10,000 Matching Annotations
  1. Sep 2025
    1. Step 1: 1/2 bond dissociation energy of Cl2(g) -Known (122 kJ/mol) Step 2: Enthalpy of sublimation of Na(s) - Known (107.3 kJ/mol) Step 3: Ionization energy of Na(g) - Known (496 kJ/mol) Step 4: Electron affinity of Cl(g) - Known (-349 kJ/mol) Step 5: Lattice formation energy of NaCl - Unkown Step 6: Enthalpy of formation of NaCl - Known (-411 kJ/mol)

      this is specific to transition of NaCl but keep the steps in mind

    2. That is, the energy difference between two states is independent of the energy used to transition between the states.

      if the temperature and pressure is the same for two different moles of the same gas, the energy change from the phase transition is the same for both moles even if they were forced to change phases by different means

    3. energy change when a mole of an ionic compound is dissociated into its gaseous ions (an endothermic process with a positive value).

      wouldn't dissociating an ionic compound result in the loss of some potential energy due to ions of like charges being farther apart therefore minimizing the repulsion between them? I know ultimately, transitioning to a gaseous phase is endothermic because the molecules gain kinetic energy, but is the loss of potential energy considered in the born haber cycle?

    4. The first is that the smaller the ion, the greater the lattice energy.

      is this because the smaller the ions, the closer an ion is to another ion of a like charge? or because periodic trends associated with smaller atoms?

    5. form a lattice that minimizes repulsion between like charges while maximizing the attraction between opposite charges. Second, the anion and cation are different entities, and may have completely different volumes.

      Enthalpy of hydration is negative because adding H2O within the lattice neutralizes the repulsion between ions with like charges. Neutralizing the repulsion decreases the potential energy withing the lattice and therefore results in a negative enthalpy.

    1. speaking in a ceremonial context

      I wish i was able to see videos of old speeches that occured back when no technology was available so that we could compare and contrasts the details of both

    2. speaking to an audience is to persuade others

      i am curious to know the specific tactics that public speakers have discovered and used to be more persuasive in their speech to their audience

    3. Teachers find themselves presenting to parents as well as to their students

      a good example that some jobs although have to do repetitive public speaking to their students, there are times where your audience is a little bit different and you have to be able to navigate the best way to set up your speech so that the audience can absorb the material youre saying more.

    4. report to a group of managers how your latest project is coming along

      This is the most nerve wracking type of public speaking that i could be apart of. I wonder if for some this would be the easiest

    5. Vital Speeches of the Day

      Although social media can be seen as a bad thing, im glad that there are sites like this that can help is connect rather then distract us from the real meaning things of life

    6. knowledge in the world will double every seventy-three days

      I would have to say that she is most likely not wrong in her guess. there is a wave of uncontrollable high amounts of content.

    1. understanding your audience

      i really need to hone on this aspect for my speech so that i can move my classmates in the correct way that will have the effect i want it to

    2. many books written about public speaking are intended for very specific audiences

      very interesting that even the ones publishing these books about public speaking are following the guidelines too! it makes sense but its nice to see that

    3. it continues to be relevant even with the growth of technological means of communicatio

      If anything it is more relevant now, its more of a rare thing to be able to have this ability and people are even more inspires by it then ever before

    1. e cubic unit cell is the smallest repeating unit when all angles are 90o and all lengths are equal (figure 12.1.b) with each axis being defined by a Cartesian coordinate (x,y,z). Each cubic cell has 8 atoms in each corner of the cube, and that atom is shared with 8 neighboring cells. In the Body Centered Cubic Cell (BCC) there is an additional atom in the center of the cube, and in the face centered cubic cell, an atom is shared between two unit cells along the face. Please watch the YouTube video as this can help a lot.

      explains the structure of cubic unit cells in crystallography. It describes the three types: simple cubic (atoms at each corner), body-centered cubic (BCC, with an extra atom in the center), and face-centered cubic (FCC, with atoms on each face). Each corner atom is shared among eight adjacent cells, and the structure helps define how atoms are arranged in a solid. @belfrob99

    1. What parent would sit on their hands and tell themself, “I want to give my child a better life, but oh well. If I don’t have the papers, I guess it would be wrong”?

      The thought process and reasoning behind it is an example of sociological thinking. Put yourself into their shoes

    1. Speaking Native languages and practicing religious or familial customs were violently punished in these Boarding Schools (Lomawaima 2018).

