The ability to recognize chemical equivalancy

NMR spectroscopy but would not be terribly useful for chemists.

She figured she was just feeling a little under the weather, and was not to worried.

protonate

The vicinal dihalide formed is the reactant needed to produce the alkyene using double

using the double elimination process to protonate the alkane and from the 2 Pi bonds.

L(f′)=sL(f)−f(0).

“desperate” and “in a desperate position” to

Social isolation is common in elderly populations and refers to a complete or near-complete lack of contact with other people.

x

The results of a DEXA scan are most often reported as T-scores. A T-score compares a person’s bone density to the average peak bone density of a healthy 30-year-old population of the same gender. A T-score of −1.0 or above indicates normal bone density. A person with a T-score between −1.0 and −2.5 has low bone density, which is a condition referred to as osteopenia. A person with a T-score of −2.5 or below is diagnosed with osteoporosis.

carbon positioned ato an electron-withdrawing

2-chloropentane

La(f)={x∈D:f(x)≤a}

Forces on a Stationary Object

salient

Perception is the process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting information. This process, which is shown in Figure 2.1 “The Perception Process”, includes the perception of select stimuli that pass through our perceptual filters, are organized into our existing structures and patterns, and are then interpreted based on previous experiences.

novel phenotypes

uced during replication is caused by a rare, temporary misalignment of a few bases between the template strand and daughter strand (Figure 4.2.24.2.2\PageIndex{2}). This strand-slippage

In the third step of bone remodeling, the site is prepared for building. In this stage, sugars and proteins accumulate along the bone’s surface, forming a cement line which acts to form a strong bond between the old bone and the new bone that will be made. These first three steps take approximately two to three weeks to complete.

In adulthood, our bones stop growing and modeling, but continue to go through a process of bone remodeling.

Bone tissue cells include osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes. The osteoprogenitor cells are cells that have not matured yet. Once they are stimulated, some will become osteoblasts, the bone builders, and others will become osteoclasts, the cells that break bone down. Osteocytes are the most abundant cells in bone tissue. Osteocytes are star-shaped cells that are connected throughout the bone and exchange nutrients from bones to the blood and lymph.

Your bones are stronger than reinforced concrete. Bone tissue is a composite of fibrous collagen strands that resemble the steel rebar in concrete and a hardened mineralized matrix that contains large amounts of calcium, just like concrete.

Intermolecular attractions, which generally increase with molecular weight, cause the PV product to decrease as higher pressure

Electron shielding describes the ability of an atom's inner electrons to shield its positively-charged nucleus from its valence electrons

Ionization energy is the energy required to remove an electron from a neutral atom in its gaseous phase. Conceptually, ionization energy is the opposite of electronegativity. The lower this energy is, the more readily the atom becomes a cation. Therefore, the higher this energy is, the more unlikely it is the atom becomes a cation. Generally, elements on the right side of the periodic table have a higher ionization energy because their valence shell is nearly filled. Elements on the left side of the periodic table have low ionization energies because of their willingness to lose electrons and become cations. Thus, ionization energy increases from left to right on the periodic table.

When a net force acting on a physical system has a component in the direction of its motion, there is work done.

balanced

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8ll_...ature=youtu.be

we realize that the para-toluene sulfonate anion is a very weak base and thus an very good leaving group.

neutotransmitter

somatic nervous system

subtle electronic ones, more significant covalent modifications, or structural changes arising from the flexibility inherent in enzymes, but not present in chemical catalysts. Flexibility allows movement and movement facilitates alteration of electronic environments necessary for catalysis. Enzymes are, thus, much more efficient than rigid chemical catalysts as a result of their abilities to facilitate the changes necessary to optimize the catalytic process.

activation energy

metabolic pathways

Table 4.5.14.5.1\PageIndex{1}: List of Polyatomic ions freshmen chemistry students are required to know

This is important because populations of bacteria exposed to an insufficient concentration of a particular drug or to a broad-spectrum antibiotic (one designed to inhibit many strains of bacteria) can evolve resistance to these drugs. Therefore, MIC scores aid in improving outcomes for patients and preventing evolution of drug-resistant microbial strains.

An expression is a combination of values, variables, and operators. A value all by itself is considered an expression, and so is a variable, so the following are all legal expressions (assuming that the variable x has been assigned a value):

A statement is a unit of code that the Python interpreter can execute. We have seen two kinds of statements: expression statement with "print" and assignment.

