Research papers and data submitted for publication are rigorously reviewed by qualified peers, scientists who are experts in the same field.

Qualitative observations are general or relative descriptions

cannot be completely objective;

Establishing truth in science is difficult because all scientific claims are falsifiable, which means any initial hypothesis may be tested and proven false. Only after exhaustively eliminating false results, competing ideas, and possible variations does a hypothesis become regarded as a reliable scientific theory.

seeking guidance and feedback.

Think about an older person whom you know. To what extent has this person experienced psychological aging? To what extent has this person experienced social aging?

The good news is that academics, librarians, and even the government are pushing for more open access to academic material.

This is why librarians and your instructors are constantly asking you to take advantage of your academic privilege by using the library databases.

I thought you might be interested in how much the Los Rios Community College District pays for students to have access to the library's research databases and other library resources.

Students, even those in high school, enjoy information privileges that aren't afforded to the general public. This graphic created by Duke University Library helps you understand this privilege more fully:

What is relatively new is that librarians and others are critically talking about it as it relates to higher education.

Cosumnes River College has received about $75,000/year to acquire these additional resources, though our budget was cut this year because of the COVID-19 crisis and the financial impact it has had across the state.

This graphic created by Duke University Library helps you understand this privilege more fully:

The idea that status impacts your access to information is nothing new. What is relatively new is that librarians and others are critically talking about it as it relates to higher education.

each college is afforded a local budget to purchase additional books and resources that are housed locally at the campus.

The good news is that academics, librarians, and even the government are pushing for more open access to academic material.

udents, even those in high school, enjoy information privileges that aren't afforded to the general public.

This is why librarians and your instructors are constantly asking you to take advantage of your academic privilege by using the library databases.

The good news is that academics, librarians, and even the government are pushing for more open access to academic material.

When we're submerged in this kind of environment, it's sometimes easy to forget that what's known as the digital divide still exists.

anyone who has procrastinated or struggled with writer’s block knows that the writing process is more arduous, if not somewhat mysterious and unpredictable.

the act of writing is more than sitting down and writing something.

You may recall from past experiences that some resources refer to prewriting as planning and some texts refer to writing as drafting.

Some of you may already know what strategies and techniques assist you in your writing. You may already be familiar with prewriting techniques, such as freewriting, clustering, and listing.

there are some basic strategies and techniques you can adapt to make your work a little easier

In truth, every writer must develop his or her own process for getting the writing done

arduous

The average African American male will die almost 11 years earlier than the average white

4 billion people live without internet

Self-driving cars

4 billion people live without internet

3D printing

2 billion people live without mobile phones

4 billion people live without internet

60% of the world's population is offline

Artificial intelligence

4 billion people live without internet

6 billion people live without broadband 4 billion people live without internet 2 billion people live without mobile phones 0.4 billion people live without a digital signal 60% of the world's population is offline

12

empirical

Galileo is regarded as the first modern scientist

By contrast, early Renaissance scholars such as astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) proposed an alternative explanation for the perceived movement of the Sun, Moon, and stars. Sometime between 1507 and 1515, he provided credible mathematical proof for a radically new model of the cosmos, one in which the Earth and other planets orbited around a centrally located Sun. After the invention of the telescope in 1608, scientists used their enhanced astronomical observations to support this heliocentric, Sun-centered, model [16; 17].

Google

BMW

Amazon

3% Amazon Retail 7% BMW Automobile 22% Apple Computing 23% Google Technology 37% Elsevier Scholarly Publishing 37% Taylor & Francis Scholarly Publishing

22% Apple Computing

7% BMW Automobile

23% Google Technology

My high school had a library and a librarian.

My high school had a lot of technology.

I have a personal computer and/or smartphone with a data plan and internet access.

My professors often provide students with the full text to course readings.

My college library hasn't had major budget cuts.

I am able to purchase textbooks for all of my courses.

I am able to purchase textbooks for all of my courses.

My high school had a lot of technology.

My high school prepared me for college-level research (example: citing sources, plagiarism, finding & evaluating sources).

My high school had a lot of technology.

I had easy access to the internet growing up.

