However, this approach has to face the potential limitations that have been widely discussed in the past, e.g., McGath (2013) stressed how new formats develop and existing ones evolve officially and unofficially thus making the maintenance of the registry challenging.

This situation largely restricts the facilities that a repository can offer to support data publication.

Independently of file formats, repositories have some limitations on allowed file sizes. They tend to have an upper bound limit yet are open to negoziate extensions to this limit with additional costs (cf. Sec. 4.4). Dryad allows uploading of no more than 10GB of material for a single publication; 3TU.Datacentrum supports the upload of datasets up to 4 GB; Zenodo currently accepts files up to 2GB although it reports that the current infrastructure has been tested with 10GB files; Figshare enables users to store up to 1 GB data in their private space with files up to 250 MB each.

For content format, selected repositories somehow neglect it and describe how the dataset is organised through dataset documentation (cf. Sec. 4.2).

The repository exposing the largest variety of subjects is Dryad where a total of 19,829 distinct subjects have been used to characterise its 9,676 datasets.

The selected repositories have published a total of 336,647 datasets (Tab. 2). The large majority of such datasets – 85% circa – has been published in the last three years, namely 33% circa of datasets have been published in 2013, 29% circa in 2014, and more than 22% in 2015

320,415

This study embraces the definition of (research) data given by Borgman (2015), i.e., “entities used as evidence of phenomena for the purpose of research or scholarship”, and uses “dataset” to refer to the unit of data subject of the data publishing activity, no matter how many files it materialises (Renear et al., 2010). This “dataset” definition includes the term “data package” as adopted by Dryad to mean a set of data files associated with a publication, as well as “dataset” and “fileset” as used by Figshare to indicate data (the former) and a group of multiple files citable as a single object (the latter).

Scientific data repositories are often proposed as instruments for supporting data publishing as they provide facilities for all the different players involved in this process.

They are called to implement systematic data stewardship practices thus to foster adequate scientific datasets collection, curation, preservation, long term availability, dissemination and access.

“Our ability to understand what to build is so far behind what we can build,” said Dr. Minshull,

They were therefore not supposed to discuss the idea publicly before publication.

http://hdl.handle.net/10255/dryad.96452

A positive correlation suggests that the new indicator at least partially reflects the quality that the better known indicator signifies.

you are booted out of foster care and their argument is based on some of the research that you are now citing that these young people are not really ready for the adult world.

In general, we intend the software citation principles to cover the minimum of what is necessary for software citation for the purpose of software identification.

any other research products

Prevalence estimates suggest that 1.5–3.0% of the population will develop bipolar disorder,1,2 which is the sixth leading cause of disability worldwide.

They focus more and more precious institutional energy on reaching a platform’s audience rather than their own, and their voice changes.

The idea that Facebook and its ilk could act as information gatekeepers is also a bleak prospect.

The problem with cooking up a system is that it trades the creative contributions of thousands of individuals for the more refined and articulate plan of a small number of elite advocates. If the advocates were not as accomplished as they are, it would be easy to dismiss any proposed system out of hand. But intelligence is a great seductress; it slyly leads us to assume that being smart and being right are the same thing. Meanwhile, the evidence to the contrary is messy and contradictory.

default in data sharing to open access

FAIR principles

Set up common e-infrastructures

Data sharing and stewardship is the default approach for all publicly funded research

Open science also increases business opportunities.

Make persistent annotations in texts by highlighting passages, adding notes, and tagging with keywords.Enable conversations within peer groups, journal and book clubs, classrooms and amongst the general public.Add context and depth to works and value to collections with annotations from authoritative sources and expert knowledge. Keep res ources more current with the ability to update fixed content without sacrificing the version of record.Share passages, bookmarks, and digital citations with communities of readers or more broadly.Support pre- and post-publication peer review and commentin

Genius seems destined to favor those with too much. Want to show off how devastatingly smart you are by taking down someone else? Genius is the tool you need.

what starts out as a desire to be heard often quickly morphs into an unreasonably angry demand to be recognized

What’s more: To those who are already relentlessly criticized in comments and on social media, Genius’s granular focus can itself feel threatening—as though commenters already have bats, and someone handed them knives. 

