hen everything seemed just right to him, as though he were lifted into the Elysian fields, on the borders of the earth, where man enjoys the easiest life,

Candle in the Dark

How We Know What Isn't So: The Fallibility of HumanReason in Everyday Life, by Thomas Gilovich

Leon Trotsky

Depressive Rumination, the Default-Mode Network, and the Dark Matter of Clinical Neuroscience J Paul Hamilton  1 , Madison Farmer  2 , Phoebe Fogelman  3 , Ian H Gotlib  4 Affiliations Expand Affiliations 1 Laureate Institute for Brain Research and College of Health Sciences, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, Oklahoma. Electronic address: paul.hamilton@laureateinstitute.org. 2 Laureate Institute for Brain Research and College of Health Sciences, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, Oklahoma. 3 University of Tennessee, Stanford University, Stanford, California. 4 Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, California. PMID: 25861700 PMCID: PMC4524294 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.02.020 Free PMC article Item in Clipboard Review Depressive Rumination, the Default-Mode Network, and the Dark Matter of Clinical Neuroscience J Paul Hamilton et al. Biol Psychiatry. 2015. Free PMC article Show details Display options Display options Format Abstract PubMed PMID Biol Psychiatry Actions Search in PubMed Search in NLM Catalog Add to Search . 2015 Aug 15;78(4):224-30. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.02.020. Epub 2015 Feb 24. Authors J Paul Hamilton  1 , Madison Farmer  2 , Phoebe Fogelman  3 , Ian H Gotlib  4 Affiliations 1 Laureate Institute for Brain Research and College of Health Sciences, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, Oklahoma. Electronic address: paul.hamilton@laureateinstitute.org. 2 Laureate Institute for Brain Research and College of Health Sciences, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, Oklahoma. 3 University of Tennessee, Stanford University, Stanford, California. 4 Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, California. PMID: 25861700 PMCID: PMC4524294 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.02.020 Item in Clipboard Full text links CiteDisplay options Display options Format AbstractPubMedPMID Abstract The intuitive association between self-focused rumination in major depressive disorder (MDD) and the self-referential operations performed by the brain's default-mode network (DMN) has prompted interest in examining the role of the DMN in MDD. In this article, we present meta-analytic findings showing reliably increased functional connectivity between the DMN and subgenual prefrontal cortex (sgPFC)-connectivity that often predicts levels of depressive rumination. We also present meta-analytic findings that, while there is reliably increased regional cerebral blood flow in sgPFC in MDD, no such abnormality has been reliably observed in nodes of the DMN. We then detail a model that integrates the body of research presented. In this model, we propose that increased functional connectivity between sgPFC and the DMN in MDD represents an integration of the self-referential processes supported by the DMN with the affectively laden, behavioral withdrawal processes associated with sgPFC-an integration that produces a functional neural ensemble well suited for depressive rumination and that, in MDD, abnormally taxes only sgPFC and not the DMN. This synthesis explains a broad array of existing data concerning the neural substrates of depressive rumination and provides an explicit account of functional abnormalities in sgPFC in MDD. Keywords: Default-mode network; Intrinsic functional connectivity; Major depressive disorder; Medial-dorsal thalamus; Rumination; Subgenual prefrontal cortex. Copyright © 2015 Society of Biological Psychiatry. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Conflict of interest statement Financial Disclosure Dr. Hamilton, Ms. Farmer, Ms. Fogelman, and Dr. Gotlib have no biomedical financial interests or potential conflicts of interest to report.

Faced with this predicament and having due regard to the far-reaching questions of importance involving interpretation of the Constitution, it was felt that institutional integrity and judicial discipline would require a reference to a larger Bench

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Of course, they will most likely all be co-authored pieces, but the significant point is that the REF rules, except in special cases, impose no penalty on genuinely co-authored work; they explicitly state that it is welcomed. In most cases, there is no disadvantage in submitting a co-authored item to the exercise (although there is some complication when co-authors submit in the same return); it is not as if it counts as half an output or less.

If done in good faith, four like-minded authors in the arts who agreed on a project of work could co-author four papers together and have the REF return of each sorted. If they are from different institutions, this would certainly be a more efficient way of meeting the framework's requirements. It might be viewed as a cynical exercise, but perhaps viewing it that way would be a sign that we haven't yet changed our mindset. If genuinely collaborative work became the norm, it wouldn't be viewed with suspicion.

A system that assumes a "quite good" institution is unable to get better, and thus denies them the funds that would enable them to get better, is probably not an optimal system for promoting merit. A system that rewards in proportion to merit would at least be able to recognise and reflect the dynamism of university research; research groups wax and wane as people come, go, get disheartened, get re-invigorated.

it could be argued that we don’t just need an elite: we need a reasonable number of institutions in which there is a strong research environment, where more senior researchers feel valued and their graduate students and postdocs are encouraged to aim high. Our best strategy for retaining international competitiveness might be by fostering those who are doing well but have potential to do even better

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