organisms can actually go and use the chance and they're doing that all the time see the way our immune systems work shows that what happens when a new virus or new bacterium or new 00:02:56 anything else arrives
for - key insight - living systems use chance to adapt
key insight - living systems use chance to adapt - immune system defends against novel viruses - cancers grow - bacteria become resistant to antibiotics
Vmax has a low-level natural resistance to kanamycin but is more susceptible to other antibiotics. When selecting on Kan plates, Vmax with KanR will simply grow faster than Vmax without KanR. Larger colonies=KanR. Other antibiotics select against Vmax but must have a dosage change compared to E. coli.
and for P. putida, Ap, Sill" Su, or Nal at 200 j.tg/ml, Cm at400 j.tg/ml, and Km or Tc at 25 j.tg/ml
Antibiotics, according to strain sensitivity, were used at the following concentrations: tetracycline 2 μg/ml for Rm1021, BM7, BM299 and BM300, 4 μg/ml for LMG18864, 10 μg/ml for other Sinorhizobium strains and for E. coli; streptomycin 600 μg/ml and kanamycin 200 μg/ml were used for Rm1021; kanamycin for E. coli S17.1 was used at 40 μg/ml; gentamicin was used at 20 μg/ml for all strains
Antibiotic concentrations used for plasmid selection in V. natriegens: ampicillin–carbenicillin 100 µg ml−1, kanamycin 75 µg ml−1, chloramphenicol 5 µg ml−1, spectinomycin 100 µg ml−1. E. coli experiments were performed in standard LB and M9 media.
After all, the rise in antibiotic resistance doesn’t mean that we shouldn’t have invented antibiotics at all.
It does mean though, that we should try to forsee unintended consequences and not dismiss skeptics without judging the merit of their skepticism with sound scientific discussions. It is famed that Alexander Fleming who discovered the first antibiotic - penicillin, mentioned the observation of resistant bacteria and advised caution in antibiotic usage. This caution went unheeded in the subsequent golden era of antibiotics where all alternatives like phage therapy were shelved from research and development. This is the real lesson we should learn
indicate that even low concentrations of just a single type of antibiotic leads to resistance to multiple classes of antibiotics.
I doubt this claim, do you mean they are correlated?
Overall, the low contamination level of antibiotics and high absolute abundance of ARGs indicated that ARGs previously introduced to an environment can self-amplify and persist in the environment
suggesting that STPs have become an important source of contamination for their receiving rivers
Read these references: Saying antibiotic resistance is proliferating in wastewater treatment plants
Additionally, the concentrations of antibiotics and the abundance of ARGs might increase after the sewage treatment process.
Wow, that is a strong and counter-intuitive claim. Is this rigorously determined?
The stability of susceptibility patterns allowed the antibiograms to be used as aids in the preliminary differentiation of these organisms.
wastewater treatment plants are hotspots for the release of antibiotics, and transmission of diverse antibiotic resistance bacteria (ARB) as well as ARGs into various environments
That's a strong claim, not backed by strong evidence
Recent findings have indicated that most ARGs could not be efficiently removed by traditional anaerobic digestion treatment
diagnosis of antibiotic interference in the major biosynthetic pathways of bacteria: the biosynthesis of DNA by the yorB promoter, of RNA by the yvgS promoter, of proteins by the yheI promoter, of the cell wall by the ypuA promoter, and of fatty acids by the fabHB promoter.
introduction of Cu to agricultural soil selects for Cu resistance, but also indirectly selects for antibiotic resistance in the Cu‐resistant bacteria