Zhiyong Lu Discovering Biomedical Semantic Relations in PubMed Queries for Database Curation and Literature Retrieval

GO annotation in InterPro: why stability does not indicate accuracy in a sea of changing annotations

Tonia Korves Exploring human-machine cooperative curation

crowd curation

Large datasets allow for analytic flexibility, and it is all too tempting to trawl a dataset for “significant” associations.

But there’s no doubt that damage was done.

A study in 2014 sought data from 217 studies published between 2000 and 2013. But the team could secure only 40% of what they requested, and responses varied according to the requester's seniority3.

that citations for software or data have little currency in academia

Researchers also point to the time sink that is involved in preparing data for others to view. Once the data and associated materials appear in a repository, answering questions and handling complaints can take many hours.

“Everybody has a scary story about someone getting scooped,”

But many young researchers, especially those who have not been mentored in open science, are uncertain about whether to share or to stay private.

A few psychology journals have created incentives to increase interest in reproducible science — for example, by affixing an 'open-data' badge to articles that clearly state where data are available. According to social psychologist Brian Nosek, executive director of the Center for Open Science, the average data-sharing rate for the journal Psychological Science, which uses the badges, increased tenfold to 38% from 2013 to 2015.

On the other hand, scientists disagree about how much and when they should share data, and they debate whether sharing it is more likely to accelerate science and make it more robust, or to introduce vulnerabilities and problems.

APP/PS1 and APP/PS1;Abca7−/−

Ontoquest: A system that provides powerful yet easy-to-use query and reasoning utilities.

The chimps are seen on camera picking up stones, then lobbing them at the trees while letting out a "long-distance pant hoot vocalization." It's been mostly males observed engaging in this behavior (and only in West Africa), though there have been some females and juvenile chimps that have also taken part.

The commoners who participate are just as importantly the commons, making it a dynamic and evolving eco-system.

In 2000, Roy Fielding published his PhD thesis Architectural Styles and the Design of Network-based Software Architectures – summarised by its mantra “hypermedia as the engine of application state“, and effectively establishing the Representational State Transfer (REST) as the software architectural style of the Web.

While keeping a clear distinction between data and metadata seems like a good idea, in practice it can be quite hard as one researcher’s metadata is another researchers data. 

So the LSID design suffered with a requirements for resolution that made it trickier (or at least gave the impression of being trickier) to use and mint, but in the end only the identifier bit of LSID was used.

Many large data providers in life sciences did not adapt LSIDs, probably because it meant too many changes to their architecture. Thus the exposure, knowledge and skills around LSIDs did not propagate to the masses.

Hypothes.is offers an optional overlay and enables permissionless annotation by 3rd parties unaffiliated with either the content consumer or the content provider. Crucially, this bypasses much of the friction associated with working with publishers to provide an annotation overlay, although a consortium of publishers is working closely with hypothes.is

The hypothes.is service currently offers an overlay display where these annotations are placed on HTML or PDF views of documents.

First, large portions of the biomedical scholarly literature are completely inaccessible to automated, large scale analysis.

Chrome plugin

associated with text

should be downloadable via the Internet

libre access is better than gratis access

We know that what is being proposed challenges a hierarchical arrangement of monumental proportions-a status system that is firmly fixed in the consciousness of the present faculty and the academ/s organizational policies and practices. What is being called for is a broader, more open field where these different forms of scholarship can interact, inform, and enrich one another, and faculty can follow their interests, build on their strengths, and be rewarded for what they spend most of their scholarly energy doing.

This fourth dimension of scholarship has an integrity of its own, but is deeply embedded in the other three forms-the advancement, integration, and application of knowledge. In addition, the scholarship for teaching has three distinct elements: first, the synoptic capacity, the ability to draw the strands of a field together in a way that provides both coherence and meaning, to place what is known in context and open the way for connection to be made between the knower

We want to challenge this understanding and argue that quality teaching requires substantive scholarship that builds on, but is distinct from original research, and that this scholarly effort needs to be honored and rewarded.

ontrary to the strict ensheathment of BG on molecular layer synapses, astrocyte processes in the granular layer border small groups of granule cells and completely enwrap the glomeruli, the synaptic structures comprising mossy fibre rosettes, Golgi neuron boutons and granule cell dendrites, but fail to penetrate within these junctional complexes

Compared to BG, very little is known about the function of velate protoplasmic astrocytes of the granular layer.

