This paper showed that Kenyon Cells undergo associative plasticity after appetitive odor learning (as performed here with the conditioned scent.)

This paper describes the first time that associative LTP was found in an interneuron of the insect nervous system (the authors stimulated honeybee Kenyon Cells and looked to see what happened.)

This paper showed that spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP), which is responsible for adjustments in the strength of connections between neurons in the brain based on the relative timing of a particular neuron's output and input spikes, plays an important role in associative learning.

In order to look at the distinctions between the memory of an odor and a memory trace, the authors of this study established a protocol to look specifically at memories after trace conditioning.

This study also describes the formation of memory traces that convey information about the initial odor that was used to stimulate the formation of the memory.

This paper tested the effects of certain defense chemicals produced by plants on honeybees. The alkaloids they tested, a group of chemicals that includes caffeine, were toxic and repellent to honeybees at relatively high concentrations.

The study described in this reference is very similar to the one being performed here with one notable difference: the concentrations of caffeine being used were very high. The study's authors found that honeybees were repelled by very high concentrations of caffeine.

Interestingly, such high concentrations did have have the same positive effect on the development of olfactory memory that low doses of caffeine had on the honeybees tested in this paper.

This study looked to see how honeybees reacted to compounds found naturally occurring in the nectar of some plants. The authors found that (with one exception) naturally occurring levels of these compounds did not have a repellent effect on the bees.

However, concentrations of caffeine higher than those seen naturally occurring in floral nectar were repellent to the honeybees.

This study showed that honeybees can learn to detect toxins in nectar, remember that toxin and the negative effects it previously had, and in the future will avoid flowers whose nectar contains that toxin.

This study did not use caffeine, but it proves the point that if caffeine was present in floral nectar at repellant concentrations, the bees would remember to avoid those flowers, which ultimately would have a negative effect on the plant's reproductive success.

This review sums up current knowledge of caffeine in the field of plant biology. It is cited here to back up the claim that caffeine has been found in the vegetative and seed tissues (as opposed to nectar and pollen) of plants in the genus Coffea at concentrations as high as 24 mg/mL. These values are quite high relative to the concentrations found in the nectar of these same plants.

This paper addresses the question of why flowers produce scent by looking at how olfactory learning of pollinators (like honeybees) influences how plants evolve to produce scents and chemicals in their nectar.

This study examines what conditions influenced foraging bumblebees' decisions to continue foraging from the same species of plant or move to a different species. They found a wide variety of conditions that affect honeybee foraging behavior, but one of the most important determinants was the amount of reward a bee received from a flower (i.e. nectar).

This paper looked at how pollinators, like honeybees, can drive the selection of flower color.

In short, because honeybees prefer some colors to others, plants with flowers that are that color are more frequently visited by pollinators. Therefore, they are able to reproduce more and become more common.

This paper showed that mustard plants with larger flowers (which in this case were more attractive to pollinators) had more pollen transferred to pollinators per visit than plants with smaller flowers.

This paper is cited in the supplementary materials as the source of the protocol for making electrophysiological recordings from neurons located in a sensilla on the tip of the honeybee's proboscis.

This paper is cited in the supplementary materials as the source of the protocol for the bee's sensitivity to bitter compounds.

This paper is cited in the supplementary materials as the source of the protocol for part of their conditioning assay. As in this study, bees were trained by placing them in the conditioning arena and exposing it to a four-second pulse with an odor.

This study was cited in the supplementary materials as the source for the 30 second time interval used between trials during their conditioning experiments.

In reference 23, Thomas Rudel explains how forests change with economies. When an impoverished society's economy starts to grow, the society then cuts down many of the tree in it's surrounding territory.

Once the economy grows to a certain point, however, the deforestation is replaced with reforestation, and the forest is replanted.

At this point the forests may then be managed like a crop in cycles of planting and harvesting timber.

In reference 22, Rodriguez and colleagues investigate land/nature reserves around the globe. When added together, 11.5% of Earth's surface is protected in nature reserves.

