biobanks
EN - Meaning: Collections that store biological samples (like blood, tissue) and associated data for research. - Key idea: Biobanks support medical research but require strong policies for consent, privacy, and data security.
中文 - 含义：生物样本库：保存血液、组织等样本及相关数据，用于科研的收集与存储系统。 - 关键点：有助于医学研究，但需要完善的知情同意、隐私与数据安全制度。
Images - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search?search=biobank - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=biobank
genetic information
EN - Meaning: Information encoded in DNA that can influence traits and health. - Key idea: Genetic information raises privacy and ownership questions (e.g., data storage, sharing, and consent).
中文 - 含义：遗传信息：DNA 中编码的信息，会影响性状与健康。 - 关键点：会引发隐私与所有权问题（如存储、共享与知情同意）。
Images - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search?search=genetic%20information%20privacy - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=genetic%20testing%20privacy
Asian gypsy moth
EN - Meaning: A moth species whose caterpillars can defoliate many tree species; considered invasive in some regions. - Key idea: Defoliation weakens trees and can disrupt forest ecosystems.
中文 - 含义：亚洲舞毒蛾：幼虫能大量取食树叶，影响多种树种；在一些地区被视为入侵害虫。 - 关键点：取食导致落叶会削弱树木并扰乱森林生态。
Images - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search?search=Asian%20gypsy%20moth - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=Asian%20gypsy%20moth
Dutch elm disease
EN - Meaning: A serious disease of elm trees caused by fungi and spread by bark beetles. - Key idea: It has killed many elm trees in North America and Europe.
中文 - 含义：荷兰榆树病：由真菌引起并通过树皮甲虫传播的榆树严重病害。 - 关键点：在北美与欧洲造成大量榆树死亡。
Images - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search?search=Dutch%20elm%20disease - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=Dutch%20elm%20disease
in vitro fertilization (IVF)
EN - Meaning: Fertilization that occurs outside the body (in a lab), followed by embryo transfer to the uterus. - Key idea: IVF can help couples conceive when natural fertilization is difficult.
中文 - 含义：体外受精（IVF）：在体外（实验室）完成受精，形成胚胎后再移植入子宫。 - 关键点：可帮助自然受精困难的夫妇实现怀孕。
Images - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search?search=in%20vitro%20fertilization - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=in%20vitro%20fertilization
invasive species
EN - Meaning: A non-native species that spreads and causes harm to ecosystems, economies, or health. - Key idea: Invasive species can outcompete native species and reduce biodiversity.
中文 - 含义：入侵物种：外来物种扩散并对生态系统、经济或健康造成危害。 - 关键点：可能与本地物种竞争并降低生物多样性。
Images - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search?search=invasive%20species - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=invasive%20species
differentiate
EN - Meaning: To develop into a specialized cell type with a specific structure and function. - Key idea: Differentiation explains how the same DNA can produce many different cell types.
中文 - 含义：分化：细胞发育成为具有特定结构与功能的专门细胞类型。 - 关键点：分化说明同一套 DNA 如何形成不同类型的细胞。
Images - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search?search=cell%20differentiation - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=cell%20differentiation
adult stem cells
EN - Meaning: Stem cells found in adult tissues (e.g., bone marrow) that can produce certain specialized cells. - Key idea: Adult stem cells are often used clinically (e.g., blood stem cell transplants) and raise fewer ethical concerns than embryonic stem cells.
中文 - 含义：成体干细胞：存在于成人组织（如骨髓）中的干细胞，可产生特定类型的专门细胞。 - 关键点：临床应用较常见（如造血干细胞移植），伦理争议通常小于胚胎干细胞。
Images - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search?search=adult%20stem%20cell - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=adult%20stem%20cell
artificial insemination
EN - Meaning: A reproductive technology where sperm are placed into the female reproductive tract without sexual intercourse. - Key idea: Can help when there are fertility challenges; used in humans and animal breeding.
