medieval understanding of travel writing.

mprecise unit of "a day's journey" and the parasang, an ancient Persian unit of measurement

partiality for southern French communities,

geography is experienced through human movement on specific routes.

Book of Travels as a literary work rather than a positivist account,

literary grid that allows the author to reflect on the medieval world from a Jewish perspective.

ourt's sexual economy and the role of wet nurses within it.

Confessions narrates the birth of Nijo's son as though it took place around the same time Empress Higashi-Nijõ bore a daughter

sexuality and religiosity

possibility of women's salvation outside dominant medieval Buddhist principles.

The regime's discourse was directed not only at domestic audiences but also at international ones, particularly in the West, where it sought to project its strength and legitimacy through civilizational language that focused on barbarizing the opposition.

discourse of racial militarism to justify its brutal crackdown on opposition groups, particularly those with Islamic affiliations.

ecular militarism also plays a role in othering and excluding those who seek a greater role for religion in political and public life.

reinforce a masculinist nationalism through militarism

Syria's militarist state has been shaped by its experience of colonization, and its militarism is directly connected to the country's anticolonialism

The ideal masculine identity was tied to militarism

Racial militarism played a significant role in shaping insider-outsider boundaries of national identity, with militarism performing an exclusionary function within the nation-state.

The construction of the "Other" was also racialized

militarism, which was used to facilitate the transition from one epoch of human development to the next.

militarism is not only shaped by colonialism but also perpetuates racial hierarchies and civilizational anxiety.

"militarization" is limited in its ability to fully capture the violence of liberal order, as it fails to acknowledge that there is no "good" liberal civilian past to which we can retreat.

It implies that universities were once purely civilian institutions that have been encroached upon by military values.

"militarization" framework elides: the historical context out of which the use of military equipment and tactics against Black activism develops.

militarization is a new process by which the exception (war) encroaches on the norm (peace).

The concept of militarization assumes a peaceful liberal order that is encroached on by military values or institutions, but this assumption is false.

The Periplus also describes the route from China to India, where silk was shipped by land via Bactria to Barygaza and then via the Ganges River to Limyrike. This passage provides evidence of connections between China and Rome during the first century of the Common Era. The trade links were significant, with many travelers focusing on trade, particularly silk, which formed an important part of the economies of several societies.

Zhang Qian's journey provided the Chinese with valuable information about the lands and peoples of Central Asia, and his report to Emperor Wudi helped to establish trade networks between China and Central Asia.

diplomatic mission to the Yuezhi nomads in modern-day Uzbekistan, led by an official named Zhang Qian. Zhang Qian's journey was a significant one, as it marked the beginning of Chinese travel to Central Asia.

Chinese princesses were sent to marry the Xiongnu leaders as part of the treaty agreement.

Peace and Friendship" accords, established a framework for relations between the Chinese and the Xiongnu that lasted for about 150 years.

he first emperor of the Han dynasty, Liu Bang, was a former official who had once been in charge of policing a section of the imperial highway system.

imperial courier network

The construction of a network of five great tree-lined 'fast roads' that converged on his capital at Xianyang linked the city to the eastern, southern, and northern regions of the empire.

The Chinese took an important lead in promoting travel, with formal state policy involved in promoting travel

whiteness operates as a dominant ideology,

requires collective action by people from a range of locations in the social order

ducators must acknowledge their own positioned subjects and engage in collective action to address racism and promote equity

The rejection of the provincial assemblies’ petition movement for a national parliament had already led many constitutionalists to accept the necessity of revolution, i

unity of the five races advocated by the constitutionalists helped keep the border regions of the Qing Empire together.

socially regressive, but recognizes the politically progressive contributions of the constitutionalist gentry in leading the transition to a republican form of government.

revolutionaries may have both appealed to and created anti-Manchu sentiment through their propaganda.

The revolution happened suddenly, unlike other revolutions that were long and protracted.

The Qing court's position weakened when they were defeated in Nanjing.Negotiations led to the abdication of the emperor and the establishment of a provisional republican government.

Yuan Shikai tried to balance the interests of the Manchus and the revolutionaries.

These demands included creating a parliament, having a constitution, electing a premier, and reviewing international treaties.

uan Shikai, a former leader of the Beiyang army.

e Second International, a federation of socialist parties and trade unions, supported the concept of parliamentary democracy and believed in the possibilities of social revolution.

Russian revolution and saw similarities between the tsars and the Qing emperors.

onstitutional monarchy as a way to achieve progress and economic development

anti-Manchu sentiment

Natural disasters,

The Qing government struggled financially, with increasing expenses for the army and a growing budget deficit.

