- Sep 2022
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human.libretexts.org human.libretexts.org
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But the fact is, that we already hear it whispered in the private circles of those who oppose the new Constitution, that the thirteen States are of too great extent for any general system, and that we must of necessity resort to separate confederacies of distinct portions of the whole.
The federalists want to split up the states because the 13 states are too far advanced and a lot to hold as a union.
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human.libretexts.org human.libretexts.org
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If particular care and attention is not paid to the ladies, we are determined to foment a rebellion, and will not hold ourselves bound by any laws in which we have no voice or representation. That your sex are naturally tyrannical is a truth so thoroughly established as to admit of no dispute; but such of you as wish to be happy willingly give up the harsh title of master for the more tender and endearing one of friend. Why, then, not put it out of the power of the vicious and the lawless to use us with cruelty and indignity with impunity?
Ive taken notice to a running theme of power throughout these texts. Whether that be that of the Government over the people, masters over the slaves, or here, husbands over the wives. It seems evident that there is a very conscious caution and mindfulness about each of these examples, and that there are actions and conditions to be aware of, and especially that there are better courses to take.
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socialsci.libretexts.org socialsci.libretexts.org
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beans and almost all legumes fix usable nitrogen in the soil
Beans can be beneficial to the nitrogen in the soil, which can also improve other plants nearby
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Yams are believed to have the ability to wander away from their fields at night unless magic is used to keep them in place. These practices show the close social and spiritual association between farmers and their crops.
Yams in the Trobriand Island is believed to have a lot of magic which shows the close relationship between the farmers and their crops.
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year
As mentioned earlier, large amount yam means more respect for the man. This is why man will usually build a special yam house to store the yam. Those yams must be gifted or else they will be seen as stingy or mean. As a results, they won't have too many yams and they also won't be receiving any yams from anyone.
The chief has the biggest yam house but at the same time, they must use his yam wealth to support the members of the community who may need yams throughout the year.
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community
Plants and crops are not only regarded as food, they are also regarded as a way to build social relationships. In the Trobriand Islands, yams are a huge deal since the number of yams for an individuals are regarded as their reputation.
Men grows the yam in their yam garden but unlike the pastorialism and foraging culture, women have the power to own the yam and the men have to share it with their daughters, their sisters, and even with their wives’ family members. Other yams must be given to the chief or be preserved for special occasions such as festivals and weddings.
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Growing several different crops reduces the risk of relying on one kind of food and allows for intercropping, mixing plants in ways that are advantageous
Growing several crops prevent growing just one particular food. Horticulturalist can grow more than one food all within together.
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homes
Growing crops in the same location can lead to several problems such as the lack of nutrients of the soil, the bugs that can be harmful to the crop, and plant diseases.
To avoid this, horticulturalist often move their crops around frequently. This also often means that they have to make rooms for the crops to be moved. This often mean cutting trees and setting a controlled fire to burn the undergrowth like shrubs and weeds.
Once the field has been abandoned, the soil will immediately begin to restore and renew itself. After a several years, horticulturalist may return back to the field and reuse it.
Because this requires huge spaces, horticulturalists tends to not move their home nearby the field and instead, live in a home that is within walking distance.
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One thing all these plants have in common, though, is that they lack protein and other important nutrients.
Although horticultural crops are easy to grow, they don't have too many proteins and other important nutrients on them. To balance their nutrients, the horticulturist also raise pigs, chickens, and haunting for fish in order to get the necessary nutrients.
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A vast array of horticultural crops may be grown by horticulturalists, and farmers use their specialized knowledge to select crops that have high yield compared to the amount of labor that must be invested to grow them
Horticultural societies are common around the world. Majority of the horticultural crops can be easy to grow without too many labors.
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profit
Horticulture can differ, they can either sell their crops for income, or keep their crops for consumption or to share it with others in the community.
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equipment
Horticulture uses the technologies that are available to them. For example, they may use Oxen to pull a plow instead of using mechanical farm equipment.
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conditions
Horticulturalist move their farm field a lot to use the best location that can grow their food.
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human.libretexts.org human.libretexts.org
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human.libretexts.org human.libretexts.org
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And besides, I had particular secret places of my own in the woods, where I used to retire by myself; and was from time to time much affected. My affections seemed to be lively and easily moved, and I seemed to be in my element when engaged in religious duties.
While religion is certainly widespread and both effects and involves the larger community, it is also very personal and individualistic. Here Edwards talks about he felt about it from is own perspective, not as an observation of the masses.
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human.libretexts.org human.libretexts.org
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If you send them wise and good Men for Governors, who study the Interest of the Colonists, and advance their Prosperity, they will think their King wise and good, and that he wishes the Welfare of his Subjects.
An example that contrasts the former, Governors who put effort and care into knowing the people and their needs and tending to them will win the favor of the people and will thus promote a healthier society.
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Think nothing of the Wealth those Merchants and your Manufacturers acquire by the Colony Commerce; their encreased Ability thereby to pay Taxes at home; their accumulating, in the Price of their Commodities, most of those Taxes, and so levying them from their consuming Customers: All this, and the Employment and Support of thousands of your Poor by the Colonists, you are intirely to forget. But remember to make your arbitrary Tax more grievous to your Provinces, by public Declarations importing that your Power of taxing them has no limits, so that when you take from them without their Consent a Shilling in the Pound, you have a clear Right to the other nineteen. This will probably weaken every Idea of Security in their Property, and convince them that under such a Government they have nothing they can call their own; which can scarce fail of producing the happiest Consequences!
A prime example of the care and health of the people failing to be the highest priority for those in power. An example the brings clear historical examples of the drastic consequences for those in power.
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socialsci.libretexts.org socialsci.libretexts.org
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regions
Despite all of the good things, pastoralists are facing many troubling things such as overpopulation from the tourist, droughts and famine, and even civil war in some instances. Also due to global warming, limited resources can lead to tense relationship with the neighbors since everyone is competing for resources.
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Tanzania
The Maasai have a complex land-managing system that involves rotating the area of planting every season to preserve both the grass and the water.