They found that although a substantial portion of land is protected, the locations of these reserves do not necessarily cover areas with different types of ecosystems and different types of plant and animal species.

Therefore, the present state of these land reserves is not optimized to protect as many species of plants and animals as possible.

Yet, data like what Hansen and colleagues present in this paper could help improve how and where we select new nature reserves to protect more species.

In reference 21, Brooks and colleagues review the different management strategies that are used to conserve plant and animal species (e.g., biodiversity).

In reference 20, Potapov and colleagues published a world map that outlines the "Intact Forest Landscapes" (i.e., large areas of undisturbed forest). You can view the map here.

In references 16–18, the authors describe baseline measurements for carbon emissions and stocks in tropical forests/regions.

Now, what is the difference between a carbon stock and a carbon emission?

A carbon stock is stored carbon. (Think of a tree trunk made of carbon-rich cellulose and lignin.)

A carbon emission, however, is carbon that has been released into the atmosphere. (Now, consider a tree trunk that has been burnt to ash, thereby releasing carbon.)

Why were agricultural lands abandoned in Eurasian coniferous forests?

The answer lies in changing political regimes. A large number of farms were abandoned in post-Soviet Russia (after socialism fell) because the economy and institutions of Russia where undergoing a radical change.

Hansen and colleagues reference work from Jonathan Foley and colleagues (2005), which details how harvesting natural resources can have negative effects through a decrease in ecosystem services.

For example, Foley and colleagues show that "forests in the Yangtze watershed help moderate" water flow, which then supplies a hydroelectric plant with energy (40 million kilowatt hours per year). This energy is valued at $610,000!

In comparison, this value is roughly 40% of the value of the trees in the forest that are then harvested for timber.

In comparison, this value is roughly 40% of the value of the trees in the forest that are then harvested for timber. Thus, harvesting resources (in this case timber) can negatively effect other ecosystem services (in this case water flow), which are also important (e.g., worth $610,000 in energy).

Which came first, the rain or the rainforest? Find out here and discover one of the many ways that forests affect our water supply.

In reference 40, Goetz and Dubayah summarize both aircraft and satellite imaging techniques. They also explain how tree canopy height is measured.

Tree canopy height is measured by light reflectance. First, a laser on a satellite (in this case, NASA's Geoscience Laser Allometry System, or GLAS) is emitted and pointed at the surface of Earth.

The light from the laser reflects off of Earth's surface and is then received by the satellite. The time that it takes for this to happen can determine the distance from the satellite to Earth's surface.

When the laser is emitted over a forest, the tree's leaves and branches reflect the energy, yet some of the laser's energy will still reach the ground and will be reflected from the surface of the soil.

Thus, the satellite receives two main light reflectance measurements: reflectance from the ground and reflectance from the tree canopy.

Then, the difference in the time it takes for the ground reflectance and canopy reflectance light to reach the satellite determines how tall the trees are.

For more information, check out Figure 2.

For Hansen and colleagues' study, they decided that any plant that had a canopy height of 5 m or taller was a tree (rather than a shrub or herbaceous plant).

Thus, determining canopy height is an important step in processing the satellite images to find where forests are distributed around the world.

In reference 36, Gong and colleagues describe the first study that uses Landsat satellite images that photograph Earth's surface at a 30 m by 30 m resolution.

With these photos, they characterized Earth's surface into different land types (e.g., agricultural land, forests, grasslands, ice).

They found that "forests, grasslands, and shrublands cover 28.35%, 13.37%, and 11.49% of the world, respectively. … Inland waterbodies, barren lands, and snow and ice cover 3.56%, 16.51%, and 12.81% of the world, respectively."

In reference 30, Hansen and colleagues look at tree cover using the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instrument.

The calculations for tree cover were then used in this current paper to determine forest distribution, loss, and gain.

