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    1. Homozygous type 2N R854W von Willebrand factor is poorly secreted and causes a severe von Willebrand disease phenotype

      PMID: 20586924

      Gene: VWF

      HGNC: 12726

      Disease: von Willebrand Disease Type 2N

      MONDO: 0015631

      InheritancePattern: Autosomal Recessive

      Prevalence: Various sources (PMID: 28847738, PMID:19809303, PMID:29115006) can be combined to estimate the prevalence of VWD Type 2N between 1:15,000 and 1:80,000.

      Penetrance: VWD type 2 is fully penetrant / nearly fully penetrant for most pathogenic variants.

    1. A diagnosis of von Willebrand disease despite normal test results for factor VIII and von Willebrand factor antigen and activity Penelope Motum,  Penelope Motum Haematology, NSW Health Pathology, Liverpool Hospital, New South Wales, AustraliaSearch for more papers by this authorSarah Just,  Sarah Just Haematology, NSW Health Pathology, Liverpool Hospital, New South Wales, AustraliaSearch for more papers by this authorDiane Zebeljan,  Diane Zebeljan Haematology, NSW Health Pathology, Liverpool Hospital, New South Wales, AustraliaSearch for more papers by this authorCatherine Nicholls,  Catherine Nicholls Department of Genetic Pathology, SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, AustraliaSearch for more papers by this authorGeoffrey Kershaw,  Geoffrey Kershaw Haematology, NSW Health Pathology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, New South Wales, AustraliaSearch for more papers by this authorSusan Oliver,  Susan Oliver Department of Haematology, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research (ICPMR), NSW Health Pathology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, AustraliaSearch for more papers by this authorSoma Mohammed,  Soma Mohammed Department of Haematology, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research (ICPMR), NSW Health Pathology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, AustraliaSearch for more papers by this authorEmmanuel J. Favaloro,  Corresponding Author Emmanuel J. Favaloro emmanuel.favaloro@health.nsw.gov.au orcid.org/0000-0002-2103-1661 Department of Haematology, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research (ICPMR), NSW Health Pathology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia Department of Haematology, Sydney Centres for Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia Correspondence Emmanuel J. Favaloro, Department of Haematology, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research (ICPMR), Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, 2145, Australia. Email: emmanuel.favaloro@health.nsw.gov.auSearch for more papers by this author

      PMID: 31423628

      Gene: VWF

      HGNC: 12726

    1. Classification and Characterization of Hereditary Types 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2M, 2N, and 2U (Unclassifiable) von Willebrand Disease

      PMID: 17000885

      Gene: VWF

      HGNC: 12726

      Disease: von Willebrand disease type 2M

      MONDO: 0015630

      InheritancePattern: Autosomal Dominant

      Prevalence: Overall VWD prevalence is estimated to be as high as 1 in 100 in the general population, with 1 in 10,000 pursuing tertiary care referral (PMID: 28847738).

      Penetrance: Fully penetrant / nearly fully penetrant for most pathogenic type 2 variants

    1. Purification of botrocetin from Bothrops jararaca venom. Analysis of the botrocetin-mediated interaction between von Willebrand factor and the human platelet membrane glycoprotein Ib-IX complex

      PMID: 2557900

      Gene: VWF

      HGNC: 12726

      Disease: von Willebrand disease type 2M

      MONDO: 0015630

      InheritancePattern: Autosomal Dominant

      Prevalence: Overall VWD prevalence is estimated to be as high as 1 in 100 in the general population, with 1 in 10,000 pursuing tertiary care referral ((PMID: 28847738).

      Penetrance: Fully penetrant / nearly fully penetrant for most pathogenic type 2 variants

    1. Characterisation of mutations and molecular studies of type 2 von Willebrand disease

      PMID: 23179108

      Gene: VWF

      HGNC: 12726

      Disease: von Willebrand disease type 2B

      MONDO: 0015629

      InheritancePattern: Autosomal Dominant

      Prevalence: Overall VWD prevalence is estimated to be as high as 1 in 100 in the general population, with 1 in 10,000 pursuing tertiary care referral ((PMID: 28847738).

      Penetrance: Fully penetrant / nearly fully penetrant for most pathogenic type 2 variants

    1. von Willebrand disease type B: a missense mutation selectively abolishes ristocetin-induced von Willebrand factor binding to platelet glycoprotein Ib.