      In Boarding Schools, Native languages and cultural practices were often suppressed through violent and systematic methods (Lomawaima, 2018). Students were frequently punished for speaking their native languages, sometimes facing physical punishment, verbal abuse, or detention if they were caught using their Indigenous tongues. This policy aimed to erase Indigenous identities and assimilate students into Euro-American cultural norms, often forcing them to abandon their family traditions, spiritual practices, and ways of life. Religious and familial customs, which were central to Indigenous communities, were considered threatening to the colonial agenda of cultural domination, leading to their suppression through coercive measures. This violent suppression not only caused immediate harm to the students but also contributed to intergenerational trauma, loss of cultural knowledge, and the ongoing marginalization of Native identities.

    1. Fixed activities: 1. 15 hours 2. 30 hours 3. 0 hours 4. 0 hours 5. 56 hours 6. 17.5 hours 7. 10.5 hours 8. 7.5 hours 9. 50 minutes 10. 150 minutes Total: Discretionary Activities: 1. 0 hours 2. 60.5 hours 3. 7 hours 4. 7 hours 5. 7 hours 6. 7 hours 7. 150 minutes

    1. Specific heat is the heat required to raise the temperature of one unit substance (e.g., gram) through a particular temperature interval (1oC, for example). The specific heat of water is 1 calorie/gram °C = 4.186 joule/gram °C which is higher than any other common substance on Earth.

      specific heat is very importanant due to needing to raise temperature

    1. Like I did just now to keep myself off of my phone to lock in on my work, I set a timer on an app called flora that "grows a tree" and will do damage to said tree if you close the app. I can also simply just set aside a time every day to sit down and focus on my school work weather that is with a friend or alone.

    2. Juan: can cut down to working part time to give himself time to work, study, and spend time with his mom. Becky: Can set aside time to work on both her senior thesis and her community project. Sachito: When her husband wishes to spend time with his friends on the weekends, she can contact her sister and ask for help babysitting her kids. This way both her and her husband both get the time they need to themselves and their individual goals.

    3. With the student who shows negative attitude about college would get distracted more easily and find any reason not to do their work. Whereas with the student with a positive attitude about college would lock in and focus on their school work.

    4. A negative attitude can prevent students from being successful in college by causing them to focus on things such as time out, social media, and shows more than their school work and grades.

    5. Today: I want to get this half of the discussion done and take some time to myself to watch my show. This week: I want to get all my school work done and go out to the football game. This month: I want to focus on my school work while also focusing on balancing my social life.

    6. __________________________________________________________________

      Short term goals: I want to finish all classwork ahead of their due-dates, study for upcoming exams, and attend all lectures even if I'm "too tired" after work

    1. an understanding of social systems and large bureaucracies; the ability to devise and carry out research projects to assess whether a program or policy is working; the ability to collect, read, and analyze statistical information from polls or surveys; the ability to recognize important differences in people’s social, cultural, and economic backgrounds; skills in preparing reports and communicating complex ideas; and the capacity for critical thinking about social issues and problems that confront modern society. (Department of Sociology, University of Alabama-Huntsville)

      These are all key details and proven benefits from sociology and how it helps us in the workplace and real life situations.

    2. Since it was first founded, many people interested in sociology have been driven by the scholarly desire to contribute knowledge to this field, while others have seen it as way not only to study society but also to improve it. Besides desegregation, sociology has played a crucial role in many important social reforms, such as equal opportunity for women in the workplace, improved treatment for individuals with mental illnesses or learning disabilities, increased accessibility and accommodation for people with physical disabilities, the right of native populations to preserve their land and culture, and prison system reforms.

      It is quite the interesting topic I never was interested in the study of society until I learned more about it, gives us the big picture like Lili said above. Its a unique tool to have.

    1. Social scientists who apply symbolic-interactionist thinking look for patterns of interaction between individuals. Their studies often involve observation of one-on-one interactions.

      Patterns are a key detail to search for in human interaction with one on one situations to see how a person interacts with everyone in their day to day life.

    2. Conflict theory looks at society as a competition for limited resources. This perspective is a macro-level approach most identified with the writings of German philosopher and economist Karl Marx, who saw society as being made up of individuals in different social classes

      This brings in Karl Marx and how he believed in the macro perspective of rich and working class comparisons. An example is an old money new money thing, a man whose worked hard and have had generations of money built up rather than a man who just wins a lottery ticket and gets rich instantly.

    3. Émile Durkheim applied Spencer’s theory to explain how societies change and survive over time. Durkheim believed that society is a complex system of interrelated and interdependent parts that work together to maintain stability (Durkheim, 1893), and that society is held together by shared values, languages, and symbols. He believed that to study society, a sociologist must look beyond individuals to social facts such as laws, morals, values, religious beliefs, customs, fashion, and rituals, which all serve to govern social life

      Like in 1.3 society is studied over the way people are influenced on beliefs, money, power, etc. Durkheim explains that there are complex parts of society with independent factors but all bind in together in the ways we live.