Also, note that technology is continuously advancing. Reference 30 was published in 2003. At this time MODIS was the most sophisticated satellite imaging instrument available. Yet, it could take images at a resolution of only 500 meters squared.

In this paper from 2013, Hansen and colleagues use Landsat data that has a resolution of 30 meters squared.

In reference 29, Hansen and colleagues detail the use of Landsat data to look at continent-scale images.

This initial study helped Hansen and colleagues to then scale up to look at global patterns in land change in the present study.

In reference 35, Achard and colleagues investigate deforestation in tropical humid forests. To do this, they surveyed 100 sites in Latin America, Africa, Southeast Asia, and India.

Hansen and colleagues build off of this study by looking at all forests worldwide and do not limit themselves to particular sites.

Discusses models of skeletal patterning.

Review of pattern formation in vertebrates, but more under the sense of development rather than regeneration.

A "textbook" that provides a basic foundation in regenerative biology. Discusses the dependence of skeletal muscle regeneration on nerves.

Review article. Describes how Neuregulin-1 is the likely signaling molecule that causes myelin formation.

Review article. Discusses the field of limb regeneration in vertebrates and its possible contribution to medicine.

Describes a step-wise procedure for examining limb regeneration. However, this paper is referenced in regard to the fact that they demonstrate deviation of the nerve can cause an ectopic blastema.

A diagram of their protocol can be found here

This is a book reference that includes information on experiments and case studies done to compare ferric chloride and aluminum use in water treatment and their effects on concrete corrosion.

This reference can be visited in order to get an idea of approaching water infrastructure replacement requirements.

They estimated that the budget requirement for the replacement of water infrastructures will be about $250 billion in the next 30 years.

This reference investigates the use of an enhanced coagulation process in order to remove not only the particles, but also dissolved organic material in the water, which will help to increase the drinking water quality.

This reference is a technical report by the Environmental Protection Agency.

It consists of parts including: national assessment of corrosion; effects of industrial pretreatment, detection, prevention, and repair of hydrogen sulfide corrosion damage.

The reference can be reached by visiting this link

This study investigates the changes in the natural organic matter (NOM) concentration in raw and conventionally treated drinking waters in two hemispheres. They investigated the characteristics of NOM in Norwegian and Australian waters as well as the effect of coagulation treatment.

This paper looks in depth into the issue of seawater desalination. It is trying to answer questions such as energy requirements, how new materials/technologies can improve it, and sustainability. In this paper, the reference is used to convey the idea that these technologies still require improvement to compete with conventional drinking water treatment.

Esvelt et al. bring up several additional precautions to consider before use of gene drive on native populations, such as determining if gene drives could incorporate into related species and performing field trials of both the gene drive and the gene drive reversal.

The DiCarlo et al. study describes a method that can help prevent accidental release of mutagenic chain reaction organisms into the environment.

In this reference, the authors designed the gRNA targeting the fly yellow locus that Gantz and Bier used in the current paper. They chose to use this gRNA sequence because the authors in the reference here showed that this gRNA sequence resulted in the highest percentage (88%) of yellow mosaic flies of the 4 gRNAs tested.

In this paper, the authors use homology-directed repair (the same technique used in the current paper to generate the MCR allele) to introduce foreign DNA sequences at specific genome sites in the fly. This was an important advancement because most other studies have used CRISPR/Cas technology to create insertion or deletion mutations in target genes. The Gratz et al. paper showed that CRISPR/Cas9 could also be used to introduce large DNA sequences into specific sites of the fly genome.

In this article, the authors design two transgenic Drosophila melanogaster lines expressing Cas9 protein and guide RNAs that target either the ebony or yellow genes. The gRNAs guide Cas9 to these genes and induce mutations. They determined that their strategy for targeting these genes was highly efficient and specific.

In this extensive review, Feng Zhang discusses in detail the original use of CRIPSR/Cas in bacteria, the timeline for its use in research, and how it has been used for genome editing.

