ninein is important for osteoclast fusion, to enable a functional balance between bone-forming osteoblasts and bone-resorbing osteoclasts during skeletal development.

I have run across Jeff Shelton's Analog system (originally via Kickstarter) before. Thanks for the reminder.

There's also a slew of others, especially for folks looking at commercially preprinted cards (though I tend to think they're overpriced compared to blank cards): - The Hipster PDA (Parietal Disgorgement Aid) https://web.archive.org/web/20040906150523/https://merlin.blogs.com/43folders/2004/09/introducing_the.html - Pile of Index Cards (PoIC) https://www.flickr.com/photos/hawkexpress/albums/72157594200490122/ - Levenger https://www.levenger.com/products/triple-decker-pocket-planner?variant=42485422424213 (among others they carry including pocket briefcases) - Notsu https://notsubrand.com/ - Baronfig / Strategist: https://baronfig.com/products/strategist?variant=39787199529043 - Jeff Shelton's Analog system https://ugmonk.com/ - 3x5 Life https://www.3x5life.com/ - Foglietto https://www.nerosnotes.co.uk/collections/foglietto - Jot & Mark https://amzn.to/3Qs26Je

Am I missing any significant or influential examples, particularly branded ones?

Hubnote for 3 x 5" index cards for productivity

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Summary:

The goal of this paper is to characterize an anti-diuretic signaling system in insects using Drosophila melanogaster as a model. Specifically, the authors wished to characterize a role of ion transport peptide (ITP) and its isoforms in regulating diverse aspects of physiology and metabolism. The authors combined genetic and comparative genomic approaches with classical physiological techniques and biochemical assays to provide a comprehensive analysis of ITP and its role in regulating fluid balance and metabolic homeostasis in Drosophila. The authors further characterized a previously unrecognized role for Gyc76C as a receptor for ITPa, an amidated isoform of ITP, and in mediating the effects of ITPa on fluid balance and metabolism. The evidence presented in favor of this model is very strong as it combines multiple approaches and employs ideal controls. Taken together, these findings represent an important contribution to the field of insect neuropeptides and neurohormones and have strong relevance for other animals.

Strengths:

Many approaches are used to support their model. Experiments were well-controlled, used appropriate statistical analyses, and were interpreted properly and without exaggeration.

Weaknesses:

No major weaknesses were identified by this reviewer. More evidence to support their model would be gained by using a loss-of-function approach with ITPa, and by providing more direct evidence that Gyc76C is the receptor that mediates the effects of ITPa on fat metabolism. However, these weaknesses do not detract from the overall quality of the evidence presented in this manuscript, which is very strong.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Zhao et al. provide new insights into the mechanism by which a high-fat diet (HFD) induces cardiac arrhythmia employing Drosophila as a model. HFD induces cardiac arrhythmia in both mammals and Drosophila. Both glucagon and its functional equivalent in Drosophila Akh are known to induce arrhythmia. The study demonstrates that Akh mRNA levels are increased by HFD and both Akh and its receptor are necessary for high-fat diet-induced cardiac arrhythmia, elucidating a novel link. Notably, Zhao et al. identify a pair of AKH receptor-expressing neurons located at the posterior of the heart tube. Interestingly, these neurons innervate the heart muscle and form synaptic connections, implying their roles in controlling the heart muscle. The study presented by Zhao et al. is intriguing, and the rigorous characterization of the AKH receptor-expressing neurons would significantly enhance our understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying HFD-induced cardiac arrhythmia.

Many experiments presented in the manuscript are appropriate for supporting the conclusions while additional controls and precise quantifications should help strengthen the authors' augments. The key results obtained by loss of Akh (or AkhR) and genetic elimination of the identified AkhR-expressing cardiac neurons do not reconcile, complicating the overall interpretation.

It is intriguing to see an increase in Akh mRNA levels in HFD-fed animals. This is a key result for linking HFD-induced arrhythmia to Akh. Thus, demonstrating that HFD also increases the Akh protein levels and Akh is secreted more should significantly strengthen the manuscript.

The experiments employing an AkhR null allele nicely demonstrate its requirement for HFD-induced cardiac arrhythmia. Depletion of Akh in Akh-expressing cells recapitulates the consequence of AkhR knockout, supporting that both Akh and its receptor are required for HFD-induced cardiac arrhythmia. Given that RNAi is associated with off-target effects and some RNAi reagents do not work, testing multiple independent RNAi lines is the standard procedure. It is also important to show the on-target effect of the RNAi reagents used in the study.

The most exciting result is the identification of AkhR-expressing neurons located at the posterior part of the heart tube (ACNs). The authors attempted to determine the function of ACNs by expressing rpr with AkhR-GAL4, which would induce cell death in all AkhR-expressing cells, including ACNs. The experiments presented in Figure 6 are not straightforward to interpret. Moreover, the conclusion contradicts the main hypothesis that elevated Akh is the basis of HFD-induced arrhythmia. The results suggest the importance of AkhR-expressing cells for normal heartbeat. However, elimination of Akh or AkhR restores normal rhythm in HFD-fed animals, suggesting that Akh and AkhR are not important for maintaining normal rhythms. If Akh signaling in ACNs is key for HFD-induced arrhythmia, genetic elimination of ACNs should unalter rhythm and rescue the HFD-induced arrhythmia. An important caveat is that the experiments do not test the specific role of ACNs. ACNs should be just a small part of the cells expressing AkhR. The experiments presented in Figure 6 cannot justify the authors' conclusion. Specific manipulation of ACNs will significantly improve the study. Moreover, the main hypothesis suggests that HFD may alter the activity of ACNs in a manner dependent on Akh and AkhR. Testing how HFD changes calcium, possibly by CaLexA (Figure 2) and/or GCaMP, in wild-type and AkhR mutants could be a way to connect ACNs to HFD-induced arrhythmia. Moreover, optogenetic manipulation of ACNs will allow for specific manipulation of ACNs, which is crucial for studying the specific role of ACNs in controlling cardiac rhythms.

Interestingly, expressing rpr with AkhR-GAL4 was insufficient to eliminate both ACNs. It is not clear why it didn't eliminate both ACNs. Given the incomplete penetrance, appropriate quantifications should be helpful. Additionally, the impact on other AhkR-expressing cells should be assessed. Adding more copies of UAS-rpr, AkhR-GAL4, or both may eliminate all ACNs and other AkhR-expressing cells. The authors could also try UAS-hid instead of UAS-rpr.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Summary:

This article addresses an important and interesting question concerning intracellular localization and dynamics of endogenous G proteins. The fate and trafficking of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have been extensively studied but so far little is known about the trafficking routes of their partner G proteins that are known to dissociate from their respective receptors upon activation of the signaling pathway. The authors utilize modern cell biology tools including genome editing and bystander bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) to probe intracellular localization of G proteins in various membrane compartments in steady state and also upon receptor activation. Data presented in this manuscript shows that while G proteins are mostly present on the plasma membrane, they can be also detected in endosomal compartments, especially in late endosomes and lysosomes. This distribution, according to data presented in this study, seems not to be affected by receptor activation. These findings will have implications in further studies addressing GPCR signaling mechanisms from intracellular compartments.

Strengths:

The methods used in this study are adequate for the question asked. Especially, the use of genome-edited cells (for the addition of the tag on one of the G proteins) is a great choice to prevent the effects of overexpression. Moreover, the use of bystander BRET allowed authors to probe the intracellular localization of G proteins in a very high-throughput fashion. By combining imaging and BRET authors convincingly show that G proteins are very low abundant on early endosomes (also ER, mitochondria, and medial Golgi), however seem to accumulate on membranes of late endosomal compartments.

