An alternative, more-challenging solution would be to establish a specialized software journal (or subsection of an existing journal) that includes update articles

Citations and grants for software are tangible credits for first versions of software, but may not be sufficient incentive for continuing maintenance.

We must implement new policies to align academic career goals with scientific goals.

They grade those companies from A (totally halted Russian engagement or completely exited Russia) to F (continuing business as usual in Russia).

While DOIs are often used to link to and identify first-class research objects, e.g., research articles or data sets, MAST and AAS are in agreement that data DOIs should not be treated as first-class citable references on their own, and thus should not show up independently in the bibliography.

Beyond proper collection, annotation, and archival, data stewardship includes the notion of ‘long-term care’ of valuable digital assets, with the goal that they should be discovered and re-used for downstream investigations, either alone, or in combination with newly generated data.

Sharing of information: the physician informs the family about the disease, treatment options, and prognosis with and without treatment. The family informs the physician about the patient's values and preferences. Building up rapport with the relatives and showing empathy is essential.

However, surrogates still predicted patients' preferences better than physicians.

n a review of 17 studies with 151 hypothetical scenarios describing severe diseases of different kinds,7 surrogates incorrectly predicted the patients' end-of life treatment preferences in one third of the cases.

There are several limitations to surrogate decision making. First, families are often stressed and distracted and might therefore have a reduced ability to make any decision.

severe or moderately severe disability.

Less than 10% of researchers are using an electronic lab notebook today. However, in my mind there is no doubt that the digital trend will accelerate and that we’ll see a lot more of the EL

NDEx lets you specify Licenses and Request DOIs for your networks to include in grant proposals or publications thus enabling papers to link directly to your data.

can upload networks via their custom scripts using the NDEx REST API

REST API documentation for Genotype associated phenotype calls

Deleting Data Collections

Require DOI?: Set this to true in order to generate a permanent identifier for this collection (Please set this to true for collections related to publications).

The use of the common metabolite names in the RefMet database is strongly encouraged in order to be able to compare and contrast metabolite data across different experiments and studies.

Although this possibility remains to be examined systematically, the few pieces of evidence available in the literature suggest that synaptic density is constant across species

Nevertheless, we are so convinced of our primacy that we carry it explicitly in the name given by Linnaeus to the mammalian order to which we belong—Primata, meaning “first rank,” and we are seemingly the only animal species concerned with developing entire research programs to study itself.

The h-index varies by field: life scientists top out at 200; physicists at 100 and social scientists at 20–30 (ref. 8). It is database dependent: there are researchers in computer science who have an h-index of around 10 in the Web of Science but of 20–30 in Google Scholar9.

5) Allow those evaluated to verify data and analysis.

Recent commercial entrants should be held to the same standards; no one should accept a black-box evaluation machine.

Interest in the journal impact factor grew steadily after 1995 (see 'Impact-factor obsession').

PMid: 25271090

“It’s very unlikely that [the U.S. National Institutes of Health] would have gambled on it.”

Will this become a cheap pretense used to justify budget reduction in experimental basic neuroscience? It seems indeed easier in terms of budget control to turn scientists into high-tech engineers rather than to fund basic research on a wider spectrum with reduced short-term impact.

for modalities (vision) less adapted to its behavioral repertoire and, more obviously still, for higher cognitive functions

The RNN data resembled the animals’ neural activity, suggesting that the prefrontal cortex uses the same approach.

What neuroscientists do know is that the brain makes these adaptive decisions quickly — faster than it takes to alter the structure of neural circuits. “So something about the dynamics of the neural circuit must change,” says David Sussillo, a research scientist at Google and an investigator with the Simons Collaboration on the Global Brain (SCGB).

Development or extension of tools to link different types of data relevant to the BRAIN Initiative.  These tools could:  allow searches across multiple data repositories for data relevant to a researcher.  However, tools that focus on the development of broad ontologies will not be responsive and will be withdrawn prior to peer review.  Applications that focus on the development of a narrow ontology for a particular purpose are an acceptable component of an application.

Upon finding a similarity between humans and another species, it is often claimed that the feature is conserved from that species to humans; to paraphrase Aristotle, however, two species do not a phylogenetic comparison make.

