10,886 Matching Annotations
  1. Jun 2023
    1. Falsifiability separates science from pseudoscience. Scientists are wary of explanations of natural phenomena that discourage or avoid falsifiability. An explanation that cannot be tested or does not meet scientific standards is not considered science, but pseudoscience. Pseudoscience is a collection of ideas that may appear scientific but does not use the scientific method. Astrology is an example of pseudoscience. It is a belief system that attributes the movement of celestial bodies to influencing human behavior. Astrologers rely on celestial observations, but their conclusions are not based on experimental evidence and their statements are not falsifiable. This is not to be confused with astronomy which is the scientific study of celestial bodies and the cosmos [2,3].

      science requires that an explanation has to be falsifiability in order to meet scientific standards.

  2. chem.libretexts.org chem.libretexts.org
    1. C # 6. In the ring structure this results in a upward projection. The Alpha position is defined as the -OH being on the opposite side of the ring as the C # 6.

      C#5

    1. n^×(E1−E2)=0   on S

      what about the rules of vector multiplication. Might this equation be wrong?

    2. two rightmost possibilities

      The right most component is not really tangential, it is incident on the surface.

    3. CC\mathcal{C}

      line integral contour

    1. . The work we have done puts us in the best position to add something of our own to the conversation.

      Chapters 2 and 3 analyze and summarize arguments without offering opinions. Readers often question agreement or disagreement, feeling uneasy or uncertain. They seek their voice and weigh in when understanding the original text. By considering the argument's foundations, author's purpose, and meaning, their critique becomes clearer, allowing them to add their own perspective.

    1. 6. How can you communicate non-verbally that you are listening?

      By nodding your head, making sure they know you understand or agree with what they are saying. Have a good posture makes them feel comfortable. Eye contact is essential to make them feel seen, payed attention to. If the audience is leaning in to the speaker, it helps the speaker know that the audience is engaged and attentive.

    2. 5. What does an effective listener do with the extra thought process time while a speaker is speaking only 150 words-per-minute?

      An effective listener would process the information and actively listen no matter how slow they might speak. Being able to be patient is a great skill to have. It could also be time to write down any questions you wanted to ask during their speech. It is ideal to nod along and non verbally let them know they are being heard.

    3. 4. Identify the three main barriers to listening. Which of these barriers is most problematic for you? What can you do about it?

      The three main barriers are anticipating, judging, and reacting emotionally. The most problematic would be reacting emotionally because it might feel as if it cannot be controlled. It takes great effort to be able to see the good in the bad when it took a long time to get over it.

    4. 7. What are some considerations in offering constructive feedback?

      To separate the positive from the negative and draw a clear line in between. Trust is a fundamental part because if the speaker or listener don't have trust, they aren't able to connect. Be considerate of different opinions and point of views. They might take offense to something that was said light-heartedly.

    5. 3. Name and give an example of each of the three A’s of active listening.

      Attention: when actively paying attention, you are able to focus on that objective. Paying attention to body language is necessary because you are able to decipher the message the speaker wants to be received. It also helps to know what the speaker is feeling. Being attentive to what they say can be meaningful because you are able to see things from a different point of view and able to learn from it.

    6. 8. What are strategies that help hold your listeners’ attention during your speech?

      Eye contact is ideal to make the audience feel like they are being talked to and to feel comfortable. Body language if used right can send a good message of being confident, professional, and open. Clear projection is essential for the message to be received. It is important to not speak in a monotone.

    7. 3. Reflect on a situation in your personal life where poor listening skills created a problem. Briefly describe the situation, then spend the bulk of your reflection analyzing what went wrong in terms of listening and how, specifically, effective listening would have made a difference. Share your observations in small group class discussion.

      Scenario/Situation: My dad tells me to clean my room but I forget because I didn't listen correctly.It would have been ideal to focus directly to what he had to say instead of multi-tasking while he spoke to me.

    8. 2. Listen to someone you disagree with (maybe a politician from the opposing party) and work to listen actively with an open mind. Try to pay attention to the person’s argument and the reasons he offers in support of his point of view. Your goal is to identify why the speaker believes what he does and how he proves it. You need not be converted by this person’s argument.

      A disagreement is how the internet is needed for everyday life. I think that people can survive without electronics, however, it was brought to my attention how we still need it daily for school, work, etc. While this is true, you can ask teachers for a physical copy of the assignment. At work, you could express your thoughts and try to come up with a solution.

    9. 1. What distinguishes listening from hearing?

