end to use less protest as a tactic compared to other social movements, and that their political opportunities may be structured differently due to their goals and their position within institutions.

discursive struggle, which involves shaping and controlling political discourse concerning women to influence public policy.

relying on the resources and support provided by these organizations.Feminists may choose to focus on campaigns and struggles

There is tension between feminist movements and political parties, as some movements prefer to maintain autonomy from parties in order to achieve their goals.

feminists did not have a political party to support them, which limited their influence on policies like abortion laws.

success of feminist movements working with left-wing parties varies,

important for political scientists to understand the conditions under which feminist movements mobilize and act, without assuming that they are always inclusive or representative of all women's movements.

individual actions, collective actions, and organizations focused on women's rights or broader human rights issues.

Women are located both externally and internally within institutions, influencing their actions and goals. Other research on Third World women's movements shows their impact on state policies and context.

separate banners were set up for Mongols and Chinese.

fall of the Ming dynasty, focusing on the reign of the Chongzhen emperor.

"For eighty days we kept our hair,"

Liu

en Ying-yuan

ecruited professional soldiers and invited rural militia units to join the defense

urban gentry tried to mediate

ifferent groups, including the sub-bureaucracy, the urban gentry, and the commoners from the villages.

to force the Chinese to accept the new regime, but it causes tension and resistance among the population.

They send trusted officials to the capital city and request that the tax and population registers be handed over to them.This shows that the Qing are trying to take over without completely replacing the local government.

pressure from statecraftsmen and gentry members for the emperor to allow them to form their own militia troops.

that village defense forces were controlled by assistant district magistrates, while later village troops were supposed to be controlled by an extraprovincial warden.

separate military apparatus.

hiang-yin

g Manchu dynasty was proud of their reconstruction of the imperial system

hinese supporters of the Qing gained power and stability, but at the cost of compromising their ethical values.

ing rulers saw the fall of the Ming as a result of corrupt military officers and greedy civil officials.The establishment of Qing rule was a long process that involved collaboration between the Manchus and Chinese officials.

officials even took matters into their own hands by hiring their own militias or training their own armies.

eople started questioning the authority of the emperor and the government's ability to govern effectively.

The social fabric of the empire began to unravel, with poverty and starvation increasing.

During the Ming dynasty in China, emperors stopped meeting with their ministers and officials, causing a loss of confidence in the government.

civilized envy the power of the conquerors.

gue that Hobbes's emphasis on self-preservation can justify the right to rebel against the state.

Hobbes acknowledges that if sovereigns fail to assert their authority or ignore the needs of their subjects, rebellion is likely.

This focus on practical power has led some to view Hobbes as more concerned with reality than theoretical legitimacy

but individuals have an obligation to obey the ruler regardless of any specific agreemen

This ruler can be a king or queen in a monarchy, a class in an aristocracy, or the people in a democracy

fear can lead people to give their consent to the sovereign

nternational anarchy and the lack of barriers to expansion may have contributed to the relegation of Indigenous peoples outside the community of states.

tion's population becomes too large for its institutions to support, it is acceptable for them to establish colonies elsewhere

acial hierarchy

Hobbes believed that before governments were established, people had the right to do whatever they needed to survive.This idea could be used to justify colonialism and expansion

state of nature and how it relates to international relations

natural parental authority and the rights of mothers.

aws of nature are consistent with Christian teachings

desires for the greater good.

moral system proposed by Hobbes

reason and the pursuit of peace

ere is constant insecurity and no room for progress or civilization

umans had equal rights to everything, even if someone else took something first

ntial threat to each other and there is no way to generate a hierarchy or enforceable moral standards.

state of nature where there is no political power and life is characterized by conflict and equality.

mechanism like the state is needed to enforce common terms and definitions about the world

cooperation between people can only happen if it is in their self-interest

ception of the world is influenced by physical stimuli and that there is no universal or objective experience of things.Our responses to the world are unique to us and influenced by how our bodies react to stimuli.Hobbes believed that all human actions are driven by our passions and desires.

rong government, there would be constant war and death

middle ground between identity and fluidity

The text raises concerns about the feasibility and potential dangers of rejecting fixed identities altogether

proliferation of identities rather than challenging fixed categories.

inking may only be accessible to certain individuals who do not conform to societal norms, while others may need to pass as "normal" to support dependents

may reinforce a romanticized version of queer identity, which can overlook the experiences of lesbians and women.

focus on identity can be limiting and disconnected from broader social issues.

ubversion that challenges traditional gender norms and promotes the mixing of multiple identities.

gender and sexual identity are not natural or fixed, but rather performative and constructed.

f "queer" politics, which rejects fixed identities and embraces unpredictability.

represent the capitulation of the powerless to the demands of the powerful.

uggested that it may socially determine what should be ‘normal’ sex for women and men.

sexual culture which emphasises the private

acceptance of the need to assert women’s sexual pleasure, and the increase of mediated sexual discourses, mean that agendas have shifted and diversified.

feminists’ ‘sex wars’,

individual and society or between freedom and control

The debate over pornography within feminism has been polarized

Germaine Greer argues that pornography is primarily a business that exploits both those who create it and those who consume it.

ecriminalizing the sex-trade industry would give sex workers more control and better working conditions

descriptions both disturbing and arousing

Dworkin's writings are powerful because they analyze violent pornography and include graphic depictions of sexualized violence.

