27 Matching Annotations
  1. Dec 2023
    1. 邦雅曼·斯托拉(Benjamin Stora)所言,阿尔及利亚战争对法国人来讲是一次失败,是一种负担,它代表着法兰西帝国的终结。他那一代总向往阿尔及利亚,这大概是从自由法国(France Libre)开始阿尔及利亚寻求独立所带来的后遗症。
    2. 黑脚人(Pied-Noir)
  2. May 2023
    1. 在麦肯锡主要做的美国客户,但接触了两个中国客户。一个客户是香港的地产叫新鸿基。它是一个家族企业,我们为这个家族企业制定了50年战略历史。它想知道的是这个家族企业50年内怎么发展,我们参照了宏观的、美国的100年发展,说两个社会可能是并行的,只是节奏、速度不一样。如果这个假设成立的话,我们就把100多年的历史给它压在二三十年、四五十年,我们看它的行业兴起和坠落,然后看你应该做什么。
  3. Dec 2022
  4. Jun 2022
  5. Nov 2021
    1. 党的十八届三中全会也是划时代的,实现改革由局部探索、破冰突围到系统集成、全面深化的转变,开创了我国改革开放新局面。

      党的十八大的历史意义和发展意义

    2. 提高党的领导水平和执政水平、提高拒腐防变和抵御风险能力这两大历史性课题

      新时代党面临的两大历史课题

  6. Oct 2021
    1. 早期的苹果电脑的启动声,以及 iPhone 的短信提醒,都同样属于三全音。最初苹果电脑的启动声, 被Jim Reekes称作人类能发出的最不和谐的声音,并在90年代被改为一个C大调和弦的立体声,更为平静,至今几乎没有被改变过。但是,iPhone的短信提醒,则是一直保持着当时的三全音「158-marimba」,设计者 kelly jacklin 在博客曾讲述了如何制作这个声音的故事。

  7. Jul 2021
  8. Jun 2021
    1. 1947 年,IBM 推出了一款中文打字机,有 36 个键能打 5400 个汉字。在演示中,一位华裔女性熟练的敲出了一个个汉字。她是谁?斯坦福大学的中国史教授 Tom Mullaney 一篇关于中文打字机的博文吸引了一则留言,留言者称她就是那位打字员。她叫 Lois Lew,在 IBM 的宣传片里,她只有 22 岁,现在她 95 岁了。她出生在纽约,后来回到了中国。中日战争爆发之后她与家人一起逃往南方,一直到逃到香港。她的母亲为她在美国找了一个丈夫。她当时只有 16 岁,独自一人去了纽约。她的丈夫经济状况一般,在纽约开了一家洗衣房,而她还没到纽约州的法定结婚年龄。她不会多少英文,工作机会寥寥。这个时候 IBM 需要一位会说中文的人去演示它的中文打字机。 Lew 去应聘时工程师首先问她会不会拼 encyclopedia,她以为工程师可能要她回家。但发明中文打字机的工程师 Kao Chung-chin 意识到他没有多少人可供选择,因此留用了她。但中文打字机从未能进入市场,而 Lew 在离开 IBM 之后开了一家中餐馆。

  9. May 2021
    1. 1971年7月4日,在这台「Xerox Sigma V」电脑上,古腾堡计划创始人Michael S. Hart 创造了有史以来第一本电子书:《独立宣言》。

      他将文字输入电脑,将文件分享给网络上的其他用户,并注明可以免费使用和传播。

      「Xerox Sigma V」当时造价30万美元,内存16K。

  10. Mar 2021
    1. This problem was no secret. Computer scientists had been working on ways to network computers as early as 1962. Then on October 29, 1969—only a few months after Apollo 11 landed on the moon—grad student, Charley Kline, sent a message from his computer at UCLA to a computer some 350 miles north at the Stanford Research Institute (SRI). To Kline and his co-conspirator, Bill Duvall, it was no big deal. “It was just engineers working,” said Leonard Kleinrock, a pioneer of computer networking and a leader of the project.

      这个问题并不是什么秘密。早在1962年,计算机科学家们就已经开始研究计算机联网的方法。然后在1969年10月29日,也就是阿波罗11号登陆月球几个月后,研究生查理 · 克莱恩(Charley Kline)从加州大学洛杉矶分校的计算机向北边大约350英里的斯坦福研究所(SRI)的一台计算机发送了一条信息。对克莱恩和他的同谋比尔 · 杜瓦尔(Bill Duvall)来说,这没什么大不了的。"这只是工程师们的工作,"计算机网络的先驱和项目的领导者伦纳德·克兰罗克(Leonard Kleinrock)说。

  11. Feb 2021
    1. The show was part of a larger Computer Literacy Project started by the British government and the BBC as a response to fears that the UK was deeply and alarmingly unprepared for the new revolution in personal computing that was happening in America. Unlike most TV shows, the BBC wanted to feature a computer on the show that would be used to explain fundamental computing concepts and teach a bit of BASIC programming. The concepts included graphics and sound, the ability to connect to teletext networks, speech synthesis, and even some rudimentary AI. As a result, the computer needed for the show would have to be pretty good—in fact, the producers' demands were initially so high that nothing on the market really satisfied the BBC's aspirations.