The grazing practices from the pastoralist allows for an improvement on the health and biodiversity of the ecosystem.
The land and the biodiversity can generate millions of dollars on tourism, which can benefit the economies of the country.
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resources
Generally, resources such as water, land, and other sources are owned by everyone in the community. But this also means that the pastoralist community may not respect resources that they don't own.
For example, pastoralist do not preserve any grass or water resources for the future. Although this may sound like the pastoralist are destroying their community, as it turns out, they have their own rules to follow that can in return, be able to conserve the resources.
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frequently
Foragers survive based on the natural resources and having to move constantly, which leave them having no assets to them whatsoever. In the other hand, pastoralism have animals as their properties (money) as well as their personal items like clothing or jewlery since pastoralists don't move as frequently as a forager.
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them
While Maasai women lacks the political and economic power compare to the men, they have other Maasai women for comfort and support. They also take care of their children as a way of their authority.
Since more marriage are arranged by the elders, this allowed women to engage in love affairs with other men while keeping it a secret. If another women talks about the affair, the teller will be seen as betrayer in the group. But if the women is caught having the affair, this means they are resisting the male authority and ownership of them, which won't look good for them in public.
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mothers
Just like the forage community, the equality of gender in Maasai doesn't really exist. Women have no authority of the cattle and instead, they have to do all of the work with the cows such as milking it several times a day and removing the manure. This doesn't just applied to the Maasai community, this also happens in many pastoralist societies.
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animals
An example of a pastoralism is the Maasai community. Maasai is a community in east Africa that depends on cows. The Maasai measures an individual's wealth and social status by the number of animals a person owns. To achieve this achievement, Maasai family work together to raise the animals. This also means that a household will have multiple wives and large number of children to create more labor power of raising the animals.
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people
Pastoralist and foragers are two different communities. The chores of caring large number of animals are a tremendous amount of work that foragers doesn't get to experience.
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Trade with neighboring farming communities helps pastoralists obtain a more balanced diet and gives them access to grain and other items they do not produce on their own.
Pastoralists likes to trade and when they trade with farmers, they are able to not only help balance their diet, they can also get their hands on things that they can't produce.
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The goal of many pastoralists is not to produce animals to slaughter for meat, but instead to use other resources such as milk, which can be transformed into butter, yogurt, and cheese, or products like fur or wool, which can be sold
The goal for most pastoralists are not to produce animals that are considered food, they are trying to raise animals that can benefit them even while the animal is still alive.
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Pastoralists can raise a range of different animals, although most often they raise herd animals such as cows, goats, sheep, and pigs. In some parts of South America, alpaca and llama have been domesticated for centuries to act as beasts of burden, much like camels, horses, and donkeys are used in Asia and Africa
Depending on the part of the environment and where the pastoralists are, some can raise either animals that can be used for food such as cows, goats, sheep, and pigs, or they can raise animals that are primarily used for transporting goods and loads.
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beasts of burden
Animals that are used for carrying loads.
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nomadic pastoralism
To avoid either the competition and conflicts with neighbors, or to avoid the government restrictions, people move several times a year along with their livestock. This subsistence system is called the nomadic pastoralism.
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Pastoralism
Pastoalism is a subsistence system where people raises a group of farm livestock (animals)
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socialsci.libretexts.org socialsci.libretexts.org
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invaders
The transition from foraging to agriculture is often described as the Agricultural Revolution. Scientist said the transition took a long time to transit. For example, even though dog wasn't an important food source, they are beneficial towards the hunters who wants to hunt something and towards people who uses dogs as a protection.
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historical ecology
When studying the subsistence, anthropologist can get a insight of either the historical ecology (the study of how human cultures have developed over time as a result of interactions with the environment) or the built environment (The human-made things such as land and buildings.
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None of us live in a natural environment
We are not living in a natural environment world. Although in the recent years, human have been altering the planet's ecosystem, this has been happening long since human have been in existence. No part of this planet is really 100% "natural."
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confrontations
Foragers have been phasing out due to many factors such as conflicts and competition for resources from the non-foragers community and the government policy of forcing them stay in one place have jeopardized the Forager's community.
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foragers have rarely lived in isolation. Throughout the world, foragers have lived near farming populations for hundreds or even thousands of years.
Foragers have been living along with the farming populations for hundreds or even thousands of years.
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conditions
But in today's timeline, we know that Sahlins' conception of foragers were overly romanticized. We also know that depending on the environment, foragers can either be relaxed or be hardworking.
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family bonds
In the 1960s, the idea of foragers were changed in the anthropological perspective when Marshall Sahlins suggested that foragers were living in a relaxing and easy life where they spent their day enjoying and socializing, which leads to stronger community and family bonds.
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We now realize that his viewpoint was colored by ethnocentrism and, more specifically, Eurocentrism
In 1651, English philosopher Thomas Hobbes was the first scholar that commented on foragers for being "nasty, brutish, and short." This was done due to the mindset of ethnocentrism and Eurocentrism.
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This led to wealth differences and social inequality that would not normally be found in a foraging community
The wealth differences and social inequality that aren't common in a foraging community have separated the community.
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Because there was a surplus of food, some members of society were able to pursue other full-time occupations or specializations such as working as artisans or even becoming “chiefs.”
In the example of Kwakwa̱ka̱’wakw, since there are a lot of salmon in that area, people started to pursue other occupation, working their way to become a trader, or even becoming the "chiefs" (the leader or the ruler).
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While women do hunt in many communities and often contribute the majority of the group’s food through gathering, their work tends not to be as socially prestigious
While women are seen as a helper who cooks the food in a gathering, they aren't seen as socially prestigious (they don't get the respect that the men receive)
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Foragers also place a high cultural value on generosity. Sharing of food and other resources is a social norm and a measure of a person’s goodness
Foragers also shares food as it is a social norm and a measure of a person's goodness.
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Foraging societies tend to move their camps frequently to exploit various resources, so holding on to a lot of personal possessions or “wealth” is impractical
Because foragers moves around a lot, they don't have any wealth on them.