An interpreter reads the source code of the program as written by the programmer, parses the source code, and interprets the instructions on the fly. Python is an interpreter and when we are running Python interactively, we can type a line of Python (a sentence) and Python processes it immediately and is ready for us to type another line of Python.

and del global not with as elif if or yield assert else import pass break except in raise class finally is return continue for lambda try def from nonlocal while

We call these stored instructions a program and the act of writing these instructions down and getting the instructions to be correct programming. /*<![CDATA[*/ $(function() { if(!window['autoDefinitionList']){ window['autoDefinitionList'] = true; $('dl').find('dt').on('click', function() { $(this).next().toggle('350'); }); } });/*]]>*/ /*<![CDATA[*/ var front = "auto"; if(front=="auto"){ front = "1.3: Computer Hardware Architecture"; if(front.includes(":")){ front = front.split(":")[0]; if(front.includes(".")){ front = front.split("."); front = front.map((int)=>int.includes("0")?parseInt(int,10):int).join("."); } front+="."; } else { front = ""; } } front = front.replace(/_/g," "); MathJaxConfig = { TeX: { equationNumbers: { autoNumber: "all", formatNumber: function (n) { if(false){ return front + (Number(n)+false); } else{return front + n; } } }, macros: { PageIndex: ["{"+front+" #1}",1], test: ["{"+front+" #1}",1] }, Macros: { PageIndex: ["{"+front+" #1}",1], test: ["{"+front+" #1}",1] }, SVG: { linebreaks: { automatic: true } } } }; MathJax.Hub.Config(MathJaxConfig); MathJax.Hub.Register.StartupHook("End", ()=>{if(activateBeeLine)activateBeeLine()}); /*]]>*/ /*<![CDATA[*/window.addEventListener('load', function(){$('iframe').iFrameResize({warningTimeout:0, scrolling: 'omit'});})/*]]>*/

The following script calculates the pH of a random acid and its salt (base) concentration if you give it the Ka of the acid.  Note the commented out code uses the modules format while the code that is working uses the format function.

people are connected by their reliance on others in the division of labor.

3*1**3

Cancer is a group of diseases characterized by the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells. Cancer is triggered by mutations in a cell’s genetic material. The cause of these changes may be inherited, or it may result from exposure to carcinogens, which are agents that can cause cancer. Carcinogens include chemicals, viruses, certain medical treatments such as radiation, pollution, or other substances and exposures that are known or suspected to cause cancer.

Phytochemicals are chemicals in plants that may provide some health benefit. Carotenoids are one type of phytochemical that we will discuss in more detail below. Other phytochemicals include indoles, lignans, phytoestrogens, stanols, flavonoids, anthocyanidins, phenolic acids, and many more. They are found not only in fruits and vegetables, but also in grains, seeds, nuts, and legumes.

The primary function of Vitamin E is as an antioxidant. Alpha-tocopherol and vitamin E’s other constituents are primarily responsible for protecting cell membranes against lipid destruction caused by free radicals.

Excessive exposure to environmental sources of free radicals can contribute to disease by overwhelming the free radical detoxifying systems and those processes involved in repairing oxidative damage.

While our bodies have acquired multiple defenses against free radicals, we also use free radicals to support its functions. For example, the immune system uses the cell-damaging properties of free radicals to kill pathogens.

hydrophobic antioxidants are largely responsible for protecting cell membranes from free radical damage. The body can synthesize some antioxidants, but others must be obtained from the diet.

Hydrophilic antioxidants act in the cytosol of cells or in extracellular fluids such as blood;

The body’s two major defense systems are free radical detoxifying enzymes and antioxidants.

Atoms and molecules such as superoxide that have unpaired electrons are called free radicals (Figure 8.1.28.1.2\PageIndex{2}2). The unpaired electron in free radicals makes the atom or molecule unstable.

there is no scientific evidence that antioxidants singularly provide bodily benefits, but there is evidence that certain benefits are achieved by ingesting antioxidants as part of a balanced, healthy, nutrient-rich diet. This is to say antioxidants may go a long way toward preventing damage, but other nutrients are necessary to repair damage and sustain health. No one nutrient acts alone!

psychrophiles are

The vertical periodic trend for nucleophilicity is somewhat more complicated that that for basicity

In general nonenzymatic SN1 reaction can occur with either retention or inversion of configuration at the electrophilic carbon, leading to racemization if the carbon is chiral.

The speaker is the bridge between the poem’s experience and the reader, and similar to language, when it works best, it becomes invisible, cemented to, part and particle of the poem’s experience.

moiety

Periodic Table. Except for hydrogen, (ZeffZeffZ_{eff} is always less than ZZZ, and (ZeffZeffZ_{eff} increases from left to right as you go across a row.