The Feng Zhang lab has been instrumental in the development of CRISPR/Cas technology for use in genome engineering. In this review, Zhang summarizes how the tool works, how it can be used for genome editing, regulating gene expression, and for gene therapy as well as some of the limitations/weaknesses that are associated with the technology.

This is a review of clinical findings that explain the cellular responses in TRALI. They also talk about how the interaction between neutrophils and platelets is essential to trigger TRALI.

This paper is a good read to see time-lapse videos of intravital imaging and confocal microscopy. It explains how neutrophils require distinct mechanisms to first bind and then crawl out of the vasculature.

This study measured how chemical and biological properties of the water in Toolik Lake and its surrounding streams change over time.

This paper is cited in the supplemental information because the authors used the same analysis methods in the two papers for measuring water chemistry parameters.

This study used a model to measure the amount of permafrost decrease that occurred between 1850 and 2002 and found that there was enough change to potentially impact landscape, hydrology, and ecosystems.

This study showed that carbon from Arctic soils can be released as carbon dioxide from Arctic surface waters.

This letter to the editor makes an argument that transport of permafrost carbon into surface waters and beyond is important to consider when modeling the carbon cycle in the Arctic.

This review examines the impacts of climate change on the carbon cycle in the Arctic.

This study reported a higher and more reliable estimate of the total amount of carbon stored in Arctic permafrost relative to previous studies. They included deeper soils and additional pools of carbon.

This study found that on a decadal time scale, melting permafrost is a large source of carbon to the atmosphere, even when increases in carbon dioxide use by new plant life is taken into consideration.

This study showed that dissolved organic carbon (DOC) that is exposed to sunlight is more susceptible to being broken down by microbial respiration than DOC that is kept in the dark (i.e., photostimulated bacterial respiration is important).

The authors cite this paper heavily in their supplemental information. Many of the same methods were used in the two papers, including those for field sampling, light absorption measurements, and measurements of photostimulated bacterial respiration.

This review describes the pathways for permafrost carbon to enter the atmosphere and the changes in Arctic ecosystems that could be caused by permafrost thawing. They conclude that the overall impact of thawing permafrost will be to increase atmospheric carbon and global climate change.

This paper uses a model to measure the feedback between global warming and permafrost melting (i.e., how much additional warming will occur because warming is causing additional carbon dioxide and methane to enter the atmosphere).

This study found that sunlight converted dissolved organic carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorous into forms that are more easily consumed by bacteria and plankton in a lake in Norway. The bacteria and plankton were able to be more productive when grown in sunlight-exposed waters.

This paper shows that both sunlight and microbial transformation of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is important to consider when examining the structure of DOC remaining in surface water. Additionally, it is important to consider how long the DOC has been present in the surface water.

This study is very similar to the one you just read. These authors studied sunlight-driven dissolved organic carbon degradation in Swedish lakes and found that 12% of the carbon dioxide released by the lakes was from photodegradation.

This study determined the effect of a specific type of sunlight-driven degradation of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) on the availability of DOC to be eaten by bacteria.

The authors cite this paper in the supplemental information because they used the same methods for measuring oxygen consumption by bacteria in water samples.

In this paper, the authors argue that positive self-biases (overly positive self-evaluations, illusion of personal control, and unrealistic optimism) are characteristic of normal human thought.

In addition, the authors say that these positive illusions are adaptive and beneficial for mental health, in that they promote more satisfying connections with others, greater productivity, and greater resilience in response to negative feedback.

Here, Nisbett and Wilson review evidence that supports the idea that people generally have relatively little insight into their own psychological/cognitive processes. When it comes to the process of a stimulus causing/influencing a response, people can be unaware of the stimulus itself, unaware of the response, or unaware of how the stimulus influenced the response.

The authors argue that although people can attempt to report on the mechanisms that underlie their thoughts, decisions, etc., these self-reported explanations are not necessarily accurate, and they rely more on people's lay theories about how cognition should work, as opposed to how it actually does work.