      Listening is actively paying attention and processing what is being said. Hearing is when you can hear what is being said, but not processing and interpret the information. Everyone can hear, but not all can listen. Active listening is to be open to other opinions and paying thoughtful attention to the speaker.

    10. 2. What are some benefits for you personally from effective listening?

      It can make you learn and become a better listener and speaker. Listening makes you come up with ways to entertain and connect with an audience when speaking. Actively listening helps enhance critical thinking when a message needs to be interpreted in a different way.Listening can make the speaker feel heard and important.

    1. Knowing that Mrs. Mallard was afflicted with a heart trouble, great care was taken to break to her as gently as possible the news of her husband's death.

      They state this in the begining because they want to make it clear that she has heart disease for later on in the story..

    1. (in technical contexts) a schematic diagram, in particular of an electric or electronic circuit. Example: only a few manufacturers provide schematics with their gear.

    1. this fast-growing and increasingly popular genre is defined as: "true stories, well told" (Gutkind). That is, creative nonfiction stories depict real-life events, places, people, and experiences, but do so in a way that is immersive, so readers feel emotionally invested in the writing in a way they probably are not as invested in, say, a textbook or a more formal autobiography.

      This is a concise description of what creative nonfiction is, giving a reader the understanding and distinction of the genre itself.

    2. The narrator will be asking questions to the readers and that they imagined "what color are the eyes when the moonlight reflects" that would be like telling a story where you have to imagine more than what is spoken and not real facts .

    3. The author must use literary styles and techniques to create factually accurate narratives that are real for that reason he does not have the freedom to talk about what he wants.

    4. This story in which Jeannette tells us about her family, her father transmits to her children the passion to live despite her addiction to alcoholism and a mother who is a painter but who does not like being the mother of four children.

    5. Today we all cannot see fiction very often since the media, among other social networks, give us the news or the topic in real time.

    1. __________________________________________________________________

      1.) Going to the teacher and asking if you can attend the part you missed 2.) Asking for a extra copy of notes to write down from the teacher 3.)

    1. emographics, environmental and occupational exposures, social determinants of health, health disparities, physical, functional, psychosocial, emotional, cognitive, spiritual/transpersonal, sexual, sociocultural, age-related, environmental, and lifestyle/economic assessments.”[1]

      Health data = demographics

    1. __________________________________________________________________

      In the front row becasue the professor can read your body laguange and can see how your doing in the class by that.

    2. My excellent listener would be my Grandma. When anyone talks to me grandma, keeps eye contact till your done talking , her body is towards you in a open way so that you can see shes interestd in the converstion. My poor listener would be my little cousin. Becasue shes little her attention span is very small, while your takling shes always moving, and zoning out.

      I think I have more of my Grandmas traits.

    1. __________________________________________________________________

      I would want students that I know are doing well in the course, becasue they are also there to study, but they can help with questions we have, and help as a guidance.

    2. __________________________________________________________________

      Look at what supplies you have like notes, papers from before, etc. and looking back too see if there are topics that can help you study or any questions you feel you need ask.

    3. I think the skill I want to lean is the think small skill. Normally when I study it's with a larger group of people and I think in order for me too learn more in that class, pass test, etc. I need to think smaller.

    1. Mycorrhiza is a root modification started when fungus penetrates root and makes it more efficient in mineral and water absorption: it will exchange these for organic compounds. In addition to mycorrhizal fungi, endophytic fungi inhabit other plant organs and tissues.

      Mychorrhiza

    1. __________________________________________________________________

      I'm a tradition student, and the advantage I believe I have from this is I'm used to reading out of textbooks, going to study hall, attending classes. As where returning students have go get used to the college life again.

    1. ________________________________________________________

      I plan to addend college for about 4-6 years.

    2. __________________________________________________________________

      I value my work ethic and my willingness to start something from finish to end, and I see that being in the way of me going to hang out with friends etc.

    3. __________________________________________________________________

      I value stuff like nice cars, a good home, a great income just like everyone else, and yes my collage education will give me that but it will also give me the blessing of meeting new people and making memories that will last forever, and that's how I believe ill be richer in my future.