The New Army,

The Qing government decided to nationalize the railway system under their control because it was profitable and would provide funds for the government.This decision angered many Chinese who believed each province should control its own railway development.

1900s, Chinese people wanted to regain control of their own transportation system from foreign investors.They formed groups to raise money and buy back the railroad rights.

Qing court, the ruling dynasty at the time, should have been aware that these assemblies would scrutinize their actions.

he country as a whole moved towards constitutional change, with plans for full constitutional government over the nine years.The death of the empress dowager Cixi increased the urgency for reform.

Various groups, including constitutional monarchists, nationalists, anarchists, Marxists, and the Revolutionary Alliance, criticized the Qing.

The Qing court and Chinese officials had attempted to adapt Western techniques and ideas to China's needs.

The fall of the Qing dynasty was triggered by an accidental bomb explosion in Hankou, which was fueled by agitation over constitutionalism, railways, and foreign encroachments

militarized masculinities are sites where boundary lines are drawn – “one between good guys and bad guys and the other separating what we can look at from what we can’t”

“peacekeeping” over “peacemaking” in Afghanistan (the poll defined peacemaking as distinct from traditional peacekeeping because it involves combat).

white masculinity and perpetuated narratives of saving "brown women" in need of salvation.

Female soldiers were depicted as tough but tender, exhibiting masculine qualities while helping others.

combat activities would make Canada more respected and taken seriously by other countries.

believed that projecting warrior masculinity would enhance Canada's reputation internationally.

"warrior creep," which refers to the spread of the warrior culture into non-combat roles and environments.

The peacekeeping model emphasizes traits like impartiality, sensitivity, compassion, and empathy, which are sometimes seen as feminized and can lead to frustration among peacekeepers who feel they cannot prove their masculinity.

warrior archetype, which is characterized by traits like physical strength, toughness, rationality, and aggression.

constructed, reproduced, and influenced by gendered relationships within military institutions.

archetype obscures the violence and imperialism of war.

role of gender in legitimizing violence in the Global War on Terror.

helpful hero masculinity as an ideal type should be politically troublesome for feminist scholarsThis archetype obscures all of the ways in which “legitimized” military violence is unhelpful,

hows that Gurkhas are actively shaping their own futures and challenging stereotypes through their actions.

natural attributes

source of pride and economic stability.

Gurkhas, who have a reputation as fierce warriors due to their martial race

gendered nature of the security industry and the participation of primarily men.

Feminist analyses see both the state and trafficking networks as threats to security, as trafficked persons lack freedom of movement and are at risk of abuse and poor health

Governments prioritize defense spending over healthcare,

Improving reproductive health and addressing gender inequalities are crucial for promoting human security.

health impacts of violent conflict, bioterrorism, pandemics, and endemic diseases disproportionately affecting certain regions are all linked to health and security

World Health Organization (WHO) and policymakers recognize the importance of health for international peace, stability, and human security.

onsidering gender in discussions of human security and argues for a balanced focus on both freedom from fear and freedom from want.

evidenced by the lack of involvement of women in drafting the new constitution and the passing of repressive legislation.

"responsibility to protect" (R2P).R2P suggests that states have a responsibility to intervene and protect civilians in other states if they are unable or unwilling to do so themselves.Some feminist scholars argue that the language of protection can reinforce gendered and racialized narratives.

issues of human security and human rights are sometimes used as justifications for military intervention.

The focus on individuals in human security discourse may overlook vulnerabilities and threats that are linked to larger associations such as gender, class, and ethnicity.

International Criminal Court

providers of human security, and that NGOs and international organizations

mphasizes empowering individuals to take action for their own security and well-being.

he United Nations Development Programme and the Commission on Human Security have played important roles in promoting and defining the concept of human security.

Human security includes freedom from fear and freedom from want, and encompasses various elements such as economic security, food security, health security, environmental security, personal security, community security, and political security.

wars, conflicts, famine, and poverty are all examples of insecurity that can harm individuals and communities.

exual exploitation is by far the most commonly identified form of human trafficking

"environmental security" and how it can be linked to traditional security ideas.Some view this connection as a positive way to address the threats posed by environmental degradation, while others see it as adding unnecessary complexity to the concept of security.

gender norms and identities can limit people's ability to achieve security.

considering gender in policymaking.

analyzing key issues in security studies through gender lenses.