      PMID: 1409710

      Gene: VWF

      HGNC: 12726

      Disease: von Willebrand disease type 2M

      MONDO: 0015630

      InheritancePattern: Autosomal Dominant

      Prevalence: Overall VWD prevalence is estimated to be as high as 1 in 100 in the general population, with 1 in 10,000 pursuing tertiary care referral ((PMID: 28847738).

      Penetrance: Fully penetrant / nearly fully penetrant for most pathogenic type 2 variants

    1. Diagnostic high-throughput sequencing of 2396 patients with bleeding, thrombotic, and platelet disorders

      PMID: 31064749

      Gene: VWF

      HGNC: 12726

      Disease: von Willebrand Disease Type 2

      MONDO: 0013304

      InheritancePattern: Autosomal Dominant (for Types 2A, 2B and 2M) or Autosomal Recessive (for Type 2N)

      Prevalence: Overall VWD prevalence is estimated to be as high as 1 in 100 in the general population, with 1 in 10,000 pursuing tertiary care referral ((PMID: 28847738).

      Penetrance: Fully penetrant / nearly fully penetrant for most pathogenic variants

    1. Search for mutations in a segment of the exon 28 of the human von Willebrand factor gene: New mutations, R1315C and R1341W, associated with type 2M and 2B variants

      PMID: 9723578

      Gene: VWF

      HGNC: 12726

      Disease: von Willebrand disease type 2B

      MONDO: 0015629

      InheritancePattern: Autosomal Dominant

      Prevalence: Overall VWD prevalence is estimated to be as high as 1 in 100 in the general population, with 1 in 10,000 pursuing tertiary care referral ((PMID: 28847738).

      Penetrance: Fully penetrant / nearly fully penetrant for most pathogenic type 2 variants

    1. c.8318 G > C, p.Cys2773Ser mutation

      Case: Moreno-Castano_2021_Case_1, female, age 21 at time of study

      DiseaseAssertion: VWD2A

      FamilyInfo: The phenotypes of the affected propositus, the two unaffected parents, and the unaffected sibling are documented in Table I and Figure 1, while the family relationsihps and genotypes are not shown but described.

      ParentalGenotype(s): The parental genotypes are negative for the variant, indicating that the variant is likely de novo in the proband.

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0030129 (Impaired ristocetin cofactor assay activity), HP:0011871 (Impaired ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation), HP:0040225 (Decrease in high molecular weight von Willebrand factor Multimers), HP:0000978 (Bruising susceptibility), HP:0000421 (Epistaxis)

      CaseHPOFreeText: Low VWF:RCo/VWF:Ag ratio

      CaseNOTHPOs: HP:0030976 (Abnormal factor VIII activity)

      CaseNOTHPOFreeText: Normal / slightly higher VWF antigen level

      CasePreviousTesting: Because of the detailed clinical phenotype, genotyping was limited to the VWF locus alone.

      GenotypingMethod: Genotyping consisted of PCR amplification and Sanger sequencing of the 52 exons of the VWF gene, as well as linkage analysis using four STRs located within the VWF locus.

      PreviouslyPublished: The case appears to have been first published in PMID: 28971901.

      Gene: VWF

      Variant: NM_000552.5(VWF):c.8318G>C (p.Cys2773Ser)

      ClinVarID: 100503

      gnomAD: This variant is absent from gnomAD v2.1.1 and v3.1.2.

    1. Management of pregnancy in type 2B von Willebrand disease: case report and literature review

      PMID: 25431025

      Gene: VWF

      HGNC: 12726

      Disease: von Willebrand disease type 2B

      MONDO: 0015629

      InheritancePattern: Autosomal Dominant

      Prevalence: Overall VWD prevalence is estimated to be as high as 1 in 100 in the general population, with 1 in 10,000 pursuing tertiary care referral ((PMID: 28847738).

      Penetrance: Fully penetrant / nearly fully penetrant for most pathogenic type 2 variants

    1. Type 2M von Willebrand Disease: F606I and I662F Mutations in the Glycoprotein Ib Binding Domain Selectively Impair Ristocetin- but not Botrocetin-Mediated Binding of von Willebrand Factor to Platelets

      PMID: 9473222

      Gene: VWF

      HGNC: 12726

      Disease: von Willebrand disease type 2M

      MONDO: 0015630

      InheritancePattern: Autosomal Dominant

      Prevalence: Overall VWD prevalence is estimated to be as high as 1 in 100 in the general population, with 1 in 10,000 pursuing tertiary care referral (PMID: 28847738).