Weaknesses:

While the authors provide a novel dataset, many questions regarding G protein trafficking remain open. For example, it is not entirely clear which pathway is utilized to traffic G proteins from the plasma membrane to intracellular compartments. Additionally, future studies should also address the dynamics of G protein trafficking, for example by tracking them over multiple time points.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Summary:

In this manuscript, the authors report the first evidence of Nav1.5 regulation by a long noncoding RNA, LncRNA-DACH1, and suggest its implication in the reduction in sodium current observed in heart failure. Since no direct interaction is observed between Nav1.5 and the LncRNA, they propose that the regulation is via dystrophin and targeting of Nav1.5 to the plasma membrane.

Strengths:

(1) First evidence of Nav1.5 regulation by a long noncoding RNA.<br /> (2) Implication of LncRNA-DACH1 in heart failure and mechanisms of arrhythmias.<br /> (3) Demonstration of LncRNA-DACH1 binding to dystrophin.<br /> (4) Potential rescuing of dystrophin and Nav1.5 strategy.

Weaknesses:

(1) The fact that the total Nav1.5 protein is reduced by 50% which is similar to the reduction in the membrane reduction questions the main conclusion of the authors implicating dystrophin in the reduced Nav1.5 targeting. The reduction in membrane Nav1.5 could simply be due to the reduction in total protein.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Wang et al. explored the unique biology of the deep-sea mussel Gigantidas platifrons to understand fundamental principles of animal-symbiont relationships. They used single-nucleus RNA sequencing and validation and visualization of many of the important cellular and molecular players that allow these organisms to survive in the deep-sea. They demonstrate that a diversity of cell types that support the structure and function of the gill including bacteriocytes, specialized epithelial cells that host sulfur-oxidizing or methane-oxidizing symbionts as well as a suite of other cell types including supportive cells, ciliary, and smooth muscle cells. By performing experiments of transplanting mussels from one habitat which is rich in methane to methane-limited environments, the authors showed that starved mussels may consume endosymbionts versus in methane-rich environments upregulated genes involved in glutamate synthesis. These data add to the growing body of literature that organisms control their endosymbionts in response to environmental change.

The conclusions of the data are well supported. The authors adapted a technique that would have been technically impossible in their field environment by preserving the tissue and then performing nuclear isolation after the fact. The use of single-nucleus sequencing opens the possibility of new cellular and molecular biology that is not possible to study in the field. Additionally, the in-situ data (both WISH and FISH) are high-quality and easy to interpret. The use of cell-type-specific markers along with a symbiont-specific probe was effective. Finally, the SEM and TEM were used convincingly for specific purposes in the case of showing the cilia that may support water movement.

The one particular area for future exploration surrounds the concept of a proliferative progenitor population within the gills. The authors recover molecular markers for these putative populations and additional future work will uncover if these are indeed proliferative cells contribute to symbiont colonization.

Overall the significance of this work is identifying the relationship between symbionts and bacteriocytes and how these host bacteriocytes modulate their gene expression in response to environmental change. It will be interesting to see how similar or different these data are across animal phyla. For instance, the work of symbiosis in cnidarians may converge on similar principles of there may be independent ways in which organisms have been able to solve these problems.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Summary:

Federer et al. describe the laminar profiles of GABA+ and of PV+ neurons in marmoset V1. They also report on the selectivity and efficiency of expression of a PV-selective enhancer (S5E2). Three further viruses were tested, with a view to characterizing the expression profiles of a GABA-selective enhancer (h56d), but these results are preliminary.

Strengths:

The derivation of cell-type specific enhancers is key for translating the types of circuit analyses that can be performed in mice - which rely on germline modifications for access to cell-type specific manipulation - in higher-order mammals. Federer et al. further validate the utility of S5E2 as a PV-selective enhancer in NHPs.

Additionally, the authors characterize the laminar distribution pattern of GABA+ and PV+ cells in V1. This survey may prove valuable to researchers seeking to understand and manipulate the microcircuitry mediating the excitation-inhibition balance in this region of the marmoset brain.

Weaknesses:

Enhancer/promoter specificity and efficiency cannot be directly compared, because they were packaged in different serotypes of AAV.

The three different serotypes of AAV expressing reporter under the h56D promoter were only tested once each, and all in the same animal. There are many variables that can contribute to the success (or failure) of a viral injection, so observations with an n=1 cannot be considered reliable.

The language used throughout conflates the cell-type specificity conferred by the regulatory elements with that conferred by the serotype of the virus.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

This study begins with a chemogenetic screen to discover previously unrecognized regulators of the cell cycle. Using a CRISPR-Cas9 library in HAP1 cells and an assay that scores cell fitness, the authors identify genes that sensitize or desensitize cells to the presence of palbociclib, colchicine, and camptothecin. These three drugs inhibit proliferation through different mechanisms, and with each treatment, expected and unexpected pathways were found to affect drug sensitivity. The authors focus the rest of the experiments and analysis on the polycomb complex PRC2, as the deletion of several of its subunits in the screen conferred palbociclib resistance. The authors find that PRC2, specifically a complex dependent on the MTF2 subunit, methylates histone 3 lysine 27 (H3K27) in promoters of genes associated with various processes including cell-cycle control. Further experiments demonstrate that Cyclin D expression increases upon loss of PRC2 subunits, providing a potential mechanism for palbociclib resistance.

The strengths of the paper are the design and execution of the chemogenetic screen, which provides a wealth of potentially useful information. The data convincingly demonstrate in the HAP1 cell line that the MTF2-PRC2 complex sustains the effects of palbociclib (Figure 4), methylates H3K27 in CpG-rich promoters (Figure 5), and represses Cyclin D expression (Figure 6). These results could be of great interest to those studying cell-cycle control, resistance mechanisms to therapeutic cell-cycle inhibitors, and chromatin regulation and gene expression.

There are several weaknesses that limit the overall quality and potential impact of the study. First, none of the results from the colchicine and camptothecin screens (Figures 1 and 2) are experimentally validated, which lessens the rigor of those data and conclusions. Second, all experiments validating and further exploring results from the palbociclib screen are restricted to the Hap1 cell line, so the reproducibility and generality of the results are not established. While it is reasonable to perform the initial screen to generate hypotheses in the Hap1 line, other cancer and non-transformed lines should be used to test further the validity of conclusions from data in Figures 4-6. Third, conclusions drawn from data in Figures 3D and 4D are not fully supported by the experimental design or results. Finally, there have been other similar chemogenetic screens performed with palbociclib, most notably the study described by Chaikovsky et al. (PMID: 33854239). Results here should be compared and contrasted to other similar studies.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Summary:

The manuscript introduces PAClight1P78A, a novel genetically encoded sensor designed to facilitate the study of class-B1 G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), focusing on the human PAC1 receptor. Addressing the significant challenge of investigating these clinically relevant drug targets, the sensor demonstrates a high dynamic range, excellent ligand selectivity, and rapid activation kinetics. It is validated across a variety of experimental contexts including in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo models in mice and zebrafish, showcasing its utility for high-throughput screening, basic research, and drug development efforts related to GPCR dynamics and pharmacology.