    1. or millennia, people have been fascinated by the relationships between individuals and societies.

      This is such a wide topic as well there is so many great subjects as well as when it narrows down to the details of sociology and its past.

    1. When Nathan asked Ashley if she and her partner became discouraged or bitter about this new situation, Ashley said that rather than letting it get to them, they decided to do something about it.

      this is a good thing that they used it as fuel rather than something to knock them down.

    2. Sociologists identify and study patterns related to all kinds of contemporary social issues. The “Stop and Frisk” policy, the emergence of new political factions, how Twitter influences everyday communication—these are all examples of topics that sociologists might explore.

      the patterns we use in life are big things sociologists study because eventually it will change and then they go into detail on why it changed and what for. they also would explore what says the stop and frisk policy and it goes over everyday communication.

    3. Consider the changes in U.S. families. The “typical” family in past decades consisted of married parents living in a home with their unmarried children. Today, the percent of unmarried couples, same-sex couples, single-parent and single-adult households is increasing

      This is a study that the households being occupied by unmarried people, same sex couples, and single parents are increasing over time.

    4. ulture encompasses a group’s way of life, from routine, everyday interactions to the most important parts of group members’ lives. It includes everything produced by a society, including all the social rules.

      There is culture all around us in everything we see from religious things to peoples daily living items that are just parts of our society as a whole that we consider our culture.

    5. Sociology is the scientific and systematic study of groups and group interactions, societies and social interactions, from small and personal groups to very large groups

      Sociology is a wide range of the study of people and our daily lives.

    1. They may study the ways that conditions of a train station affect attitudes about government, or how the difficulty of commuting may lead people to relocate. This understanding isn’t just a collection of interesting facts; it can influence government policy and spending decisions, employer interventions, and healthcare practices.

      This study can go onto other aspects rather than just a commuter station but almost every situation in the world thats why sociology is such a drastic subject.

    2. hen you see someone running for the train, do you jam the closing door with your foot? How does the crowd treat people who ask for food or money? What’s the risk level in telling someone to be quiet?

      Theres so many variables in our situations that can effect so many things with just one simple change in routine.

    3. It may seem surprising, but even with those numbers, strangers from across cities can synch up on the same schedules, use the same doors, take one leg of the trip together every day before separating into different directions.

      This shows we can stick around with that same person every day going to this certain place around this time then eventually splitting off into our daily lives.

    4. A busy commuter train station might seem like a very individualized place. Tens of thousands or hundreds of thousands of strangers flow through with a singular purpose: to get where they need to go.

      It seems at first that theres just a lot of random people going in random directions going to random places but the more we dive into this we will discover the details behind our everyday sights.

    1. For a solution with a nonvolatile solute dissolved in a volatile solvent the vapor pressure is due to the solvent

      the vapor pressure of a solution equals the mole fraction of solvent times the vapor pressure of the pure solvent, so adding a nonvolatile solute lowers vapor pressure.

    1. Earth orbiting satellites, control and monitoring stations across the Earth, and GPS receivers owned by individuals.

      These 3 types help with the global postioning system and are 3 parts that are importnant for thier own reasons

    1. Latitude and longitude comprises a grid system of lines encircling the globe and is used to determine the locations of points on the earth. Lines of latitude, also called parallels, run east - west. Latitude lines always run parallel to each other, and hence, they are always an equal distance apart. Latitude lines never converge or cross.

      Lattitude and longitude both have huge factors in geography used for being important for thier own reasons

    1. A model is simply a representation of a real thing. You have seen and used models in the past, like a globe which is a model of the earth. Geographers construct models to analyze geographic processes because the real object of study may be too large to examine, the processes which created it operate over too long of a time frame, or experimentation might actually harm or destroy it.

      Models help show the real world. It helps geographers understand more and explain and predict what will happen

    1. Large scale maps, such as 1:24000 scale maps show a smaller area in great detail. Small scale maps have the least detail but show large areas.

      Large scale maps and small scale maps are key in geography due to the different factors because some show bigger or smaller based on what scale

    2. An isoline is a line that connects points of equal value. For instance, the brown contour lines on United States topographic map connect points of equal elevation.

      Isolines are very important because they help show patterns and sapatial data

    3. The information collected to create a map is called spatial data. Any object or characteristic that has a location can be considered spatial data. Maps can depict two kinds of data. Qualitative map data is in the form of a quality and expresses the presence or absence of the subject on a map, like the kind of vegetation present occupying a region. Quantitative map data is expressed as a numerical value, like elevation in meters, or temperature is degrees celsius.