      Penetrance: Fully penetrant / nearly fully penetrant for most pathogenic type 2 variants

    2. In Family A, a single T → A missense mutation at nt 4105 was detected for both patient AII-1 and patient AIII-1, resulting in the substitution of Ile for Phe606 (F606I, Fig3A). The normal allele was also identified in both of these patients. These patients were also heterozygous for a commonly occurring A/G polymorphism at nt 4141,40 and a T/C polymorphism at nt 4641,40with the 4141A and the 4641T polymorphisms occurring in association with the missense mutation (data not shown).

      FamilyLabel: Hillery_1998_Family_A

      FamilyPresentingHPOs: HP:0030129 (Impaired ristocetin cofactor assay activity)

      FamilyPresentingHPOFreeText: Decreased ratio of vWFR:Co / VWF:Ag, decreased AVW-1 and AVW-3 antibody bound to VWF.

      FamilyNotHPOs: HP:0030131 (Abnormal von Willebrand factor multimer distribution), HP:0030130 (Impaired von Willibrand factor collagen binding activity)

    1. VWF mutations and new sequence variations identified in healthy controls are more frequent in the African-American population

      PMID: 22197721

      Gene: VWF

      HGNC: 12726

      Disease: von Willebrand Disease Type 2N

      MONDO: 0015631

      InheritancePattern: Autosomal Recessive

      Prevalence: Various sources (PMID: 28847738, PMID:19809303, PMID:29115006) can be combined to estimate the prevalence of VWD Type 2N between 1:15,000 and 1:80,000.

      Penetrance: VWD type 2 is fully penetrant / nearly fully penetrant for most pathogenic variants.

    1. Compromised Shear-Dependent Cleavage of Type 2N von Willebrand Factor Variants by ADAMTS13 in the Presence of Factor VIII

      PMID: 23636243

      Gene: VWF

      HGNC: 12726

      Disease: von Willebrand Disease Type 2N

      MONDO: 0015631

      InheritancePattern: Autosomal Recessive

      Prevalence: Various sources (PMID: 28847738, PMID:19809303, PMID:29115006) can be combined to estimate the prevalence of VWD Type 2N between 1:15,000 and 1:80,000.

      Penetrance: VWD type 2 is fully penetrant / nearly fully penetrant for most pathogenic variants.

    2. Wild type and several naturally occurring type 2N VWF variants (H817Q, R854Q+T789A, R782W, and R782W+H817Q) or a hereditary persistance of propeptide (HPP) variant (Fig. 1A) were constructed and expressed transiently in human embryonic kidney 293T cells.

      ExperimentName: Transient expression of VWD type 2N variants in 293T cells

      NonPatientCell: human embryonic kidney 293T cells (EFO:0001082)

      GeneFunction: GO:0005515 (protein binding, specifically to Factor VIII)

      GeneAlteration: A mutation encoding p.His817Gln was introduced into a construct for exogenous expression of the VWF protein.

      FunctionalEvidence: The variant protein exhibited a mild defect in FVIII binding relative to the wild-type (less severe than other VWD type 2N variants) (Figure 1C). Because of the defect in FVIII interaction, the variant also exhibits mildly reduced cleavage by ADAMTS13 (Figures 1F, 1G, and 1H).

      FAVariants: A construct equivalent to the c.2451T>A (p.His817Gln) variant was used (ClinVar:100224).

    1. First report of inhibitory von Willebrand factor alloantibodies in type 2B von Willebrand disease

      PMID: 25851809

      Gene: VWF

      HGNC: 12726

      Disease: von Willebrand disease type 2B

      MONDO: 0015629

      InheritancePattern: Autosomal Dominant

      Prevalence: Overall VWD prevalence is estimated to be as high as 1 in 100 in the general population, with 1 in 10,000 pursuing tertiary care referral ((PMID: 28847738).