Strengths:

The innovative design of PAClight1P78A successfully bridges a crucial gap in GPCR research by enabling real-time monitoring of receptor activation with high specificity and sensitivity. The extensive validation across multiple models emphasizes the sensor's reliability and versatility, promising significant contributions to both the scientific understanding of GPCR mechanisms and the development of novel therapeutics. Furthermore, by providing the research community with detailed methodologies and access to the necessary viral vectors and plasmids, the authors ensure the sensor's broad applicability and ease of adoption for a wide range of studies focused on GPCR biology and drug targeting.

Weaknesses<br /> To further strengthen the manuscript and validate the efficacy of PAClight1P78A as a selective PACAP sensor, it is crucial to demonstrate the sensor's ability to detect endogenous PACAP release in vivo under physiological conditions. While the current data from artificial PACAP application in mouse brain slices and microinfusion in behaving mice provide foundational insights into the sensor's functionality, these approaches predominantly simulate conditions with potentially higher concentrations of PACAP than naturally occurring levels.

Although the sensor's specificity for the PAC1 receptor and its primary ligand is a pivotal achievement, exploring its potential application to other GPCRs within the class-B1 family or broader categories could enhance the manuscript's impact, suggesting ways to adapt this technology for a wider array of receptor studies. Additionally, while the sensor's performance is convincingly demonstrated in short-term experiments, insights into its long-term stability and reusability in more prolonged or repeated measures scenarios would be valuable for researchers interested in chronic studies or longitudinal behavioral analyses. Addressing these aspects could broaden the understanding of the sensor's practical utility over extended research timelines.

Furthermore, the current in vivo experiments involving microinfusion of PACAP near sensor-expressing areas in behaving mice are based on a relatively small sample size (n=2), which might limit the generalizability of the findings. Increasing the number of subjects in these experimental groups would enhance the statistical power of the results and provide a more robust assessment of the sensor's in vivo functionality. Expanding the sample size will not only validate the findings but also address potential variability within the population, thereby reinforcing the conclusions drawn from these crucial experiments.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Summary:

In this study, the authors probe the connections between clustering of the Met4/32 transcription factors (TFs), clustering of their regulatory targets, and transcriptional regulation. While there is an increasing number of studies on TF clustering in vitro and in vivo, there is an important need to probe whether clustering plays a functional role in gene expression. Another important question is whether TF clustering leads to the clustering of relevant gene targets in vivo. Here the authors provide several lines of evidence to make a compelling case that Met4/32 and their target genes cluster and that this leads to an increase in transcription of these genes in the induced state. First, they found that, in the induced state, Met4/32 forms co-localized puncta in vivo. This is supported by in vitro studies showing that these TFs can form condensates in vitro with Med32 being the driver of these condensates. They found that two target genes, MET6 and MET13 have a higher probability of being co-localized with Met4 puncta compared with non-target loci. Using a targeted DNA methylation assay, they found that MET13 and MET6 show Met4-dependent long-range interactions with other Met4-regulated loci, consistent with the clustering of at least some target genes under induced conditions. Finally, by inserting a Met4-regulated reporter gene at variable distances from MET6, they provide evidence that insertion near this gene is a modest hotspot for activity.

Weaknesses:

(1) Please provide more information on the assay for puncta formation (Figure 1). It's unclear to me from the description provided how this assay was able to quantitate the number of puncta in cells.

2) How does the number of puncta in cells correspond with the number of Met-regulated genes? What are the implications of this calculation?

3) A control for chromosomal insertion of the Met-regulated reporter was a GAL4 promoter derivative reporter. However, this control promoter seems 5-10 fold more active than the Met-regulated promoter (Figure 6). It's possible that the high activity from the control promoter overcomes some other limiting step such that chromosomal location isn't important. It would be ideal if the authors used a promoter with comparable activity to the Met-reporter as a control.

(4) It seems like transcription from a very large number of genes is altered in the Met4 IDR mutant (Figure 7F). Why is this and could this variability affect the conclusions from this experiment?

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

The manuscript by Ruan et al. addresses an important issue in Panx1 research, i.e. the activation of the channel formed by Panx1 via protein phosphorylation. If the authors' conclusions are correct, the previous claims for Panx1 phosphorylation on the basis of the commercial anti-phospho-Panx1 antibodies would be in question.

This is a very detailed and comprehensive analysis making use of state-of-the-art techniques, including mass spectrometry and phos-tag gel electrophoresis.

In general, the study is well-controlled as relating to negative controls.

The value of this manuscript is, that it could spawn new, more function-oriented studies on the activation of Panx1 channels.

The weaknesses identified previously are reproduced below:

Weaknesses:

Although the manuscript addresses an important issue, the activation of the ATP-release channel Panx1 by protein phosphorylation, the data provided do not support the firm conclusion that such activation does not exist. The failure to reproduce published data obtained with commercial anti-phospho Panx1 antibodies can only be of limited interest for a subfield.

(1) The title claiming that "Panx1 is NOT phosphorylated..." is not justified by the failure to reproduce previously published data obtained with these antibodies. If, as claimed, the antibodies do not recognize Panx1, their failure cannot be used to exclude tyrosine phosphorylation of the Panx1 protein. There is no positive control for the antibodies.

(2) The authors claim that exogenous SRC expression does not phosphorylate Y198. DeLalio et al. 2019 show that Panx1 is constitutively phosphorylated at Y198, so an effect of exogenous SRC expression is not necessarily expected.

(3) The authors argue that the GFP tag of Panx1at the COOH terminus does not interfere with folding since the COOH modified (thrombin cleavage site) Panx1 folds properly, forming an amorphous glob in the cryo-EM structure. However, they do not show that the COOH-modified Panx1 folds properly. It may not, because functional data strongly suggest that the terminal cysteine dives deep into the pore. For example, the terminal cysteine, C426, can form a disulfide bond with an engineered cysteine at position F54 (Sandilos et al. 2012).

(4) The authors dismiss the additional arguments for tyrosine phosphorylation of Panx1 given by the various previous studies on Panx1 phosphorylation. These studies did not, as implied, solely rely on the commercial anti-phospho-Panx1 antibodies, but also presented a wealth of independent supporting data. Contrary to the authors' assertion, in the previous papers the pY198 and pY308 antibodies recognized two protein bands in the size range of glycosylated and partial glycosylated Panx1.

(5) A phosphorylation step triggering channel activity of Panx1 would be expected to occur exclusively on proteins embedded in the plasma membrane. The membrane-bound fraction is small in relation to the total protein, which is particularly true for exogenously expressed proteins. Thus, any phosphorylated protein may escape detection when total protein is analyzed. Furthermore, to be of functional consequence, only a small fraction of the channels present in the plasma membrane need to be in the open state. Consequently, only a fraction of the Panx1 protein in the plasma membrane may need to be phosphorylated. Even the high resolution of mass spectroscopy may not be sufficient to detect phosphorylated Panx1 in the absence of enrichment processes.

(6) In the electrophysiology experiments described in Figure 7, there is no evidence that the GFP-tagged Panx1 is in the plasma membrane. Instead, the image in Figure 7a shows prominent fluorescence in the cytoplasm. In addition, there is no evidence that the CBX-sensitive currents in 7b are mediated by Panx1-GFP and are not endogenous Panx1. Previous literature suggests that the hPanx1 protein needs to be cleaved (Chiu et al. 2014) or mutated at the amino terminus (Michalski et al 2018) to see voltage-activated currents, so it is not clear that the currents represent hPANX1 voltage-activated currents.