It is now well established that the expression of scaffolding properties in BG is regulated by granule cells.

The scaffolding phenotype is actually induced, or re-induced, and maintained by migrating neurons themselves, who regulate the expression of a specific set of molecules, needed to establish contact and to direct navigation

While a purely radial trajectory may be consistent with BG-guided navigation, time-lapse video microscopy has revealed that the migration of molecular layer interneurons is actually more complex and involves multiple radial and tangential phases

Following the discovery that molecular layer interneurons do not originate from the external granular layer, but derive from VN progenitors that continue to divide in the PWM (Hallonet and Le Douarin, 1993, Zhang and Goldman, 1996a and Maricich and Herrup, 1999), it has been proposed that young basket and stellate cells migrate radially up to the edge of the EGL and become progressively integrated in the expanding molecular layer (e.g. Yamanaka et al., 2004).

On the whole, these findings indicate that the role of BG in granule cell migration is to provide an adhesive substrate and a conducive scaffold.

Disruption of this interplay leads to a characteristic phenotype (Fig. 3B and D), in which: (i) the folia are formed but fuse to each other along the cortical surface; (ii) granule cells are decreased in number and remain ectopically located along the fused folia and in the molecular layer; (iii) Purkinje cells are preserved, but the final monolayer arrangement is not achieved.

BG is necessary to initiate the foliation process, which is abortive if the radial glia to BG transition is prevented by interfering with the execution of the cell-intrinsic ontogenetic program (Hoser et al., 2007).

The most comprehensive model of cerebellar foliation posits that localized changes in the behaviour of granule cell progenitors, at precise spots along the external granular layer, induce the anchoring of nearby Purkinje cells to the underlying white matter, thus defining the base of the fissures (Sudarov and Joyner, 2007).

the Purkinje cell plate

Throughout these developmental phases, radial glia and BG provide trails to guide the migration of different cell types, but also regulate the directional elongation of axons and dendrites.

On the whole, available data indicate that BG morphogenesis requires tight and timely regulated interactions with the surrounding cerebellar microenvironment. Impairment of these regulatory mechanisms results in the acquisition a stellate morphology, which may thus represent a default differentiation pathway for cerebellar astroglial precursors.

However, no clear transition to a multipolar stellate morphology occurs as for PTEN deletion.

It is thus plausible that the PI3K/AKT pathways, normally antagonised by PTEN, actively promote the acquisition of multipolar phenotypes in astroglial precursors at the expenses of the polarized morphology of BG.

Few cell-intrinsic determinants are known that take part in cerebellar astroglial differentiation.

If endfoot anchorage is defective, as a consequence of abnormal membrane composition or altered functioning of BG, fibre formation and orientation are perturbed and BG cell bodies translocate to the molecular layer, thereby severely disrupting cerebellar foliation and layering (see Section 3.2).

Differently from radial glia that possesses a single basal branch, BG cells exhibit multiple ascending processes (usually three to six per cell) crossing the molecular layer and forming palisades parallel to the long axis of the folium. In the rat, the multiple fibres emerge after birth, increase in number until the end of the first postnatal week and then decrease, in parallel with the expansion and reduction of the EGL (Shiga et al., 1983b), suggesting that granule cells contribute to regulate BG process formation.

When added to the cultures, cerebellar neurons reduced astroglial proliferation, induced polarized BG-like or multipolar shapes instead of flattened morphologies, and down-regulated specific antigens, revealing that neurons are key regulators of cerebellar astroglial differentiation.

Birthdating studies consistently indicate that most cerebellar astrocytes are generated during late embryonic and postnatal development (Miale and Sidman, 1961, Altman and Bayer, 1997 and Sekerková et al., 2004).

and fate mapping analyses using inducible reporter genes expressed in radial glia essentially confirmed the VN origin of cerebellar astrocytes (Mori et al., 2006 and Sudarov et al., 2011).