Here, the authors report on the "happier-than-average effect," which shows that greater self-enhancement (either because of individual differences or experimental manipulation) leads to greater reports of subjective well-being.

Hibbing, Smith, and Alford argue that individuals' reactions, both physiological and psychological, to negative events and stimuli underlie a major part of the differences between political liberals and conservatives. Their argument centers around the idea that, compared with liberals, conservatives display greater responses to negativity.

This theoretical paper examines the potential for differences between high self-esteem and "optimal" self-esteem. Kernis makes the argument that high self-esteem can be either fragile (nonoptimal) or secure (optimal), depending on factors such as the defensiveness and stability of that self-esteem.

Researchers have also noted that there are differences in the gender of the child that can change how protective the Measles vaccine is at protecting against other illnesses.

WHO and other researchers have found that the Measles vaccine, and other live vaccines, can have effects of childhood mortality not associated with the vaccine target. This reference is a review of some of the studies done in the past to try and better understand this off target effect.

Scientists use a sample from Bangladesh to look at data similar to the results of this paper. They also find that Measles vaccinating reduces childhood mortality not due to Measles, specifically from diarrhea and oedema. However, the data used in their analysis is only one sample of a population and is confounded by some study control issues.

In this study participants were asked to memorize stimuli and were either presented with a smell during the learning process or not. Then during sleep, participants were either re-exposed to the same smell as during learning, a different new smell, or no smell. Participants that were re-exposed to the same smell as during learning had better memory for the items the following morning than either the participants exposed to a new smell or to no smell during sleep.

In this study participants learned where to place pictures on a grid on the computer screen. While they learned the locations, each picture was also associated with a sound (e.g. a picture of a bell was also associated with a bell sound). Then, while participants took a nap, half of the sounds were replayed while they slept. After the nap, participants had a better memory for the picture locations of the sounds that were played during sleep than the sounds that were not played during sleep.

In this a seminal study in the area of sleep and memory. Rats have brain cells called 'place cells' that activate when they are in specific locations in their environment. In a series of experiments these researchers demonstrated that place cells that fired in a specific order as the Rat moved around its environment activated in the same order during sleep.

This was the first evidence that memories may be replayed during sleep after learning.

In this study researchers extracted short clips from 11 popular television shows, muted the clip so no sound was produced, erased the character that was being interacted with, and asked participants to rate how the other characters were interacting with the 'invisible' character. Results showed that invisible White characters were interacted with more positively than invisible Black characters.

These same clips were shown to another group of participants and the results showed that exposure to more racially biased nonverbal clips resulted in more implicit bias.

In this study researchers presented participants with two Black faces and two White faces. One of the Black faces and one of the White faces was paired wit a mild electric shock (painful but not hurtful) such that each time the participants saw one of the two shock-associated faces they received a shock.

The researchers then continued to present the faces but stopped giving the shock and measured the fear response.

The results showed that participants established a fear response to both Black and White shock-associated faces but the fear of the Black shock-associated face persisted while participants stopped fearing the White shock-associated face sooner. When this study was conducted with Black and White participants, for White participants the Black face continued to show a fear response, for Black participants the White face continued to show a fear response.

This study compares two types of counterbias training. In one training. In the first type, participants were supposed to respond "YES" when they saw a counter-stereotype pair (e.g. male and weak or female and strong). In the other type of training participants were supposed to respond "NO" when they saw a stereotypical pair (e.g. male and strong or female and weak).

The results showed that counter-stereotype training (saying yes to counter-stereotypes) DECREASED implicit bias while stereotype negation training (saying no to stereotypical pairs) INCREASED implicit bias.

In this study, participants rated how appropriate it would be to express prejudice to over 100 different groups (e.g. Black Americans and White Southerners but also liars, child molesters, drunk drivers, and doctors). Then a separate group of participants were asked to rate their personal feelings toward each of the 100 groups.

The researchers found that willingness to express personal prejudice against a group was strongly related with how acceptable it was to express prejudice against that group.

