Studying biology even helps us understand things that are “out of this world”. For instance, understanding the requirements for life can help us look for life on Mars or deep in Earth’s crust.

Is it possible for multiple people to observe the same situation and perceive different problems associated with it? How does context and perception influence how one might identify a problem, its solution, or its importance?

Therefore, students in BIS2A need to put some effort into constructing mental models of what proteins "look" like and how they behave at the molecular scale. Since the entire course centers around biomolecules and processes that happen at a microscopic scale, a similar argument can be made for nearly every topic in the class.

“Studying” includes any time spent learning the vocabulary, doing the reading and Nota Bene assignments, preparing for class by doing the pre-lecture study guides, reviewing the slides and your notes after class, listening to the podcast, and completing the post-lecture study guides and homework assignments.

The act of drawing can also serves as a "self test." When you force yourself to write something down or to create a picture describing a process on paper,

Studying biology helps us understand issues and solve everyday problems. For instance, understanding the biochemical reactions that transform your food, how it and your body store energy, and how this energy can be transferred from the food to your muscles, teaches you about how your diet and exercise influence your health.

How do you interpret the term mental model and why do you think that it is important for learning?

However, some students are more accustomed to studying for exams by memorizing information rather than understanding it. (It's not their fault; that's what they were asked to do in the past).

Reviewing and studying material associated with a lecture THAT SAME DAY. This includes reviewing the lecture notes, vocabulary, and doing associated exercises. This ALSO includes making lists of concepts that still aren't clear and trying to have those questions cleared up before the following lecture. Constant self testing. That is, most successful students have developed methods (there are many) for assessing their understanding of the course material and spending more time on areas they find MOST challenging.

BIS2A focuses on the cell, one of the most fundamental units of life.

If everyone in the class can conscientiously do these things, we’ll all have fun this quarter (even while working hard) and be a happy and smarter bunch at the end of the term!

When someone is called on in class to answer a question, don't take a mental break! This is a time for you to listen to your classmate, compare their ideas with what you might have shared had you been called upon.

Biology is the scientific study of life. Studying biology is an opportunity to ask exciting questions about the world that surrounds us.

Most students get a little nervous about answering questions in class. This is understandable. However, it is important to remember that your thoughts, no matter how well or ill-formed, are valuable contributions to the classroom discussion. The important thing is to try!

Design Challenge

Is it possible for multiple people to observe the same situation and perceive different problems associated with it? How does context and perception influence how one might identify a problem, its solution, or its importance?

(i.e. you’ve either got it or you don’t)

Can you think of an example where the imprecise or incorrect use of vocabulary caused needless confusion in real life? Describe the example and discuss how the confusion could have been avoided

Can you give an example from your previous classes where an instructor has used an anthropomorphism to describe a nonhuman thing? What were/are the trade-offs of the description (i.e. why did the description work and what were its limitations)?

How do you interpret the term mental model and why do you think that it is important for learning?

The act of drawing can also serves as a "self test." When you force yourself to write something down or to create a picture describing a process on paper, you will be able to independently assess how strong your conceptual grasp of a topic really is by seeing how easy or hard it was to put your mental image of something onto paper. If it is hard for you to draw a core concept or process from class WITHOUT EXTERNAL ASSISTANCE, it is likely that you need more practice. I

If the exercise ball were an atom, the nucleus would have a radius about 1/2 to 1/10 of your thinnest hair.

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knowing the various roles that typically emerge in a group can help you better understand a group’s dynamics

leadership and group member roles influence the performance of small groups

instruction in group communication can improve people’s skills

We are just expected to know how to work in groups without much instruction or practice

Groups make it easier for us to complete a wide variety of tasks

Hooke's Law

Accordingly, it is possible to read something quickly and accurately and even answer comprehension questions correctly, while still not fully understanding what was read. For instance, you most likely have the ability to accurately read the following excerpt from the song Waltzin’ Matilda:

we were unable to explain to students the rationale for the spellings.

inconsistencies

both sides

plac

Question 5: Imagine an alternative scenario in which you discovered, as before, that the plants in the sunny part of the yard were all the same height (even those under your shade structure) but that the plants in the shady part of the yard that got “extra” light from your mirror contraption grew taller than their immediate neighbors. What would this say about your alternate hypothesis? Null hypothesis? What would you do next?