In 1929, at a time before there were designer organisms, August Krogh [13Krogh, A.The progress of physiology.Am. J. Physiol. 1929; 90: 243-251Google Scholar] wrote what has come to be called Krogh’s principle: “For a large number of problems there will be some animal of choice or a few such animals on which it can be most conveniently studied”.

Reflections on the Decline of Science in England: And on Some of Its Causes.

for “excellence”

“Having to sensationalize and embellish impact claims was seen to have become a normalized and necessary, if regretful, aspect of academic culture and arguably par for the course in applying for competitive research funds”

Articles that are initially rejected and then go on to be published to great acclaim or even just in journals of a similar or higher ranking represent what are in essence false negatives in our ability to assess “excellence.”

the basic sense that journal peer review is a gatekeeper that is frequently circumvented remains.

how that in terms of citation metrics the most novel work is systematically undervalued over the time frames that conventional measures use,

it turns out, appear to be particularly poor at recognizing a given instance of “excellence” when they see it, or, if they think they do, getting others to agree with them.

As with most problems in scholarly communication, the challenge with peer review is therefore not technical but social.

and interactions with societal stakeholders in defining research questions

Within evidence-based medicine, systematic reviews are considered stronger evidence than individual studies.

‘we should be able to improve research if we reward scientists specifically for adopting behaviours that are known to improve research’.

We interpreted that several of the documents pointed to a disconnect between the production of research and the needs of society (i.e., productivity may lack translational impact and societal added value).

A burgeoning number of scientific leaders believe the current system of faculty incentives and rewards is misaligned with the needs of society and disconnected from the evidence about the causes of the reproducibility crisis and suboptimal quality of the scientific publication record.

these data

R24

including U01, U19 data centers,  R24 data archives

Joining ODC-SCI

2

Naming Convention

Finally, the importance of establishing a common cell type nomenclature across species cannot be overstated. This should best be done through a community effort. Here we would like to suggest the following considerations. The nomenclature could follow a hierarchical order, starting at the highest level: the species, then the brain region annotated based on a unified anatomical reference atlas system with cross-correlations among species, and then the cell type as defined by a multimodal feature set (including locational, molecular, morphological, physiological, and ontological features).

The individually distorted caricatures here, and in the caricature world in general, do not contradict or match the reality but are similar enough to be shared and communicated with others.

hus, we can conclude that although the world is very complex, it is well structured and thus not so difficult to understand as it would be if comprised of totally independent elements. Dimension reduction—description in terms of a few summarizing features—can strikingly decrease the complexity of both the physical world and brain functions (Pang et al., 2016xDimensionality reduction in neuroscience. Pang, R., Lansdell, B.J., and Fairhall, A.L. Curr. Biol. 2016; 26: R656–R660Abstract | Full Text | Full Text PDF | PubMed | Scopus (6) | Google ScholarSee all ReferencesPang et al., 2016). Since ecologically valid stimuli often elicit stronger brain responses than do artificial and static stimuli, the difficulties of using naturalistic stimuli in laboratories of human brain imaging may have been overemphasized.

participationofastatisticianortheoristincollaborationwithanexperimentalist

buttheyshouldalsopermitthestudyofrichbehaviorsappropriatetothespecies

The results suggest that synaptic connectivity diverged during evolution while behavior was conserved.

any scientists who work on model organisms, including both of us, have been known to contrive a connection to human disease to boost a grant or paper. It's fair: after all, the parallels are genuine, but the connection is often rather indirect.

but so are an implausible 22% of all chemicals tested.

Ironically, this hypothesis has not been questioned as hypotheses should be questioned in science, hence our calling it an overarching hypothesis

If a modality consistently fails to make accurate predictions then the modality cannot be said to be predictive simply because it occasionally forecasts a correct answer.

others have argued that words must have meaning in science and in fact these meanings separate science from pseudoscience

For example, funding agencies may be more interested in performance measures related to the translation of team research findings to practical applications, whereas team researchers may use the number of publications produced and amount grant funding obtained to gauge the success of a team science endeavor. In addition, the method of evaluation and metrics of success may vary at different points during the team research project. Short-term measures may include indicators of synergistic output, whereas long-term measures may be related to the impact of the research on the evolution of a discipline or the development of public policy.

A dataset alone, without accompanying documentation of the research methods by which it was created, analysis and interpretation of the findings, and associated context such as instruments, models, and software, may be littlemore than a string of numbers. The better documented and curated, the more useful any given set of data will be to others.