Note from the editors: The authors provided a rebuttal to the latest review, but no additional data, so we encourage readers to read the concerns and the author responses.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Summary and Strengths:

The manuscript by Lewis et al, investigates whether myosin ATP activity may differ between states of hibernation and activity in both large and small mammals. The study interrogates (primarily) permeabilized muscle strips or myofibrils using several state-of-the-art assays, including the mant-ATP assay to investigate ATP utilization of myosin, X-ray diffraction of muscles, proteomics studies, metabolic tests, and computational simulations. The overall data suggests that ATP utilization of myosin during hibernation is different than in active conditions.

A clear strength of this study is the use of multiple animals that utilize two different states of hibernation or torpor. Two large animal hibernators (Eurasian Brown Bear, American Black Bear) represent large animal hibernators that typically undergo a prolonged hibernation. Two small animal hibernators (Garden Dormouse, 13 Lined Ground Squirrel) undergo torpor with more substantial reductions in heart rate and body temperature, but whose torpor bouts are interrupted by short arousals that bring the animals back to near-summer like metabolic conditions.

Especially interesting, the investigators analyze the impact that body temperature may have on myosin ATP utilization by performing assays at two different temperatures (8 and 20 degrees C, in 13 Lined Ground Squirrels).

The multiple assays utilized provide a more comprehensive set of methods with which to test their hypothesis that muscle myosins change their metabolic efficiency during hibernation.

Suggestions and potential Weaknesses:

The following highlight comments from the first Public Review that this reviewer acknowledges authors may not be able to address in the current study but may merit carrying to the revised article of record.

(1) Statistical Analysis<br /> The revised manuscript addresses the substantial issues. The two remaining questions may be noted for future experimental design(s): 1.c. That myosin isoforms may be considered a main effect and 1.e. The importance of biological vs statistical significance, especially for the mant-ATP chase data from the American Black Bear, where there appear to be shifts between the summer and winter data.

(2). Consistency of DRX/SRX data.<br /> The responses to the first Public Review on the prior version of this manuscript highlight that a potential disconnect between the mant-ATP-predicted SRX:DRX proportions and x-ray diffraction studies measuring the position of the myosin heads (Mohran et al PMID 38103642) may be outside of the scope of the current manuscript. The reviewer accepts that a substantial discussion is outside of this article, but considers a brief mention possible differences between ATP kinetics and structural movements of value.

Overall, the manuscript represents a valuable data set comparing myosin properties of skeletal muscles multiple species exhibiting different forms of hibernation/torpor.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

This is interesting biology. Vitamin B6 deficiency has been linked to cognitive impairment. It is not clear whether supplements are effective in restoring functional B6 levels. Vitamin B6 is composed of pyridoxal compounds and their phosphorylated forms, with pyridoxal 5-phosphate (PLP) being of particular importance. The levels of PLP are determined by the balance between pyridoxal kinase and phosphatase activities. The authors are testing the hypothesis that inhibition of pyridoxal phosphatase (PDXP) would arrest the age-dependent decline in PLP, offering an alternative therapeutic strategy to supplements. Published data illustrating that ablation of the Pdxp gene in mice led to increases in PLP levels and improvement in learning and memory trials are consistent with this hypothesis.

In this report, the authors conduct a screen of a library of ~40k small molecules and identify 7,8-dihydroxyflavone (DHF) as a candidate PDXP inhibitor. They present an initial characterization of this micromolar inhibitor, including a co-crystal structure of PDXP and 7,8-DHF. In addition, they demonstrate that treatment of cells with 7,8 DHP increases PLP levels. Overall, this study provides further validation of PDXP as a therapeutic target for the treatment of disorders associated with vitamin B6 deficiency and provides proof-of-concept for inhibition of the target with small-molecule drug candidates.

Strengths include the biological context, the focus on an interesting and under-studied class of protein phosphatases that includes several potential therapeutic targets, and the identification of a small molecule inhibitor that provides proof-of-concept for a new therapeutic strategy. Overall, the study has the potential to be an important development for the phosphatase field in general.

Weaknesses include the fact that the compound is very much an early-stage screening hit. It is an inhibitor with micromolar potency for which mechanisms of action other than inhibition of PDXP have been reported. Extensive further development will be required to demonstrate convincingly the extent to which its effects in cells are due to on-target inhibition of PDXP.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Summary:

The manuscript by Yeo et al. investigates the intracellular trafficking of Botulinum neurotoxin A (BoNT/A), a potent toxin used in clinical and cosmetic applications. Contrary to the prevailing understanding of BoNT/A translocation into the cytosol, the study suggests a retrograde migration from the synapse to the soma-localized Golgi in neurons. Using a genome-wide siRNA screen in genetically engineered neurons, the researchers identify over three hundred genes involved in this process. The study employs organelle-specific split-mNG complementation, revealing that BoNT/A traffics through the Golgi in a retromer-dependent manner before moving to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The Sec61 complex is implicated in the retro-translocation of BoNT/A from the ER to the cytosol. Overall, the research challenges the conventional model of BoNT/A translocation, uncovering a complex route from synapse to cytosol for efficient intoxication. The findings are based on a comprehensive approach, including the introduction of a fluorescent reporter for BoNT/A catalytic activity and genetic manipulations in neuronal cell lines. The conclusions highlight the importance of retrograde trafficking and the involvement of specific genes and cellular processes in BoNT/A intoxication.

Strengths:

The major part of the experiments are convincing. They are well-controlled and the interpretation of their results is balanced and sensitive.

Weaknesses:

To my opinion, the main weakness of the paper is that all experiments are performed using a single cellular system (RenVM neurons), as stated in the title. It is therefore unclear at the moment to what extent the findings in this paper can be generalized to other neuronal cell models / in vivo situation.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Summary:

This paper presents novel and innovative force measurements of the biophysics of gliding cyanobacteria filaments. These measurements allow for estimates of the resistive force between the cell and substrate and provide potential insight into the motility mechanism of these cells, which remains unknown.

Strengths:

The authors used well-designed microfabricated devices to measure the bending modulus of these cells and to determine the critical length at which the cells buckle. I especially appreciated the way the authors constructed an array of pillars and used it to do 3-point bending measurements and the arrangement the authors used to direct cells into a V-shaped corner in order to examine at what length the cells buckled at. By examining the gliding speed of the cells before buckling events, the authors were able to determine how strongly the buckling length depends on the gliding speed, which could be an indicator of how the force exerted by the cells depends on cell length; however, the authors did not comment on this directly.

Weaknesses:

There are no major weaknesses in the paper.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

In this study, the authors utilized mass spectrometry-based quantification of polar metabolites and lipids in normal and cancerous tissue interstitial fluid and plasma. This showed that nutrient availability in tumor interstitial fluid was similar to that of interstitial fluid in adjacent normal kidney tissue, but that nutrients found in both interstitial fluid compartments were different from those found in plasma. This suggests that the nutrients in kidney tissue differ from those found in blood and that nutrients found in kidney tumors are largely dictated by factors shared with normal kidney tissue. Those data could be useful as a resource to support further study and modeling of the local environment of RCC and normal kidney physiology.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Summary:

Secondary metabolites are produced by numerous microorganisms and have important ecological functions. A major problem is that neither the function of a secondary metabolite enzyme nor the resulting metabolite can be precisely predicted from gene sequence data.

In the current paper, the authors addressed this highly relevant question.