Question 6: What assumptions are you making about the ability to make measurements in this experiment? What influence might these assumptions have on your interpretation of the results?

Question 2: Why do you create a shade structure? What is this testing? Based on your hypothesis what do you predict will happen to the plants under the shade structure?

Question 1: We used a shortcut above. Can you create statements for both the null and alternative hypothesis? Work with your classmates to do this.

the sheer number of possible independent variables in a group of potential patients would be high

to test whether her new drug actually influences blood pressure

What does the statement about falsifying hypotheses mean in your own words? Why is falsification critical to the scientific method?

(0-[-795.8])-(-748.1))[(2(56.5)+(-53.1)]-[104.6]

psychoanalysis

. Its position at time ttt is given by s(t)=3–√t+2costs(t)=3t+2cos⁡ts(t)=\sqrt{3}t+2\cos t for

metals in general have low ionization energies,

more competent and ethical communicator

nonverbal communication, perception, and listening

Plato and Aristotle

Ionic bonds

Do you think we, as a society, have less value for FtF communication than we used to? Why or why not?

What are some ways that CMC reduces stress in your life? What are some ways that CMC increases stress in your life? Overall, do you think CMC adds to or reduces your stress more?

In a typical day, what types of CMC do you use?

KCC community.

concentrates on the role of biological factors, such as the central and peripheral nervous systems, neurotransmitters, hormones, genes, and evolution on behavior and mental processes.

since we do not have control over many of the factors in our environment, our genes, and our evolution as a species, our brain function and thus our behavior is actually controlled by causes outside of our control.

If everything in the universe is physical, then applied to psychology, including biopsychology, this means that the mind, our mental processes and subjective mental experiences, must also be entirely physical processes in an entirely material brain.

determinism--the belief that all events in the universe have prior causes and that these causes are external to the human will.

With advances in research methods, more complex topics such as language, reasoning, decision making, intelligence, and consciousness are now being studied intensely by biological psychologists.

concluding paragraph should pull together all the different elements of your definition to ultimately reinforce your thesis

body paragraphs should each be dedicated to explaining a different facet of your definition.

Establishing a functional context from the beginning will orient readers and minimize misunderstandings.

Choose a topic that will be complex enough to be discussed at length.

remainder of the essay should explain different aspects of the term’s definition.

state as your thesis your definition of the term.

opens with a general discussion of the term to be defined.

definition is established between two people or a group of people, it is easier to have productive dialogues. Definitions, then, establish the way in which people communicate ideas. They set parameters for a given discourse

rest of the essay should explain the rationale for your definition. Remember that a dictionary’s definition is limiting, and you should not rely strictly on the dictionary entry.

Context identifies the circumstances, conditions, or setting in which something exists or occurs. Often words take on different meanings depending on the context in which they are used.

the purpose of the definition essay is to simply define something.

context is missing from the essay, the essay may be too short or the main points could be confusing or misunderstood.

One thing to remember about all studies of lesion or surgical patients is that the ability to generalize to the population during these studies may be questionable.

Doing this kept the electrical activity that was causing the epileptic seizures confined to one hemisphere and helped get the epilepsy under control.

Lesion studies can allow for very specific conclusions to be made about very specific brain areas.

Recording from one area ignores what is happening everywhere else in the brain.

fMRI is an excellent tool for comparing brain activation in different tasks and/or populations.

Glucose and oxygen, two key components for energy production

kinks

Some TMS studies have used TMS to reduce brain activity in the right amygdala during the processing of faces with negative emotions

TMS is able to explore neural plasticity, which is the ability of connections between neurons to change. This has implications for treating psychological disorders as well as understanding long-term changes in neuronal excitability.

El paquete externo es una colección de herramientas que son muy útiles cuando R necesita interactuar con archivos que son producidos por otros paquetes de software (por ejemplo, SPSS)

the innate emotions related to pair-bonding and mating (e.g. "falling in love")

The result is the proliferation of the genes and traits which provide superior fitness to the environment.  Fitness is measured not simply in terms of survival, but more importantly by reproductive success, the number of living offspring that are produced.

as the environment changes, new traits may evolve

. Understanding evolution can give us fresh insights about our psychology and the psychology of other species

Why do humans and other animals move, why do they have particular mental capabilities and not others

MRIs have found a thicker frontal cortex (Carper & Courchesne, 2005) and a thinner temporal cortex (Hardan et al., 2006) in patients with ASD.