I had to write research papers in my high school.

had lots of books at home.

My high school prepared me for college-level research (example: citing sources, plagiarism, finding & evaluating sources).

As we have learned, perception starts with information that comes in through our senses. How we perceive even basic sensory information is influenced by our culture, as is illustrated in the following list:

As we perceive others, we make impressions about their personality, likeability, attractiveness, and other characteristics. Although much of our impressions are personal, what forms them is sometimes based more on circumstances than personal characteristics. All the information we take in isn’t treated equally. How important are first impressions? Does the last thing you notice about a person stick with you longer because it’s more recent? Do we tend to remember the positive or negative things we notice about a person?

“She is never going to wake up and see how ignorant she is! I don’t know why I even bother trying to talk to her!”

When magma or lava cools, it solidifies by a process called crystallization in which minerals grow within the magma or lava.

No place on Earth is completely free of natural hazards,

Geology plays a key role in how we use natural resources—any naturally occurring material that can be extracted from the Earth for economic gain. Our developed modern society, like all societies before it, is dependent on geologic resources. Geologists are involved in extracting fossil fuels, such as coal and petroleum; metals such as copper, aluminum, and iron; and water resources in streams and underground reservoirs inside soil and rocks. They can help conserve our planet’s finite supply of nonrenewable resources, like petroleum, which are fixed in quantity and depleted by consumption. Geologists can also help manage renewable resources that can be replaced or regenerated, such as solar or wind energy, and timber.

Interpretation is the third part of the perception process, in which we assign meaning to our experiences using mental structures known as schemata.

My friend’s mother, who is Vietnamese American, was attending a conference at which another attendee assumed she was a hotel worker and asked her to throw something away for her. In this case, my friend’s mother was a person of color at a convention with mostly white attendees, so an impression was formed based on the other person’s perception of this difference.

Because of this tendency, we often have to end up being forced into or accidentally experiencing something new in order to create or discover new interests.

“Finally! I said your name three times. I thought you forgot who I was!” A few seconds before, when you were focused on figuring out which kind of orange juice to get, you were attending to the various pulp options to the point that you tuned other stimuli out, even something as familiar as the sound of someone calling your name.

It is probably not surprising to learn that visually and/or aurally stimulating things become salient in our perceptual field and get our attention. Creatures ranging from fish to hummingbirds are attracted to things like silver spinners on fishing poles or red and yellow bird feeders. Having our senses stimulated isn’t always a positive thing though.

What a silly thing Love is,” said the Student as he walked away. “It is not half as useful as Logic, for it does not prove anything, and it is always telling one of things that are not going to happen, and making one believe things that are not true. In fact, it is quite unpractical, and, as in this age to be practical is everything, I shall go back to Philosophy and study Metaphysics

and he threw the rose into the street, where it fell into the gutter, and a cart-wheel went over it.

But there is no red rose in my garden, so I shall sit lonely, and she will pass me by.

yet for want of a red rose is my life made wretched

Nightingale

young Student;

I tell you what, you are very rude;

Well, upon my word, you are very ungrateful,

And the marvellous rose became crimson, like the rose of the eastern sky. Crimson was the girdle of petals, and crimson as a ruby was the heart.

“Press closer, little Nightingale,” cried the Tree, “or the Day will come before the rose is finished.”

Press closer, little Nightingale,” cried the Tree, “or the Day will come before the rose is finished.”

for only a Nightingale’s heart’s-blood can crimson the heart of a rose.

She has form,” he said to himself, as he walked away through the grove—“that cannot be denied to her; but has she got feeling? I am afraid not. In fact, she is like most artists; she is all style, without any sincerity. She would not sacrifice herself for others. She thinks merely of music, and everybody knows that the arts are selfish.

Yet Love is better than Life, and what is the heart of a bird compared to the heart of a man?”

Death is a great price to pay for a red rose

So the Nightingale flew over to the Rose-tree that was growing round the old sun-dial.

“He is weeping for a red rose,” said the Nightingale. “For a red rose?” they cried; “how very ridiculous!”