The authors developed a bioinformatic pipeline to reconstruct the complete secondary metabolism pathway of pyoverdines, a class of iron-scavenging siderophores produced by Pseudomonas spp. These secondary metabolites are biosynthesized by a series of non-ribosomal peptide synthetases and require a specific receptor (FpvA) for uptake. The authors combined knowledge-guided learning with phylogeny-based methods to predict with high accuracy encoding NRPSs, substrate specificity of A domains, pyoverdine derivatives, and receptors. After validation, the authors tested their pipeline with sequence data from 1664 phylogenetically distinct Pseudomonas strains and were able to determine 18,292 enzymatic A domains involved in pyoverdine synthesis, reliably predicted 97.8% of their substrates, identified 188 different pyoverdine molecule structures and 4547 FpvA receptor variants belonging to 94 distinct groups. All the results and predictions were clearly superior to predictions that are based on antiSMASH. Novel pyoverdine structures were elucidated experimentally by UHPLC-HR-MS/MS.

To assess the extendibility of the pipeline, the authors chose Burkholderiales as a test case which led to the results that the pipeline consistently maintains high prediction accuracy within Burkholderiales of 83% which was higher than for antiSMASH (67%).

Together, the authors concluded that supervised learning based on a few known compounds produced by species from the same genus probably outperforms generalized prediction algorithms trained on many products from a diverse set of microbes for NRPS substrate predictions. As a result, they also show that both pyoverdine and receptor diversity have been vastly underestimated.

Strengths:

The authors developed a very useful bioinformatic pipeline with high accuracy for secondary metabolites, at least for pyoverdines. The pipelines have several advantages compared to existing pipelines like the extensively used antiSMASH program, e.g. it can be applied to draft genomes, shows reduced erroneous gene predictions, etc. The accuracy was impressively demonstrated by the discovery of novel pyoverdines whose structures were experimentally substantiated by UHPLC-HR-MS/MS.

The manuscript is very well written, and the data and the description of the generation of pipelines are easy to follow.

Weaknesses:

The only major comment I have is the uncertainty of whether the pipeline can be applied to more complex non-ribosomal peptides. In the current study, the authors only applied their pipeline to a very narrow field, i.e., pyoverdines of Pseudomonas and Burkholderia strains.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

The study presents strong evidence for allosteric activation of plant receptor kinases, which enhances our understanding of the non-catalytic mechanisms employed by this large family of receptors.

Plant receptor kinases (RKs) play a critical role in transducing extracellular signals. The activation of RKs involves homo- or heterodimerization of the RKs, and it is believed that mutual phosphorylation of their intracellular kinase domains initiates downstream signaling. However, this model faces a challenge in cases where the kinase domain exhibits pseudokinase characteristics. In their recent study, Mühlenbeck et al. reveal the non-catalytic activation mechanisms of the EFR-BAK1 complex in plant receptor kinase signaling. Specifically, they aimed to determine that the EFR kinase domain activates BAK1 not through its kinase activity, but rather by utilizing a "conformational toggle" mechanism to enter an active-like state, enabling allosteric trans-activation of BAK1. The study sought to elucidate the structural elements and mutations of EFR that affect this conformational switch, as well as explore the implications for immune signaling in plants. To investigate the activation mechanisms of the EFR-BAK1 complex, the research team employed a combination of mutational analysis, structural studies, and hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) analysis. For instance, through HDX-MS analysis, Mühlenbeck et al. discovered that the EFR (Y836F) mutation impairs the accessibility of the active-like conformation. On the other hand, they identified the EFR (F761H) mutation as a potent intragenic suppressor capable of stabilizing the active-like conformation, highlighting the pivotal role of allosteric regulation in BAK1 kinase activation. The data obtained from this methodology strengthens their major conclusion. Moreover, the researchers propose that the allosteric activation mechanism may extend beyond the EFR-BAK1 complex, as it may also be partially conserved in the Arabidopsis LRR-RK XIIa kinases. This suggests a broader role for non-catalytic mechanisms in plant RK signaling.

The allosteric activation mechanism was demonstrated for receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) many years ago. A similar mechanism has been suggested for the activation of plant RKs, but experimental evidence for this conclusion is lacking. Data in this study represent a significant advancement in our understanding of non-catalytic mechanisms in plant RK signaling. By shedding light on the allosteric regulation of BAK1, the study provides a new paradigm for future research in this area.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

This paper compares the synaptic and membrane properties of two main subtypes of interneurons (PV+, SST+) in the auditory cortex of control mice vs mutants with Syngap1 haploinsufficiency. The authors find differences at both levels, although predominantly in PV+ cells. These results suggest that altered PV-interneuron functions in the auditory cortex may contribute to the network dysfunction observed in Syngap1 haploinsufficiency-related intellectual disability. The subject of the work is interesting, and most of the approach is direct and quantitative, which are major strengths. There are also some weaknesses that reduce its impact for a broader field.

(1) The choice of mice with conditional (rather than global) haploinsufficiency makes the link between the findings and Syngap1 relatively easy to interpret, which is a strength. However, it also remains unclear whether an entire network with the same mutation at a global level (affecting also excitatory neurons) would react similarly.

(2) There are some (apparent?) inconsistencies between the text and the figures. Although the authors appear to have used a sophisticated statistical analysis, some datasets in the illustrations do not seem to match the statistical results. For example, neither Fig 1g nor Fig 3f (eNMDA) reach significance despite large differences. Also, the legend to Fig 9 indicates the presence of "a significant decrease in AP half-width from cHet in absence or presence of a-DTX", but the bar graph does not seem to show that.

(3) The authors mention that the lack of differences in synaptic current kinetics is evidence against a change in subunit composition. However, in some Figures, for example, 3a, the kinetics of the recorded currents appear dramatically different. It would be important to know and compare the values of the series resistance between control and mutant animals.

(4) A significant unexplained variability is present in several datasets. For example, the AP threshold for PV+ includes points between -50-40 mV, but also values at around -20/-15 mV, which seems too depolarized to generate healthy APs (Fig 5c, Fig7c).

(5) I am unclear as to how the authors quantified colocalization between VGluts and PSD95 at the low magnification shown in Supplementary Figure 2.

(6) The authors claim that "cHet SST+ cells showed no significant changes in active and passive membrane properties", but this claim would seem to be directly refused by the data of Fig 8f. In the absence of changes in either active or passive membrane properties shouldn't the current/#AP plot remain unchanged?

(7) The plots used for the determination of AP threshold (Figs 5c, 7c, and 7h) suggest that the frequency of acquisition of current-clamp signals may not have been sufficient, this value is not included in the Methods section.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Building on their previous work that defined four major subgroups, or clades, of V1 interneurons largely by their transcriptional signatures, they do meticulous yet comprehensive analysis of the birth timing of V1 interneurons by clade, and even intra-clade, subtypes. This analysis establishes new relationships between the molecular identity, settling position, and birth time with extraordinary precision.

These relationships are then explored from the lens of synaptic connectivity. Focusing on the FoxP2 clade, they show tight spatial correspondence between V1 and motor neuron position, and through detailed synaptic analysis, find the FoxP2 V1 clade, as compared to Renshaw cells and other V1s, are the major contributors to V1-to-limb motor neuron connectivity. Finally, by analyzing sensory-to-V1 connectivity too, they show that the FoxP2 clade exhibits Ia-reciprocal interneuron-like convergence of proprioceptive and Renshaw cell synapses.

Taking the development and connectivity analysis together, their work substantially advances our understanding of spinal interneurons and yields fundamental basic information about how cell type heterogeneity corresponds across developmental, molecular and anatomical features.

An additional strength of this study is that they generate new genetic tools for labeling interneuron subpopulations, and provide insider knowledge into antibody, genetic and viral labeling that often get tucked under the rug, providing a very useful resource for further studies.