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it is more difficult for the young and the elderly to participate in food procurement
Foraging can be challenging for the young and the elderly. Young people learn the necessary skills and make contribution until they are teens. Elderly people won't be able to have the body skills of producing enough food for themselves and will need to be cared by others.
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Large families and communities are not necessarily desirable since more mouths to feed can equate to increased pressure to find food
Large families and community isn't suitable for foraging since they have a lot of mouth to feed, meaning they have a lot of pressure to find food.
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foraging societies are small, with low population densities of less than 5 people per square mile
Foraging society doesn't have many people and is very small.
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Foragers are scientists of their own ecosystems, having acquired extensive knowledge of the natural world through experience that allows them to exploit many kinds of food resources
Foragers know a lot about their own ecosystem. Using their knowledge, they are able to learn and know more of different resources.
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Many of the foods regularly eaten by foragers, such as insects and worms, would not necessarily be considered edible by many people in the United States
Many forager food may not be suitable for people in other country or culture such as the US.
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Foraging societies tend to have what is called a broad spectrum diet: a diet based on a wide range of resources
Foraging societies have what is called the broad spectrum diet. It is where they eat the resources that is based on what's available to them.
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Augmenting the protein from hunting or fishing, gathered wild plant resources, such as fruits, nuts, roots, tubers, and berries typically provide a large percentage of the calories that go into any meal
Foragers fishes for fish, hunting for animal protein, and gather berries and wild crops to survive. They must know the source's information such as where to be found, when to be harvest, and how to prepare them.
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Foraging is a mode of subsistence defined by its reliance on wild plant and animal food resources already available in the environment rather than on domesticated species that have been altered by human intervention.
Foraging is the term for a subsistence system that replies on wild plant and animal that are available in the environment as a food resource.
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math.libretexts.org math.libretexts.org
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12
This should be 1/2 instead of 12.
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chem.libretexts.org chem.libretexts.org
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T∘C=59(T∘F+32)
this should be - 32
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socialsci.libretexts.org socialsci.libretexts.org
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Every society has primary groups, such as families, whose primary function is to have and raise children.
That the full meaning in a life as a cylce.
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Culture differentiates peoples, but in the process, we need to remember we are all members of the same species.
We all the same as a tpe of way but the thing that seems didfferent is the personlaized likeing and how peoelple portray thier own culture as inputing new set of beliefs.
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he had noticed other differences among speakers of other languages as well.
Being a lawer lets you learning another language. So intoring as a lawer means there are many different people that you are going to accporch and might have one laugnuge that you must lrean. It depends on the poplaution aorund the area that ypou are in which can make you add a new set of laugaunges.
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Tylor used the concept to make sense of what he learned from his travels
experience something new to yourself is gain it puts your mind in a good state.
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English universities and so went to work in his father’s business
quaker seems relateable to me becuase wanting to work want your parents to build a reationship woht them and help them willll ypu csan.
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med.libretexts.org med.libretexts.org
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pyloric sphincter.
Pyloric is the 2 nd sphincter to remember!
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The chemical breakdown of food involves enzymes,
Enzymes end with ase!
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socialsci.libretexts.org socialsci.libretexts.org
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every society combines one or more of these strategies into their subsistence practices
It isn't possible to categorize society into one of each modes since society combines one or more of the strategy into their subsistence practices.
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four general types of food system known as modes of subsistence
There are four general types of food system that are known as modes of subsistence. The modes are used to divide the ways of how each society obtain foods. Each cultural subsistence system is based on the environment that is suited for the strategy in order to survive.
These modes are:
*Foraging: describe societies that rely on wild plant and animal food resources.
*Pastoralism: describes a system where people raise groups of animals.
*Horticulture: raising crops.
*Agriculture: cultivates (develop) domestic plants and animals using technologies that can be use in a particular environment land.
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societies can be divided into those that have an immediate return system for finding food and those that use a delayed return system. The
The grouping divides different approaches into immediate return system and delayed return system.
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Working to put food on the table is the essential task of every family or household
Subsistence systems plays in everyone's life. One of which is for every family or household to find a way of putting food on the table. This is called the domestic economy.
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These rituals are shaped by religious beliefs as well as the demands and challenges of obtaining food
All of the aspects of culture overlaps with one another. For example religion ceremonies are able to improve food supply as well as putting the spotlight of the demands and challenges of obtaining food on the spotlight.
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anthropologists have observed that the quest for food affects almost every aspect of daily life
Anthropologist found that everyone has a role in the substance system (how one obtain or acquire food.) Everyone plays either one or two role of either being the producer, distributor, or the consumer of food.
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Modern anthropological studies of subsistence systems draw on insights and perspectives from several different fields, including biology, chemistry, and ecology, as well as a range of ethnographic techniques
Modern anthropological studies of subsistence system involves insights and perspectives in biology, chemistry, ecology, and the wide varieties of ethnographic techniques.
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human history reveals a connection between population growth and cultural innovation, particularly innovation in farming techniques
As it turns out, human history has a connection between population growth and cultural innovation. This means that as human keep on growing, so will the farming techniques that are able to generate more crops and resources.
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However, the availability of resources in the environment increases at only an arithmetic rate, which means that left unchecked human populations would soon outstrip the environment’s ability to provide sustenance
Thomas Malthus argued that as the population grows, this means the resources that are available are decreasing.
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carrying capacity to quantify the number of calories that can be extracted from a particular unit of land to support a human population
The term carrying capacity is used to measure the calories to calculate the population in a particular land.
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Since the need to eat is one of the few true human universals, anthropologists have studied subsistence systems from a variety of perspectives. One way to think about the importance of food for human populations is to consider the number of calories an individual must obtain every day in order to survive.
To study the differences of each subsistence system from a variety of perspectives, anthropologist used the approach of counting the calories that an individual consumes every day.
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human.libretexts.org human.libretexts.org
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___________________
flees
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flying
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flies
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flies
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chem.libretexts.org chem.libretexts.org
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Arrhenius
e ea/rt - molecules that have enough energy to break activation barrier.