中文 - 含义：人工授精：不通过性交，而将精子置入女性生殖道以实现受孕的技术。 - 关键点：可帮助不孕不育情况，也广泛用于动物繁殖。
Images - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search?search=artificial%20insemination - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=artificial%20insemination
stem cells
EN - Meaning: Cells that can self-renew and can differentiate into specialized cell types. - Key idea: Stem cells are important for development and can be used in regenerative medicine research.
中文 - 含义：干细胞：能自我更新，并可分化为多种专门细胞类型的细胞。 - 关键点：对发育很重要，也用于再生医学研究。
Images - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search?search=stem%20cell - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=stem%20cell
DNA fingerprinting
EN - Meaning: Identifying an individual using DNA patterns (genetic markers). - Key idea: Used in forensics, paternity testing, and identification; not the same as sequencing the entire genome.
中文 - 含义：DNA 指纹鉴定：利用 DNA 的特征性片段/标记来识别个体。 - 关键点：用于法医、亲子鉴定与身份识别；并不等同于测完整基因组。
Images - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search?search=DNA%20fingerprinting - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=DNA%20fingerprinting
superweeds
EN - Meaning: Weeds that become difficult to control, often due to herbicide resistance. - Key idea: Repeated use of the same herbicide can select for resistant weed populations.
中文 - 含义：超级杂草：难以控制的杂草，常与除草剂抗性有关。 - 关键点：长期反复使用同一种除草剂可能筛选出抗性杂草种群。
Images - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search?search=herbicide%20resistance%20weeds - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=herbicide%20resistance%20weeds
gene therapy
EN - Meaning: Treating a disease by adding, replacing, or altering genes in a patient’s cells. - Key idea: Often uses a vector (frequently a virus) to deliver a functional gene.
中文 - 含义：基因治疗：通过向患者细胞中添加/替换/改变基因来治疗疾病。 - 关键点：常用载体（常见为病毒）把正常基因送入细胞。
Images - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search?search=gene%20therapy - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=gene%20therapy
herbicide-resistant plants
EN - Meaning: Crop plants engineered to survive a herbicide that would normally kill them. - Key idea: Enables weed control by spraying, but can lead to selection for herbicide-resistant weeds.
中文 - 含义：耐除草剂作物：被改造后能耐受本应杀死它们的除草剂。 - 关键点：便于喷洒除草剂控草，但可能促使杂草选择出耐药性。
Images - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search?search=herbicide-resistant%20crop - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=herbicide-resistant%20crop
vitamin A deficiencies
EN - Meaning: A lack of vitamin A, which is important for vision, immune function, and development. - Key idea: Vitamin A deficiency can increase health risks; some GM crops aim to improve nutrition.
中文 - 含义：维生素 A 缺乏：维生素 A 不足，会影响视力、免疫与生长发育。 - 关键点：缺乏会增加健康风险；一些转基因作物用于提高营养。
Images - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search?search=vitamin%20A%20deficiency - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=vitamin%20A%20deficiency
BT corn
EN - Meaning: Corn genetically engineered to produce Bt toxin (from Bacillus thuringiensis) that kills certain insect pests. - Key idea: Can reduce insect damage, but may raise concerns about resistance and ecological effects.
中文 - 含义：Bt 玉米：转基因玉米，可产生 Bt 毒素（来源于苏云金芽孢杆菌），用来杀死特定害虫。 - 关键点：可减少虫害，但也可能引发抗性与生态影响等问题。
Images - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search?search=Bt%20corn - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=Bt%20corn
Golden Rice
EN - Meaning: A genetically modified rice designed to produce provitamin A (β-carotene) in the grain. - Key idea: Intended to reduce vitamin A deficiency where rice is a staple food.
中文 - 含义：黄金大米：一种转基因水稻，使稻米籽粒产生前体维生素 A（β-胡萝卜素）。 - 关键点：目标是帮助减少以大米为主食地区的维生素 A 缺乏。
Images - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search?search=Golden%20Rice - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=Golden%20Rice
β-carotene
EN - Meaning: A pigment that the body can convert into vitamin A (a “provitamin A”). - Key idea: Increasing β-carotene in foods can help address vitamin A deficiency.