      There are many types of data and they all come together to help create these maps in geography. They each have thier own functions

    1. Are you confident you will be able to overcome any possible difficulties in completing college? ________________________________________________________

      Yes I am because I know I have family and friends that will support me.

    2. What do you anticipate will be the most difficult part of completing college? ________________________________________________________

      keeping up with the work and studying.

    3. How many courses will you need to take per term to finish college in your planned time period? ________________________________________________________

      Not sure yet because I'm still in highschool

    4. Life in college usually differs in many ways from one’s previous life in high school or in the workforce. What are the biggest changes you are experiencing now or anticipate experiencing this term?

      The biggest change i'm seeing is having time for my family and not being able to do a lot of things.

    5. What do you value that will you likely have less time or money to spend on while in college

      I will have less time to do my hobbies and stuff I like to do for fun.

    6. ________________________________________________________

      1) I plan on graduate in 2 to 3 years and go into culinary school 2) 5 or more 3) Math and the mental struggle 4) yes, and ik i can

    1. Newton’s third law has practical uses in analyzing the origin of forces and understanding which forces are external to a system.

      Force need to be actions for it too work

    2. body exerts a force on a second body,

      When the first body and the second body both have equal magnitude and opposite direction and the force start itself exerts.

    3. net external force is in the same direction as acceleration

      This is when an external force is being added and their going in the same type of direction as accleleration.

    4. net external force is in the same direction as acceleration

      This is when an external force is being added and their going in the same type of direction as accleleration.

    5. (which is a net external force) for there to be any change in velocity (either a change in magnitude or direction).

      The external force is change inn velocity meaning time or displacement or acceleration were to change the place of the initially velocity.

    6. Bridges, buildings, fences, roads, swimming pools, towers and many more constructions can only be created to be reliable with a proper understanding of Newton’s laws.

      More stuff like building that are used in houses and building these was made by netwons laws

    7. irplanes, boats, cars, cannons, elevators, rockets, satellites, space shuttles, trains, trucks, and many more.

      NEwton laws were discoved by each other these and many more weapons that were made.

    8. A body at rest remains at rest,

      This mean that IV because that the beginning of where we started and this is gonna remain the same at a constant velocity needs to be move by external force

    1. The corresponding velocity versus time graph should indicate a negative value in this range because the slope of the line in the position versus time graph is negative.

      But x-axis let it stays negative and the slope of the line in h position.

    2. Because the slope is constant on the position versus time graph, the value on the y-axis is a constant on the velocity versus time graph.

      WHen heading to the Y-axis remainds constanst.

    3. by an upward sloping line,

      Slope is going to be heading upward meaning it head postive. Heading in a constasnt way which is the same way and let the VI in constasnt way.

    4. 30-minute round trip to the store, the total distance traveled is 6 km

      Take around 30 mins for total distance to be 6 km and the as was 2km/h and the displace was zero and so was av.

    1. velocity remains constant, the position changes at a constant rate.

      In the first image when the journey increase the velocity mains constanst and the posittion changes at constant rate

    2. To find displacement, we use the equation Δx=xf−x0Δx=xf−x0\Delta x=x_{\mathrm{f}}-x_{0}. This is straightforward since the initial and final positions are given.

      When finding the displacement of both equation we used this

    3. xxx-axis so that + means to the right and − means to the left for displacements, velocities, and accelerations.

      A displacement holds 2km and a positive sign going to the right. B displacement is -1.5km going to the left.

    4. For velocity and acceleration we are also considering time. Velocity is the change in displacement over a period of time.

      1) Displacement & Speed & Time and Acceleration are considered velocity quantity.

    1. Are you a “traditional” or “returning” student? List an important advantage you have as a result of being in this classification: __________________________________________________________________

      I am a traditional student and one advantage is to finish my work on time and to keep up with it

    2. __________________________________________________________________

      I am a traditional student, an advantage id have is have a higher chance of remembering things I learned in high school compared to a returning student.

    3. __________________________________________________________________

      I am a traditional student, the advantage is that I don't have a job so after school I go to the town library and study and finish work.

    1. predation

      I heard that because humans over hunted some wolfs that it eventually lead to a river changing its path. Here is the situation I am talking about from google: "human hunting of wolves led to a trophic cascade where the absence of wolves in places like Yellowstone National Park allowed elk populations to boom, overgrazing riverbanks, leading to increased erosion and degraded river systems" Has there been more than one occasion somthing like this has happened and if so has this been studied extensively?