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components
high temperature - you have 1/ infinity
e ^0 is 1
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exponential
Endothermic break a bond ------- Exothermic Makes a bond
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mathematically
AE = ^ea/rt R- 8.314 mol/k
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That
Activataion energy. ENrgy needed to break bonds.K ALWAYS POSITIVE
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where R has units of 8.314J/mol-K
This is a constant of and its units used in the Arrhenius theory.
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math.libretexts.org math.libretexts.org
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−3−3-3 times the first row plus to 222 times the third row
third row and column should be 9+10?
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human.libretexts.org human.libretexts.org
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Our critique will be clearer since we have spent time thinking about the foundations of the argument and the author’s purpose and meaning.
Highlights the importance of reflecting on what we're writing about
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human.libretexts.org human.libretexts.org
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But since Without is turned to be Within, the WORLD turned CHRISTIAN, and atheittleflocke of JESVS CHRIST hath so marvelllously increased in such wonderfull converfions, let me be bold to aske what is Christ? What are the Christians? The Hebrew and the Greeke will tell us that Christ was and is the Anointed of God, whom the Prophets and Kings and preists of Israel in their anointings did prefigure and type out; whence his followers are called christians, that is Anointed also: So that indeed to be a christian implyes two things, first, to be afollower of that anointed one in all his Offices; secondly, to pertake of his anointings, for the Anointing of the Lord Jesus (like to the anointings of AARON, to which none might make the like on pain of death) descend to the skirt of his garments. To come nearer to this Christion world, (where the world becomes christian holy, anointed, Gods People, &c.) what faith John? What faith the Angel? Yea, What faith Jesus Christ and his Father (from whom the Revelation came Revel 1. 1.) What fay they uuto the Beast and his Worshippers Revel. 13. If that beast be not the Turke, northe Roman Emperour (as the grosest interpret- but either the generall councels, or the catholike church of Rome, or the Popes or Papacy (as the most refined interpret) why then all the world, Revel. 13. wonders after the Beast, worships the Beast, followeth the Beast, and boasts of the Beast, that there is none like him, and all People, Tongues, and Nations, come under the power of this Beast, & no man shall buy nor fell, nor live, who hath not the marke of the Beast in his Fore-head, or in his hand, or the number of his name.
But since without is turned to be within, the World turned Christian, and the flock of Jesus Christ has marvelously increased in such wonderful conversions, let me be bold to ask what is Christ? What are the Christians? The Hebrew and the Greek will tell us that Christ was and is the Anointed of God, who the Prophets, Kings and Priests of Israel in their anointing's did prefigure and type out; where his followers are called Christians, that is Anointed also: To be a Christian implies two things, first, to be a follower of that anointed one in all his Offices; Secondly, to participate in his anointing's, for the Anointing of the Lord Jesus (like to the anointing's of Aaron, to which none might make the like on pain of death) descend to the skirt of his garments.
To come closer to this Christian world, (where the world becomes Christian, holy, anointed, God's People, etc.) what faith John? What faith the Angel? Yea, What faith Jesus Christ and his Father (from whom the Revelation came Revel 1. 1.) What fay they unto the Beast and his Worshippers Revel. 13.
If that beast is not the Turk, North Roman Emperor (as the grossest interpret but either the General councils, or the Catholic Church of Rome, or the Popes or Papacy (as the most refined interpret) why then all the world, Revel. 13. wonders after the Beast, worships the Beast, follows the Beast, and boasts of the Beast, that there is none like him, and all People, Tongues, and Nations, come under the power of this Beast, and no man should buy, fall, or live, who have not gave the mark of the Beast in his Fore-head, or in his hand, or the number of his name.
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human.libretexts.org human.libretexts.org
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The one side laboured to have ye right worship of God & discipline of Christ established in ye church, according to ye simplicitie of ye gospell, without the mixture of mens inventions, and to have & to be ruled by ye laws of Gods word, dispensed in those offices, & by those officers of Pastors, Teachers, & Elders, &c. according to ye Scripturs. The other partie, though under many colours & pretences, endevored to have yeepiscopall dignitie (affter ye popish man̄er) with their large power & jurisdiction still retained; with all those courts, cannons, & ceremonies, togeather with all such livings, revenues, & subordinate officers, with other such means as formerly upheld their antichristian greatnes, and enabled them with lordly & tyranous power to persecute ye poore servants of God. This contention was so great, as neither ye honour of God, the commone persecution, nor ye mediation of Mr. Calvin & other worthies of ye Lord in those places, could prevaile with those thus episcopally minded, but they proceeded by all means to disturbe ye peace of this poor persecuted church, even so farr as to charge (very unjustly, & ungodlily, yet prelatelike) some of their cheefe opposers, with rebellion & hightreason against ye Emperour, & other such crimes. And this contētion dyed not with queene Mary, nor was left beyonde ye seas, but at her death these people returning into England under gracious queene Elizabeth, many of them being preferred to bishopricks & other promotions, according to their aimes and desires, that inveterate hatered against ye holy discipline of Christ in his church hath continued to this day.
The one side labored to have the right worship of God and discipline of Christ established in the church, according to the simplicity of the Gospel, without the mixture of men's inventions, and to have and to be ruled by the laws of God's word, dispensed in those offices, and by those officers of Pastors, Teachers, and Elders, etc. according to the Scripters. The other party, though under many colors and pretenses, endeavored to have episcopal dignity (after the popish manner) with their large power and jurisdiction still retained; with all those courts, cannons, and ceremonies, together with all such livings, revenues, and subordinate officers, with other such means as formerly upheld their antichristian greatness, and enabled them with lordly and tyrannous power to persecute the poor servants of God. This contention was so great, as neither the honor of God, the commune persecution, or the mediation of Mr. Calvin and other worthies of the Lord in those places, could prevail with those that have episcopal minds, but they proceeded by all means to disturb the peace of this poor persecuted church, even so far as to charge (very unjustly, and ungodlily) some of their chief opposes, with rebellion and high treason against the Emperor, and other crimes.
