“I”, “me”, and “my”

and increasingly so since the seventeenth century

for the related Hegelian view that various forms of self-consciousness depend on intersubjective recognition

Hegel came to be one of the main targets of attack by the founders of the emerging “analytic” movement, Bertrand Russell and G.E. Moore. For Russell, the revolutionary innovations in logic starting in the last decades of the nineteenth century had destroyed Hegel’s metaphysics by overturning the Aristotelian logic on which, so Russell claimed, it was based, and in line with this dismissal, Hegel came to be seen within the analytic movement as an historical figure of little genuine philosophical interest.

By the close of the twentieth century, even within core logico-metaphysical areas of analytic philosophy, a number of individuals such as Robert Brandom and John McDowell had started to take Hegel seriously as a significant modern philosopher, although generally within analytic circles a favorable reassessment of Hegel has still a long way to g

That is, women as a group are assumed to share some characteristic feature, experience, common condition or criterion that defines their gender and the possession of which makes some individuals women

scientific controversy heated over whether transsexuality was a psychological or physical condition

The newer DSM-V replaces the diagnostic category Gender Identity Disorder with Gender Dysphoria in an effort to lessen stigmatization.

In this entry, trans will be used as a place-holder for the possibly productive political tensions discussed above (transsexual vs. transgender, trans* vs. transgender). Since many forms of transphobia involve categorizing individuals contrary to their own sense of self, caution is required in applying terms to individuals who may not self-identify with them. In light of this, the use of trans should not be understood to impute an identity or a shared political vision. Rather, it is a functional term restricted to this entry alone, and is not intended to invoke a shared category among diverse individuals The expressions trans women and trans men will be used to refer to MTFs and FTMs who self-identify as women and men respectively (where trans functions as a context-restricted placeholder for the aforementioned political tensions.

Since around 2010, the term trans* has been used in place of transgender and trans in order to provide for more possibilities.

It may also be used to indicate people who self-identify and live as the sex “opposite” to the one assigned to them at birth.

Transsexual is often used to refer to individuals who use hormonal and/or surgical technologies to alter their bodies to conform to their gendered sense of self in ways that may be construed as at odds with the sex assigned at birth or in ways that may not be readily intelligible in terms of traditional conceptions of sexed bodies.

The term transgender is also sometimes used as an equivalent to transgenderist, to refer to folk who live full-time in the role other than the one assigned to them at birth but who do not see themselves as transsexual

On my view, then, disagreements over who counts as a woman are simply not to be settled by appeal to the facts of language. They are to be settled by appeal to moral and political principles.

That case study is the evolution of my own thinking about sex/gender terms like(p.196)“woman” and “man.”

Politically significant terms matter to people's lives— and it's worth spending at least some of our energy thinking about things that matter in this way.

Some have argued that feminism can and should do without the conceptwoman, some argued that we can go on using the conceptwomanand the term “woman” even if we cannot explain them, some have suggested analyses as a family resemblance concept,

that biology is not destiny: the sex we’re born with needn’t determine the sort of life we live.

This pressure has come in part from the recognition that there are huge and important differences between(p.197)women from different classes, races, nationalities, religions, and so on.