In this study more than 500,000 participants completed the gender and academics Implicit Association Test (a test that measures your unconscious associations between different genders (males and females) and different academic areas (liberal arts and sciences).

The researchers found that countries where participants had higher

Nations with higher implicit bias scores (associating males with science and females with liberal arts) had larger differences between males' scores and females' scores on an international standardized 8th grade science test.

In the trust game, participants were presented with a picture of a face and they had to decide whether to offer the person $10 or not. If the participant gave the person $10, the person received $40 and could either give the participant half (so they each received $20) or could keep it all for themselves. Participants saw 300 faces (100 White, 100 Black, and 100 other race) and made the decision to give $10 or not for each face.

Researchers found that the amount of implicit bias participants had was correlated with how much more likely they were to offer a White person money than a Black person. This was not related to participants' explicit report of racist attitudes.

Over 100 science faculty in research universities across the US were asked to determine a starting salary for and rate the application materials of potential research assistants. There were two versions of each application that were identical except that one had a female name and one had a male name. Each faculty member received one of the two versions for each application.

Faculty members rated the male applications higher and suggested a higher starting salary than the identical female applications.

In a first-person-shooter videogame participants were instructed to shoot individuals that held a gun and to refrain from shooting individuals that were holding non-gun objects such as wallets or soda cans.

This finding remained even when experimenters increased the number of White individuals holding guns and decreased the number of Black individuals holding guns.

References test

Ref test 2

*Interesting reference for reviewing!

*Interesting reference for reviewing!

In this paper, the authors developed a new class of diblock copolymers that have a metal-containing hydrophobic block (PFS) and an organic hydrophilic block (P2VP): PFS = poly(ferrocenyldimethylsilane) and P2VP = poly(2-vinylpyridine). The authors of this publication discovered the ability to obtain spherical and cylindrical morphologies simply by using different alcohols. Having established the ability to obtain cylindrical micelles using the PFS-b-P2VP block copolymer system in isopropyl alcohol, the authors modified their approach in the current study to obtain supermicelles.

This paper established that Karstedt's catalysts ability to cross-link the double bonds in polyisoprene in the absences of silicon-containing molecules. Besides acquiring a variety of morphologies, the authors also investigated their ability to use Karstedt's catalyst to synthesize reversible polymer gel networks.

This reference investigates the development of 1D nano-structures through the use of cross-linked cylindrical micelles. This paper highlights possible applications for these 1D nanomaterials such as microfluidics.

This review paper describes the uses and progress made in the field of cross-linked micelles. Concepts covered include stabilization as well chemical modification and functionalization.

References: This paper describes the synthesis of semiconducting nanotubes through a process similar to CDSA by connecting dissimilar junctions, referred to as heterojuntions, to study the behaviors of photocarriers.

This paper describes the use of a biodegradable polymer in order to obtain a variety of micelle morphologies. A concept referred to as tethering density is used in this paper to explain unexpected morphologies.

This paper uses triblock copolymers to synthesize cylindrical and spherical micelles. By carefully controlling crystallization, the authors were able to control the micellar morphology in a highly selective fashion.

This paper utilizes CDSA to synthesize noncylindrical block co-micelles. The authors utilized plateletlike micelle and cylindrical micelles in order to form scarflike architectures using platelet-cylindrical and cylindrical-cylindrical connections.

This paper describes the discovery of CDSA. The authors draw a comparison to living polymerization and explain the phenomenon of epitaxial crystallization-induced co-micellization

This reference describes the synthesis of brush block and random copolymers. The polymers are referred to as a "brush" because pendant groups are dangling off the main chain. The brush polymers synthesized were amphiphilic and demonstrated self-assembly.

This paper describes the synthesis of amphiphilic Janus discs using a block terpolymer (three distinct blocks comprised of three distinct monomers). Two different size discs were made where, depending on size, the manner in which the hydrophobic side is "protected" from water can vary. The smaller discs are stabilized by the long hydrophilic polymer chains, protruding out of one side and shielding the hydrophobic side against water. The larger discs undergo aggregation as well as bending to again shield the hydrophobic side from the water by flipping over one part of the structure.