In spite of the morphological variety of the astrocytes that populate the different subdivisions of the mature cerebellum, in the following sections devoted to the ontogenesis of cerebellar astroglia we will exclusively refer to BG and parenchymal astrocytes (the latter comprising all the other categories).

he latter cells were later called “Golgi epithelial cells” (Palay and Chan-Palay, 1974), but they are commonly known as Bergmann glia (BG), and here we shall use this term.

As scientists, we need to define our culture and take ownership in developing a system for communicating research results that best suits our needs as well as the needs of the public.

A preprint server provides a solution for improving the ease and speed of communicating a paper, but it does not necessarily address the escalating amount of data needed for publications in journals (Fig. 1).

Submission to a preprint repository allows a paper to be seen and evaluated by colleagues and search/grant committees immediately after its completion.

However, preprints in biology have not achieved a critical mass for takeoff. Last year, for example, bioRxiv received 888 preprints compared with 97,517 for arXiv, even though many more papers are published in the life sciences.

Thus, the story of DNA, like a Charles Dickens novel, came out in installments. F

One reason is that nonelite journals want to improve their status and, as a consequence, strive to be selective and seek more mature stories.

Thus, authors feel as though they are held hostage, fearful that their paper will not be accepted if they do not comply with most, if not all, of the requests.

With these market forces at work and a positive feedback loop between journal editors and reviewers, the expectations for publication have ratcheted up insidiously over the past few decades.

A “high impact” result constitutes one important criterion for publication. However, a second and increasingly important benchmark is having a very well-developed or “mature” research story, which effectively translates into more experiments and more data.

Over the past 30 y, the US scientific workforce (e.g., postdoctoral fellows and graduate students) has increased by almost threefold (5, 6), fueled, in part, by the doubling of the NIH budget between 1998 and 2003.

Although online platforms such as PubMed Commons offer a convenient way to comment on published papers, they do not include a mediating role for journal editors, and the comments are not incorporated into the literature. Posted concerns are rarely prominent on journals' websites and are not cross-referenced in any useful way. As a result, readers may assume that a flawed paper is correct, potentially leading to misinformed decisions in science, patient care and public policy.

For one article that we believed contained an invalidating error, our options were to post a comment in an online commenting system or pay a 'discounted' submission fee of US$1,716. With another journal from the same publisher, the fee was £1,470 (US$2,100) to publish a letter

Think about that. Is it right that almost anyone with a laptop can benefit from the hard work of the original researchers?

As science itself becomes a body of data that we can analyze and study, thereare staggeringly large opportunities for improving the accuracy and validity of science, through thescientic study of data analysis

Such coping consumes our time and energy, deforms our judgements about what isappropriate, and holds us back from data analysis strategies that we would otherwise eagerly pursue

Census data are roughly the scale of today's big data; but they havebeen around more than 200 years

Statistics is the least important part of data science

collection, management, processing, analysis, visualization, and interpretation of vast amounts ofheterogeneous data associated with a diverse array of ... applications

though, the new initiatives steer away from close involvementwith academic statistics departments.

This chosensuperset is motivated by commercial rather than intellectual developments.

Similar attention must be devoted to stressors and threats to science that arise in response to research that is considered inconvenient.

Journals and professional societies should condemn specious calls for retraction. Journals and institutions can also publish threats of litigation, and use sunlight as a disinfectant.

ublication retractions have historically been reserved for cases of fraud or grave errors

All who participate in post-publication review should identify themselves.

symmetrical standards of openness

hey suspect that requestors will cherry-pick data to discredit reasonable conclusions.

limited consent

Calls for a data set that ignore its open availability (including limitations agreed on during publication, where applicable) could suggest harassment.

Discredit inconvenient results.

mpugn scientists’ integrity (when data is already available); biased re-analyses.

reputable scholarship

But as scientists work to boost rigour, they risk making science more vulnerable to attacks.

Endless information requests, complaints to researchers' universities, online harassment, distortion of scientific findings and even threats of violence

Searches will be conducted in CINAHL, CENTRAL, EMBASE, MEDLINE, Neuroscience Information Framework (NIF), PEDro, PsycINFO, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases.

The Neuroscience Information Framework (http://neuinfo.org/) lists over 2500 different databases with relevance for neuroscience.