And this contention died not with Queen Mary, nor was left beyond the seas, but at her death these people returning into England under gracious Queen Elizabeth, many of them being preferred to bishoprics and other promotions, according to their aims and desires, that inveterate hatred against the holy discipline of Christ in his church hath continued to this day.
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It was answered, that all great & honourable actions are accompanied with great difficulties, and must be both enterprised and overcome with answerable courages. It was granted ye dangers were great, but not desperate; the difficulties were many, but not invincible. For though their were many of them likly, yet they were not cartaine; it might be sundrie of ye things feared might never befale; others by providente care & ye use of good means, might in a great measure be prevented; and all of them, through ye help of God, by fortitude and patience, might either be borne, or overcome. True it was, that such atempts were not to be made and undertaken without good ground & reason; not rashly or lightly as many have done for curiositie or hope of gaine, &c. But their condition was not ordinarie; their ends were good & honourable; their calling lawfull, & urgente; and therfore they might expecte ye blessing of God in their proceding.
This is an example that stands in stark contrast to the passage preceding it. Here he speaks of the strength and success in the face of struggle and strife. With religion playing a factor as these actions are credited to God.
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The place they had thoughts on was some of those vast & unpeopled countries of America, which are frutfull & fitt for habitation, being devoyd of all civill inhabitants, wher ther are only salvage & brutish men, which range up and downe, litle otherwise then ye wild beasts of the same. This proposition being made publike and coming to ye scaning of all, it raised many variable opinions amongst men, and caused many fears & doubts amongst them selves. Some, from their reasons & hops conceived, laboured to stirr up & incourage the rest to undertake & prosecute ye same; others, againe, out of their fears, objected against it, & sought to diverte from it, aledging many things, and those neither unreasonable nor unprobable; as that it was a great designe, and subjecte to many unconceivable perills & dangers; as, besids the casulties of ye seas (which none can be freed from) the length of ye vioage was such, as ye weake bodys of women and other persons worne out with age & traville (as many of them were) could never be able to endure. And yet if they should, the miseries of ye land which they should be exposed unto, would be to hard to be borne; and lickly, some or all of them togeither, to consume & utterly to ruinate them. For ther they should be liable to famine, and nakednes, & ye wante, in a maner, of all things. The chang of aire, diate, & drinking of water, would infecte their bodies with sore sickneses, and greevous diseases. And also those which should escape or overcome these difficulties, should yett be in continuall danger of ye salvage people, who are cruell, barbarous, & most trecherous, being most furious in their rage, and merciles wher they overcome; not being contente only to kill, & take away life, but delight to tormente men in ye most bloodie man̄er that may be; fleaing some alive with ye shells of fishes, cutting of ye members & joynts of others by peesmeale, and broiling on ye coles, eate ye collops of their flesh in their sight whilst they live; with other cruelties horrible to be related. And surely it could not be thought but ye very hearing of these things could not but move ye very bowels of men to grate within them, and make ye weake to quake & tremble. It was furder objected, that it would require greater sum̄es of money to furnish such a voiage, and to fitt them with necessaries, then their consumed estats would amounte too; and yett they must as well looke to be seconded with supplies, as presently to be trāsported. Also many presidents of ill success, & lamentable misseries befalne others in the like designes, were easie to be found, and not forgotten to be aledged; besids their owne experience, in their former troubles & hardships in their removall into Holand, and how hard a thing it was for them to live in that strange place, though it was a neighbour countrie, & a civill and rich comone wealth.
A very lengthy example of the hard and dangerous life in America. He speaks of the sickness, disease, famine and other dangers to the colonists. But this text is a great example of William Bradford's perspective of the Native Americans. Being that of irredeemable savages. He also describes graphic and extreme examples of violence. Many of which I personally can't help but think are only the rarest of events. And that these events being as extreme as they are, are made known to many people far and wide at the time, and thus making people believe this is that of the average Native American.
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bio.libretexts.org bio.libretexts.org
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Both chemo-autotrophic organisms (organisms that make use of chemical reactions occurring in their environment to power their growth) and heterotrophic organisms (organisms that break down complex chemicals, generated by other living things, to acquire energy) rapidly evolved once liquid water was present
Did chemo-autotrophic organisms give rise to hetertrophic organisms since heterotrophic organisms needed other living thins to provide energy? Were these both types of anaerobic organisms?
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chem.libretexts.org chem.libretexts.org
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human.libretexts.org human.libretexts.org
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According to humane reason, guided only by the light of nature, these people lead the more happy and freer. They lead a life, being void of care, which torments the minds of many Christians: They are not delighted in baubles, but care ‘in useful things… I have observed that they will not be troubled with superfluous commodities. Such things as they find they are taught by necessity to make use of, they will make choice of, and seek to purchase with industry. So that, in respect: that their life is so void of care, and they are so loving also that they make use of those things they enjoy, (the wife only excepted,) as common goods, and are therein so compassionate that, rather than one could starve through want, they would starve all.
This text is a stark contrast to William Bradford's stance on the Native Americans. Where he spoke about the brutality and violence they commit. Thomas Morton speaks very highly of their lifestyle and how there is just a strong bond amongst each other. In addition to that , he speaks of how they are free from the complexities and convoluted lifestyles that the colonists have.
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human.libretexts.org human.libretexts.org
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I thought I should have sunk down at last, and never got out; but I may say, as in Psalm 94.18, “When my foot slipped, thy mercy, O Lord, held me up.” Going along, having indeed my life, but little spirit, Philip, who was in the company, came up and took me by the hand, and said, two weeks more and you shall be mistress again. I asked him, if he spake true? He answered, “Yes, and quickly you shall come to your master again; who had been gone from us three weeks.” After many weary steps we came to Wachusett, where he was: and glad I was to see him. He asked me, when I washed me? I told him not this month. Then he fetched me some water himself, and bid me wash, and gave me the glass to see how I looked; and bid his squaw give me something to eat. So she gave me a mess of beans and meat, and a little ground nut cake. I was wonderfully revived with this favor showed me: “He made them also to be pitied of all those that carried them captives” (Psalm 106.46).
I think this example of her reference to religion demonstrates its significance amidst her hardships.