My only criticism is that some of the main messages of the paper are buried in technical details. Better separation of the main conclusions of the paper, which should be kept in the main figures and text, and technical details/experimental nuances, which are essential but should be moved to the supplement, is critical. This will also correct the other issue with the text at present, which is that it is too long.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Summary:

This study explored how the motor system adapts to new environments by modifying redundant body movements. Using a novel bimanual stick manipulation task, participants manipulated a virtual stick to reach targets, focusing on how tip-movement direction perturbations affected both tip movement and stick-tilt adaptation. The findings indicated a consistent strategy among participants who flexibly adjusted the tilt angle of the stick in response to errors. The adaptation patterns are influenced by physical space relationships, guiding the motor system's choice of movement patterns. Overall, this study highlights the adaptability of the motor system through changes in redundant body movement patterns.

Strengths:

This paper introduces a novel bimanual stick manipulation task to investigate how the motor system adapts to novel environments by altering the movement patterns of our redundant body.

Weaknesses:

The generalizability of the findings is quite limited. It would have been interesting to see if the same relationships were held for different stick lengths (i.e., the hands positioned at different start locations along the virtual stick) or when reaching targets to the left and right of a start position, not just at varying angles along one side. Alternatively, this study would have benefited from a more thorough investigation of the existing literature on redundant systems instead of primarily focusing on the lack of redundancy in endpoint-reaching tasks. Although the novel task expands the use of endpoint robots in motor control studies, the utility of this task for exploring motor control and learning may be limited.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Summary:

Bennion et al. investigate how semantic relatedness proactively benefits the learning of new word pairs. The authors draw predictions from Osgood (1949), which posits that the degree of proactive interference (PI) and proactive facilitation (PF) of previously learned items on to-be-learned items depends on the semantic relationships between the old and new information. In the current study, participants learn a set of word pairs ("supplemental pairs"), followed by a second set of pairs ("base pairs"), in which the cue, target, or both words are changed, or the pair is identical. Pairs were drawn from either a narrower or wider stimulus set and were tested after either a 5-minute or 48-hour delay. The results show that semantic relatedness overwhelmingly produces PF and greater memory interdependence between base and supplemental pairs, except in the case of unrelated pairs in a wider stimulus set after a short delay, which produced PI. In their final analyses, the authors compare their current results to previous work from their group studying the analogous retroactive effects of semantic relatedness on memory. These comparisons show generally similar, if slightly weaker, patterns of results. The authors interpret their results in the framework of recursive reminders (Hintzman, 2011), which posits that the semantic relationships between new and old word pairs promote reminders of the old information during the learning of the new to-be-learned information. These reminders help to integrate the old and new information and result in additional retrieval practice opportunities that in turn improve later recall.

Strengths:

Overall, I thought that the analyses were thorough and well-thought-out and the results were incredibly well-situated in the literature. In particular, I found that the large sample size, inclusion of a wide range of semantic relatedness across the two stimulus sets, variable delays, and the ability to directly compare the current results to their prior results on the retroactive effects of semantic relatedness were particular strengths of the authors' approach and make this an impressive contribution to the existing literature. I thought that their interpretations and conclusions were mostly reasonable and included appropriate caveats (where applicable).

Weaknesses:

Although I found that the paper was very strong overall, I have three main questions and concerns about the analyses.

My first concern lies in the use of the narrow versus wider stimulus sets. I understand why the initial narrow stimulus set was defined using associative similarity (especially in the context of their previous paper on the retroactive effects of semantic similarity), and I also understand their rationale for including an additional wider stimulus set. What I am less clear on, however, is the theoretical justification for separating the datasets. The authors include a section combining them and show in a control analysis that there were no directional effects in the narrow stimulus set. The authors seem to imply in the Discussion that they believe there are global effects of the lower average relatedness on differing patterns of PI vs PF across stimulus sets (lines 549-553), but I wonder if an alternative explanation for some of their conflicting results could be that PI only occurs with pairs of low semantic relatedness between the supplemental and base pair and that because the narrower stimulus set does not include the truly semantically unrelated pairs, there was no evidence of PI.

My next concern comes from the additive change in both measures (change in Cue + change in Target). This measure is simply a measure of overall change, in which a pair where the cue changes a great deal but the target doesn't change is treated equivalently to a pair where the target changes a lot, but the cue does not change at all, which in turn are treated equivalently to a pair where the cue and target both change moderate amounts. Given that the authors speculate that there are different processes occurring with the changes in cue and target and the lack of relationship between cue+target relatedness and memorability, it might be important to tease apart the relative impact of the changes to the different aspects of the pair.

Finally, it is unclear to me whether there was any online spell-checking that occurred during the free recall in the learning phase. If there wasn't, I could imagine a case where words might have accidentally received additional retrieval opportunities during learning - take for example, a case where a participant misspelled "razor" as "razer." In this example, they likely still successfully learned the word pair but if there was no spell-checking that occurred during the learning phase, this would not be considered correct, and the participant would have had an additional learning opportunity for that pair.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Summary:

This work investigates the role of cellular senescence in the progression of Periodontitis using a combination of in vivo and in vitro mouse modelling experiments, human periodontitis samples, and transcriptomic analyses.

The authors propose that gum fibroblasts from either patient periodontitis samples or a mouse model of periodontitis can enter a state of cellular senescence (Figure 1). Treatment of their periodontitis mouse model with the compound Metformin attenuated this senescent phenotype and mildly reduced symptom severity. Therefore providing a potential mechanistic link between the senescent state and disease progression (Figure 2).

Leveraging analysis of published single-cell RNA-sequencing datasets of human healthy and periodontitis gum samples, the authors identify CD81+ gum fibroblasts as the cell type with the greatest enrichment of senescence-associated gene expression (Figures 3 and 4) as well as possessing metabolic alterations (Figure 5). Finally, the authors propose that these senescent gum fibroblasts are able to recruit neutrophils through C3 signalling, generating a sustained inflammatory environment that promotes disease progression (Figure 6).

The conclusions of this research are mostly well supported by that data. However, the characterisation of the senescent state and its causal involvement in disease progression could be further improved.

Strengths:

(1) The authors' use of both human and mouse samples provides important translational relevance to their research by finding analogous populations of putatively senescent fibroblasts in both systems.

(2) The use of single-cell RNA-sequencing datasets derived from patient control and periodontitis samples provides a powerful system for interrogating specific cell types. Such an analysis allowed for the characterisation of fibroblast heterogeneity revealing the unique CD81-expressing subset as having the greatest senescent characteristics. Importantly, this result was validated by immunofluorescence in both mouse and human periodontitis systems.

Weaknesses:

(1) The assessment of cellular senescence induction during periodontitis is rather superficial, relying on p16 and p21 Immunohistochemical staining and geneset enrichment analysis (Figure 1). This could be bolstered by their in vitro human fibroblast culture system utilising LPS stimulation. Specifically, their assessment could be more robust by including further markers of senescence such as (i) expression of DNA-damage markers, (ii) evidence of proliferative arrest, and (iii) assessment of an induced secretory phenotype. While a SASP signature was defined in Figure 5A, this was derived from a published single-cell RNA-sequencing dataset. Finding an analogous SASP signature in their human fibroblast cultures/bulk RNA-sequencing comparison of mouse normal-versus-periodontitis tissue would provide more compelling evidence for senescence induction.