Gender lenses help us understand how gender is connected to power dynamics and how it shapes international processes and practices.

rethought to reduce inequality and encourage security for people in their daily lives.

ects of war on women, we can gain a better understanding of the unequal gender relations that sustain military activities.

specific issues faced by women during war, such as rape, military prostitution, and civilian casualties.

simplistic views of women as victims

individual insecurity, for marginalized and disempowered individuals.

that conflict impacts individuals differently based on gender, making women more vulnerable to security threats.

eminist security studies focus on how insecurities are created and how individuals respond to them within structures of violence and oppression

security language

human security, shifting the focus from states to individuals.

In international relations, high politics focuses on security, while low politics includes economics and social issues.

concept

COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the importance of care and calls for a change in how it is valued and prioritized

s-subsidization from more productive parts of the economy and public investment in the care sector

"asset-based approaches," which view communities and individuals as having valuable skills and abilities that can contribute to the community.

"co-production" in social care, which involves involving different stakeholders in the production of care outcomes

Advice given to healthcare workers focused on self-care,

Social care workers had higher mortality rates than healthcare workers.

Black and minority ethnic groups had higher infection and mortality rates due to underlying health conditions, lack of healthcare access, living conditions, and being essential workers.

Care workers received little support during the pandemic and are dealing with increased stress and exhaustion.

e crisis highlighted the importance of essential workers like supermarket cashiers and care workers, but these workers are often undervalued, especially those who are women or people of color.

exploitation of domestic workers and the need for fair pay and working conditions.Many nannies lost their jobs and housing

structural changes to address the housing crisis, such as banning real estate speculation and building more affordable housing.

The social structures and inequalities in society determine who is most vulnerable to the virus.

concept of interdependence

The focus on profit-making and cost-efficiency meant that there were no reserves or adequate supplies of protective equipment.

hlighting issues such as underfunding, lack of protective equipment, and the increase in unpaid carers. It also mentions the impact on refuge vacancies, food distribution, and the lack of occupational sick pay.

It mentions the disproportionate impact on disabled individuals and minority ethnic groups.

Self-care can involve setting up supportive networks and making connections between personal experiences and broader social structures.Taking care of oneself is an act of resistance against societal messages that devalue certain lives.

demands of work and personal life are becoming blurred

sure comes from a fear of job insecurity and a lack of support from welfare systems.

neoliberal regime that values productivity and growth.

complex needs behind

the pursuit of a "reliable body" in an uncertain world.

orthorexia, an eating disorder characterized by an obsession with healthy eating.

arguing that care is often subordinated to the demands of capitalism.

t financialisation, the process of allocating resources through financial instruments, can worsen inequality and social issues.

Disadvantaged young people, for example, face institutionalized racism, poverty, and precarious job markets, but these factors are not considered in this approach.

cerns that easy targets are prioritized over more challenging cases, and the costs of implementing and scaling these projects may outweigh any potential savings

Critics argue that this system allows private investors to profit from cost savings that should benefit society.

social impact investing, where investors provide funding for projects that have a social impact.

o reduce staff costs by 30 per cent through wage reductions, changes to bank holiday pay or reductions in staffing level

er 80 per cent of adult social care workers are women.23

Personal budgets create extra work and potential exploitation for care recipients who become employers when hiring personal assistants.

improve communication and support for those in need of care, but it has economic implications, such as charging fees or relying on volunteers.

Decisions about technology in care are influenced by politics, economics, and cultural contexts.

more severe in social care due to its lower status compared to healthcare.

The adult social care system is facing a perfect storm of increased demand, workforce shortages, and funding gaps.

assroots social movements and self-help groups can often provide better care than professional services, while creating alternative structures that promote mutual aid and reduce reliance on expensive commodities.

"landscapes of care" in everyday places where people gather, such as homes, cafes, community centers, and parks.

quality and safety of services provided by untrained volunteers.

Household work is often invisible and paid domestic work is characterized by informality and lack of social protection.

better care than a market equivalent.

This could result in women paying more for childcare than they earned working and facing discrimination at work.

The text discusses various aspects of care work, including the impact of contracts on unpaid care, the gendered effects of these contracts, the increase in unpaid care work, the rise of informal carers, the financial struggles of carers, the rise of young carers, the reliance on volunteers in the care sector, the dilution of the nuclear family, and the need for collective care that challenges structural inequalities.

The Institute for Fiscal Studies has reported that a 30 per cent reduction to social care spending for people over the age of sixty-five, between 2009 and 2016, led to a significant rise in visits to A&E by the same cohort, signalling increased costs for hospital emergency departments.

policies undermine social cohesion and exacerbate social divisions.The text discusses how negative stereotypes and stigmatization of welfare recipients have been perpetuated by government campaigns and media portrayals.

The United Nations has criticized the British government's austerity measures, calling them punitive and mean-spirited.

