"New research shows that when our canine pals stare into our eyes, they activate the same hormonal response that bonds us to human infants. The study—the first to show this hormonal bonding effect between humans and another species—may help explain how dogs became our companions thousands of years ago" https://www.science.org/content/article/how-dogs-stole-our-hearts#:~:text=Mutual%20gazing%20had%20a%20profound,female%20owners%20a%20300%25%20increase.

Is natural selection the reason why dogs have the ability to raise their eyebrows, and wolves dont?

What is paedomorphism?

What is Frequencies of AU101? What do the letters and numbers mean?

The process of taming an animal and keeping it as a pet or on a farm.

https://www.google.com/search?sca_esv=561558033&rlz=1C1VDKB_enUS969US969&q=domestication&si=ACFMAn9wVum5eEudj1h4dLvTlZpPpzqBXVoAa3F26i4fYMz7fklqYNuJJqpJKE40rN55j_LOzj6c7ddzCsuFdauw97z1vFWmwfFO6NN1JQ06djVQUMnKNxY%3D&expnd=1&sa=X&sqi=2&ved=2ahUKEwiA-avrtYaBAxXPKkQIHal9DiQQ2v4IegQIGBAV&biw=798&bih=773&dpr=1

Traits that are similar due to reasons other than relatedness. Such similarities can result from random chance or because unrelated organisms have adapted to similar environments. An example is Wings. There are many kinds of flying animals, including bats, birds, and various insects.

https://www.nku.edu/~whitsonma/Bio120LSite/Bio120LReviews/Bio120LHomologyRev.html#:~:text=Traits%20that%20are%20similar%20due,%2C%20birds%2C%20and%20various%20insects.

That's very interesting that when they can't figure out a problem, they look to humans for cues on how to solve it.

It's nice that the person filming the dogs was the same for two of the locations, but unfortunate that the last location was shot by a different person because that's something that's very important for control and having no unexpected results due to different variables that aren't being tested for experiments and statistics.

What are wolf parks, I doubt they did a typo for wolf pack, so is this just a forest or something where there are wolves, or are they a preserve or something?

This stands out to me because I am currently in an anthropology class, so this statement makes me think of how this relates to the anthropology field since they are comparing dogs to humans. And in the anthropology field they compare the human species to other species throughout history.

I found this really interesting. I never thought about it before but I do realize that most, if not all, animals don't show the sclera in the eye which is likely why in movies like horror or scifi, if a person doesn't show the whites of their eyes it's so unnerving to see. Psychologically, this is actually a really interesting experiament and would be fun to expand on with another experiament.

Saliently- Meaning stand out more or more prominent

wasn't sure where exactly the muscle was located so I looked it up and here is a picture.

Cadaveric means: " relating to or from a dead body," definition from dictionary.cambridge.org

The appealing visuals of the eyebrow movement in dogs now look like something that we humans have come to understand as a human attribute. Kaminski, Juliane, et al. “Evolution of Facial Muscle Anatomy in Dogs.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 116, no. 29, 17 June 2019, pp. 14677–14681, www.pnas.org/content/116/29/14677, 10.1073/pnas.1820653116.

What is it the raised eyebrow indicating to humans then?

The Wolves seem like they have an intense gaze because of there predatory nature. I think before we domesticated wolves, there were probably a lot of wolves that had attacked human settlements for food 33,000 years ago.

Fully mature organisms that retain less mature traits.

How would one prove (or disprove) this?

This helped me understand exactly why the extra facial muscles evolved. It is interesting that these simple muscles allow for so much more attraction between humans and animals.

Helped me understand why dogs are attracted to humans. Helps me understand what cause the behavior change and why wolves and dogs are different in a psychological way.

interesting fact. What lead them to change their behavior? Because in the article it also says wolfs don't act the same as domestic dogs, they don't think of humans as their bestfriends.

Hyenas have a similar thing, when domesticated their jaws and skull don't look the same or develop the same, and actually lose some function when domesticated.

Interestingly though wolves make eye contact with each other wolves still, for social communication and bonding. Dogs just evolved to bond with humans as well. Reference:https://m.facebook.com/nt/screen/?params=%7B%22note_id%22%3A1043783672716775%7D&path=%2Fnotes%2Fnote%2F&refsrc=deprecated&_rdr

With this being mentioned I thought of how through out our day how different social aspects can affect our facial features aswell. for example if we were playing a game of softball we are more likley in an intense surrounding with more emotions coming from our face compared to when we are in class or doing homework.

gracile- slender build

Scant: meaning barley sufficant or adequate.

Is this selection pressure mostly due to humans wanting dogs to look more human-like or having human-like expressions?