(2) While Metformin treatment has an existing basis in the literature as a therapeutic strategy for treating periodontitis, the authors of the current study provide novelty by proposing that Metformin acts by reducing the senescent cell burden during periodontitis. While Metformin treatment is able to significantly reduce the severity of bone damage in ligation-induced periodontitis, the effect is quite mild and the evidence presented does not compellingly show an effect on the putatively senescent p16+ and p21+ cell populations in the gum (Figures 2E and F). Moreover, while the authors show that Metformin treatment is able to attenuate senescence by reducing the expression of senescence-associated Beta-galactosidase (Supplementary Figure 2E), this raises several questions. Namely, (i) Does Metformin prevent the acquisition of a senescent state or (ii) is it acting as a senolytic by actively killing the senescent fibroblasts? It would be important to address these questions to better assess whether Metformin treatment is efficacious only prophylactically, or whether it can have an effect during disease progression. Furthermore, experimental testing if other, widely utilised, senolytics strategies (i.e Navitoclax, Dasatinib+Quercetin, Fisetin etc...) or testing if a p16-/- genetic background is able to attenuate senescence and produce similar protective response would provide more compelling evidence to support their conclusion that cellular senescence is having a causal role in disease progression.

(3) The authors' metabolic profiling of their senescent gum fibroblasts, through interrogation of the transcriptomic datasets, reveals an upregulated synthesis of arachidonic acid. Through this they propose that it can be converted into prostaglandins and leukotrienes, by COXs expressed by the fibroblasts, fuelling tissue inflammation. However, this mechanism promoting inflammation is speculative and lacks experimental demonstration. To support this mechanism it would be important to show (i) increased prostaglandin/leukotrienes expression in periodontitis (relative to healthy control) and (ii) the ability to reduce this by attenuating the senescent phenotype (either by Metformin or other senolytics strategies).

for - sleep hygiene - 3 - temperature

advice - sleep hygiene - 3 - temperature - sleep cool - 18.5 Deg C is ideal

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Summary:

This paper assesses the size and clearance kinetics of proviral HIV DNA (intact and total) in women in South Africa with clade C virus. who started ART at different time points of infection (very early vs late).

Strengths:

The cohort is excellent. The paper is easy to read. The methodology is appropriate. Some conclusions, particularly the differing kinetics of total HIV DNA despite a similar amount of virus in early vs late treated women are novel and thought-provoking. I really enjoyed reading this paper!

Weaknesses:

There are several areas in the paper that could be explicated a bit more accurately with more detailed references to past work.

(1) The word reservoir should not be used to describe proviral DNA soon after ART initiation. It is generally agreed upon that there is still HIV DNA from actively infected cells (phase 1 & 2 decay of RNA) during the first 6-12 months of ART. Only after a full year of uninterrupted ART is it really safe to label intact proviral HIV DNA as an approximation of the reservoir. This should be amended throughout.

(2) All raw, individualized data should be made available for modelers and statisticians. It would be very nice to see the RNA and DNA data presented in a supplementary figure by an individual to get a better grasp of intra-host kinetics.

(3) The legend of Supplementary Figure 2 should list when samples were taken.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Summary:

The paper by Gao et al. describes that capsaicin (CAP) might act as a novel NRF2 agonist capable of suppressing ethanol (EtOH)-induced oxidative damage in the gastric mucosa by disrupting the KEAP1-NRF2 interaction. Initially, the authors established and validated a cell model for EtOH-induced oxidative stress which they used to experiment with different CAP concentrations and to determine changes in a variety of parameters such as cell morphology, ROS production, status of redox balance to mitochondrial function, amongst others.

The proposed mechanism by which CAP activates NRF2 and mitigates oxidative stress is thought to be via non-covalent binding to the Kelch domain of KEAP1. A variety of assays such as BLI, CETSA, Pull-down, Co-IP, and HDX-MS were employed to investigate the KEAP1 binding behavior of CAP both in vitro and in GES1 cells. Consequently, the authors developed in vivo nanoparticles harboring CAP and tested those in a rat model. They found that pretreatment with the CAP-nanoparticles led to significant upregulation of NRF2 and subsequent effects on pro- (suppression of IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, and CXCL1) and anti-inflammatory (activation of IL-10) cytokines pointing to a resolved state of inflammation and oxidative stress.

Strengths:

The work comprises a comprehensive approach with a variety of in vitro assays as well as cell culture experiments to investigate CAP binding behaviour to KEAP1. In addition, the authors employ in vivo validation by establishing an ethanol-induced acute gastric mucosal damage rat model and providing evidence of the potential therapeutic effect of CAP.

The study further provides novel insights into the mode of CAP action by elucidating the mechanism by which CAP promotes NRF2 expression and downstream antioxidant target gene activation.

The design of IR-Dye800 modified albumin-coated CAP nanoparticles for enhanced drug solubility and delivery efficiency demonstrates a valuable practical application of the research findings.

In summary, the study's findings suggest that CAP could be a safe and novel NRF2 agonist with implications for the development of lead drugs for oxidative stress-related diseases. Collectively, the data support the significance and potential impact of CAP as a therapeutic agent for oxidative stress-related conditions.

Weaknesses:

While the study provides valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms and in vivo effects of CAP, further clinical studies are needed to validate its efficacy and safety in human subjects. The study primarily focuses on the acute effects of CAP on ethanol-induced gastric mucosa damage. Long-term studies are necessary to assess the sustained therapeutic effects and potential side effects of CAP treatment.

Furthermore, the study primarily focuses on the interaction between CAP and the KEAP1-NRF2 axis in the context of ethanol-induced gastric mucosa damage. It may be beneficial to explore the broader effects of CAP on other pathways or conditions related to oxidative stress. CAP has been known for its interaction with the Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) channel and subsequent NRF2 signaling pathway activation. Those receptors are also expressed within the gastric mucosa and could potentially cross-react with CAP leading to the observed outcome. Including experiments to investigate this route of activation could strengthen the present study.

While the design of CAP nanoparticles is innovative, further research is needed to optimize the nanoparticle formulation for enhanced efficacy and targeted delivery to specific tissues.

Addressing these weaknesses through additional research and clinical trials can strengthen the validity and applicability of CAP as a therapeutic agent for oxidative stress-related conditions.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Summary:

The authors. sought to quantify the influence of the gut microbiome on metabolite cycling in a Drosophila model with extensive metabolomic profiling over a 24-hour period. The major strength of the work is the production of a large dataset of metabolites that can be the basis for hypothesis generation for more specific experiments. There are several weaknesses that make the conclusions difficult to evaluate. Additional experiments to quantify food intake over time will be required to determine the direct role of the microbiome in metabolite cycling.

Strengths:

An extensive metabolomic dataset was collected with treatments designed to determine the influence of the gut microbiome on metabolite circadian cycling.

Weaknesses:

(1) The major strength of this study is the extensive metabolomic data, but as far as I can tell, the raw data is not made publicly available to the community. The presentation of highly processed data in the figures further underscores the need to provide the raw data (see comment 3).

(2) Feeding times heavily influence the metabolome. The authors use timed feeding to constrain when flies can eat, but there is no measurement of how much they ate and when. That needs to be addressed.

Since food is the major source of metabolites, the timing of feeding needs to be measured for each of the treatment groups. In the previous paper (Zhang et al 2023 PNAS), the feeding activity of groups of 4 male flies was measured for the wildtype flies. That is not sufficient to determine to what extent feeding controls the metabolic profile of the flies. Additionally, timed feeding opportunities do not equate to the precise time of feeding. They may also result in dietary restriction, leading to the loss of stress resistance in the TF flies. The authors need to measure food consumption over time in the exact conditions under which transcriptomic and metabolomic cycling are measured. I suggest using the EX-Q assay as it is much less effort than the CAFE assay and can be more easily adapted to the rearing conditions of the experiments.