  2. human.libretexts.org human.libretexts.org
    1. Take composer Hans Zimmer for example. Zimmer has composed scores for more than 150 films, working with dozens of filmmakers. And he understands how music can support and enhance a narrative theme, creating a cohesive whole. In his work with Christopher Nolan, The Dark Knight (2008), Inception (2010), Interstellar (2014), his compositions explore the recurring theme of time:

      i think this is important to understand that music can create emotion and a better movie for the audeince and the plot of the characters.

    2. It’s just for us in the audience. If the kids in the water could hear the theme from JAWS they’d get out of the damn water and we wouldn’t have a movie to watch. It is also always recorded after the final edit of the picture is complete.

      i agree the non diegetic music is onyl for the audience to understand and the actors have to pretend they don't hear the music or it would ruin the film . Jaws is a perfect example of this.

    3. If the music is not a part of the world of the film or tv series, and only the audience can hear it, then it is non-diegetic music. Too abstract? Okay, if a song is playing on a radio in a scene, and the characters are dancing to it, then it is diegetic. But if scary, high-pitched violins start playing as the Final Girl considers going down into the basement to see if the killer is down there (and we all know the killer is down there because those damn violins are playing even though she can’t hear them!), then it is non-diegetic.

      these are some important points to keep in mind is music in the film is heard by the audience and the actors then it is considers diegetic music now if the jusic can only be heard by the audience then it is considered non-diegetic this is all new information to me as well i never this phenomenon had a name to it.

    4. As the use of sound in cinema has become more and more sophisticated over the last century, music has remained central to how filmmakers communicate effectively (and sometimes not so effectively) with an audience. At its best, music can draw us into a cinematic experience, immersing us in a series of authentic, emotional moments

      I agree i think music can be used in various different ways throughout a film not only in the beginning but in scary scenes or sad plots.

    5. Silence can punctuate an emotional moment or put us in the headspace of a character in a way that visuals alone simply cannot.

      silence in a shot can describe a eerie feeling especially in horror movies or emotional shots that are suppose to oimpact the audience.

    6. Now sound can appear to be coming from in front, behind, below or above audiences, creating a 3-D aural experience.

      this makes since because movie theaters are so loud and you can hear everything that has been adding in the sound mixers.

    7. As the century rolled on, newer, hi-fidelity sound reproduction found its way into theaters allowing for more sophisticated surround sound systems, and consequently, more work for sound mixers to create an immersive experience for audiences.

      i think sound mixing rising the tension and emotions of the audience watching the film.

    8. sound mix can be objectively calibrated according to a precise decibel level, or degree of loudness, for each layer of sound. Dialogue within a certain acceptable range of loudness, music in its range, sound effects in theirs. Basic math. On the other hand, the mix can and should be a subjective process, actual humans in a room making adjustments based on the feel of each shot and scene

      this tells me that sound mixing can affect the audios level of loudness or softness. This can be used in intense scenes or emotion romance shots.

    9. , known as a J-cut, or by continuing the audio of the previous shot into the first few seconds of the next, known as an L-cut. This technique is most noticeable in transitions between radically different scenes

      this movie is a great example of J=cut it adds the audio before showing the next clip in the movie this can be used in many different genres comedy and horror.

    10. . Many of these sounds already exist in extensive sound libraries, pre-recorded by sound technicians and made available for editors. But many of them must be created to match exactly what the audience will see on screen. That’s where foley artists come in.

      this is interesting to know that nature, birds, and evrononmetal sounds can be made by a foley artist or are pre recorded in places like the library which leads me to another point the liberty is a great places to record sounds because it is quiet and background noises won't interfere with the audio being recorded.

    11. It involves creating all of the sounds that weren’t recorded on set to make up the rich soundscape of the finished motion picture. In that sense, it is literally more “creative” than picture editing!

      I find this type of editing unique to the production of filmmaking i onced wanted something like this in the production of hollywood movies. not only is this creative but this allows films to perfect the audio for a shot.

    1. Ideally, the people who observe and record the children’s behavior are unaware of who was assigned to the experimental or control group, in order to control for experimenter bias.

      I believe that this practice is great, because it will give for accuarate unbiased results.

    1. 2. Summarize the information contained in the chemical equation below. How would this reaction be classified? CaCl2(aq) + Na2CO3(aq)→CaCO3(s) + 2NaCl(aq)

      The equation CaCl₂(aq) + Na₂CO₃(aq) → CaCO₃(s) + 2NaCl(aq) shows that an aqueous solution of calcium chloride reacts with an aqueous solution of sodium carbonate to produce a solid precipitate of calcium carbonate and an aqueous solution of sodium chloride. This is a double displacement reaction that can be further classified as a precipitation reaction because it forms an insoluble solid.