Unconscious Selection: non-intentional human selection.

"survival of the fittest". External agents which affect an organism's ability to survive in a given environment.

If a randomly selected group turned out so homogenous, is there a chance this could affect the data?

relating to the formation of social and emotional bonds with others or to the desire to create such bonds

Homogenous means to be alike so in this case it is stating that the group of was similar and had little variation majority of dogs are Staffordshire bullterries

the image of the dog on is a great example of how expressive dogs upper facial area can be. I also noticed breeds like French Bulldogs seem to have a lot of expression I find this interesting since this breed of dog is completely selective breeding done by man kind since this breed cannot give live birth on its own and must have a C-section in order to give birth and have there offspring survive.

pedagogical is an adjective relating to the methods and theory of teaching. https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/pedagogical a fancy way of saying Ostensive cues such as eyebrow movements are relevant to learning interaction between dog and humans.

"These muscles connect the ring of muscles around the dog’s eyes to both ends of the eyebrows, allowing dogs to widen their eyes – making them appear “cuter.” They also allow that “eyebrow raise” that tends to melt our hearts…" reference

https://www.ovchsc.ca/news/puppy-eyes

I thought this was interesting. This muscle makes more of the white/sclera of the eye visible. In what situation would a dogs white of the eye be visible aside from when they are scared? How would this be beneficial to the relationship between dogs and humans vs. humans and wolves? I understand that we like to see the whites of the eyes, but how would this apply to dogs whose eyes we do not see the sclera, especially the husky who does not have the ability that other dogs do?

Ostensive means to be direct or to clearly demonstrate. This phrase means that the eyebrow movements are clear and easy to read as well as see which can be why they are so important in our relationship with people as well as dogs.

Oxytocin is a positive feedback mechanism meaning it amplifies the behavior/encourages it rather than makes it stop. So to my understanding this is saying that we are encouraged through the pituitary gland releasing Oxytocin to continue using our mutual gaze and furthering our bonds.

Reference: https://www.cerritos.edu/rpcasas/positive-and-negative-feedback.htm

The definition of paedomorphic is: (of an animal) retaining juvenile features as an adult. I googled pictures of paedomorphic and there was a lot of pictures of axolotls. I can see why!

The frontalis muscle is responsible for elevating the eyebrows, wrinkling the forehead, and moving the scalp posteriorly.

This is very interesting to me. I was thinking why did it differ only around the eye? I started to think about my own dog that is a black labrador. I was thinking about how I love the size of him and how when I hug him, I think about how I am hugging a big bear. I think us as humans haven't selected only dogs that are a certain breed (although there are certain breeds that are more common.) We like all different types of dogs for different reasons. I think that they haven't changed much physically due to the fact that we like the idea of owning a dog that seems like a wolf. But other breeds have changed a lot physically- like we talked about chihuahuas. Some people favor them being very small so those have also been selected over time.

Also called Juvenilization is the delaying or slowing of the psychological (or somatic) development of an organism

Could this be because Wolves don't "need" to move their eyebrows to communicate and dogs do? Why do dogs move their eyebrows more than wolves?

This is interesting just based off of the work I have done with dogs. Staring is predatory and reflects dominance this is actually a trait found in wolves as well as many species. Dogs do this as well as an intimidation tactic it is often seen in dominant breeds to test their human to see if they are able to get away with bad behavior. This isn’t always the reason they stare sometimes they just have a lot of focus on the activity you are doing. Dogs are more docile and don’t always view eye contact as a threat and do find comfort in their humans. I just think the underlying trait was passed on.

is the process of adapting wild plants and animals for human use. Domestication in animals being the mutual relationship between animals and the humans who have influence on their care and reproduction.

a muscle in the face that closes the eyelids. It arises from the nasal part of the frontal bone, from the frontal process of the maxilla in front of the lacrimal groove, and from the anterior surface and borders of a short fibrous band, the medial palpebral ligament.

WIth increased social interactions with humans directly linking to muscular changes, can this also be the case with behaviors, like a dislike for a human wearing a hat for instance. I have come into contact with a couple breeds that have shown this behavior, Shiba Inu/American Eskimo mix and German Shepherds. Not all instances but in these two breeds more than others.

