10,565 Matching Annotations
  1. Mar 2020
    1. Dark-field microscopy is ideally used to illuminate unstained samples causing them to appear brightly lit against a dark background. This type of microscope contains a special condenser that scatters light and causes it to reflect off the specimen at an angle. Rather than illuminating the sample with a filled cone of light, the condenser is designed to form a hollow cone of light. The light at the apex of the cone is focused at the plane of the specimen; as this light moves past the specimen plane it spreads again into a hollow cone. The objective lens sits in the dark hollow of this cone; although the light travels around and past the objective lens, no rays enter it.

      Dark-field microscopy is ideally used to illuminate unstained samples causing them to appear brightly lit against a dark background. This type of microscope contains a special condenser that scatters light and causes it to reflect off the specimen at an angle. Rather than illuminating the sample with a filled cone of light, the condenser is designed to form a hollow cone of light. The light at the apex of the cone is focused at the plane of the specimen; as this light moves past the specimen plane it spreads again into a hollow cone. The objective lens sits in the dark hollow of this cone; although the light travels around and past the objective lens, no rays enter it.

    1. It is convenient to consider the structures of the body in terms of fundamental levels of organization that increase in complexity

      Thật thuận tiện để xem xét các cấu trúc của cơ thể theo các cấp độ tổ chức từ cơ bản đến phức tạp

    2. convenient

      thuận lợi, thuận điển

    3. assemble

      hợp lại, ghép lại

    4. architecture

      kết cấu

    5. consider

      xem xét

    1. If 𝑓′′(𝑎)>0f′′(a)>0f ^ { \prime \prime } ( a ) > 0., then we know the graph of 𝑓ff is concave up, and we see the first possibility on the left, where the tangent line lies entirely below the curve.

      h

    1. triple point

      combination of temperature and pressure at which all three phases (solid, liquid, and gas) are in equilibrium and can therefore exist simultaneously.

    1. If φa(r1)=φa(r2)φa(r1)=φa(r2)\varphi_a(\mathbf{r}_1) = \varphi_a(\mathbf{r}_2), then |φ−i⟩=0|φ−i⟩=0|\varphi^{−i} \rangle= 0. Thus there is no possible antisymmetric combination involving electrons in the same state (spin-orbit). This is the Pauli exclusion principle.

      Can some one explain in details?

    1. triacylglycerols

      make up more than 95 percent of lipids in the diet and are commonly found in fried foods, vegetable oil, butter, whole milk, cheese, cream cheese, and some meats.

  2. Feb 2020
    1. and so refrigerating food slows down the rate at which it gets oxidizes, and allows it last longer.

      and so refrigerating food slows down the rate at which it oxidizes, and allows it to last longer.

    1. What is the rate of reaction for the reactant "A" in figure 14.4.1 at 30 seconds

      Is there another method of obtaining this information without an equation for the graph or drawing a tangent line? I suspect human error might affect the results when manually drawing a tangent line.

  3. human.libretexts.org human.libretexts.org
    1. unsex me here,  And fill me from the crown to the toe top-full  Of direst cruelty!

      Here Lady Macbeth is asking to be "unsexed" because the kind of cruelty and desire for power she has and intends on acting upon is not "feminine" and would go against the nature society has thrust upon her

    2. ronyon

      Here is the Oxford English Dictionary entry for this word (spelled in other additions as "runnion"), this word is rarely used in modern language. https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/168944?redirectedFrom=runnion#eid

    3. milk

      It is important to remember that this word will quite frequently be associated with gender and femininity

    4. Cousins

      Here is the Oxford English Dictionary entry for the word "Cousin(s)", it should be noted that in this instance the word is not being used to describe a relative but instead a fellow lord (https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/43267?rskey=vJlxZj&result=1#eid)

    5. Upon her skinny lips: you should be women, 145 And yet your beards forbid me to interpret 

      The gender identity of the witches remains unknown, but look at our Closer Look "Women, Witches, and Power" for more about gender and witchcraft

  4. human.libretexts.org human.libretexts.org
    1. Help me hence, ho!

      Here Lady Macbeth faints, using a stereotypical example of femininity to disguise her real role in the events that have transpired

    2. Pale Hecate's

      Hectate is a goddess of night and witchcraft

    1. Trophic Levels A food chain follows one path of energy and materials between species. A food web is more complex and is a whole system of connected food chains. In a food web, organisms are placed into different trophic levels. Trophic levels include different categories of organisms such as producers, consumers, and decomposers. Producers are the basic trophic level while top predators are the peak level. Producers are autotrophs, meaning they produce their own food through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis. Consumers are animals that eat producers and are split into many different categories: primary consumers, secondary consumers, tertiary consumers, and more. Primary consumers are plant-eating herbivores; secondary consumers eat the herbivores; tertiary consumers can consume both the primary and secondary consumers. There may be more levels of consumers until eventually the top predator is reached. The relationship between trophic levels (e.g. primary producers, herbivores, primary predators, and top predators) is shown in Figure 1. It is important to note that consumers can be carnivores, animals that eat other animals, and also omnivores, animals that consume many types of food. Decomposers are also part of the food web and include organisms that feed on all varieties of dead plants and animals which are responsible for returning nutrients to the environment.