      Penetrance: Fully penetrant / nearly fully penetrant for most pathogenic type 2 variants

    1. The agglutination of human platelets by botrocetin: evidence that botrocetin and ristocetin act at different sites on the factor VIII molecule and platelet membrane

      PMID: 6426499

      Gene: VWF

      HGNC: 12726

      Disease: von Willebrand disease type 2M

      MONDO: 0015630

      InheritancePattern: Autosomal Dominant

      Prevalence: Overall VWD prevalence is estimated to be as high as 1 in 100 in the general population, with 1 in 10,000 pursuing tertiary care referral ((PMID: 28847738).

      Penetrance: Fully penetrant / nearly fully penetrant for most pathogenic type 2 variants

    1. In FVIII-binding assays, vWF-W19 and vWF-Q54 show maximal binding that is 79% and 75% of wt vWF, respectively (Fig 6). Maximal binding for FVIII by vWF.3 was 52% of wt vWF. Added together, the percent reduction in binding for vWF-W19 and vWF-Q54 is nearly equal to the percent reduction of binding shown by vWF.3 (46% v 48%). These mutations also show an additive effect on the concentration of FVIII at which half-maximal binding occurs.

      ExperimentName: Factor VIII binding assays for variants exogenously expressed in COS-7 cells

      NonPatientCell: COS-7 cell line (CLO:0002597, EFO:0002009)

      GeneFunction: GO:0005515 (protein binding, specifically to Factor VIII)

      GeneAlteration: Site-directed mutagenesis was used to introduce a mutation encoding "His54Gln" (corresponding to the p.His817Gln substitution from the variant) into the mature (cleaved) VWF protein.

      FunctionalEvidence: The variant did not disrupt multimer formation (Figure 5) but reduced Factor VIII binding to 75% of wild-type levels (Figure 6). In combination with another missense mutation in cis that reduced Factor VIII binding by an additional 21-23%, and a frameshift mutation in trans predicted to cause the absence of a gene product, the variant appears likely to be contributing to pathogenicity.

      FAVariants: A construct equivalent to the c.2451T>A (p.His817Gln) variant was used (ClinVar:100224), although it expressed the proteolytically processed version of the protein product and referred to the variant as "His54Gln".

    2. The Defective Interaction Between von Willebrand Factor and Factor VIII in a Patient With Type 1 von Willebrand Disease Is Caused by Substitution of Arg19 and His54 in Mature von Willebrand Factor

      PMID: 8562925

      Gene: VWF

      HGNC: 12726

      Disease: von Willebrand Disease Type 2N

      MONDO: 0015631

      InheritancePattern: Autosomal Recessive

      Prevalence: Various sources (PMID: 28847738, PMID:19809303, PMID:29115006) can be combined to estimate the prevalence of VWD Type 2N between 1:15,000 and 1:80,000.

      Penetrance: VWD type 2 is fully penetrant / nearly fully penetrant for most pathogenic variants.

    1. The genetic basis of von Willebrand disease

      PMID: 20409624

      Gene: VWF

      HGNC: 12726

      Disease: von Willebrand disease type 2B

      MONDO: 0015629

      InheritancePattern: Autosomal Dominant

      Prevalence: Overall VWD prevalence is estimated to be as high as 1 in 100 in the general population, with 1 in 10,000 pursuing tertiary care referral ((PMID: 28847738).

      Penetrance: Fully penetrant / nearly fully penetrant for most pathogenic type 2 variants

    1. Common and rare von Willebrand factor (VWF) coding variants, VWF levels, and factor VIII levels in African Americans: the NHLBI Exome Sequencing Project

      PMID: 23690449

      Gene: VWF

      HGNC: 12726

      Disease: von Willebrand Disease Type 2N

      MONDO: 0015631

      InheritancePattern: Autosomal Recessive

      Prevalence: Various sources (PMID: 28847738, PMID:19809303, PMID:29115006) can be combined to estimate the prevalence of VWD Type 2N between 1:15,000 and 1:80,000.

      Penetrance: VWD type 2 is fully penetrant / nearly fully penetrant for most pathogenic variants.

    1. Misfolding of vWF to Pathologically Disordered Conformations Impacts the Severity of von Willebrand Disease

      PMID: 25185554

      Gene: VWF

      HGNC: 12726

      Disease: von Willebrand disease type 2M

      MONDO: 0015630

      InheritancePattern: Autosomal Dominant

      Prevalence: Overall VWD prevalence is estimated to be as high as 1 in 100 in the general population, with 1 in 10,000 pursuing tertiary care referral (PMID: 28847738).