    4. ________________________________________________________

      I anticipate the hardest part being learning to juggle everything along with making time for other fun activities,

    1. his type of discovery links a relationship to modern human behavior and demonstrates the complex cognitive development of prehistoric humans.

      the discovery of the art in the caves was able to understand they had a modern human behavior

    2. caves had been open and exposed t

      the art they made if caves werent sealed off they would of been destroyed or subjected to natural forces like mold causing them to vanish over time

    3. indigenous people make sense of their world and offer a way to communicate with others, and in some cave

      A possible reason why the indigenous people made drawings was probably to make sense of their world or a form of communication

    4. first to create pastels

      the INDIGENOUS PEOPLE made the first to create pastels.

    5. natural binders

      what are the natural binders for the artist to use? animal fat bone marrow, spit or water, making a paste,

    6. first paintings in caves were line drawings

      using dark charcoal they made the 1st drawing

    1. The quantum harmonic oscillator is the quantum analog of the classical harmonic oscillator and is one of the most important model systems in quantum mechanics. This is due in partially to the fact that an arbitrary potential curve V(x)V(x)V(x) can usually be approximated as a harmonic potential at the vicinity of a stable equilibrium point. Furthermore, it is one of the few quantum-mechanical systems for which an exact, analytical solution exists. Solving other potentials typically require either approximations or numerical approaches to identify the corresponding eigenstates and eigenvalues (i.e., wavefunctions and energies).

      Eigenstates & eigenvalues

    1. Just as our perception of others affects how we communicate, so does our perception of ourselves.

      As chapter one mentioned, I think that positive or negative self-talk also plays a big role in how we perceive ourselves. I think that if talk to ourselves with compassion and understanding when we have negative thoughts and feelings about ourselves, it would definitely help increase our self-esteem. This section talks about how if you only think good things about yourself, it can lead to an unrealistic sense of self. Like I said, I think that it's okay to have positive self-talk when things go wrong, or you make a mistake to maintain your self-esteem. This can allow you to self-reflect and make improvements without harming your self-perception.

    1. But everyone’s reality is his or her reality, and when you can concede that someone’s reality isn’t like yours and you are OK with that, then you have overcome a significant barrier to becoming more aware of the perception process.

      I feel like this concept is hard for some people to understand. Like the book said, some people may think that getting medication is more important than buying a cell phone, but it all depends on the person's reality. This reminds me of things I heard growing up. For instance, when I go through personal struggles and challenges, my mom downplays it sometimes by saying, "There are starving kids in Africa, get over it."

    1. The Halo and Horn Effects

      We learned about this in my sociology class last semester, and I found this concept fascinating. I think this is interesting because the first impression you make on someone does really determine how they feel about you in the long run. If someone really likes you, they halo effect can come in to play and they can perceive every interaction with you as good, whereas the horn effect will do the opposite. I wonder if it is possible to eventually change someone's mind about you.

    2. Attributions are important to consider because our reactions to others’ behaviors are strongly influenced by the explanations we reach.

      My friend and I butt heads about this all of the time because I tend to look at external factors while she focuses on internal factors. When something doesn't go her way or someone is rude to her, she decides to attribute their behavior to who they are as a person. As a result, she makes comments basically tearing them down as a person. I try to explain to her that maybe they were just having a bad day and decided to unintentionally take it out on you.

    3. Unless we are exposed to various cultural groups and learn how others perceive us and the world around them, we will likely have a narrow or naïve view of the world and assume that others see things the way we do.

      I was recently in Nepal and before that in Indonesia and other parts of Asia and Europe. I have witnessed many different cultures and learned what they value, in comparison to myself. In Nepal, they value modesty and so when I went swimming I had to cover up. This felt odd for me because in the US we don't have to do that, in fact, we feel comfortable not. I think it is important for everyone to expand their cultural horizons and gain a greater understanding of what other parts of the world value in stead of living a narrow-minded life. It is important to use that schemata to interpret different aspects of your life.

    4. Students may further attribute their poor grade to their busy schedule or other external, situational factors rather than their lack of motivation, interest, or preparation (internal attributions)

      I feel like internal attributions have made a huge impact in mine and other's lives, especially in school. I can say that I have definitely not taken credit for my lack of motivation and procrastination in many classes. It's not a healthy way of thinking about it, but sometimes it can make you feel better about a grade if it's blamed on someone else. But, then this becomes a recurrent problem of not taking responsibility for your own actions and can take place in other aspects of your life, including relationships.

    5. I’m sure you have a family member, friend, or coworker with whom you have ideological or political differences.

      I have had and have many friends with different values and political views than I do. I have had times where I seriously contemplated whether or not I could handle being in the friendship, but I learned to interpret their values to an extent. I will never fully agree but I can now understand why they believe some things and can have a mature conversation about our differences. Some times, though, it is important to avoid the topic so that arguments aren't created and friendships are lost.