The neuroscience community has also been instrumental in promoting the use of a standardized reporting system for research reagents, including and especially Abs, through the Neuroscience Information Framework (www.neuinfo.org), which serves as a prominent portal to the Antibody Registry (www.antibodyregistry.org), a database of over 2.4 million Abs, each of which has a unique identifier (e.g., ‘AB_1234567’), to ensure the unambiguous description of any particular Ab. This unique identifier is then built into the larger Research Resource Identification Initiative (www.scicrunch.org/resources) or RRID (Table 2) [51] such that each Antibody Registry unique identifier becomes a corresponding RRID identifier (e.g., ‘AB_1234567’ becomes ‘RRID: AB_1234567’).

Along with the data, we provide a data dictionary of terms. In the dictionary, standard descriptions for which ontologies exist are used. We searched the following sources for ontology: NeuroLEX (http://neurolex.org/wiki/Main_Page), a semantic wiki for terms used in neuroscience; the Neuroscience Information Framework (http://www.neuinfo.org/), a dynamic resource of web-based neuroscience data, materials, and tools (NeuroLEX terms are actually published in NIF); and NCI Metathesaurus http://ncimeta.nci.nih.gov/ncimbrowser/), a biomedical terminology database for translational and basic research. A detailed list of these terms is presented in Table 3, and examples include “socioeconomic status,” “SAPS” and “cognitive assessment.” For descriptions of without a standard ontology, such as “working memory” or “global rating of hallucinations,” we plan to work with NeuroLEX to arrive at standard definitions. The current version of the data dictionary can be downloaded through the data portal website, described below.

C57BL/6 male mice (27 total) from the National Institute on Aging representing three age groups (nice mice per comparative age group)—mature (5 months old), old (12 months old), and aged (24 months old)—using the Neuroscience Information Framework (NIF; http://neuinfo.org) [24]

The Neuroscience Information Framework (https://www.neuinfo.org) provides links into a very large amount of material on the web that relates to neuroscience. Its searching mechanism is sophisticated, and ontology based, making it a very effective start point.

We concluded that axonal morphometric features are the strongest morphological predictors of interneuron families.

http://www.columbia.edu/cu/biology/faculty/yuste/petilla/index.html).

In addition to the above-mentioned discrepancies, we noticed that several connection patterns we observed in mature neocortex appeared to be different from that in the developing neocortex.

SOM-Cre driver line (SOM-IRES-Cre) (31) labels a population of neurons that can be grouped into distinct types both functionally

The connectivity of each type was not random, but highly predictable, and each morphologically distinct type of neuron had its own characteristic input-output connectivity profile, connecting with other constituent neuronal types with varying degrees of specificity in postsynaptic targets, layer location, and synaptic characteristics

whereas some types were not found in any of the PV+, SOM+, or VIP+ Cre driver lines (table S5).

In contrast to L23 and L5, a considerable proportion of L1 interneurons were unlabeled (~26%, n = 25/95), and, interestingly, all unlabeled interneurons were SBC-like cells.

All unlabeled neurons recorded from L23 (n = 120) and L5 (n = 105) in these transgenic mice were morphologically and electrophysiologically confirmed as pyramidal neurons, and none were interneurons, suggesting that indeed the entire population of GABAergic interneurons in L23 and L5 was labeled in these mice.

Neurons within a type also tended to have the same dendritic arborization pattern and electrophysiological properties, but as for L23 interneurons, these properties were often not cell type–specific (figs. S3, C and F, and S4).

The remaining five types have not been previously described in L5, and we named them as follows: neurogliaform cells (L5NGCs), basket cells (L5BCs), shrub cells (SCs), horizontally elongated cells (HECs), and deep-projecting cells (DCs)

L23 neurogliaform cells

L23 Martinotti cells

A detailed description of the morphology, firing patterns, and intrinsic membrane properties of these two major types of L1 neurons can be found in the supplementary text.