Humans develope a distinct psycological connection between one another from a very early age. Majority of our interactions growing up are made face to face making eye contact. Of which, eye contact can inspire trust, fear, doubt, ect. A psychologist Christian Jarrett writes a blog about the connections we make with just eye contact, or lack there of. bellow is a small quote introducing his topic- "Our sensitivity to eye contact begins incredibly early. Infants of just two days of age prefer looking at faces that gaze back at them. Similarly, recordings of the brain activity of four-month-olds show that they process gazing faces more deeply than faces that are looking away..." For more information https://digest.bps.org.uk/2016/11/28/the-psychology-of-eye-contact-digested/

With this hypothesis, could it also be possible that humans consciously-unconsciously have a selected preference for this trait of facial expressions in all other animals? Further more, could this be a small contribution to our selection in house hold cats/felines? Or even so towards inanimate object, such as a car of which has a front end that resembles a sort of face?

The Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) is a measure of the reliability of measurements or ratings. Resource: https://www.medcalc.org/manual/intraclasscorrelation.php

An example of that are Dog show competitions. In these shows you can see how well behaved and manipulated a dog can be, given the right artificial selection pressuares. In the video below you can see how dogs are trainned for these kinf of competitions and how well they can understand and read directions from humans. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8IQ6kuSSi1A

This reminded me of Dmitri Belyaev's silver fox experiment. He decided he wanted to try domesticating silver foxes. After six fox generations these wild foxes started have dog like characteristics. They started to wanting for belly rubs, develop floppy ears and dog-like snouts. Another thing these silver foxes developed is that they started to follow the gaze of humans. This article talked a lot about how mutual gaze between dogs and human increased production of oxytocin in both species which increased the motivation to establish eye contact. Its cool to see how both experiments lead to the same conclusion.

https://undark.org/2019/02/07/silver-fox-experiment/

"the art of preparing, stuffing, and mounting the skins of animals with lifelike effect"- Oxford Dictionary

"(of an animal) retaining juvenile features as an adult" - Oxford dictionary

Definition: Situated on the side and towards the back of the body Posterior: Situated behind Lateral: The side of the body

Analogous is a term used in biology to refer to body parts that have a similar function but differ in structure, such as the wings of a bird and the wings of an airplane.

Is this something that has developed in other animals to produce the same effect?

This means that instead of having a white sclera like humans, they have a dark sclera which "camouflages" their intent to other animals. It is theorized that human's have sacrificed this camouflage for the sake of communication. Which also ties in the communication between human and dog.

I think it is really interesting that different cultures have different animals and values on them and that our bonds to them change the way they evolve. Animals have evolved along side humans and their cultures and it if humans can affect how dogs evolve then dogs and their bonds could also influence human evolution

This is the muscle that closes the eye lid. It is also found in humans.

Nurturing response - Connected Discipline is a trauma-informed training designed to teach effective discipline strategies through nurturing and connected responses

Reference: https://www.chsnc.org/event/charlotte-nurturing-response-connected-discipline-1-24-18/

We talk about the unconscious selection during social interactions and the correlation with Oxytocin. Now it gives examples of doing research with cats, domestic horses, etc.. because they also have the hormone Oxytocin, nicknames the love hormone, however fish has a love hormone called Isotocin.

My question is can we have a dog/human bond like we have but a fish/human bond. Why is it that Oxytocin in different species seem to react with other species that have Oxytocin but why it doesn't react or does it react to a different species with Isotocin even though both of these hormones have very similar reaction (example: love hormone)?

"Reddon and his research team studied the cichlid fish Neolamprologus pulcher, an unusual species that forms permanent hierarchical social groups. Each group has a dominant breeding pair with many helpers to look after young and defend territory." -Marinesciencetoday.com

Read more: http://marinesciencetoday.com/2012/10/11/fish-also-react-to-the-love-drug/#ixzz5yVbxqrx7

Could someone explain to me what is paedomorphic anatomical features? I researched but couldn't understand exactly what it is, especially in this context.

When a neutral allele is linked to beneficial allele, consequently meaning that it has a selective advantage, the allele frequency can increase in the population through genetic hitchhiking (also called genetic draft).

Reference: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-biology/chapter/adaptive-evolution/

Could someone explain to me how this connection can occur? I found it very interesting.

Oxytocin is a peptide hormone and neuropeptide. It is very importante in social bonding, sexual reproduction, childbirth, and the period after childbirth.

The evolutionary process in which larval or juvenile features of an ancestral organism are displaced to the adult forms of its descendants. It can arise by neoteny or progenesis.

So from my understanding, this is showing comparable traits to other species that have been related at some point in the taxonomy but only in larval or juvenile stages of life. After this stage in life, the traits will fade.

Reference: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0164562

I read the definition that the colleague put bellow and I was still confused so I went after examples based on other animals and found an interesting one that made me understand better. An example is the Mexican axolotl opposite that when it reaches adulthood it retains the gills of feathers that animals of related species lose when they are young.

comparable in certain respects.