    1. When we don’t think certain messages meet our needs, stimuli that would normally get our attention may be completely lost. Imagine you are in the grocery store and you hear someone say your name. You turn around, only to hear that person say, “Finally! I said your name three times. I thought you forgot who I was!” A few seconds before, when you were focused on figuring out which kind of orange juice to get, you were attending to the various pulp options to the point that you tuned other stimuli out, even something as familiar as the sound of someone calling your name.

      This happens with my boyfriend and I all of the time. He will be playing a video game or on his phone, and when I try to get his attention, this happens. I also thought it was because he was tuning me out on purpose or something. I also heard that humans are not meant to focus their attention on multiple things at once, so this makes sense. I think that this concept is super interesting and now I know why people do this.

    2. For example, have you ever been waiting to be helped in a business and the clerk assumes that you and the person standing beside you are together?

      I work in the restaurant industry where we have counter service. I have said this exact thing to multiple customers in the past week. Our restaurant is always busy, so it becomes a pattern of seeing people talking to one another and standing near each other. Sometimes my mind plays tricks on me and I'll assume two people were having a friendly conversation, but instead they may have just been engaged in small talk. This is when I assume they know each other and they are sitting together.

    3. stimuli can be attention-getting in a productive or distracting way

      Aural stimulation has always been a struggle for me. I have incredible hearing to the point where it can be very distracting for me at times. When I am trying to study, it is hard for me to go to a coffee shop because I need almost complete silence. Any slight noise will take me off track from what I was reading or working on. I also get very overwhelmed when the noise it too loud, for example, playing music too loud in a car or people yelling.

    1. 0≤z≤1

      hi! Here is the problem mat b i was wrong but give me the reason to take it from 0 to 1 but we have to find the volume of region above the cone so was it shouldn't start from 1 and ends at 2

    1. Additionally, CA can lead others to make assumptions about your communication competence that may be unfavorable. Even if you are intelligent, prepared, and motivated, CA and public speaking anxiety can detract from your communication and lead others to perceive you in ways you did not intend.

      In casual conversation, I sound way better than I do when I have to speak in public. I get so worked up over having to present that I forget what I have to say or have a shaky voice. I am anxious because of how I think people are going to perceive me, so I find it interesting that when my CA acts up it can lead to this becoming a reality. I look forward to learning more about how I can overcome my CA in later chapters.

    2. One way to progress toward communication competence is to become a more mindful communicator. A mindful communicator actively and fluidly processes information, is sensitive to communication contexts and multiple perspectives, and is able to adapt to novel communication situations (Burgoon, Berger, & Waldron, 2000). Becoming a more mindful communicator has many benefits, including achieving communication goals, detecting deception, avoiding stereotypes, and reducing conflict.

      This idea relates to topics I discussed earlier about self-reflection and being open-minded from sections 1.1 and 1.2 of this chapter. Once again, I think this is an essential skill to try and develop. As this chapter mentions, it can boost your communication competence. I find it interesting that most of these concepts are interconnected in some way.

    1. Civic engagement refers to working to make a difference in our communities by improving the quality of life of community members; raising awareness about social, cultural, or political issues; or participating in a wide variety of political and nonpolitical processes (Ehrlich, 2000). The civic part of our lives is developed through engagement with the decision making that goes on in our society at the small-group, local, state, regional, national, or international level.

      I think that the idea of civic engagement is essentially what a social worker does when they do advocacy work. My understanding of this section is that using our voice to spread awareness and help those in need shows the relationship between communication and civic engagement. I haven't thought about this concept in terms of communication, so I think that it is interesting to learn about.

    2. Aristotle focuses on actions, which is an important part of communication ethics. While ethics has been studied as a part of philosophy since the time of Aristotle, only more recently has it become applied.

      "They say the road to hell is paved with good intentions" -Five Finger Death Punch:) You can intend the best, but people will focus more on your actions more than your words and intentions.

    3. The United States is considered an individualistic culture, where emphasis is put on individual expression and success. Japan is considered a collectivistic culture, where emphasis is put on group cohesion and harmony.

      I just think this is so interesting. I remember reading somewhere about a style of apprenticeship (I think it was common in Japan if I remember right), where the apprentice would spend their first year sitting on a stool, watching their teacher. They weren't allowed to ask questions or interact in any way, they just had to sit and watch. Their only part in communicating was RECEIVING. I don't know how effective this style of apprenticeship was, but I do think it would be a challenge to strictly receive information.