The promises of open access to research data are vast, althoughmired in hyperbole

a publication in the formal sense of peer review,

The other problem is conflating data release with “data publishing,” which has become popular terminology.

Common Data Elements (CDEs) are standardized terms for the collection and exchange of data. CDEs are metadata; they describe the type of data being collected, not the data itself. A basic example of metadata is the question presented on a form, "Patient Name," whereas an example of data would be "Jane Smith."

You’ll basically never need a so-called “permissioned blockchain.” If you have a trusted third party, you don’t need any sort of blockchain — and in real-world use cases, you’ll almost always have a trusted third party, or central administrator of some sort.

Beyond a shared, but quite vague, notion of using digital and networked technologies better, FORCE11 seeks ways to support the ideas and projects that can bubble up when disparate groups of people come together. My view of what makes FORCE11 unique and valuable is that it is a kind of social infrastructure that can support this.

What I will say is that top-down initiatives led by people who are already well known are easier to resource than platforms to support innovation initiated by those we do not know, or are designed to help us to solve problems that we have not yet realized we have.

ne of my frustrations has been that funding to collate what we have learned and turn it into systems, guidelines and templates that could be used by others has been difficult or impossible to find.

The FORCE conference has become an important part of the calendar for many different communities, and is unusual in the diversity of different groups that it brings together.

it is worth noting that the Manifesto did not grapple with issues of structural power, diversity or geographical inclusion, assuming as many of us did at that time, that the utopian vision it outlined would solve all of those problems.

o make data FAIR through use of a shared virtual space to store and work with biomedical research data and analytical tools.

scientists across a wide array of fields said they spend most of their work time (about 80 percent) doing what they least like to do: collecting existing data sets and organizing data.

17Implementation Tactics:•Promote community development and adoption of uniform standards for data indexing, citation, and modification-tracking (provenance)

By separating the evaluation and funding for tool development and dissemination from support for databasesand knowledgebases, innovative new tools and methods shouldrapidly overtake and supplant older, obsolete ones

Longer-term: Expand NIH Data Commons to allow submission, open sharing, and indexing of individual, FAIR datasets.

NIH will create an environment in which individual laboratoriescan link datasets to publications in the NCBI’sPubMedCentral publication database

NIH’s strategic approach will move towarda common architecture, infrastructure, and set of toolsupon which individual Institutes and Centers (ICs)and scientific communitieswill build and tailor for specific needs

adopt and adapt tools

most of them linked to research grantmechanismsthat prioritized innovation and hypothesis testingover user service, utility, access, or efficiency.

NIH will develop strategies to link high-value NIH data systems, building a frameworkto ensure they can be used together rather than existing asisolated data silos(see text box, below, “Biomedical Data Translator”). A key goal is to promote expanded data sharing to benefit not only biomedical researchers but also policymakers, funding agencies, professional organizations,and the public.

4In subsequent years, NIH's needs have evolved, and as such the agency has established a new position to advance NIH data science across the extramural and intramural research communities. The inaugural NIH Chief Data Strategist, in close collaboration with the NIH Scientific Data Council and NIH Data Science Policy Council,will guide the development and implementation of NIH’s data-science activities and provide leadership withinthe broader biomedical research data ecosystem. This new leadership position will also forge partnershipsoutside NIH’sboundaries, including withother federaland international fundingagencies and withthe private sectorto ensure synergy and efficiency, and prevent unnecessary duplication of efforts. As a result of the rapid pace of change in biomedical research and information technology, several pressing issues related to the data-resource ecosystem confront NIH and othercomponentsofthe biomedical research community, including: •The growing costs of managingdata could diminish NIH’s ability to enable scientists to generatedata for understanding biology and improving health. •The current data-resource ecosystem tends to be “siloed” and is not optimally integrated or interconnected.•Important datasets exist in many different formats and are often not easily shared, findable, or interoperable.•Historically, NIH hasoften supported data resourcesusing funding approaches designed for researchprojects, which has led to a misalignment of objectives and review expectations.•Funding for tool development and data resources has become entangled, making it difficult to assess theutilityof each independentlyand to optimize value and efficiency.•There is currently no generalsystem to transform, or harden,innovative algorithmsand tools created by academic scientists into enterprise-ready resourcesthat meet industry standards of ease of use and efficiency of operation. As a public steward of taxpayer funds, NIH must think and plan carefully to ensure that its resources are spent efficiently toward extracting the most benefit from its investments.