Why is he weeping?” asked a little Green Lizard, as he ran past him with his tail in the air. “Why, indeed?” said a Butterfly, who was fluttering about after a sunbeam. “Why, indeed?” whispered a Daisy to his neighbour, in a soft, low voice.

but in all my garden there is no red rose

She said that she would dance with me if I brought her red roses

Some groups of people argue that some established scientific theories are wrong, not based on their scientific merit but rather on the ideology of the group. This section focuses on how to identify evidence-based information and differentiate it from pseudoscience.

The next big advancement, and perhaps the largest in the history of geology, is the theory of plate tectonics and continental drift. Dogmatic acceptance of uniformitarianism inhibited the progress of this idea, mainly because of the permanency placed on the continents and their positions. Ironically, the slow and steady movement of plates would fit well into a uniformitarianism model. However, much time passed and a great deal of scientific resistance had to be overcome before the idea took hold. This happened for several reasons. Firstly, the movement was so slow it was overlooked. Secondly, the best evidence was hidden under the ocean. Finally, the accepted theories were anchored by a large amount of inertia. Instead of being bias-free, scientists resisted and ridiculed the emerging idea of plate tectonics. This example of dogmatic thinking is still to this day a tarnish on the geoscience community.

The theory of evolution by natural selection is another example. Originating from the work of Charles Darwin in the mid-19th century, the theory of evolution has withstood generations of scientific testing for falsifiability. While it has been updated and revised to accommodate knowledge gained by using modern technologies, the theory of evolution continues to be supported by the latest evidence.

This data is interpreted to determine whether it contradicts or supports the hypothesis, which may be revised and tested again. When a hypothesis holds up under experimentation, it is ready to be shared with other experts in the field.

Scientists share the results of their research by publishing articles in scientific journals, such as Science and Nature. Reputable journals and publishing houses will not publish an experimental study until they have determined its methods are scientifically rigorous and the conclusions are supported by evidence. Before an article is published, it undergoes a rigorous peer review by scientific experts who scrutinize the methods, results, and discussion. Once an article is published, other scientists may attempt to replicate the results. This replication is necessary to confirm the reliability of the study’s reported results. A hypothesis that seemed compelling in one study might be proven false in studies conducted by other scientists. New technology can be applied to published studies, which can aid in confirming or rejecting once-accepted ideas and/or hypotheses.

estatal

Which of the following are benefits of a college education?

Other: __________________________

Participating in clubs, organized activities

Going to parties

Talking on the telephone, texting, e-mail

Going to religious services

Attending classes

Cleaning house

Volunteering your time for a good cause

Setting your own schedule

Engaging in your hobbies

Having a positive romantic relationship

Being your own boss

Exercising, being physically active

Eating nice meals out

Going to movies or entertainments

Meeting new people

Looking good, personal hygiene

Working your job

Getting out in nature

Enjoying time alone

Watching television

Having nice clothing

Studying and reading textbooks

Being liked by others

Shopping

Traveling to new places

Reading a good book

Sleeping

Online social networking

Cooking

Playing computer or video games

Hanging out with friends

Playing sports

Staying current with the news

Having intelligent conversations

Having a nice car

Learning new things about your interests

Having good friends

Making a good income

Most

everything

enough

Attitude

Life in college usually differs in many ways from one’s previous life in high school or in the workforce. What are the biggest changes you are experiencing now or anticipate experiencing this term?

on

What do you value that will be richer in your future life because you will have a college education?

following

organized

Going to parties

texting

religious

Attending

house

good

Setting

Engaging

positive

own

being

meals

entertainments

good

your

nature

alone

television

clothing

textbooks

by

Shopping

places

Reading

Sleeping

Online

Cooking

Playing computer or video games

sports

current

intelligent

Having a nice car

interests

friends

a

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

Making a good income

________________________________________________________

What chronosystem events have impacted your life so far?

What is the main role you have in your family system? What boundaries do you have or wish you had?

Of the four theorists reviewed above (Freud, Erikson, Piaget, and Vygotsky) which theorist’s ideas about development most closely match your own beliefs about how people develop and why?

How does the division of chores impact or not impact your household?

Green Chemistry and the Ten Commandments of Sustainability (Manahan)

writing

you

voting