    1. In fact, intercultural communication has the potential to enrich various aspects of our lives. In order to communicate well within various cultural contexts, it is important to keep an open mind and avoid making assumptions about others’ cultural identities.

      I attended the Idaho Conference on Refugees in February where we discussed this topic known as cultural humility. Cultural humility refers to the ongoing process of learning more about other cultures while reflecting on your personal beliefs that requires compassion and understanding of yourself and others. I find this topic to be super important for people to understand and implement in their daily lives. This idea is relevant to this class because going into every conversation with an open mind can also help you become a better communicator.

    2. In fact, intercultural communication has the potential to enrich various aspects of our lives. In order to communicate well within various cultural contexts, it is important to keep an open mind and avoid making assumptions about others’ cultural identities. While you may be able to identify some aspects of the cultural context within a communication encounter, there may also be cultural influences that you can’t see.

      It doesn't just help your communication skills to pursue intercultural communication, it helps you grow as an individual. It introduces you to new ideas that either challenge or confirm your personal/cultural outlook. And it gives you the chance to make new connections.

    3. The internal cognitive process that allows participants to send, receive, and understand messages is the encoding and decoding process. Encoding is the process of turning thoughts into communication. As we will learn later, the level of conscious thought that goes into encoding messages varies. Decoding is the process of turning communication into thoughts.

      I actually just had a conversation with someone about this. She works with ESL (English as a Second Language) students, and was talking about some of the ins and outs of their learning process. One common issue is that many tutors tend to rush the decoding process for students. They'll ask a question, then continue to speak without allowing enough time for a response. It takes another minute to come up with an answer when its a language you're still learning. It's hard enough in your native language sometimes!

    4. Seemingly positive psychological states, like experiencing the emotion of love, can also affect communication. During the initial stages of a romantic relationship individuals may be so “love struck” that they don’t see incompatible personality traits or don’t negatively evaluate behaviors they might otherwise find off-putting.

      This is a statement almost everyone can probably agree with. You could be having a completely fun and normal conversation with friends, until someone you find attractive walks up and suddenly, all you know how to speak is gibberish. I can't tell you how many times this has happened to me or I have witnessed this happen to someone else. On the other side of this though, you may not see those social cues that someone who isn't "love struck" sees. This can be detrimental in the future and you might not see the signs for months. I call this "love blind" and it is extremely difficult to take off those blinders.

    5. While communication can be sent and received using any sensory route (sight, smell, touch, taste, or sound), most communication occurs through visual (sight) and/or auditory (sound) channels.

      One aspect of communication that I have always found intriguing is visual communication. It is usually found among those who have a close relationship with one another when one person looks at the other and you just know exactly what they are thinking. I have encountered this among my friends and I a number of times and it is honestly a fantastic feeling. You are so close with that person that all you have to do it look at each other and you know exactly what they're thinking, just by visual contact.

    1. In fact, deliberate self-reflection can help us become more competent communicators as we become more mindful of our own behaviors. For example, your internal voice may praise or scold you based on a thought or action.

      We have discussed the importance of self-reflection in my social work classes. I have learned that good intrapersonal communication is a useful skill to have as someone wanting to work with others. For instance, if someone develops greater self-awareness, they are more likely to recognize their own biases, triggers, etc., enabling them to speak more clearly and purposefully and regulate their emotions. Without intrapersonal communication, we would be unable to process our thoughts and feelings before we speak to others, making us ineffective communicators.

    2. Religion also became more complex, and a new class of spiritual leaders emerged. Soon, armies were needed to protect the stockpiled resources from others who might want to steal it. The emergence of elite classes and the rise of armies required records and bookkeeping, which furthered the spread of written symbols. As clergy, the ruling elite, and philosophers began to take up writing, the systems became more complex.

      In correlation with this, the care and effort that was put into the physical aspect of writing far exceed much of what was seen before and what we see today. Beautifully hand-copied and hand-illustrated manuscripts were produced, typically of religious documents. Monks would dedicate almost their whole lives to creating these. Isn't it wild how much has changed since then??

    3. We also use intrapersonal communication or “self-talk” to let off steam, process emotions, think through something, or rehearse what we plan to say or do in the future.