This reference is an example where triblock copolymers were photo-crosslinked to create Janus particles which were classified as "hamburger-like" micelles.

This review paper discusses a class of noncentrosymmetric nanoparticles referred to as the Janus particle. These particles are rather challenging to synthesize because two different chemistries are present on the surface of the particle.

This paper utilized charged polymers as well as metal cations and a variety of solvents to kinetically trap unique micelle morphologies. The self-assembly systems were forced down a specific pathway in order to form morphologies that would not have typically occurred without assistance.

This paper was one of the first papers to establish the ability to form micelles of different morphologies (beyond just spherical) for systems using amphiphilic block copolymers

Importazole is a small molecule inhibitor of the transport receptor importin-β. This inhibitor was identified by a screening assay developed by the authors of this paper.

This work reported the discovery of ciliobrevins, the first specific small-molecule antagonists of cytoplasmic dynein.

This paper reported the development of Tubastatin A, a potent and selective HDAC6 inhibitor.

This work suggested a novel ubiquitin-mediated signaling pathway, where the exposure of ubiquitin C termini within protein aggregates enables HDAC6 recognition and transport to the aggresome. The authors found that the ubiquitin-binding domain (ZnF-UBP) of HDAC6, instead of recognizing protein aggregates by binding directly to polyubiquitinated proteins, binds exclusively to the unanchored C-terminal diglycine motif of ubiquitin.

In this report, the authors showed that both HDAC domains are required for the intact deacetylase activity of HDAC-6.

In this study, the author generated HDAC6 knock out mice and investigated the in vivo functions of HDAC6 and the relevance of tubulin acetylation/deacetylation. they observed that HDAC6-deficient mice are viable and fertile and show hyperacetylated tubulin in most tissues.They concluded that mice survive well without HDAC6 and that tubulin hyperacetylation is not detrimental to normal mammalian development.


This work showed that when influenza virus ribonucleoproteins (vRNPs), devoid of M1, were introduced into the cytoplasm of cells by microinjection, they were found to be imported into the nucleus, and the RNA was transcribed. Their uptake into the nucleus was ATP-dependent, inhibited by antibodies to the nuclear pore complex, unaffected by the prior acidification of the vRNPs, and not inhibited by an anti-virurs, called amantadine. These experiments demonstrated that for productive infection, all the early stages of the viral entry pathway can be bypassed.

This study provides a powerful high-throughput platform to understand the host cell processes. The authors developed quantitative, imaging-based assays to dissect seven consecutive steps in the early phases of IAV infection in tissue culture cells.

This work investigated the cell fusion process of representatives of 3 families of enveloped viruses. it was discovered that hemagglutinin plays a role for the influenza in the low-pH-dependent membrane fusion activity. Low-pH-induced fusion is a widespread property of enveloped animal viruses and that it may play a role in the infective process.

The authors of this paper identified the ion channel activity of M2.

This work investigated the cell fusion process of representatives of 3 families of enveloped viruses. it was discovered that hemagglutinin plays a role for the influenza in the low-pH-dependent membrane fusion activity. Low-pH-induced fusion is a widespread property of enveloped animal viruses and that it may play a role in the infective process.

This work described the nuclear transport of influenza virus ribonucleoproteins (vRNPs). Viral matrix protein (M1) associates with newly assembled vRNPs in the nucleus and escorts them to the cytoplasm through the nuclear pores. In contrast, during entry of the virus into a new host cell, M1 protein dissociates from the RNPs, allowing them to enter the nucleus.

This study is about animal domestication. It explains that the dog is the only animal domesticated before the advent of agriculture. It also discuss the limits of mtDNA analysis.

There's more on Applicative (and Functor) here, in case you're unfamiliar with it.