Therefore as we go from left to right on the periodic table the effective nuclear charge of an atom increases in strength and holds the outer electrons closer and tighter to the nucleus.

because E[Zt|Xn,Xn−1,…]

Mathematical Fundamentals

Mathematical Fundamentals

Define the following:

Solve For A

Which flower color seemed to dominate over the other? Explain your answer.

. If he observed 200 F2 plants, approximately how many would have purple flowers? Approximately how many would have white flowers? Explain your answers.

Why did he allow the plants in the F1 generation to self-pollinate?

Why do you think he only tested one characteristic at a time?

Why did he use pea plants with different characteristics for the parental generation?

y the most complex substance. The most complex substance is the one with the largest number of different atoms, which is C7H16C7H16C_7H_{16}. We will assume initially that the final balanced chemical equation contains 1 molecule or formula unit of this substance. 2. Adjust the coefficients. a. Because one molecule of n-heptane contains 7 carbon atoms, we need 7 CO2 molecules, each of which contains 1 carbon atom, on the right side: C7H16(l)+O2(g)→7–CO2(g)+H2O(g)C7H16(l)+O2(g)→7_CO2(g)+H2O(g)\ce{C7H16 (l) + O2 (g) → } \underline{7} \ce{CO2 (g) + H2O (g) } \nonumber 7 carbon atoms on both reactant and product sides b. Because one molecule of n-heptane contains 16 hydrogen atoms, we need 8 H2O molecules, each of which contains 2 hydrogen atoms, on the right side: C7H16(l)+O2(g)→7CO2(g)+8–H2O(g)C7H16(l)+O2(g)→7CO2(g)+8_H2O(g)\ce{C7H16 (l) + O2 (g) → 7 CO2 (g) + } \underline{8} \ce{H2O (g) } \nonumber 16 hydrogen atoms on both reactant and product sides 3. Balance polyatomic ions as a unit. There are no polyatomic ions to be considered in this reaction. 4. Balance the remaining atoms. The carbon and hydrogen atoms are now balanced, but we have 22 oxygen atoms on the right side and only 2 oxygen atoms on the left. We can balance the oxygen atoms by adjusting the coefficient in front of the least complex substance, O2, on the reactant side: C7H16(l)+11–––O2(g)→7CO2(g)+8H2O(g)C7H16(l)+11_O2(g)→7CO2(g)+8H2O(g)\ce{C7H16 (l) + }\underline{11} \ce{ O2 (g) → 7 CO2 (g) + 8H2O (g) } \nonumber 22 oxygen atoms on both reactant and product sides 5. Check your work. The equation is now balanced, and there are no fractional coefficients: there are 7 carbon atoms, 16 hydrogen atoms, and 22 oxygen atoms on each side. Always check to be sure that a chemical equation is balanced.

60%

200,000

(II)

Transgender Children about two percent of the world’s population (Blackless et al., 2000). There are dozens of intersex conditions, and intersex individuals demonstrate the diverse variations of biological sex. Some examples of intersex conditions include: Turner syndrome or the absence of, or an imperfect, second X chromosome Congenital adrenal hyperplasia or a genetic disorder caused by an increased production of androgens

Define ecology.

Describe the functions of the following electrolytes: sodium chloride potassium

You may be surprised to find out that the commonly held belief that people need to drink eight 8-ounce glasses of water per day isn’t an official recommendation and isn’t based on any scientific evidence!

acidity

pKapKapK_a

water

carbonyl

acid

0.6Tm where Tm is the melting point in degrees Kelvin.

more energy is required to add an electron to a negative ion (i.e., second electron affinity)

if

Asociación Nacional para la Educación de Niños Pequeños de Estados Unidos

Malthus urged “moral restraint.” That is, he declared that people must practice abstinence before marriage, forced sterilization where necessary, and institute criminal punishments for so-called unprepared parents who had more children than they could support

sucrose

Consider the electronic structure of neutral iron and iron (III). To write the electronic structure for Fe3+:

may

For the tetrahedral complex, the dxy, dxz, and dyz orbitals are raised in energy while the dz², dx²-y² orbitals are lowered.

The need for equitable, ethical, and sustainable use of Earth’s resources by a global population that nears the carrying capacity of the planet requires us not only to understand how human behaviors affect the environment,

In particular, if ∂T∂qj∂T∂qj \dfrac{\partial T}{\partial q_{j}}, then ∂V∂qj∂V∂qj \dfrac{\partial V}{\partial q_{j}} is constant.

ddt∂T∂q˙j−∂T∂qj=∂V∂qj

succinct

For most complex social issues, the conversation never truly ends. It may, however, change over time

You work well under pressure, and when you do finally sit down to accomplish a task, you can sit and work for hours. In these times, you can be extremely focused and shut out the rest of the world in order to complete what’s needed.