Most do not contribute anything back to PKP

o major society publishers with many high-profile journals.

We have been successful as a research group, but our research does not always make its way into our offerings.

Developing tools, documentation, and service packages to make it easier for existing OJS2 users to migrate to OJS3, so they can enjoy its full benefits.

an average of 46 articles per year

at least at least

n order to avoid lock-in by individual service providers, the EOSC should foster fair competition of public, PPP and private providerson clear value propositions of highly professional services.

open by default

Thus, reactive astrocytes seem to contribute to the inhibition of neurogenesis from transplanted stem cells and inhibit axonal regeneration. The general concept evolving is that in early stages of injury, reactive astrocytes are needed to limit tissue damage including scar formation, which provides beneficial effects initially in shielding the brain, whereas the consequences of persistent reactive astrocytosis can be harmful

Experimentally ablating all reactive astrocytes that proliferate in response to injury highlights the beneficial role of reactive gliosis. Specifically, it resulted in a pronounced increase in tissue damage, lesion size and neuronal loss in various mouse models of injury

Thus, protoplasmic astrocytes have the capacity to resume cell proliferation and re-express proteins present in radial glia at earlier developmental stages or adult NSCs.

5. INNOVATION AND COMMERCIAL RESEARCH BASED ON THE USE OF FACTS, DATA, AND IDEAS SHOULD NOT BE RESTRICTED BY INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAW

3. LICENSES AND CONTRACT TERMS SHOULD NOT RESTRICT INDIVIDUALS FROM USING FACTS, DATA AND IDEAS Generally, licences and contract terms that regulate and restrict how individuals may analyse and use facts, data and ideas are unacceptable and inhibit innovation and the creation of new knowledge and, therefore, should not be adopted. Similarly, it is unacceptable that technical measures in digital rights management systems should inhibit the lawful right to perform content mining.

If each of these astrocyte subsets serves a specific functional role, identifying the signals or cell types regulating this subset may allow selectively influencing specific types of reactive astrocyte functions and not others. Given that reactive astrocytes with NSC properties seemingly exert beneficial functions as discussed above (235, 242, 255),

his is important as activated, reactive astrocytes surround the injury site in the mammalian CNS (see below), while such cells are absent upon injury in species with radial glial cells instead of astrocytes.

The adjacent neurogenic SEZ region still supplies large numbers of neuroblasts migrating to the injury site (274), demonstrating persistent failure of these to survive and integrate even after the acute reaction has vanished.

Thus the hypothalamus certainly contains cells with NSC properties, while neurogenesis at resting state in the adult brain appears to be rather low (Figure 3A). Importantly, however, it can be activated by metabolic stimuli (93, 213), prompting the important question about the functional consequences of this induced adult neurogenesis.

Summing up, many vertebrates are equipped with widespread adult NSCs that resemble the NSCs in the developing brain, either the neuroepithelial or the radial glial cells. This has important consequences for the reaction after brain injury, not only in regard to the repertoire of glial cells reacting to injury which is obviously different from mammalian brains (e.g., the zebrafish CNS largely lacks parenchymal astrocytes; see, e.g., Ref. 14) but also in regard to the capacity to replace degenerated neurons that is largely lacking in the mammalian CNS.

Thus the lineage of NG2-expressing cells in the developing neural tube is not restricted to oligodendrocyte cells, and the term OPCs is not appropriate.

Intriguingly, the remaining OPCs that were largely ventrally derived could readily replenish the depleted pool of dorsally derived OPCs and give rise to mature oligodendrocytes that could fully substitute the missing cell population

Intriguingly, these differences between OPCs and astrocyte progenitors at early postnatal stages anticipate their respective behavior in the adult brain after injury, with astrocytes remaining very stationary with virtually no migration towards the injury site (8, 280), as opposed to glial progenitors of the OPC lineage that readily migrate and accumulate around the injury site (see below and Figure 4).

So, neighboring astrocytes do not invade and compensate for the partial loss of astrocytes within a specific CNS region, highlighting the important concept of regional diversity of astrocytes, similar and/or in relation to the regional diversity of neuronal subtypes.