owever, many of them (~60%) had atypical axonal projection patterns compared to those previously described for SBCs, and their axon arborized mostly within L1, with only one or two side branches extending to deep layers (not deeper than L4). Despite their variable axonal projection patterns, non-neurogliaform L1 neurons shared similar dendritic and electrophysiological features (tables S1 and S2) and similar connectivity profiles (table S3) that correspond to SBCs in rat somatosensory cortex (5, 12). We thus refer to this group as SBC-like cells

neurogliaform cells

The morphologies of interneurons were highly diverse, whereas the morphologies of pyramidal neurons in L23 and L5 were relatively uniform (for a discussion of the morphological diversity of pyramidal cells, see the supplementary text).

carried out in juvenile animals due to the technical difficulties of preparing high-quality slices from adult tissue

Maturation of GABAergic interneurons takes longer than for pyramidal cells, and their continuous development throughout adolescence into adulthood often further obscures our understanding (7, 8). Therefore, it is imperative to study the mature neocortex to gain a true understanding of interneuron cell types in the neocortex.

“It’s an experiment; no one has ever done this before

nly four (1.5%) clearly claimed or were inferred to be replication efforts trying to validate previous knowledge.

In this survey, we assessed the current status of reproducibility and transparency addressing these indicators in a random sample of 441 biomedical journal articles published in 2000–2014. Only one study provided a full protocol and none made all raw data directly available.

D1 and D2 dopamine receptor eGFP BAC transgenic mice were used, between postnatal days 20–35 (developed by the GENSAT).

One's initial thought might be that the systems approach is more useful than the topographic, but from a broad functional perspective this is not strictly true.

By contrast, there are at least five different theoretical frameworks for grouping or arranging these ten basic parts (and many more variations on the basic themes; Fig. 2), and it is doubtful that there are compelling reasons at this stage for adopting one particular scheme

(ignoring disputes about exactly what they are called, and where their borders are placed)

All that remain of this model (except for MacLean's triune brain concept48; Fig. 2) are the constantly used, basically inaccurate, terms neocortex and neostriatum.

Omitting details, this line of thinking led to designations like paleo-, archi- and neothalamus; and paleo-, archi- and neocerebellum (see Ref. 45). It has had very little influence on contemporary neuroscience and the basic connectional principles that it rested on almost a century ago have not been borne out (for example, that almost all sensory inputs to the pallium of fish and amphibians are inevitably olfactory)4

According to this model, brain evolution took place in a geological fashion by the addition of strata.

brief, disruptive life

Luys and Meynert suggested that sensory information travels up dorsal regions of the neuraxis on route to the cerebral hemispheres, whereas motor information leaving the hemispheres takes a more ventral route.

Subsequently, the question of where to place the rostral end of the limiting sulcus has generated endless and unresolved controversy, although His himself placed it at the optic chiasm in the 1895 ‘Basle Nomina Anatomica’ (BNA), an ‘official’ tabu-lation of anatomical nomenclature39. and 62

The great Baer has the distinction of having provided simple, descriptive names (Fig. 2) for the embryonic brain vesicles first identified by Malpighi (see above), and for demonstrating5 that these vesicles are probably common to all vertebrates.

refined by division of the central trunk into a brainstem part, generating the cranial nerves and a spinal cord part, generating the spinal nerves31. and 32

but the important point here is that Malpighi discovered a fundamental transverse organization of the neural tube, and thus, presumably, of the adult CNS

Willis inexplicably reversed this

Based on the origin of regularly spaced nerve pairs, Vesalius was able to escape from the all too easy convention (advocated by Galen and still common today) of dividing what we call the CNS into a part within the skull and a part within the vertebral column (brain as a whole and spinal cord, respectively).

As with all such ambiguities, the meaning of a specific example of the word can only be inferred from its context, which is a crucial problem today because keywords with more than one meaning might be used (without context) for database queries.

he precise meaning of certain terms such as ‘brainstem’, ‘basal ganglia’, and ‘cerebrum’ has never been entirely clear to me, although I usually have not worried too much about it.

what are the basic parts of the brain, or even more to the point, what do we mean by the word ‘brain’ itself?

easier data publication mechanisms, including better integration with data acquisition instrumentation, so that the process becomes automated.

fail-safe versioning

better systems to permit collaborative work by geographically distributed colleagues;

the emergence of data repositories within which datasets have globally unique identifiers and explicit links to journal articles, which by necessity provide some form of attribution and provenance information;

There is a temporal aspect to research and the scholarly lifecycle that also needs to be recorded, either within research objects or between research objects, and that should also be capable of being reproduced.