      这档节目是英国政府和 BBC 共同发起的「计算机素养项目(Computer Literacy Project)」的一部分,它们担心英国对当时正在美国发生的个人计算革命毫无警觉和准备。不同于大多数电视节目,BBC 希望在节目中配备一台计算机,该计算机将用于解释基本的计算概念并教授一些 BASIC 编程。这些计算概念包括图形和声音、连接到图文网络的能力、语音合成乃至一些基础的人工智能。也因此,该节目所需的计算机必须相当好才行,以致于市面上根本就没有能实现 BBC 的愿望的产品,无法满足制片人的要求。

    1. 被誉为“笔记本电脑之父”的约翰·埃伦比 (John Ellenby) 在新西兰家中去世,享年 75 岁。《纽约时报》是这么评价 John Ellenby 的:John Ellenby 是一位值得尊敬的科学家,因为他善于把科技产品化。

      埃伦比是一名英国计算机工程师,在著名的施乐帕洛阿尔托研究中心工作期间,他参与研发了 Alto 电脑,之后又开发了一款更具商业竞争力的产品 Alto II。

      离开施乐后,埃伦比创业成立 Grid Systems 公司,与 William Moggridge 合作,研发了全球第一款“翻盖”电脑——“罗盘电脑”(Compass Computer)。这台电脑现在依然被视为是“超越时代”的产品。

      1988 年 3 月份,埃伦比将 Grid Systems 公司卖掉,与儿子创建了手持式平板电脑制造商 Agilis,后来又创建导航与增强现实应用公司 GeoVector。除此之外,埃伦比也在做地理测绘数据,为现在的手机地图积累了大量数据。

      创立 Agilis 公司期间,埃伦比研发了全球第一台小尺寸手持式移动电话。

      笔记本电脑之父 John Ellenby 去世,连苹果和微软都曾“抄”他的产品

    1. Almost every major technological advance of the last two hundred years has taken place with the aid of large amounts of public money and under a good deal of government influence. The technologies of the computer and the Net were invented with the aid of massive state subsidies. For example, the first Difference Engine project received a British Government grant of £517,470 - a small fortune in 1834. From Colossus to EDVAC, from flight simulators to virtual reality, the development of- computing has depended at key moments on public research handouts or fat contracts with public agencies. The IBM corporation built the first programmable digital computer only after it was requested to do so by the US Defense Department during the Korean War. The result of a lack of state intervention meant that Nazi Germany lost the opportunity to build the first electronic computer in the late '30s when the Wehrmacht refused to fund Konrad Zuze, who had pioneered the use of binary code, stored programs and electronic logic gates.

      近两百年来,几乎所有重大的技术进步都是借助于大量公共资金的资助,并在很大程度上受到政府影响。计算机和网络技术是在国家的大量补贴下发明的。例如,第一个差分机项目获得了英国政府 £517,470 的拨款——在1834年这已经是一笔巨款。从 Colossus 到 EDVAC,从飞行模拟器到虚拟现实,计算的发展都依赖于关键时刻的公共研究捐款或政府机构的巨额合同。IBM 在朝鲜战争期间应美国国防部的要求,才建造了第一台可编程的数字计算机。缺乏国家干预导致了纳粹德国在 30 年代后期失去了建造第一台电子计算机的机会,当时德国国防军拒绝资助开创了二进制编码、存储程序和电子逻辑门的使用的 Konrad Zuze。

    1. Smalltalk was a revolutionary system developed by the Learning Research Group (LRG) at Xerox PARC in the 1970s, led by Alan Kay. Smalltalk was comprised of a programming language, a development environment, and a graphical user interface (GUI), running on PARC’s groundbreaking Alto computer. In fact, it is most famous for being the GUI that inspired Steve Jobs when he and a group of Apple engineers visited PARC in 1979. Smalltalk pioneered overlapping windows, popup menus, and paned browsers, all controlled by a mouse. All of these UI elements have come down to us today through systems like the Macintosh and Microsoft Windows. Smalltalk was also one of the earliest, and most influential, object-oriented programming languages, which make up the most dominant type of programming languages today. Object-oriented languages are designed to make it easy to reuse existing pieces of code, but in a flexible way. Python, Java, Ruby, and Objective-C, among others, all owe debts to ideas originally developed in Smalltalk.