      Ever since I was young, my mom always talked to herself and I thought it was so odd of her. As I grew older, I noticed myself doing the same thing and understood why she was doing this. She talks out loud to keep her mind from losing track of what she's doing in the moment, and I tend to do the same. Mom's are always thinking about a million things at once so it's understandable why this can be such a helpful way of staying on track. I talk to myself when I'm making a list of what I need to do or remember to grab as I am walking out of the house, for example, making sure I have all of my snowboard gear so I don't show up without my boots.

    4. two motives for learning to speak. Increasing one’s chance to succeed and increasing one’s power to serve

      Being a strong public speaker makes one seem educated and powerful. When I listen to some of my friends speak, they use powerful words and it makes you interested in what they have to say. They bring such power and emphasis to what they are saying that makes me see that they are a successful public speaker and bring confidence with what they say. Being able to have this characteristic can increase your chance of success and power because people want to listen to you if you're confident with your speech and know how to keep other's engaged. I've never seen a politician who was a bad public speaker...

    5. Memory is the least studied of the five canons and refers to the techniques employed by speakers of that era to retain and then repeat large amounts of information.

      From the early ages, this being the least studied of the five canons is ironic because of how much people struggle with this concept today. Retaining large amounts of information or even memorizing a sentence is something I struggle with. Not just me, but tons of people around the world. Understanding that memory was the least studied makes a lot of sense in why it is so stressful and difficult to be asked to memorize something for school, work, etc. today.

    1. Understanding the body's muscle and bone structure benefits the artists' ability to draw realistic people and animals.

      how does an artist get realistic and know how to make look like a picture? they study the body's muscle and bone structure it helps them make the lines and details

    2. Looking at art is the foundation of learning how to write descriptive essays.

      how do you write about art? looking at the painting or object. the more you look at the way something was painted or done you can write about it

    1. solution

      A solution is defined to be a certain condition which meets all the "rules" of an entire system

    2. Elementary operations are those operations consisting of the following. Interchange the order in which the equations are listed. Multiply any equation by a nonzero number. Replace any equation with itself added to a multiple of another equation.

      Elementary Operations do not change the set of solutions of systems of equations.

    1. art appreciation

      art appreciation is gaining knowledge of understanding of the art. be able to discuss art verbally and by written. you can identify the movements from ancient cultures to todays contemporary art

    1. Pacific Islanders have been represented as violent, primitive, hyper-sexual, exotic, childlike, cannibalistic, dependent, noble, athletic, hyper- masculine, uncivilized, and hospitable. Much of Pacific poetry aims to challenge these stereotypes and humanize (Perez, 2016, p. 376). These stereotypes relate to and often reflect the Manifest Destiny of colonizers, and stereotypical characterizations especially of Native Americans and Black Americans mostly from the 16th century to the 20th century. But unlike these groups, the relationship between the Pacific Island peoples, their land, and the Pacific Ocean conveys a deeper connectedness amongst them that these stereotypes miss and wrongly characterize, not recognizing the richness and wisdom that actually exist.

      notes

    1. For a general function fff with domain DDD, we often use xxx to denote the input and yyy to denote the output associated with xxx. When doing so, we refer to xxx as the independent variable and yyy as the dependent variable, because it depends on xxx.

      Bold

  3. May 2023
    1. Test

      interesting- I never had issues with accessing the other NGN questions through LibreTexts but not I'm required to sign in with a username and password to access these questions~

    1. Conjugated enone products are more stable than non-conjugated due to extended P orbital overlap. Conjugation of the p electrons of the alkene and carbonyl bonds provide a molecular-orbital description showing the interaction of p electrons of all four atoms. The additional stability provided by the conjugated carbonyl system of the product makes many aldol reactions thermodynamically factorable.

      Answers the question, why do enols undergo dehydration?

    1. Let 𝑧=𝑓(𝑥,𝑦)=−𝑥2−12𝑦2+𝑥𝑦+10

      When you move by infinitely small amount, you are moving through a straight line. Also f_x(2,1) and f_y(2,1) are different because they are slopes and they are in different direction.

      f(2,1) is the total slope.

    1. graphs

      what does this term mean?

    2. quadratic functions

      what is quadratic function?

    3. Logarithmic Functions

      A logarithmic function is the inverse of an exponential function. If you have an exponential function of the form y = b^x, then the corresponding logarithmic function would be x = log_b(y).

      In this logarithmic function:

      "log" is short for logarithm, the operation being performed. "b" is the base of the logarithm. "y" is the number you are taking the logarithm of. The logarithm log_b(y) is equal to the exponent x that you would have to raise the base "b" to in order to get "y". In other words, if b^x = y, then log_b(y) = x.