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human.libretexts.org human.libretexts.org
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She describes the Native Americans as savage and hellish scourges of God. She acclaims the wonder of God’s power when these same Native Americans offer her food, help her find shelter, and provide her with a Bible.
Rowlandson describes Native Americans as a people created by god solely to be savages and to create destruction. During her captivity, she faced similar abuse that Natives were facing like being starved. Even then, she doesn't even acknowledge the fact that Native Americans were not savages, but rather gives the credit to god for sending her Native Americans that helped her out rather than just stating that she simply was wrong and that all Native Americans were not bad people. The fact that in this time and even in todays day, God has a heavy impact on how people view the world is mind blowing but also fascinating. It was and still is so much easier to give God the credit for what other people do than to give the actual person/people credit.
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socialsci.libretexts.org socialsci.libretexts.org
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Friendship is of value to children as they help each other understand the world in which they live. According to Dunn (2004), the quality of children’s friendships affects their development of a sense of personal and social identity.
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As children develop their identity they are influenced by interactions and relationships with others
.
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human.libretexts.org human.libretexts.org
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This translation of the Manden charter of 1222 appears inaccurate. It should start with the hunters declare and these are not quite what I’ve heard.
Every human life is a life.It is true that a life comes to be before another life, but no life is older or more respectable than any other In the same way no one’s life is superior to another The hunters declare Each life being a life, all wrong done on one’s life requires reparation. Therefore No one should freely attack his neighbor, no one should wrong his neighbor, no one should create torment for his fellow man etc..
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chem.libretexts.org chem.libretexts.orgydahi1
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control
aaa
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socialsci.libretexts.org socialsci.libretexts.org
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they begin to feel inadequate.
so you can always go wrong?
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phys.libretexts.org phys.libretexts.org
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Instantaneous speed is the magnitude of instantaneous velocity.
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Average velocity is displacement (change in position) divided by the time of travel
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chem.libretexts.org chem.libretexts.orgColloids1
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ent of Education Open
ISTITIKBoldItalic\(Insert LaTeX\)
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med.libretexts.org med.libretexts.org
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human.libretexts.org human.libretexts.org
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in
at*
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________
care about
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________
apologize for
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________
apply for
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________
talk about
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________
believe in
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in
at
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at
on
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at
on
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at
on*
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human.libretexts.org human.libretexts.org
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the northern crusades were invasions of the .... that occured between 1171 when the .....
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math.libretexts.org math.libretexts.org
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Area between two curves, integrating on the y-axis
Right and left boundaries
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Area between two curves, integrating on the x-axis
Upper and lower boundaries
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Defection of the area between right and left bounders
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human.libretexts.org human.libretexts.org
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What branch of science addresses the question of whether or not science covers all of rational inquiry
Does science create concreate conclusions?
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bio.libretexts.org bio.libretexts.org
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very short continuous stretch of amino acids.
Another public note
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This is a page note.
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alpha helix is the most common type of helix
Alpha Helix is the most common type of helix.
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socialsci.libretexts.org socialsci.libretexts.org
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As we interact with cultures other than our own, we become more aware of the differences and commonalities between others’ worlds and our own.
En socialisant avec nos voisins, nos amies de l'école et avec nos collègues de travails nous remarquons que chaque personne est différente de soi mais a beaucoup de ressemblance aussi. Il y a la nourriture, les danses et les fetes.
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To someone raised in New York City, the marriage customs of a family from Nigeria may seem strange or even wrong.
Chaque culture a leurs propres pensees et manieres de faire. Cela, s'applique pour les marriages aussi. Chaque culture que se soit en Amerique, Inde ou en Chine ils ont une differente maniere de celebrer un marriage.
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Almost every human behavior, from shopping to marriage to expressions of feelings, is learned
Depuis un jeune age nos parents nous apprenent quoi faire et puis de quel maniere nous devond le faire. Ce dernier, devient une habitude que nous pouvons developper
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What is the cultural norm in your family unit regarding who you live with and when, or even if, you are expected to establish your own home?
Was suppose to move out and go to college, get a job and never move back home
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chem.libretexts.org chem.libretexts.org
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Solutions
There is an issue with the second solution to S16.6.1. As the methoxy group is the stronger electron donating group, it will determine the location that the electrophile adds to. This ought place the electrophile para to the methoxy group rather than para to the methyl group.
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bio.libretexts.org bio.libretexts.org
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Most macromolecules are made from single subunits, or building blocks, called monomers. The monomers combine with each other using covalent bonds to form larger molecules known as polymers
Monomers are subunits(building blocks) and use covalent bonds to form polymers
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math.libretexts.org math.libretexts.org
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−5–√
how is -√5 negative?
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phys.libretexts.org phys.libretexts.org
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potential difference
Energy needed to move electrons through a component
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human.libretexts.org human.libretexts.org
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In this we still see the providence of God, who, by the common light of nature, has given to this people the knowledge that there is, after this life, a reward for the just, and a punishment for the unjust, which all mankind may expect.
This seems to me like the only thing they may be able to agree on and that could be a stretch to say. The Europeans belief in God and a hell/heaven scenario is relatively similar to the Indigenous beliefs.
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human.libretexts.org human.libretexts.org
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Now this was the truth, and it was a great wonder, that Katahdin had wedded this girl, thinking with himself and his wife to bring up a child who should build up his nation, and make of the Wabanaki a mighty race. And he said, “Declare unto these people that they are not to inquire of thee who is the father of thy child; truly they will all know it by seeing him, for they shall not grieve thee with impertinence.” Now the woman had made it known that she would not be questioned, and she gave them all what they needed; yet, for all this, they could not refrain nor restrain themselves from talking to her on what they well knew she would fain be silent. And one day when they had angered her, she thought, “Truly Katahdin was right; these people are in nowise worthy of my son, neither shall he serve them; he shall not lead them to victory; they are not of those who make a great nation.” And being still further teased and tormented, she spake and said, “Ye fools, who by your own folly will kill yourselves; ye mud-wasps, who sting the fingers which would pick ye out of the water, why will ye ever trouble me to tell you what you well know? Can you not see who was the father of my boy? Behold his eyebrows; do ye not know Katahdin by them? But it shall be to your exceeding great sorrow that ever ye inquired. From this day ye may feed yourselves and find your own venison, for this child shall do so no more for you.”