中文 - 含义：β-胡萝卜素：一种色素，人体可将其转化为维生素 A（维生素 A 前体）。 - 关键点：提高食物中的 β-胡萝卜素含量可帮助缓解维生素 A 缺乏。
Images - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search?search=beta-carotene - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=beta-carotene
genetically modified organisms
EN - Meaning: Organisms whose genetic material has been modified using biotechnology. - Key idea: “Genetically modified” includes transgenic changes (adding foreign DNA) and other DNA sequence changes.
中文 - 含义：基因改造生物：遗传物质经生物技术改动的生物体。 - 关键点：既包括转基因（导入外源 DNA），也包括其他 DNA 序列改变。
Images - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search?search=genetically%20modified%20organism - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=genetically%20modified%20organism
GMOs
EN - Meaning: Genetically modified organisms; organisms whose DNA has been altered using biotechnology. - Key idea: GMOs can be used in medicine and agriculture, but they can also raise environmental and health concerns.
中文 - 含义：GMO（基因改造生物）：通过生物技术改变过 DNA 的生物体。 - 关键点：在医药与农业中有应用，但也可能引发环境与健康方面的担忧。
Images - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search?search=genetically%20modified%20organism - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=genetically%20modified%20organism
transgenic organism
EN - Meaning: An organism that has a gene inserted from another species. - Key idea: Transgenic organisms are one type of genetically modified organism (GMO).
中文 - 含义：转基因生物：基因组中导入了来自其他物种基因的生物体。 - 关键点：转基因生物是 GMO（基因改造生物）的一种。
Images - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search?search=transgenic%20organism - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=transgenic%20organism
genetic engineering
EN - Meaning: Directly changing an organism’s genetic material in a targeted way. - Key idea: Genetic engineering can include inserting genes, editing DNA sequences, or changing gene expression.
中文 - 含义：基因工程：以定向方式直接改变生物体的遗传物质。 - 关键点：可包括导入基因、编辑 DNA 序列或调控基因表达。
Images - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search?search=genetic%20engineering - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=genetic%20engineering
transformation
EN - Meaning: A process where a cell (often bacteria) takes up foreign DNA. - Key idea: Transformation allows bacteria to receive recombinant DNA plasmids and copy the inserted gene.
中文 - 含义：转化：细胞（常指细菌）摄取外源 DNA 的过程。 - 关键点：细菌摄取重组质粒后，可复制插入的基因。
Images - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search?search=bacterial%20transformation - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=bacterial%20transformation
plasmid
EN - Meaning: A small circular DNA molecule in bacteria, separate from the main chromosome. - Key idea: Plasmids are commonly used as vectors for gene cloning.
中文 - 含义：质粒：细菌中独立于染色体的小型环状 DNA。 - 关键点：常被用作基因克隆的载体。
Images - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search?search=plasmid - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=plasmid
vector
EN - Meaning: A carrier DNA molecule used to transfer a gene into a host cell. - Key idea: Plasmids and viruses can act as vectors depending on the application.
中文 - 含义：载体：用于把目标基因带入宿主细胞的 DNA 载体分子。 - 关键点：质粒与病毒都可作为载体（取决于用途）。
Images - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search?search=genetic%20vector - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=genetic%20vector
recombinant DNA
EN - Meaning: DNA formed by joining genetic material from different sources. - Key idea: Recombinant DNA is central to gene cloning and many GM techniques.
中文 - 含义：重组 DNA：把来自不同来源的遗传物质连接在一起形成的 DNA。 - 关键点：是基因克隆与许多转基因技术的核心概念。
Images - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search?search=recombinant%20DNA - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=recombinant%20DNA
biotechnology
EN - Meaning: Using living organisms, cells, or biological molecules to make products or solve problems. - Key idea: Biotechnology includes techniques like cloning, genetic engineering, and gene therapy.
中文 - 含义：生物技术：利用生物体、细胞或生物分子来制造产品或解决问题。 - 关键点：包括克隆、基因工程、基因治疗等技术。
Images - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search?search=biotechnology - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=biotechnology
cloning
EN - Meaning: Producing genetically identical copies of DNA, cells, or organisms. - Key idea: Cloning can refer to copying a gene (gene cloning) or making a whole organism copy.