The patient must be enclosed in a metal tube-like device for the duration of the scan, sometimes as long as thirty minutes

it exposes patients to a dose of radiation many times higher than that of X-rays

more modern medical imaging technologies produce data that are integrated and analyzed by computers to produce three-dimensional (3D) images or images that reveal aspects of the body functioning.

MRIs have found a thicker frontal cortex (Carper & Courchesne, 2005) and a thinner temporal cortex (Hardan et al., 2006) in patients with ASD.

Whether this is particularly dangerous is still being debated (McCollough et al., 2015).

however, X-rays are capable of damaging cells and initiating changes that can lead to cancer. This danger of excessive exposure to X-rays was not fully appreciated for many years after their widespread use.

0

e), DNA replication results in the formation of two identical copies of each chromosome—sister chromatids—that are firmly attached at the centromere region

Under circumstances in which a person has been lost and presumed dead or when family members were unable to attend a funeral, there can continue to be a lack of closure that makes it difficult to grieve and to learn to live with loss.

La idea aquí es variar deliberadamente los predictores (IV) para ver si tienen algún efecto causal en los resultados

Investigación experimental y no experimental

Hasta cierto punto, entonces, una medida muy poco confiable tiende a terminar siendo inválida para fines prácticos; tanto es así que mucha gente diría que la confiabilidad es necesaria (pero no suficiente) para asegurar la validez

confiabilidad es en realidad un concepto muy simple: se refiere a la repetibilidad o consistencia de su medición

No es escala de intervalos, pero en la práctica está lo suficientemente cerca como para que usualmente pensemos que es una escala cuasi-intervalo.

Las variables de escala de intervalo y escala de relación pueden ir en cualquier dirección

un segundo tipo de distinción que debes tener en cuenta, con respecto a qué tipos de variables puedes encontrarte. Esta es la distinción entre variables continuas y variables discretas

en la que cero realmente significa cero, y está bien multiplicar y dividir.

Un estudiante que comenzó en 2003 sí llegó 5 años antes que un estudiante que inició en 2008. No obstante, sería una locura para mí dividir el 2008 para el 2003 y decir que el segundo alumno comenzó “1.0024 veces después” que el primero. Eso no tiene ningún sentido en absoluto

En el caso de las variables de escala de intervalo, las diferencias entre los números son interpretables, pero la variable no tiene un valor cero “natural”.

observe que si bien podemos usar el orden natural de estos artículos para construir agrupaciones sensatas, lo que no podemos hacer es promediarlos

Una variable de escala ordinal es aquella en la que hay una manera natural, significativa de ordenar las diferentes posibilidades, pero no se puede hacer nada más

Una variable de escala nominal (también denominada variable categórica) es aquella en la que no existe una relación particular entre las diferentes posibilidades

escalas de medición

However, as can be seen in figure 10.4, there has been a decline in the number of people dying in hospital in the last decade (Hall, Levant, & DeFrances, 2013). This decline can be tied to two changes in the U.S. health care system:

las variables son los “datos” reales con los que terminamos en nuestros conjuntos de datos.

la recolección de datos se puede considerar como una especie de medición

Campbell y Stanley (1963) para la discusión del diseño del estudio, y Stevens (1946) para la discusión de escalas de medición

sinθ=nλ2d

ompared to film, scintillationcounter can measure diffraction intensities and Bragg angles more accurately.

The film is placed around the sample as a circle and records the diffracted X-ray beams. The positions of diffraction lines correspond to Bragg angle. And Photographic film can record both the reflected and transmitted X-ray beams.

It is usually made of single crystal silicon.

Usually, evenly grinded sample powder is dissolved in organic solvent such as acetone or pressed into a plain on a glass slide to make sure the sampel is flat. The sample holder has a press ring to fix the slide.

f Be is close to zero, so it can make sure the X-ray source is monochromatic and does not contain introduced chracteristic X-rays from other metals.

In a reflection geometry instrumentation, X-ray tube usually contains a side window made of Be to allow the generated X-rays to emit at the demanding angle. The reason that Be is used as a X-ray window, is that the fluorescence yield

Powder X-ray diffractometer consists of three components: X-ray source, sample holder and detector.