      Penetrance: Fully penetrant / nearly fully penetrant for most pathogenic type 2 variants

    1. The Chaperonin GroEL: A Versatile Tool for Applied Biotechnology Platforms

      PMID: 29868607

      Gene: VWF

      HGNC: 12726

      Disease: von Willebrand disease type 2M

      MONDO: 0015630

      InheritancePattern: Autosomal Dominant

      Prevalence: Overall VWD prevalence is estimated to be as high as 1 in 100 in the general population, with 1 in 10,000 pursuing tertiary care referral (PMID: 28847738).

      Penetrance: Fully penetrant / nearly fully penetrant for most pathogenic type 2 variants

    1. The co-influence of VWD type 2B/2M mutations in the A1 domain and platelet GPIbα on the rate of cleavage to VWF by ADAMTS13

      PMID: 26345337

      Gene: VWF

      HGNC: 12726

      Disease: von Willebrand disease type 2B

      MONDO: 0015629

      InheritancePattern: Autosomal Dominant

      Prevalence: Overall VWD prevalence is estimated to be as high as 1 in 100 in the general population, with 1 in 10,000 pursuing tertiary care referral ((PMID: 28847738).

      Penetrance: Fully penetrant / nearly fully penetrant for most pathogenic type 2 variants

    1. Biochemical characterization of a recombinant von Willebrand factor (VWF) with combined type 2B and type 1 defects in the VWF gene in two patients with a type 2A phenotype of von Willebrand disease

      PMID: 17155947

      Gene: VWF

      HGNC: 12726

      Disease: von Willebrand disease type 2B

      MONDO: 0015629

      InheritancePattern: Autosomal Dominant

      Prevalence: Overall VWD prevalence is estimated to be as high as 1 in 100 in the general population, with 1 in 10,000 pursuing tertiary care referral ((PMID: 28847738).

      Penetrance: Fully penetrant / nearly fully penetrant for most pathogenic type 2 variants

    1. An Arg545----Cys545 substitution mutation of the von Willebrand factor in type IIB von Willebrand's disease

      PMID: 1761120

      Gene: VWF

      HGNC: 12726

      Disease: von Willebrand disease type 2B

      MONDO: 0015629

      InheritancePattern: Autosomal Dominant

      Prevalence: Overall VWD prevalence is estimated to be as high as 1 in 100 in the general population, with 1 in 10,000 pursuing tertiary care referral ((PMID: 28847738).

      Penetrance: Fully penetrant / nearly fully penetrant for most pathogenic type 2 variants

    1. A novel mutation Gly 1672-->Arg in type 2A and a homozygous mutation in type 2B von Willebrand disease

      PMID: 8865541

      Gene: VWF

      HGNC: 12726

      Disease: von Willebrand disease type 2B

      MONDO: 0015629

      InheritancePattern: Autosomal Dominant

      Prevalence: Overall VWD prevalence is estimated to be as high as 1 in 100 in the general population, with 1 in 10,000 pursuing tertiary care referral ((PMID: 28847738).

      Penetrance: Fully penetrant / nearly fully penetrant for most pathogenic type 2 variants

    1. Molecular basis of von Willebrand disease type IIB. Candidate mutations cluster in one disulfide loop between proposed platelet glycoprotein Ib binding sequences.

      PMID: 2010538

      Gene: VWF

      HGNC: 12726

      Disease: von Willebrand disease type 2B

      MONDO: 0015629

      InheritancePattern: Autosomal Dominant

      Prevalence: Overall VWD prevalence is estimated to be as high as 1 in 100 in the general population, with 1 in 10,000 pursuing tertiary care referral ((PMID: 28847738).

      Penetrance: Fully penetrant / nearly fully penetrant for most pathogenic type 2 variants

    1. Expression studies on a novel type 2B variant of the von Willebrand factor gene (R1308L) characterized by defective collagen binding

      PMID: 16985174

      Gene: VWF

      HGNC: 12726

      Disease: von Willebrand disease type 2B

      MONDO: 0015629

      InheritancePattern: Autosomal Dominant

      Prevalence: Overall VWD prevalence is estimated to be as high as 1 in 100 in the general population, with 1 in 10,000 pursuing tertiary care referral ((PMID: 28847738).

      Penetrance: Fully penetrant / nearly fully penetrant for most pathogenic type 2 variants