      For example, if we have the equation 10^2 = 100, then the equivalent logarithmic form is log_10(100) = 2. This is read as "log base 10 of 100 is 2".

      A special case is the natural logarithm, which is a logarithm with base e (approximately 2.71828). The natural logarithm is usually written as "ln".

      For example, if e^x = y, then the equivalent logarithmic form is ln(y) = x.

      Logarithms have many important properties and are used in many areas of mathematics and science, including algebra, calculus, physics, and computer science. They are particularly useful when dealing with exponential growth or decay, such as in compound interest, population growth, radioactive decay, and earthquake intensity.

    1. Crystal lattices can be classified by their translational and rotational symmetry.

      Translational symmetry means, if you move say two units distance in x direction, you would get the same arrangement as you got when you started. Rotational symmetry is pretty much self explanatory.

    1. Of course this definition means that there are an infinite number of possible unit cells. So, in general, the unit cell is chosen such that it is the smallest unit cell that reflects the symmetry of the structure. There are two distinct types of unit cell: primitive and non-primitive. Primitive unit cells contain only one lattice point, which is made up from the lattice points at each of the corners. Non-primitive unit cells contain additional lattice points, either on a face of the unit cell or within the unit cell, and so have more than one lattice point per unit cell. It is often the case that a primitive unit cell will not reflect the symmetry of the crystal structure. A suitable non-primitive unit cell will be picked in such cases.

      Primitive vs Non-Primitive Unit cell Pic

    1. A conflict theory perspective of U.S. history would examine the numerous past and current struggles between the white ruling class and racial and ethnic minorities, noting specific conflicts that have arisen when the dominant group perceived a threat from the people of color.

      A conflict theory perspective of U.S. history would examine the numerous past and current struggles between the white ruling class and racial and ethnic minorities, noting specific conflicts that have arisen when the dominant group perceived a threat from the people of color.

    1. Quartz crystals are birefringent , so they exhibit optical anisotropy. Consider plane polarised light passing through a birefringent crystal. Inside the crystal, the light is split into two rays travelling along permitted vibration directions (p.v.d.s). The two rays are subject to different refractive indices, so the light travelling along each p.v.d. reaches the opposite side of the crystal at a different time. When the two rays recombine, there is a phase difference between the two rays that causes the polarisation state of the transmitted light to be different from that of the incident light.

      birefringent means having two different refractive indices. Anisotropy means the properties are direction dependent.

    1. Gypsum can be cleaved along particular crystallographic planes using a razor blade. The bonding perpendicular to these cleavage planes is weaker than that in other directions, and hence the crystal breaks preferentially along these planes. Quartz and diamond do not have such distinct cleavage planes, and so cleaving these crystals requires much more effort and care.

      I didn't know that. Single Crystals

    1. A polycrystalline solid or polycrystal is comprised of many individual grains or crystallites. Each grain can be thought of as a single crystal, within which the atomic structure has long-range order. In an isotropic polycrystalline solid, there is no relationship between neighbouring grains. Therefore, on a large enough length scale, there is no periodicity across a polycrystalline sample

      We consider the short ordered segments of poly crystalline solids as grains or crystallites.

    1. The faces of crystals can intersect at right angles, as in galena (PbS) and pyrite (FeS2), or at other angles, as in quartz.(Right) Cleavage surfaces of an amorphous solid. Obsidian, a volcanic glass with the same chemical composition as granite (typically KAlSi3O8), tends to have curved, irregular surfaces when cleaved.

      Does this mean, they can only interject at right angles to each other. Like the diagram printed in Kittel's book, page 2

    2. Amorphous solids have two characteristic properties. When cleaved or broken, they produce fragments with irregular, often curved surfaces; and they have poorly defined patterns when exposed to x-rays because their components are not arranged in a regular array. An amorphous, translucent solid is called a glass.

      is called a glass? I mean, are we not talking about the glass made from Silica oxides anymore?

    1. The magnitude-squared of a complex number is the product of that number with its complex conjugate. The complex conjugate of a complex number is found by changing the sign of the imaginary part of the number: Z=a+bi⇒Z∗=a−bi⇒|Z|2=Z∗Z=(a−bi)(a+bi)=a2−(bi)2=a2+b2(6.2.4)

      why do we use complex number

    1. persensitivity/allergic reactions are always a potential adverse reaction, especially when administering the first dose of a new antibiotic, and the nurse should monitor for these symptoms closely and respond appropriately by immediately notifying the prescriber.