Black and Minority Ethnic women and people with disabilities have been disproportionately impacted by the cuts.

cuts in social services and benefits, affecting the most vulnerable populations.

care

A survey carried out across EU countries in 2016 found that among respondents, 44 per cent of women and 30 per cent of men found it difficult to combine paid work with caring responsibilities.8

Global Financial Crisis and its aftermath, with austerity measures disproportionately affecting certain groups

ideas of deserving and undeserving poor.

certain groups of people were excluded from the welfare state, such as women, people of color, migrants, LGBTQIA communities, and those with mental health or disability issues.

The lens of social reproduction helps to identify the unpaid work that is necessary for the production of economic value in a capitalist economy.

Care can be provided for free or bought and sold as a commodity, but it is best understood as a configuration of social relationships that are politically and economically conditioned

The experiences and access to power of women, people of color, and colonized peoples are different and must be taken into account.

Feminist activists and scholars have sought to challenge this by politicizing these tasks and highlighting their importance for the functioning of the economy.

Sue feels isolated and wishes she had more support in her life.

consumer culture

unpaid care work compared to men, which includes household chores, personal care, and volunteering.This imbalance in care work can lead to economic disadvantages for women, such as lower earnings and limited job opportunities.

interdependence of our lives

desire to have professional help in the future rather than relying on family members.

The welfare state has played a role in the provision of care, but certain groups have been excluded. Care work is deeply intertwined with power dynamics, and feminist movements have challenged traditional gender roles.

he welfare state has played a role in the provision of care, but certain groups have been excluded. Care work is deeply intertwined with power dynamics, and feminist movements have challenged traditional gender roles.

ecorded 20 per cent increase in female labour-force participation in OECD countries over the last thirty years.31

reports by the charity organisation Age UK and the Care Quality Commission, the public body that inspects and regulates health and social care in Britain, one in seven older people (1.4 million) were not receiving the care they needed in 2018.5 The Care Quality Commission also reported in 2019 that the number of children with mental health disorders accessing social services had increased by 50 per cent in four years.6

non-academic audience and aims to contribute to the political debate on the topic.

Migrant women from the Global South and Eastern Europe have filled care gaps in the Global North, taking up positions as domestic workers or health and social care workers.

Migration plays a role in care debates, with migrant workers often scapegoated despite their contributions to the economy and care sector.

shifted the cost of care onto individuals and communities, leading to a greater reliance on informal support and charity.

but without a change in the division of unpaid care work, many women are left doing multiple shifts of caring for others.

important role of women in providing unpaid care work and criticizes the invisibility and undervaluation of this labor.

criticizes the neoliberal ideology that promotes individual responsibility and privatization of care, arguing that caring for others should be a collective and public responsibility.

nequal impact of the coronavirus crisis on different groups, such as precarious workers and marginalized communities.

crisis of care is influenced by material conditions, ideological assumptions, and inequality

lobal crisis of care, where a growing number of people are unable to access the care and support they need.

Privatization of health and social care services has led to financial difficulties and debts for care home providers.

Access to care is becoming more dependent on financial ability,

f elderly people not receiving necessary care is increasing, and there has been a significant rise in children with mental health disorders accessing social services.

issues such as the lack of care facilities for an aging population, reduced mental health services, cuts to disability care budgets, and overworked doctors and nurses

Hangzhou fell to the Taiping rebels in 1861 he lost some eighteen of his relatives, including his mother.

in every case suggesting the failure of o cially sanctioned structures to requite loss, restore order, address human feeling, and commemorate the dead.

He de ed the absolute moral clarity of o cial narratives, absorbing the rhetoric of virtue into an account that privileged loss and emotion

It explained how her life had ended, virtuously, and it enabled her family to include her in their application for state honors along with the other relatives who died in 1861

In this vein, Zhang describes an encounter with the spirit of his beloved oldest sister, Xingzhu.

their spirit tablets are enshrined at the provincial shrine to honor the Loyal and Righteous.Wood and words provide ritual prosthetic,

Zhang Guanglie situates his e orts to locate and ritually honor the dead in relation to family cult and state honors—themselves important symbols of restoration.

ctionate description of physical detail and emotional connection—cleft by a moment of extreme violence.Zhang provides snapshot views of a woman whose loss occasioned profound personal pain—an image composed of intimate moments that reveal her a ection for her children, her personal habits, and those idiosyncrasies that capture her humanity

uthenticity of his grief through references to tears, physical pain, wailing, and other uncontrolled responses, which contrast neatly with hierarchical and orderly commemorative arrangements within established ritual settings.