NIH, Bethesda, MD; RRID:nif-0000-30467

and we aim to deliver that capability

David Kennedy is a neurobiologist who periodically reviews the literature in his field and extracts findings, which are structured interpretations of statements in scientific papers.

RRID:AB_87705

RRID: AB_2301751;

Criticism is essential to the scientific process. It's what drives us to hold ourselves to better standards, forces us to continually improve what we do, and question what we think we already know.

Sometimes the criticisms that offend us the most are the ones that we need to hear the most.

But many scientists do not want to have to defend their work against an army of internet commenters.

They'll just see that it exists, and count that as a strike against the author.

If the paper goes out with your name on it, you should be able to verify every single piece of data in it and take responsibility for it.

Does this mean Dr Sarkar is guilty of misconduct ?

The undeclared Splicing of different gels together, making them seem like they've been run side by side with the same exposure.

But, if this culture of criticism is to be successful, then it needs a solution to the second problem. Those who critique science need to be protected, otherwise they will never be able to speak freely about a papers problems. This is why scientific peer review is conducted anonymously, and why any website attempting post publication review also needs to guarantee the anonymity of its user base.

The criticisms they provide can be used to improve the work, and to make it suitable for publication.

That such a highly regarded journal could fumble its peer review so disastrously provided more evidence that post publication peer review is crucial to science.

With these allegations lodged in a public space and presented directly to colleagues here (I am not sure of the scope of the anonymous distribution), to move forward would jeopardize our research enterprise and my own credibility"

The adaptive response (conditioning) to environmental stressors evokes evolutionarily conservedprograms in uni- and multicellular organisms that result in increased fitness and resistance tostressor induced injury. Although the concept of conditioning has been around for a while, itstranslation into clinical ther

We must send down the main-top-sail yard, sir. The band is working loose and the lee lift is half-stranded. Shall I strike it, sir?"

As in the hurricane that sweeps the plain, men fly the neighborhood of some lone, gigantic elm, whose very height and strength but render it so much the more unsafe, because so much the more a mark for thunderbolts; so at those last words of Ahab's many of the mariners did run from him in a terror of dismay.

Mene, Mene, Tekel Upharsin

"Yes, yes, round the Cape of Good Hope is the shortest way to Nantucket," soliloquized Starbuck suddenly, heedless of Stubb's question. "The gale that now hammers at us to stave us, we can turn it into a fair wind that will drive us towards home. Yonder, to windward, all is blackness of doom; but to leeward, homeward- I see it lightens up there; but not with the lightning."

Indeed, one might go a step further and contend that what Ishmael repeatedly refers to as the whale’s appalling demonic whiteness signals the author’s stand against his nation’s racist practices.

But the novel, like all great works of art, grows on you.

Despite the fact that her founders had promised liberty and freedom for all,

Not only is he funny, wise, and bighearted, he is the consummate survivor, for it is he and he alone who lives to tell about Ahab’s encounter with the White Whale.

3.2 Coursera will be entitled to recoup the entire Advance amount by withholding future Revenue Share payable under the Addendum to University until the amount of the Advance has been fully paid back to Coursera from University’s portion of the Revenue Share for the RFP Approved Content.

RuBisCO is thus the major conduit through which life on Earth is energised

Information

One of the Committee’searly challenges was todistinguish the intertwined concepts of autonomy privacy,information privacy,and information securityfrom one another, name them and define them:•Autonomy privacy isan individual’s ability to conduct activities without concern of or actual observation.•Information privacy isthe appropriate protection, use,and dissemination of information about individuals.•Information securityisthe protection of information resources from unauthorized access, which could compromise their confidentiality, integrity,and availability.

And then I told people I had read Moby-Dick. That seemed the point.

“Next, scientists simply modify their study’s goals to align with the vision of potential funders and wait for several months to hear back. At this point—should this step be successful, of course—they can move on to the experimental stage, and then to analysis.”

As part of the fellowship

on the information provided on the form below and on the basis of the need requested