Given this functional importance of the long radial processes, it was difficult to perceive that these cells should divide at the same time despite their DNA synthesis as demonstrated by [3H]thymidine incorporation

further extend their radial processes reaching out up to several millimeters in the human cerebral cortex.

How can such a cell divide or are astrocytes with stem cell functions a special kind? In the most extreme case, glial cells with stem or progenitor cell function may have just been mistaken for glial cells due to the expression of “a few markers” and there would be a deep divide between a mature glial cell and any type of stem or progenitor cell.

This prompts a short comment on the confusing use of the term oligodendrocyte precursor/progenitor cells. The term progenitor refers to a proliferating cell, while precursor refers to an immature state, which is why we use the term oligodendrocyte progenitor cell as we are referring to proliferating cells.

The axon is indeed a further site of neural computation, rather than a sheer propagating cable.

the NG2-glia

We apologize to the authors of papers we could not include in this Review owing to space limitations.

Another question to investigate is whether the complex axonal mRNA repertoire is a property of individual axons or a collective property of diverse axons.

Intriguingly, there is evidence suggesting that axonal protein synthesis might be augmented after nerve injury by an unconventional mechanism of transceullar ribosomal delivery from glial cells

As local mRNA translation mediates adaptive responses to extracellular signals, it is not surprising that mRNA translation can occur even in mature axons, especially during plastic responses such as regeneration.

Tyrosine hydroxlase mRNAs can be detected in the striatum by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and in situ hybridization and is decreased by pharmacological lesion to the nigrostriatal pathway

Nerve terminals that secrete neurotransmitters remotely from their cell bodies might benefit from local mRNA translation.

This finding is in accordance with studies using mollusc neurons, which show that presynaptic protein synthesis89 is required for synapse formation

INCF for Fiji Image Processing School.

13452119

The fear with these billionaire donors is that they’ll fund junky science, wasting money and time,”

This seems like a very peculiar institutional and organizational form to champion in a democratic society.

machine learning amateurs

For example, overfitting is a common machine learning mistake made by even experienced data scientists.

Just as these tools turned knowledge workers into amateur presenters and financial analysts, the ongoing democratization of machine learning invites them to become amateur data scientists. But as data and smarter algorithms proliferate enterprise-wide, how sustainable will that be?

Passive AI/ML, by contrast, means the algorithms largely determine people’s parameters and processes for getting the job done. The software is in charge; the machines tell the humans what to do. Machines rule.

But more and more, colleges and universities are getting rid of their botany programs, either by consolidating them with zoology and biology departments, or eliminating them altogether because of a lack of faculty, funds or sometimes interest. And at the same time, many trained botanists in federal agencies, such as the Bureau of Land Management, are nearing retirement age, and those agencies are clamoring for new talent.

data or metadata

When should new knowledge be qualified for a new term?

New knowledge requires new vocabularies, but when do we stop?

give semantics to your data

There is no Totalitarian lock-in, there may be no Authoritarian lock-in. But there is Democratic lock-in, where the independent choice of an individual leads inexorably to a stem-to-stern series of services, all provided by the same company.

There is no Manichean struggle in scholarly communications with Good fighting Evil, though to look at some library blogs or the effluvium from SPARC you would think that the devil had found a home on the boards of directors of the larger commercial firms. What we have instead is a suite of activities that are generated from the ground up, with each participant looking out for their own interests, as we would expect, and as we do ourselves in our personal dealings. The scholarly community has no unambiguous borders, despite cries to build a wall to keep out the commercial immigrants, and even capitalism itself. No one speaks for the community as a whole. Regarding lock-in, what we have is a situation where vendors want it and customers don’t. This is the natural order of things. Let the battle begin.

(kristenjensencv AT gmail.com

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Suggest a resource (resources include software, organizations, databases, etc). Organisms and antibodies should not be submitted to the resource registry.

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It depends primarily on better research and better statistical analysis, which will be brought about through improved education and training.

Indeed, in journals that had an impact factor greater than ten, almost twice as many papers used incorrect statistics or failed to report statistics (10/107; 95% CI 5.2%–16.4%) as reported statistics correctly (3/69; 95% CI 1.5%–12.0%).

