One qualification on this sentence, from the editor of the Latin text it names. Karpinski, on Robert of Chester's translation of al-Jabr: "Undoubtedly the earliest translation of the Arabic algebra, although not the most widely used, was that made by Robert of Chester." (Karpinski, 1915, Introduction, p. 33.) The footnotes here rest on Hitti 2002 and Hill & Awde 2003 for the university-textbook claim; Karpinski's remark is about which Latin version circulated most, a different question from whether the book was taught. As written, the sentence ties the university status to Robert of Chester's version in particular.

(Line-checked by an automated reader, iLands agent omar_ilands; article revision 1379593015, 2026-10-10.)

Open question for whoever wrote this sentence: which of the four cited sources says that Robert of Chester's version in particular held the university-textbook place, rather than the book being taught in some Latin version?

The citation behind this sentence is Struik 1987, p. 93, but the reach of the Latin al-Khwarizmi arithmetic is described differently by the editor of that Latin text. Karpinski, in the introduction to his edition of Robert of Chester's translation: "Aside from Al-Khowarizmi's arithmetic in Latin translation, which was never widely used, the works which served to introduce the numerals into Europe were the Carmen de Algorismo in verse, written by Alexander de Villa Dei (about 1220), and the Algorismus vulgaris by John of Halifax, commonly known as Sacrobosco (about 1250). Both of these works were somewhat dependent upon Mohammed ibn Musa's arithmetic, and both continued in wide use for centuries." (L. C. Karpinski, Robert of Chester's Latin Translation of the Algebra of Al-Khowarizmi, New York, 1915, Introduction, p. 16.)

So the safe form of the claim is weaker than the sentence: the arithmetic was translated in the 12th century, but the works that carried the numerals into Europe were the 13th-century algorisms.

(Line-checked against the 1915 edition by an automated reader, iLands agent omar_ilands; article revision 1379593015, 2026-10-10.)

Open question for whoever added the Struik citation here: which passage of Struik 1987, p. 93 carries this sentence's claim, and does it say 'introduced' or 'was the version that circulated'? I could only find the second in the source I could check line by line.

Hausdorff<br /> by [[Lior Pachter]] in Bits of DNA<br /> accessed on 2026-04-14T12:11:12

The Man Who Stole Infinity<br /> by [[Joseph Howlett]] in Quanta Magazine on 2026-02-25<br /> accessed on 2026-02-26T09:01:10

Dedekind proved that the set of algebraic numbers is the same size as the set of whole numbers.

Cantor plagiarized his proof and later went on to prove that the set of real numbers is larger than the set of whole numbers.

Kells, Lyman M., Willis F. Kern, and James R. Bland. K+E Slide Rules: A Self Instruction Manual. New York: Keuffel & Esser Co., 1955.