As I read this I was reminded of the phrase: "never bite the hand that feeds". This is an important lesson. Because she wouldn't give them the answer they sought they became ungrateful. It's important to always remain humble and thankful for the things given to you, and know that at any point (in some cases) it can be taken away.
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human.libretexts.org human.libretexts.org
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We do not know who made the first plants and animals. But when they were first made, they were told to watch and keep awake for seven nights. This is the way young men do now when they fast and pray to their medicine. They tried to do this. The first night, nearly all the animals stayed awake. The next night several of them dropped asleep. The third night still more went to sleep. At last, on the seventh night, only the owl, the panther, and one or two more were still awake. Therefore, to these were given the power to see in the dark, to go about as if it were day, and to kill and eat the birds and animals which must sleep during the night.
This is a direct reflection of the seven days of creation. I'm not religious nor am I completely familiar with the bible. However, this section stuck out to me. I feel it's a beautiful representation of how these animals came to be in our world.
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socialsci.libretexts.org socialsci.libretexts.org
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math.libretexts.org math.libretexts.org
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2x+4y−3z=−15x+10y−7z=−23x+6y+5z=9
seems like a typo here, the last row should be \(3x+6y-5z = 9\) as far as I can tell, this cascades down
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chem.libretexts.org chem.libretexts.org
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orthogonality is thought of as describing non-overlapping, uncorrelated, or independent objects of some kind
see equation below for how to define two functions as being orthogonal
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chem.libretexts.org chem.libretexts.org
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single valued, continuous, and finite.
these are the requirements of a wavefunction
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The state of the system is completely specified by ψψ\psi. All possible information about the system can be found in the wavefunction ψψ\psi.
first postulate of quantum mechanics: all the info we need about a system can be figured out using the wavefunction
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chem.libretexts.org chem.libretexts.org
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orthogonal
orthogonal=events are statistically independent of one another
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human.libretexts.org human.libretexts.org
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ee how man has kicked me about because I’m ugly, as he says, until my back is covered with sores;” and here he showed the spots on his skin. Next came the Bird (tsi´skwa; no particular species is indicated), who condemned man because “he burns my feet off,” alluding to the way in which the hunter barbecues birds by impaling them on a stick set over the fire, so that their feathers and tender feet are singed and burned.
This actually makes me feel like the animals do have feelings. It really puts into perspective how difficult it would be to hunt or hurt them as they seem "emotionally" hurt by the damage the humans are causing them.
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biz.libretexts.org biz.libretexts.org
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How does a gain differ from a revenue?
selling pizzas or pizzas delivery van
Annotators
URL
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bio.libretexts.org bio.libretexts.org
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inner membrane of the mitochondrion
how? molecular bonds etc
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bio.libretexts.org bio.libretexts.org
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introgression
My Dad and I used to do this with our hot pepper garden to create new variants. I never knew about a term for it.
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When the Hardy-Weinberg Law Fails
The Hardy-Weinberg Law seems to make good model, but I wonder how often it turns out to be accurate when looking at real life groups due to all these factors that may disrupt the frequency of alleles within a population?
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seldom mate at random preferring
Even though those species participating in mating rituals to select a mate that would be considered non random mating. Whereas a human selecting a mate would be considered assertive because there seems to be more selection involved when selecting a mate? Is it due to the fact animals do not take certain characteristics into consideration?
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introgression
I did not know that is what the process was called. I now understand that introgression is gene flow, but instead of within a species it is between species.
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However, members of one population may breed with occasional immigrants from an adjacent population of the same species
would this alter a species ability to survive if an unfavorable set of genetics is introduced to the population?
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bio.libretexts.org bio.libretexts.org
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It is interesting to think that physical barriers can cause different phenotypes to form, which leads to speciation. I wonder if the opposite could happen when different species are brought close enough together and evolve to have similar traits that a advantageous to a common environment. After all, these species are meant to share common ancestor.
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if individuals of the two populations were to be brought together, mating would be less likely, but if mating occurred, offspring would be non-viable or infertile.
Is it possible for two populations to create infertile offspring that mutate enough to become fertile again?
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bio.libretexts.org bio.libretexts.org
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this poses quite a challenge.
How often do annual flu vaccines "get it wrong." In other words, how often are results from a vaccine less than hoped for/less than what is considered acceptable? How much do vaccines increase the rate that viruses evolve at?
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The modern synthesis of evolutionary theory grew out of the cohesion of Darwin’s, Wallace’s, and Mendel’s thoughts on evolution and heredity, along with the more modern study of population genetics.
This stuck out to me since scientific discoveries and advancements are usually seen as positive however this made me think about how harmful the study of genetics has been in some cases. This made me wonder if this type of research actually had a negative impact on the way in which these scientists were thinking. Furthermore it could also be seen only as a positive since it essentially allowed the scientists to look back and time and put together a puzzle piece of evolution among species.
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a gene for a particular character may have several alleles, or variants, that code for different traits associated with that character
What types of gene shuffling are there and how does that relate to natural selection?
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Sometimes, allele frequencies within a population change randomly with no advantage to the population over existing allele frequencies
Genetic drift is a variation of evolution that sometimes creates little impact in the survival of a species. With natural selection, we know the certain favorable traits are passed down to future generations to ensure survival. But, with genetic drift, it's not always advantageous. Very little change, or, a very large impact can come from it.
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allele frequencies within a population change randomly with no advantage to the population over existing allele frequencies
are genetic drifts detrimental to the population or simply neutral?
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Evolution of these viruses means continued adaptions to ensure survival, including adaptations to survive previous vaccines.
Before this reading I was already aware that viruses evolve which is why vaccines are updated but I never made the connection that the type of evolution viruses undergo is the same that other species undergo. It is interesting that viruses like the flu are such a common example of evolution but seem to be less talked about (compared to the evolution of other species especially animals).