It mentions that some feminists believe pornography harms women and perpetuates inequality, while others argue that it can provide opportunities for empowerment and self-expression.

“Some women who do not support porn politically still enjoy watching it, but they feel conflicted about the contradictions between their beliefs and actions,”

anti-sex

modern methods of assembly-line manufactur

Dutch East India Company eventually took over the Asian trade and imported millions of pieces of porcelain to the West.

ngland and the Iberian peninsula through Guido di Savino's sons

French potters learned the technique in Flanders and brought it back to France.

Tin-glazed earthenware spread to Antwerp and other parts of Northern Europe

nd it stimulated the adoption of tinglazing in Italy.

Porcelain in the Middle East and Europe was mainly used for decorative purposes in mosques and churches and did not have supernatural connotations

Southeast Asia, such as Borneo and the Swahili coast, where it became integrated into various aspects of life, including birth, marriage, feasting, combat, and death

orcelain vessels were seen as communal entities with cosmic power and were highly valued for their mysterious origins.

outheast Asia admired Chinese imports and stopped using their own pottery

Korea, Japan, and Vietnam all had interactions with Chinese ceramics and developed their own unique styles

The Chinese adopted the traditional aesthetic values of the Middle East, and drew upon their own traditional designs

rivately owned kilns into industrial complexes controlled by commercial syndicates.

ntrepreneurs and craftsmen in China and the Middle East that brought their ceramic traditions closer together.

Blue-and-white porcelain developed as a result of the influence of Song ceramics on the Middle East

bundance of loess soil

pessimism in the study of international relations and suggests that it is influenced by a colonial logic concerning the loss of empire

Persian Wars

only exotic forms

The text criticizes the way textbooks condense Aristotle's study of politics and his conservative views on preserving hierarchical order.

Mande Hunters

‘to grasp not merely what people are saying but also what they are doing in saying it’

d seeks to continue their work by including chapters on women thinkers and recovering forgotten contributions.

Rawlsian theory has limited the range of political thought taught in universities,

corruption

strikes and riots

social structure was complicated.

book printing, and popular works of entertainment were becoming more widespread.

Golden Lotus, one of China's greatest novels, explores themes of greed and selfishness within elite family life

vibrant cultural scene

centralized nature of the state.

China was the largest and most advanced empire at that time, with a large population and a well-established bureaucracy.

'third-world woman' ties into the economic and ideological praxis of scientific inquiry and pluralism

colonize and appropriate the experiences of third-world women, defining them based on western standards and perpetuating stereotypes.

assuming women as a homogeneous group called "women" oversimplifies their experiences and robs them of their agency

t argues that women's identities are shaped by factors like class, culture, religion, and other institutions.

understand and challenge the specific contexts in which women face oppression

This text is discussing how the concept of "women" as a group can be problematic.

Western scholarship on the production, distribution, and consumption of information and ideas.

Overall, the text calls for the formation of strategic coalitions across race and national boundaries

based have privileged some experiences and exclude

important to note that identity continues to be a site of resistanc bers of different subordinated groups

But to say that a category such as race or gender is socially constructed is not to say that that category has no significance in our world

The text talks about how witnessing violence against women can lead to higher rates of violent behavior in boys,

This text discusses how women of color can be silenced in discussions about racism and feminism

intersectional subordination

ntervention strategies based solely on the experiences of women who do not share the same race or class backgrounds will be of limited help to women of color.

representational intersectionality

broad-scale system of domination that affects women as a class.

women should separate from men could not appeal to the very large population of American heterosexual women

liberal feminism

very specific contexts

rhetorically powerful

institutionalizing itself.

“All feminists are suffragists, but not all suffragists are feminists.

The different kinds of activism around gender that have taken place since the early nineteenth century in this country cannot be reduced to one term, feminism

venerable past

defining what it means to be a woman is a form of control and power

which suggests that different gendered subjectivities lead to different knowledge

rather than relying on traditional methods dominated by men

feminist politics should embrace diversity and coalition building

but rather on our individual and collective needs.

European-based

less than fully human

These changes in thinking about the body were influenced by cultural shifts related to industrialization and the differentiation of domestic and public spheres.

The text criticizes the idea that sex identity is fixed and universal across cultures, instead suggesting that it is influenced by specific historical and cultural beliefs

human character

retain positive aspects of feminism while eliminating negative ones

cluding those construc male" bodies from "male" bodies.