      This is very helpful to me thank you!!

    1. the true colligative effect is a result of the total number of ions in the solution

      Will the periodic tables still be on the wall for the exam, or do we need to have these memorized?

    2. The image on the left shows to ions forming a pair, which sort of acts like a single particle.

      Is there any form of "aggregation constant" or something to that effect for ionic solutes that will allow us to calculate the value of i for a given concentration?

    1. In figure (a) the soft drink and the ice have different temperatures, T1T1T_1 and T2T2T_2, and are not in thermal equilibrium

      In Figure (a) the soft drink and the ice have different temperatures, T1 and T2, They are not in "THERMAL EQUILIBRIUM"

    1. Electronegativity Trends

      According to general trends, Helium has the highest electronegativity, but fluorine's electronegativity is actually the highest.

    1. ow identify and remove those compounds that satisfy all criteria of Lipinski's rule of five.

      Doesn't this keep the ones that satisfy the rule of 5, and in step 28 remove the ones that do not? In fact, I do not really understand the "&", . It would seem to me that we would need to loop this through each molecule, But anyways, arn't we removing the ones from the original df that did not follow the rule of 5? (Not removing the ones that do)

  5. Jan 2020
    1. 2.1: FlowCharts and Python

      Do we need to create a separate .doc for the critical thinking questions or do we need to add them to the homework assignment?

    2. Output, one of the of

      how do we frame this?

    1. (the higher it is, the more they want to be in the vapor phase.

      *Need to close parentheses.

    2. You need to be alert that the constant valued equilibrium pressure is what chemists refer to as the vapor pressure, although if a system was not at equilibrium (left of the dotted line indicating the rates of condensation and vaporization are equal), we would still call that a vapor pressure.

      Annotated for grammar. This should read: You need to be alert, for the constant valued equilibrium pressure is what chemists refer to as the vapor pressure, although if a system was not at equilibrium (left of the dotted line indicating the rates of condensation and vaporization are equal), we would still call that a vapor pressure.

    3. If we ignore intermolecular interactions for the molecules that enter the vapor phase we can use the ideal gas law (PV=nRT) to correlate the vapor pressure to the number of particles in that phase, where the vapor pressure becomes the partial pressure due to the gas.

      What does this mean by the vapor pressure becomes partial pressure?

    4. they equal

      they are equal

    5. Euation

      equation*

    1. In an electrolytic cell, electrons are forced to flow in the opposite direction
      in the diagram
      

      Would it make sense to change the "voltmeter" in the figure above to a "power supply", or add one in series?

    1. The van der Waals equation of state for gases took into account deviations from ideality

      Are there any deviations from natural gas law that we have added since its conception?

    1. Humans began to practice chemistry when they learned to control fire and use it to cook, make pottery, and smelt metals

      An example of the beginning of the use of Chemistry. Primarily the use of chemistry witting the existence of humans.

    1. morphed

      What does this word mean?

    2. For most complex social issues, the conversation never truly ends. It may, however, change over time. This can happen for many reasons. Social values may change in the larger culture, such as the growing focus on children’s welfare that led to an increase in child labor laws and child protective services in the early twentieth century. It may be the impact of large historical events, such as the impact the 9/11 attacks had on public perceptions of airport safety and screening procedures. Or maybe new scientific or other sorts of data raise concerns, such as the shifting dialogue over climate change and global warming. It may even be that new groups of people enter the conversation, such as the increased prominence in recent years, of advocates for equality regardless of sexual orientation.

      examples of complex conversations.

    3. nce famously described this as a parlor or party to which you have come late to find out that people are already in heated discussions about a topic. After you see who is part of the conversation and hear what they are saying, you begin to feel comfortable enough to offer your own take on the subject.  

      I have experienced this kind of situation.

    4. Understanding How Conversations Change Over Time

      This reminds me of how things are constantly changing for example: how we get older.

    5. myriad

      I don't know this word.

    6. The process of writing can be better understood if it is viewed as a conversation between writer and reader within a specific context and time

      I like this approach.

    7. why certain professions are still dominated by one gender,

      kind of like the military?

    8. maybe the three friends need to consider whether there is a certain type of food or movie one of them dislikes or maybe the three friends need to consider a different activity.

      this kind of reminds me of like majority rule.