You like to make checklists and feel great satisfaction when you can cross something off of your to-do list

define you as a student

y read

Don’t prejudge or assume you already know the material

Body weights of children with Marasmus may be up to 80 percent less than that of a normal child of the same age. Marasmus is a Greek word, meaning “starvation.” It is characterized by an extreme emaciated appearance, poor skin health, and growth retardation. The symptoms are acute fatigue, hunger, and diarrhea.

The name Kwashiorkor comes from a language in Ghana and means, “the sickness the child gets when the new baby comes". The syndrome was named because it occurred most commonly in children who had recently been weaned from the breast, usually because another child had just been born. Subsequently the child was fed watery porridge made from low-protein grains, which accounts for the low protein intake. Kwashiorkor is characterized by swelling (edema) of the feet and abdomen, poor skin health, growth retardation, low muscle mass, and liver malfunction (Figure 6.5.16.5.1\PageIndex{1}1).

When a foreign substance attacks the body, the immune system produces antibodies (Figure 6.3.36.3.3\PageIndex{3}2) to defend against it. Antibodies are special proteins that recognize a unique molecule on harmful bacteria and viruses known as an antigen. Antibodies bind to the antigen and destroy it. Antibodies also trigger other factors in the immune system to seek and destroy unwanted intruders.

The pH scale ranges from 0 (strongly acidic) to 14 (strongly basic/alkaline). Blood pH is maintained between 7.35 and 7.45, which is slightly basic. Even a slight change in blood pH can affect body functions. Acidic conditions can stop proteins from functioning. The body has several systems that hold the blood pH within the normal range to prevent this from happening. Some proteins act as buffers and release hydrogen (H+) into the blood if it gets too basic. Proteins can also take hydrogen from the blood if it gets too acidic. By releasing and taking hydrogen when needed, proteins maintain acid-base balance and keep blood pH within a normal range.

The most abundant protein in blood is the protein known as albumin. Albumin’s presence in the blood makes the protein concentration in the blood similar to that in cells. Therefore, fluid exchange between the blood and cells is not in the extreme, but rather is minimized to preserve the status quo.

Fluid balance refers to maintaining the distribution of water in the body. If too much water in the blood suddenly moves into a tissue, the results are swelling and, potentially, cell death. Water always flows from an area of high concentration to one of a low concentration.

A major function of hormones is to turn enzymes on and off, so some proteins can even regulate the actions of other proteins. While not all hormones are made from proteins, many of them are.

The first step in protein digestion involves chewing. The teeth begin the mechanical breakdown of food into smaller pieces that can be swallowed. The salivary glands provide some saliva to aid swallowing and the passage of the smaller pieces of food through the esophagus and then on to the stomach through the esophageal sphincter.

The peptide bond forms between the carboxylic acid group of one amino acid and the amino group of another, releasing a molecule of water.

ate two n's

would you expect absorb at a longer wavelength

Claims

Rather, focus on what each of those sources is claiming, why, and how exactly their claims relate to your own points.

Choose your examples wisely by making sure they directly connect to your thesis

how the author hopes this topic will be treated in the future.

may fade.

Restating the question can sometimes be an effective strategy

paper

first or final sentence in a paragraph. It's possible that it can appear in the middle, but that can be confusing for a reader

Begin writing with the part you know the most about

means many things to many people

By looking at _____, we can see _____, which

ground

auspices

intermediary

Church’s hierarchy

anticipated a permanent break

one

outside

Church

zeal

reforming

during the fifteenth century

reform

period

strong

Church

Spanish

change

Church

peers and superiors

corruption

abhorred

Numerous

Church’s

devout priests, monks, and nuns

live

address

persistent

widespread

reform

Church

salvation

Church

Bible

time

mid-fifteenth century

handbook

Church

outside

laypeople

moral and spiritual life

Netherlands

one

around Europe

New

priest, monk, or nun

corruption

laypeople

monks and nuns and the wealth and luxury many monks and nuns

poverty

monasteries

land of the western kingdoms

20%

late fifteenth century

buying up or receiving land as gifts

successful

monasteries

townspeople

relative luxury

lived

monks

successful industries

urban

ones

monasteries

early modern period

imitating

orders

Christ

life

Church