Body centered, I hkl: h+k+l=2n Face centered, F hkl: h, k, l either all odd or all even

Primitive, P None

The n-type semiconductor is coated by an aluminum contact

ne. The semiconductor is usually composed of silicon; germanium

In a scintillation counter, a phosphor is placed in front of a photomultiplier tube.

A powder X-ray diffractometer consists of an X-ray source (usually an X-ray tube), a sample stage, a detector and a way to vary angle θ.

In powder X-ray diffraction, the diffraction pattern is obtained from a powder of the material, rather than an individual crystal. Powder diffraction is often easier and more convenient than single crystal diffraction since it does not require individual crystals be made.

Bragg’s Law nλ=2dsinθ(1)(1)nλ=2dsin⁡θn\lambda = 2d\sin\theta where: λλ\lambda is the wavelength of the x-ray, ddd is the spacing of the crystal layers (path difference), θθ\theta is the incident angle (the angle between incident ray and the scatter plane), and nnn is an integer

Bragg’s Law was introduced by Sir W.H. Bragg and his son Sir W.L. Bragg. The law states that when the x-ray is incident onto a crystal surface, its angle of incidence, θθ\theta, will reflect back with a same angle of scattering, θθ\theta. And, when the path difference, ddd is equal to a whole number, nnn, of wavelength, a constructive interference will occur.

Understanding gene replication is the key to understanding modern evolutionary theory

if you lose a finger in an accident, that you will have children missing a finger, and that such changes will eventually become characteristics of the species

evolution is not goal directed

Although, as we will discuss, we still learn about the brain from accidents and other traumatic brain events, we have a variety of other techniques that we can use now to study the brain in healthy individuals.

to visualize the parts of the brain that respond when we're exposed to stimuli that upset us or make us happy.

Functional imaging techniques allow researchers to learn about the brain activity during various tasks by creating images based on the electrical activity or the absorption of various substances that occurs while a subject is engaging in a task

he surgeon Burkhardt in 1894 performed a series of surgeries in which he selectively destroyed the frontal lobes of several patients in whom he sought to control psychotic symptoms, being the modern prototype of what was later known through Antonio Egas Moniz as psychosurgery.

Gage became irritable, irreverent, rude and profane, aspects that were not part of his way of being. His mind had changed radically.

This chemical was later identified as a neurotransmitter

With case studies such as Phineas Gage and invention of methods such as the electroencephalogram (EEG) and computed tomography (CT or CAT) scans, scientists began to link the brain to specific behavior and cognition as biopsychology as a discipline began to emerge.

The problem with PET scans was that an individual receiving a PET scan had to drink or be injected with a mildly radioactive substance, called a tracer.

a person, the heart was saved and buried with the individual but the brain was discarded

If the ether is attached to only primary, secondary, or methyl alkyl groups, a selective cleavage will typically take place using an SN2 mechanism.

notes

sulfuric acid

sodium hydroxide

egiochemistry and stereochemistry

5

Our goal is to differentiate functions such a

the study of the rates at which quantities change. It is one of the two traditional divisions of calculus, the other being integral calculus.

while aging that occurs due to controllable factors, such as an unhealthy lifestyle including lack of physical exercise and poor diet, is called secondary aging (Busse, 1969).

xi−xi

4.4: Formula Mass, Percent Composition, and the Mole

Distrust in research also has other consequences, and as recently as 2021 has been cited as a contributing factor for the disproportionate impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on minority communities

Direct imaging techniques are extremely useful ways to measure electrical brain activity in a non-invasive way. Both EEG and MEG are most useful at identifying differences in timing patterns of electrical activity.

f(x)=Asin(B(x−α))+C.

2'

Some of this fat is stored within the abdominal cavity, called visceral fat, and some is stored just underneath the skin, called subcutaneous fat.

activated complex

The elements of poetry permit a poet to control many aspects of language—tone, pace, rhythm, sound—as well as language’s effects: images, ideas, sensations. These elements give power to the poet to shape a reader’s physical, emotional, intellectual, and spiritual experience of the poem.

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cultivo

Separating the ammonia

are

aldehydes,

f(a) ∨

12ωsin2ωt

IR2

then a net reaction will tend to take place that moves the system to a new equilibrium state

constitutes

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