(3) The data on the cycling of metabolites is presented in a heavily analyzed form, making it difficult to evaluate the validity of the findings, particularly when a lack of cycling is detected. The normalization to calculate the change in cycling due to particular treatments is particularly unclear and makes me question whether it is affecting the conclusions. More presentation of the raw data to show when cycling is occurring versus not would help address this concern, as would a more thorough explanation of how the normalization is calculated - the brief description in the methods is not sufficient.

For instance, the authors state that "timed feeding had less effect on flies containing a microbiome relative to sterile flies." One alternative interpretation of that result is that both treatments are cycling but that the normalization of one treatment to the other removes the apparent effect. This concern should be straightforward to address by showing the raw data for individual metabolites rather than the group.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

This study was focused on the conserved mechanisms across the Transmembrane Channel/Scramblase superfamily, which includes members of the TMEM16, TMEM63/OSCA, and TMC families. The authors show that the introduction of lysine residues at the TM4-TM6 interface can disrupt gating and confer scramblase activity to non-scramblase proteins. Specifically, they show this to be true for conserved TM4 residues across TMEM16F, TMEM16A, OSCA1.2, and TMEM63A proteins. This breadth of data is a major strength of the paper and provides strong evidence for an underlying linked mechanism for ion conduction and phospholipid transport. Overall, the confocal imaging experiments, patch clamping experiments, and data analysis are performed well.

However, there are several concerns regarding the scope of experiments supporting some claims in the paper. Although the authors propose that the TM4/TM6 interface is critical to ion conduction and phospholipid scramblase activity, in each case, there is very narrow evidence of support consisting of 1-3 lysine substitutions at specific residues on TM4. Given that the authors postulate that the introduction of a positive charge via the lysine side chain is essential to the constitutive activity of these proteins, additional mutation controls for side chain size (e.g. glutamine/methionine) or negative charge (e.g. glutamic acid), or a different positive charge (i.e. arginine) would have strengthened their argument. To more comprehensively understand the TM4/TM6 interface, mutations at locations one turn above and one turn below could be studied until there is no phenotype. In addition, the equivalent mutations on the TM6 side should be explored to rule out the effects of conformational changes that arise from mutating TM4 and to increase the strength of evidence for the importance of side-chain interactions at the TM6 interface. The experiments for OSCA1.2 osmolarity effects on gating and scramblase in Figure 4 could be improved by adding different levels of osmolarity in addition to time in the hypotonic solution.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Summary:

The manuscript by Wang and colleagues describes single molecule localization microscopy to quantify the distribution and organization of Nipah virus F expressed on cells and on virus-like particles. Notably the crystal structure of F indicated hexameric assemblies of F trimers. The authors propose that F clustering favors membrane fusion.

Strengths:

The manuscript provides solid data on imaging of F clustering with the main findings of:<br /> - F clusters are independent of expression levels<br /> - Proteolytic cleavage does not affect F clustering<br /> - Mutations that have been reported to affect the hexamer interface reduce clustering on cells and its distribution on VLPs<br /> - - F nanoclusters are stabilized by AP

Weaknesses:

The relationship between F clustering and fusion is per se interesting, but looking at F clusters on the plasma membrane does not exclude that F clustering occurs for budding. Many viral glycoproteins cluster at the plasma membrane to generate micro domains for budding. This does not exclude that these clusters include hexamer assemblies or clustering requires hexamer assemblies.<br /> Assuming that the clusters are important for entry, hexameric clusters are not unique to Nipah virus F. Similar hexameric clusters have been described for the HEF on influenza virus C particles (Halldorsson et al 2021) and env organization on Foamy virus particles (Effantin et al 2016), both with specific interactions between trimers. What is the organization of F on Nipah virus particles? If F requires to be hexameric for entry, this should be easily imaged by EM on infectious or inactivated virus particles.<br /> AP stabilization of the F clusters is curious if the clusters are solely required for entry? Virus entry does not recruit the clathrin machinery. Is it possible that F clusters are endocytosed in the absence of budding?

Other points:<br /> Fig. 3: Some of the V108D and L53D clusters look similar in size than wt clusters. It seems that the interaction is important but not absolutely essential? Would a double mutant abrogate clustering completely?<br /> Fig. 4: The distribution of F on VLPs should be confirmed by cryoEM analyses. This would also confirm the symmetry of the clusters.

The manuscript by Chernomordik et al. JBC 2004 showed that influenza HA outside the direct contact zone affects fusion, which could be further elaborated in the context of F clusters and the fusion mechanism.

Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

Summary:

In this work, Link and colleagues have investigated the localization and function of the actomyosin system in the parasite Trypanosoma brucei, which represents a highly divergent and streamlined version of this important cytoskeletal pathway. Using a variety of cutting-edge methods, the authors have shown that the T. brucei Myo1 homolog is a dynamic motor that can translocate actin, suggesting that it may not function as a more passive crosslinker. Using expansion microscopy, iEM, and CLEM, the authors show that MyoI localizes to the endosomal pathway, specifically the portion tasked with internalizing and targeting cargo for degradation, not the recycling endosomes. The glycosomes also appear to be associated with MyoI, which was previously not known. An actin chromobody was employed to determine the localization of filamentous actin in cells, which was correlated with the localization of Myo1. Interestingly, the pool of actomyosin was not always closely associated with the flagellar pocket region, suggesting that portions of the endolysomal system may remain at a distance from the sole site of parasite endocytosis. Lastly, the authors used actin-perturbing drugs to show that disrupting actin causes a collapse of the endosomal system in T. brucei, which they have shown recently does not comprise distinct compartments but instead a single continuous membrane system with subdomains containing distinct Rab markers.

Strengths:

Overall, the quality of the work is extremely high. It contains a wide variety of methods, including biochemistry, biophysics, and advanced microscopy that are all well-deployed to answer the central question. The data is also well-quantitated to provide additional rigor to the results. The main premise, that actomyosin is essential for the overall structure of the T. brucei endocytic system, is well supported and is of general interest, considering how uniquely configured this pathway is in this divergent eukaryote and how important it is to the elevated rates of endocytosis that are necessary for this parasite to inhabit its host.

Weaknesses:

(1) Did the authors observe any negative effects on parasite growth or phenotypes like BigEye upon expression of the actin chromobody?

(2) The Garcia-Salcedo EMBO paper cited included the production of anti-actin polyclonal antibodies that appeared to work quite well. The localization pattern produced by the anti-actin polyclonals looks similar to the chromobody, with perhaps a slightly larger labeling profile that could be due to differences in imaging conditions. I feel that the anti-actin antibody labeling should be expressly mentioned in this manuscript, and perhaps could reflect differences in the F-actin vs total actin pool within cells.

(3) The authors showed that disruption of F-actin with LatA leads to disruption of the endomembrane system, which suggests that the unique configuration of this compartment in T. brucei relies on actin dynamics. What happens under conditions where endocytosis and endocyctic traffic is blocked, such as 4 C? Are there changes to the localization of the actomyosin components?

(4) Along these lines, the authors suggest that their LatA treatments were able to disrupt the endosomal pathway without disrupting clathrin-mediated endocytosis at the flagellar pocket. Do they believe that actin is dispensable in this process? That seems like an important point that should be stated clearly or put in greater context.