This suggests that authors, referees, and editors generally are ignoring guidelines, and the editorial endorsement is yet to be effectively implemented.

20 to 55 years

both isolated and in their tissue context, from major tissues and systems from healthy research participants of both genders (Section 2;Table 1). It will combine single-cell profiling of dissociated cells and single-nucleus profiling of frozen samples with spatial analysis of cells in the context of tissues

The HCA will bea foundation for biological research and medicine: a comprehensive reference map of the types and properties of all human cellsand a basisfor understandingandmonitoring health and diagnosing and treating disease

We do not yet comprehensively know our cells —how they are defined by their molecular products, how they vary across tissues, systems, and organs, and how they influence health and dis

Biomedical scientists have invested significant effort into making it easy to perform lots of experiments quickly and cheaply. These “high throughput” methods are the workhorses of modern “systems biology” efforts. However, we simply cannot perform an experiment for every possible combination of different cell type, genetic mutation and other conditions. In practice this has led researchers to either exhaustively test a few conditions or targets, or to try to pick the experiments that best allow a particular problem to be explored. But which experiments should we pick? The ones we think we can predict the outcome of accurately, the ones for which we are uncertain what the results will be, or a combination of the two?

gender

However, it is not the sites that post these papers, it is academics themselves.

We see this at work in the Kudos survey where 83% of academics felt that copyright policies should be respected, but at the same time 63% felt that despite such policies, academics should be allowed to post their papers on SNS.

Thus, you have: 1) practices that are legal under copyright but are contrary to scholarly culture; 2) practices that are accepted scholarly culture, but are not supported by copyright; and 3) practices in the middle where copyright supports or overlaps with scholarly culture. An example of 1) might be the taking of a CC-BY licensed work and selling it: definitely legal but definitely contrary to accepted scholarly norms. An example of 2) might be attributing 500 authors on a journal paper. Copyright law has clear guidelines as to what constitutes authorship and you’d struggle to argue that 500 individuals were joint authors (and therefore copyright owners) of 5,000 words. However, it is accepted scholarly culture to attribute large research groups on research papers. An example of 3) might be where a work is plagiarized (infringement of accepted scholarly culture) and copyright law allows the copyright owner to bring a court case based on infringement of copyright.

There are many commentators who put academics’ reluctant copyright transfer activity down to a desperation to get published at any cost. There is no doubt some truth in this.

Table 1. List of resources currently available as Community Resources and abbreviations used in text.

The eventual goal is to use Texture as an integral building block in modern and customised end-to-end publishing systems, where the document sits in the center (single-source) and is edited by all involved parties (author, editor, reviewer) in a collaborative way.

Texture is designed to be embeddable. It provides a set of components that can be configured to fit different integration scenarios. For example, Texture will be soon available as a stand-alone desktop application (using Electron), ready to read and write JATS XML files from local filesystems. In contrast, Open Journal Systems (OJS) will integrate Texture into their web-based journal management software, where documents are read from and saved to a database.

Similarly, references can be initially tagged as mixed citations, but at a later stage, Texture can connect to third party APIs (e.g. DataCite, CrossRef) and convert them into fully structured element citations.

any country that moves to gold open access first would need to pay to broadcast its articles

Another reason APCs would rise is that the money flowing into the current system from outside the academic research community – i.e., journal subscriptions from industry – is estimated to be about 25 percent of the total. In a “pay-to-publish model,” systemic costs would need to be borne by the academic research community rather than shared with industry. This is because the costs of publishing in a gold OA system are covered entirely by those who publish articles – the academic research community – and not spread among consumers including the commercial sector, which accesses large amounts of research but publishes comparatively little. These two points have not been addressed in discussions to date but need to be worked through if gold open access is to be a viable, long-term solution globally.

AI companies are now targeting everything from criminal justice to health care. But we need much more research about how these systems work before we unleash them on our most sensitive social institutions.

Today’s AI is extraordinarily powerful when it comes to detecting patterns but lacks social and contextual awareness.

As one RAND study showed, Chicago’s algorithmic “heat list” system for identifying at-risk individuals failed to significantly reduce violent crime and also increased police harassment complaints by the very populations it was meant to protect.