中文 - 含义：克隆：复制出遗传信息相同的 DNA、细胞或个体。 - 关键点：既可以指基因的复制，也可以指细胞/个体层面的复制。
Images - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search?search=cloning - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=cloning
gene cloning
EN - Meaning: Making many copies of a specific gene or DNA fragment. - Key idea: A gene is inserted into a vector (often a plasmid) and copied inside a host cell such as bacteria.
中文 - 含义：基因克隆：把某个特定基因/ DNA 片段复制出许多拷贝。 - 关键点：常将基因插入载体（如质粒），再进入宿主细胞（如细菌）中复制。
Images - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search?search=gene%20cloning - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=gene%20cloning
https://www.gwales.com/bibliographic/?isbn=9781789651850<br /> The Mab by Matt Brown (bilingual editions)
As Ramadiro worked his way through this period, he reached severaloverarching conclusions about the available materials. He concluded that muchof the available materials had been written in English, and back-translated toisiXhosa, and as such were not based on the linguistic logic of isiXhosa. They didnot take advantage of the home (oral) language resources of children in isiXhosaas the basis to build reading and writing skills. Second, taken together they didnot constitute a balanced reading programme guided by contemporary readingresearch (Pressley, 2006). There was no set of materials that combined a wholereading approach with systematic language skills (phonics, grammar etc.) inBefore... After...
Much of the available resources have been written in English and then back-translated, which is a problem; I need to find a way to ensure that's not a problem when doing my master's. I will need linguistic experts in each language. Where do I find these unicorns?
Anne: So, you were playing this game with the tapes—Ben: With the tapes and stuff and then later we started elementary school and then once I started elementary school, it changed. Well my mother had a rule, she goes, "No English inside of the house.” Before, it’s “Speak English, speak English,” but once we started school, she goes, "I don't want you all speaking English here inside the house” to me and my brother. And we used to think that’s because she didn't understand, but it was because she wanted us to practice the Spanish.Ben: And when I would get home from school when I was going to kindergarten—my brother would get out an hour later—I would get home and my mother would give me these little comic magazines, Mexican comic magazines, and she'd have me read them. And then she would make me write letters to my grandmother. So that's how I was able to learn a little bit of, keep the Spanish and English. But English I did, I went through elementary, middle school, went to tenth grade in high school, then I dropped out of high school to go help my father. He started a small construction business, but then he got sick and he was hospitalized for three months.
Time in the US, School, Kindergarten, Elementary, Learning English, Arriving in the United States, Living situation, Homelife, Parents, Expectations
Decisions to switch from a given behaviour to another (for example, from sitting to walking), or from one linguistic register to another, or even from one language to another may all be regulated by the same general neural mechanism,19 which may be neurofunctionally separate and independent of the linguistic system and of the translation system.5
t"'~,
Mentioned here about embracing the rhetoric of half-truths and propaganda, interesting to think about the rhetoric of bullshiting--psyching yourself up is a form of self-construction, and I do think that there's a productive use of bullshitting around an issue to open up new avenues of approach. I also think of how Ralph Cintron in Angelstown talks about albures, a kind of bilingual pun-game that turns ordinary phrases dirty, as a form of honing and demonstrating intellectual skill and shrewdness in casual, workday chat.
Spanish-speaking immigrants who struggled to reach the United States and struggle still at low-wage jobs to stay here so that their children can acquire and rise with an American education, very much including fluency in English.
just trying to make things better for kids, but can't due to school's education system
“a substantial spillover effect”—higher math and reading scores—for children from English-only homes who were enrolled in schools with bilingual education programs.
These statistics make me wonder why california hasn't reversed their decision yet.
abolish bilingual education in California
This seems very bizarre to me because why would they want children to learn less? I thought the point of school was to push your children, not restrict them.
radically altering the education of hundreds of thousands of children. Now almost 17 years later, while the political tensions remain, a reversal is underway, powered largely by findings that bilingual instruction is what’s best for English language learners.
This could hugely impact the education of children negatively.