      第一次给药时在病人边上停留观察。

    1. Assessing how your audience feels may also be the key to finding common ground.

      The significance of taking into account your audience's feelings and possible biases is introduced here

    2. Depending on how much your audience knows, there may be background information you should include or leave out.

      The importance of assessing your audience's knowledge level is introduced here

    3. Many of these considerations already happen intuitively when we talk with other people.

      The idea that audience considerations are similar to those in conversations is introduced.

    4. Beyond writing to answer a prompt, at a really basic level, you’re writing to be read, by your peers, your professor, or by any audience designated in your prompt.

      The importance of considering your audience is reiterated.

    5. However, that’s simply not true.

      This challenges the idea that writing is a solitary activity and suggests that there is support available

    6. The more we imagine our audience's likely reactions as part of the writing process, the more likely we are to generate ideas, reach them, and convince them or affect their thinking.

      The role of the audience is emphasized as a key factor in successful writing.

    7. Avoid the temptation to ‘sound academic’ with technical words and phrases unless the situation calls for it.

      you can be formal if you need to , just dont sound like a robot.

    1. Mutations (changes in sequences) should not primarily be thought of as "bad" or "good", but rather simply as changes and a source of genetic and phenotypic diversity on which evolution by natural selection can occur. Natural selection ultimately determines the long-term fate of mutations.

      EX: The pepper moth example, where there was a mutation in there cold that allowed some to blend in with the trees. Due to that mutation, the moths with a darker color were able not being eaten by the birds as the other moths were.

    2. If you were assigning wild type traits to describe a dog, what would they be?

      If I'm getting this correctly, I would assume traits like howling and chasing would be considered will type traits for dogs.

    1. Such an argument analysis, also called a rhetorical analysis, asks you to describe what the other writer is up to, not just in terms of ideas but in terms of all the strategies they used to make the argument convincing.

      It is important to note the strategy being used by the writer.

    1. In the S phase, the DNA of the chromosomes is replicated. Finally, in the G2 phase, the cell undergoes the final preparations for meiosis.

      What phase do most cells spend the majority of their life in? The cell spends most of its like in the interphase. This is because the interphase is the phase where the cell grows and it is also when the cell preps for the mitotic/meiotic process. In the interphase process the cell goes through G1, S, and G2 phase which takes a majority of the cells life.

    2. Mitosis is a single nuclear division that results in two nuclei, usually partitioned into two new cells. The nuclei resulting from a mitotic division are genetically identical to the original. They have the same number of sets of chromosomes: one in the case of haploid cells, and two in the case of diploid cells. On the other hand, meiosis is two nuclear divisions that result in four nuclei, usually partitioned into fou

      How does Meiosis differ from Mitosis? There are lots of differences between mitosis and meiosis. To start meiosis is used for reproduction where they produce 4 cells that are genetically identical to the male and female. Whereas Mitosis only produces 2 cells from one parent cell creating two identical cells.

    1. something positive

      it's cathode

    2. charge buildup

      Static electricity is the result of an imbalance between negative and positive charges in an object. These charges can build up on the surface of an object until they find a way to be released or discharged. One way to discharge them is through a circuit.

    1. That is, a mind, consciousness, can only emerge from matter, energy, and physical processes if they are organized in a very specific and complex form--that form that we know as a brain and its physical operations.

      consiousness comes from matter, but not the other way around. we are the only beings (that we know of) materially that have consciousness

    2. The most important organ controlling our behavior and mental processes is the brain.

      each part of our brain has its own processes that go into the rest of our bodies.

    1. reducible over F

      Shouldn't it be that a polynomial is irreducible over F if and only if it cannot be factored as a product? ^-^' I think you guys switched the definitions.

    1. however, not all nonpolar side groups can be buried.

      Would this always cause a sticky end that can cause aggregations of proteins? Would it always be problematic?

    2. Also note that every atom in the backbone has a slight charge arising from the presence of the electronegative atoms O and N. Hence the backbone is polar.

      That's why secondary structure is not dependent on R-groups polarity. A polar or charged R-group and a nonpolar R group do not determine the polarity of the backbone -- it is always polar, and can always participate in secondary structure.

  4. Apr 2023
    1. A family can be defined as two or more people in an adaptable social and economic alliance that involves kinship, whether perceived through blood, marriage, or other permanent or semipermanent arrangement.