just speaking instead of having to type with my with my fingers is that i can 00:02:11 kind of think out loud a little bit more and get more information and i sometimes find i generate more insights being able to speak versus uh type things so i find that really useful

The expectation is that IBD = 1 for duplicates or monozygotic twins, IBD = 0.5 for first-degree relatives, IBD = 0.25 for second-degree relatives and IBD = 0.125 for third-degree relatives. Due to genotyping error, LD and population structure there is often some variation around these theoretical values and it is typical to remove one individual from each pair with an IBD > 0.1875, which is halfway between the expected IBD for third- and second-degree relatives. For these same reasons an IBD > 0.98 identifies duplicates.

The method works best when only independent SNPs are included in the analysis. To achieve this, regions of extended linkage disequilibrium (LD) (such as the HLA) are entirely removed from the dataset8 and remaining regions are typically pruned so that no pair of SNPs within a given window (say, 50kb) is correlated (typically taken as r2>0.2)

θ dμ ≥ p 16 π | Σ |

GIBBONS-PENROSE INEQUALITY