      Smalltalk是70年代由Alan Kay领导的施乐公司PARC学习研究小组(LRG)开发的一个革命性系统。Smalltalk由一门编程语言、一个开发环境和一个图形用户界面(GUI)组成,运行在PARC开创性的Alto计算机上。事实上,它最出名的地方是它的图形用户界面,当史蒂夫 · 乔布斯和一群苹果工程师在1979年访问帕洛阿尔托研究中心时,这个图形界面给了他灵感。Smalltalk开创了重叠窗口、弹出式菜单和窗格浏览器,所有这些都由鼠标控制。今天,所有这些UI元素都通过Macintosh和微软Windows等系统传递给我们。Smalltalk也是最早、最有影响力的面向对象编程语言之一,它构成了今天最主要的编程语言类型。面向对象语言的设计是为了使现有的代码易于重用,但方式灵活。Python、Java、Ruby和Objective-C等,都要归功于 Smalltalk 中最初开发的思想。

    2. The Smalltalk Zoo is a collection of historical versions of the revolutionary graphical programming and user environment Smalltalk, originally developed at Xerox PARC, ranging from the 1972 version all the way to the modern “Squeak” version whose development began in 1995. These emulated Smalltalk environments run in your web browser and are hosted by CHM at smalltalkzoo.thechm.org.

      Smalltalk Zoo 是一个历史版本的集合,这个革命性的图形化编程和用户环境 Smalltalk 最初是在施乐帕洛阿尔托研究中心开发的,从1972年版本一直到1995年开发的现代版本“ Squeak”。这些模拟的 Smalltalk 环境运行在你的网页浏览器上,由 CHM 托管在 smalltalkzoo.thechm.org

    1. To understand the process of discovery—not so much what was discovered, but how it was discovered. Primary sources are best: the words of somebody who discovered something, as they were discovering it. The more examples I see, the more likely I'll be able to discover something tomorrow. To understand the process of failure. We learn a good deal from historical errors, not only from our own. It also helps to know that even the greatest minds are unable to grasp things that seem obvious to us. Leibniz spent much time working on combinatorics, and most of what he did was underwhelming and totally wrong. To celebrate the contributions of many cultures. There are many ways of thinking, many points of view, and many independent researchers. Fibonacci numbers were discovered in India long before Fibonacci. Catalan numbers were discovered in China, a hundred years before Catalan. Many uneducated people have discovered wonderful patterns in numbers, and I can share their joy of discovery. Telling historical stories is the best way to teach. It's much easier to understand something if you know the threads it is connected to. Give credit to Fibonacci, but also to Narayana in India. The complete story is of many separate individuals building a magnificent edifice with a series of small steps. To learn how to cope with life. How did other scientists grow up, make friends or enemies, manage their time, find mentors, mentor others, and serve their communities? Balance is important. To become more familiar with the world, and to know how science fits into the overall history of mankind. What was life like on different continents and in different epochs? The main difference between human beings and animals is that people learn from history.

      1.了解发现的过程ーー不是了解发现了什么,而是了解发现的过程。第一手资料是最好的:发现了什么东西的人在发现它的时候所说的话。我看到的例子越多,我明天就越有可能发现一些东西。

      2.了解失败的过程。我们从历史上的错误中可以学到很多东西,而不仅仅是我们自己的错误。这也有助于我们了解,即使是最伟大的头脑也无法理解对我们来说显而易见的事情。莱布尼茨花了很多时间研究组合学,但他所做的大部分工作都没有给人留下深刻印象,而且是完全错误的。

      3.庆祝多种文化的贡献。有许多思维方式、许多观点和许多独立的研究者。斐波那契数列早在斐波那契之前就在印度被发现了。加泰罗尼亚数字是在中国发现的,比加泰罗尼亚人早一百年。许多未受过教育的人已经发现了美妙的数字模式,我可以分享他们发现的快乐。

      4.讲述历史故事是最好的教学方法。如果你知道某件事情的线索,就会更容易理解它。这归功于斐波那契,也归功于印度的那拉雅那。完整的故事是许多独立的个体用一系列的小步骤建造了一座宏伟的大厦。

      5.学会如何应对生活。其他科学家是如何成长的,如何结交朋友或敌人,如何管理自己的时间,如何寻找良师益友,如何指导他人,如何服务于自己的社区?平衡很重要。

      6.更加熟悉这个世界,了解科学如何融入整个人类历史。不同大陆、不同时代的生活是怎样的?人与动物的主要区别是人以史为鉴。

    1. A 1971 issue of the radical feminist journal off our backs includes an announcement for a May meeting in Atlantic City “against the misuse of technology.” An announcement for that meeting also appears in a 1971 issue of alternative publication The Realist. There, CPP placed a call for activists to appear at that year’s Spring Joint Computer Conference, an event that the ad points out is “overwhelmingly dominated by white males,” so as to call attention to issues that are critical today — namely, “the use of computer information systems as a means of social control,” “corporate racism,” and “the role of automation on rising unemployment.”

      1971年出版的激进女权主义杂志《远离我们》(off our backs)中有一则公告,宣布5月在大西洋城举行一次 "反对滥用技术"(against the misuse of technology)的会议。那次会议的公告也出现在1971年的另类出版物《现实主义者》(The Realist)中。在那里,CPP号召积极分子出席当年的春季联合计算机会议,公告指出,这一活动 "绝大多数由白人男性主导",以此呼吁人们关注当今至关重要的问题——即 "利用计算机信息系统作为社会控制的手段"、"公司种族主义 "和 "自动化对失业率上升的作用"。