Principle 3. If publicly accessible repositories for data have been agreed on by a community of researchers and are in general use, the relevant data should be deposited in one of the repositories by the time of publication.

see episode XXXXX) probably know the problems likely to be encountered (ToDO: Could be an exercise).

any health-specific domain expertise

A way of conceptualizing our way out of a single provider solution by a powerful first-mover is to think about datasets as public resources, with attendant public ownership interests.

If we are to see the true promise of artificial intelligence, a much more positive solution would be to heavily constrain the dataset and to introduce a competitive, open process for simultaneous technology development by a range of private, public, and private-public providers.

It is important to note that, while giving DeepMind access to NHS data does not in principle preclude the same access being given to other companies in future, the willingness to recreate work, and ability to catch up, will diminish over time. Already, anecdotally, startups are reluctant to move in places where DeepMind has started deploying its immense resources.

DeepMind did not have the requisite approvals for research from the Health Research Authority (HRA) and, in the case of identifiable data in particular, the Confidentiality Advisory Group (CAG)

Part of how this would be achieved technically, he indicated, was by making patient health data repurposable through an application programming interface termed FHIR (Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources; pronounced ‘fire’); an open, extensible standard for exchanging electronic health records.

The document, which is not legally binding, talks about plans for DeepMind to develop new systems for Royal Free as part of a “broad ranging, mutually beneficial partnership… to work on genuinely innovative and transformational projects” [37].

Drawing boundaries around the patients who are in a direct care relationship is not likely to be as clean as saying that it extends only to those who contract AKI, since the purpose of the app also includes monitoring

As DeepMind has acknowledged, “the national algorithm can miss cases of AKI, can misclassify their severity, and can label some as having AKI when they don’t” [30].

Why DeepMind, an artificial intelligence company wholly owned by data mining and advertising giant Google, was a good choice to build an app that functions primarily as a data-integrating user interface, has never been adequately explained by either DeepMind or Royal Free.

Beloved in the UK, the NHS is a key part of the national identity.

It also elaborates on the problematic basis on which data was shared by Royal Free, namely, the assertion that DeepMind maintains a direct care relationship with every patient in the Trust

the article assesses the first year of a deal between Google DeepMind and the Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, which involved the transfer of identifiable patient records across the entire Trust, without explicit consent, for the purpose of developing a clinical alert app for kidney injury.

Types of repositories: A variety of types of repositories are available, from specialized repositories developed around a specific domain, e.g., NITRC-IR, openfMRI, to general repositories that will take all domains and most data types, e.g.,Figshare, Dryad, OSF, DataVerse, Zenodo (Table 2). Many research institutions are maintaining data repositories for their researchers as well (e.g., University of California DASH).

e.g., NITRC-IR, openfMRI, to general repositories that will take all domains and most data types, e.g.,Figshare, Dryad, OSF, DataVerse, Zenodo (Table 2).

(see Exercise 1: Finding a data repository for your data).

F1: (meta) data are assigned globally unique and persistent identifiers

modulde

Object

Comments/Persistent Identifier Systems

MLRGSARTYW

He has previously shown that decapitated flatworms can retain their memories after they regrow a new brain, clearly showing that memory doesn’t depend on neurons.

“convey the patient’s full emotional state, especially the suffering resulting from the turmoil the person is undergoing”

challenging clinicians to “look attentively enough and acknowledge that there is something more than the scientific list of signs to account for” and to “go beyond the set of nociceptive and affective features coming together in a specific but quite mechanistic configuration” when trying to understand another’s pain.

The Maf-family leucine zipper transcription factor NRL is essential for rod photoreceptor development and functional maintenance in the mammalian retina.

Hong Hao1,{, Shob

novelReep6isoform (termedReep6.1)

TheMaf-familyleucinezipper transcription factor NRL isessentialforrod photoreceptordevelopmentandfunc-tional maintenance in the mammalian retina.

he thinks that much of neuroscience has been seduced by what she terms the “dogma” of reductionism. “Everyone is convinced that if you can find the genetic molecular explanation for something now then you understand it and hence you can fix it, even though there is literally no evidence for this.”

But if your constituency, to use Marqusee’s term, is society, not scientists, then the choice of what data and knowledge you need has to be informed by the real-world context of the problem to be solved.

Like Visco and Fitzpatrick, Marqusee thinks that the absence of such accountability has led to “a system which produces far too many publications” and has “too many mouths to feed.”