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So in the above scenario, an individual pea plant could be pp (YY), and thus produce yellow peas; pq (Yy), also yellow; or qq (yy), and thus producing green peas (Figure 6.2.16.2.1\PageIndex{1}). In other words, the frequency of pp individuals is simply p2; the frequency of pq individuals is 2pq; and the frequency of qq individuals is q2. And, again, if p and q are the only two possible alleles for a given trait in the population, these genotypes frequencies will sum to one: p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1.
Knowing only the phenotypes of two organisms that reproduce allows us to calculate the predicted offspring using a punnit square, in which a table is made while knowing the genotype frequency and number of individuals allows us to calculate the predicted offspring with the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium equations. However, these calculations are not 100% accurate, as they are based on the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium assumptions which is nearly impossible.
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Natural selection and genetic drift usually occur simultaneously in populations and are not isolated events. It is hard to determine which process dominates because it is often nearly impossible to determine the cause of change in allele frequencies at each occurrence. An event that initiates an allele frequency change in an isolated part of the population, which is not typical of the original populatio
Would a natural disaster or another similar event that wipes away a significant part of a population be considered genetic drift or a founder effect?
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human.libretexts.org human.libretexts.org
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This kind of scholarly approach usually entails writing a rough draft, through which you work out an ambitious thesis and the scope of your argument, 9 and then starting over with a wholly rewritten second draft containing a mostly complete argument anchored by a refined thesis. In that second round, you’ll discover holes in the argument that should be remedied, counter-arguments that should be acknowledged and addressed, and important implications that should be noted.
This is a good idea
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bio.libretexts.org bio.libretexts.org
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Another scenario in which populations might experience a strong influence of genetic drift is if some portion of the population leaves to start a new population in a new location or if a population gets divided by a physical barrier of some kind
As we continue mass amounts urbanization and human exploitation of natural resources, I think that it is likely that more bottleneck events will be induced. This will likely result in genetic drift across many different species. So, it would not be surprising if we have already caused mass change in phenotypes/genotypes among many different organisms.
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chem.libretexts.org chem.libretexts.org
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Look at Standing Waves. There Nodes, and half wavelengths.
Half wavelengths, n, restrict the number of possible waveforms.
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socialsci.libretexts.org socialsci.libretexts.org
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generator dipole
Question: What is a generator dipole?
Pending answer: I thought it meant an actual device that they put on the subjects head. But someone told me it means the charge in the brain that the electrode is picking up.
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bio.libretexts.org bio.libretexts.org
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meningitis
serious disease in which there is inflammation of the meninges(the three membranes (the dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater) that line the skull and vertebral canal and enclose the brain and spinal cord), caused by viral or bacterial infection, and marked by intense headache and fever, sensitivity to light, and muscular rigidity.
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genome
the haploid set of chromosomes in a gamete or microorganism, or in each cell of a multicellular organism.It is the entire set of DNA instructions found in a cell
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human.libretexts.org human.libretexts.org
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I don’t like to look out of the windows even—there are so many of those creeping women
There’s more than one?
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It does not do to trust people too much.
Neither do I
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It is the same woman, I know, for she is always creeping, and most women do not creep by daylight
Is she a real woman?
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Then in the very bright spots she keeps still, and in the very shady spots she just takes hold of the bars and shakes them hard
Is this comparable to her being more saint in the night time than the day time?
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it makes me dizzy
Or crazy
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In the daytime it is tiresome and perplexing
Is she too stimulated?
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asked me why I should frighten her so
Jennie doesn’t want her reading or writing either?
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He seems very queer sometimes
Queer in what sense?
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the woman
The woman behind it? Herself?
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Really, dear, you are better!”
I don’t know who to believe
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because he is so wise, and because he loves me so
Does he really?
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the baby is well and happy
They have a baby together?
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And I know John would think it absurd. But I must say what I feel and think in some way—it is such a relief
This is her only way to let things out
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debased Romanesque” with delirium tremens
???
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It is as good as gymnastics, I assure you
Not sure what she means
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Weir Mitchell
Where/what is that?
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I must not let her find me writing
Why not?
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Then the floor is scratched and gouged and splintered, the plaster itself is dug out here and there, and this great heavy bed, which is all we found in the room, looks as if it had been through the wars.
Why has no one taken care of it?
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children have made here
Children from previous tenants? What happened to them?
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I never saw so much expression in an inanimate thing before, and we all know how much expression they have!
She could be referring to herself too
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So I try
John is being a killjoy
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It does weigh on me so not to do my duty in any way
That’s how I feel when I am nervous
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I am glad my case is not serious
Maybe they should separate if they can’t stand each other?
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they suddenly commit suicide
Such a strong example
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Your exercise depends on your strength, my dear
Wouldn’t us be crazy if she was a patient in a mental hospital and made herself believe that John is her husband?
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and that makes me very tired
She’s exhausted from trying to fix herself
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draught
Gaslighting?
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I believe, something about the heirs and co-heirs
Someone is trying to inherit it?
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for there are hedges and walls and gates that lock, and lots of separate little houses for the gardeners and people
Sounds beautiful!
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So I will let it alone and talk about the house
She is trying to refocus herself and take John’s advice
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John says the very worst thing I can do is to think about my condition
How can you fix it if you don’t talk about it?
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my condition
Is depression her condition? What exactly is it?
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having to be so sly about it,
Writing is more than a hobby, maybe a secret obsession or indulgence
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am absolutely forbidden to “work” until I am well again
How would they determine this?
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that there is really nothing the matter with one but temporary nervous depression
Is he gaslighting her or does she really need help? An internal struggle for sure
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he does not believe I am sick!
Maybe this is also why she doesn’t believe fate is on her side (as said earlier).
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but this is dead paper and a great relief to my mind
This person finds comfort in writing or journaling
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He has no patience with faith, an intense horror of superstition, and he scoffs openly at any talk of things not to be felt and seen and put down in figures
Could you consider John a “doubting Thomas?” He doesn’t believe it unless he sees it
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marriage
Someone in a marriage is narrating this
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