    9. For example, you arrive somewhere to meet two friends and discover that they are discussing where to go to dinner or which movie to see. Each friend presents his or her argument, setting out evidence for why this restaurant or movie is a good choice, and each friend pokes holes in the other person’s argument, pointing out why he or she would not enjoy that restaurant or movie. You are expected to take a role in this discussion. Maybe you take a stand with one friend over the other, or maybe you try to reach a compromise and propose a third restaurant or movie that everyone could accept. This can lead to even further discussion.

      What if you feel a little more bias towards one friend's argument?

    10. Writing does not happen in a vacuum but within a specific context and time.

      I don't understand the opening sentence.

    1. When the two conjugated double bonds of 1,3-pentadiene are 'hydrogenated' to produce pentane, about 225 kJ is released per mole of pentane formed. Compare that to the approximately 250 kJ/mol released when the two isolated double bonds in 1,4-pentadiene are hydrogenated, also forming pentane.

      It appears the heat of hydrogenation values for the two compounds are swapped in the diagram. The conjugated compound should have the lower value of ~225 kJ/mol and the other, non-conjugated diene the higher value of ~250 kJ/mol, as set out in the text.

    1. Automobile engines use surface area effects to increase reaction rates. Gasoline is injected into each cylinder, where it combusts on ignition by a spark from the spark plug. The gasoline is injected in the form of microscopic droplets because in that form it has a much larger surface area and can burn much more rapidly than if it were fed into the cylinder as a stream. Similarly, a pile of finely divided flour burns slowly (or not at all), but spraying finely divided flour into a flame produces a vigorous reaction.

      Example!

  6. Dec 2019
    1. Nuclear fusion, in which two light nuclei combine to produce a heavier, more stable nucleus, is the opposite of nuclear fission.

      Nuclear Fusion

    2. Nuclear fission is the splitting of a heavy nucleus into two lighter ones.

      Nuclear Fission

    3. The mass of an element's nucleus as a whole is less than the total mass of its individual protons and neutrons. The difference in mass can be attributed to the nuclear binding energy. Basically, nuclear binding energy is considered as mass, and that mass becomes "missing". This missing mass is called mass defect, which is the nuclear energy, also known as the mass released from the reaction as neutrons, photons, or any other trajectories. In short, mass defect and nuclear binding energy are interchangeable terms.

      Mass Defect and Nuclear Binding Energy

    4. Nuclear binding energy is the energy required to keep the protons and neutrons of a nucleus intact, and the energy that is released during a nuclear fission or fusion is nuclear power.

      Nuclear Binding

    1. While the Remixing Map below does not demonstrate it

      If you could include the entire Remixing Map, or cut the middle section, the lower half would demonstrate that you are remixing from multiple sources.

    1. energy required to gain electrons is significantly higher compared with the energy required to lose electrons. As a result, the elements on the left side of the periodic table generally lose electrons when forming bonds.

      because it is simpler to just lose than gain elements to the left lose elements easier

    2. atom's ability to attract and bind with electrons.

      the electronegative of an element is them being able to come together by appealing with electrons

    1. the aromatic ring contains a NH2, NHR, or NR2 substituent. The lone pair electrons on the amines react with the Lewis acid AlCl3. This places a positive charge next to the benzene ring, which is so strongly activating that the Friedel-Crafts reaction cannot occur

      It will attract the nucleophile instead of the attraction of the electrophile

  7. socialsci.libretexts.org socialsci.libretexts.org
    1. The Remixer works best on Chrome browsers.

      The Remixer may not work on browsers other than Chrome. If you see this and you do not see "New Remix" below, you are likely in a browser that is not presently compatible with the Remixer.

      https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Under_Construction/Development_Details/OER_Remixer

    1. Personal. You will see companies and products from your everyday life. Real-world situations show you how to put a few extra dollars in your pocket by making smart mathematical choices. What if you could save $100 per month simply by making smarter choices? Over 40 years at a very conservative rate of interest, that is approximately $100,000 in your pocket. You will also find life lessons. Are you ready to start planning your RRSP? Would you like to know the basics on how to do this? If you are thinking of buying a home, do you know how the numbers work on your mortgage? To learn how to buy a car at the lowest cost, read on!

      Whats in it for me

  8. Nov 2019
    1. Titration is the slow addition of one solution of a known concentration (called a titrant) to a known volume of another solution of unknown concentration until the reaction reaches neutralization, which is often indicated by a color change. The solution called the titrant must satisfy the necessary requirements to be a primary or secondary standard. In a broad sense, titration is a technique to determine the concentration of an unknown solution. Topic hierarchy

      Titration is the slow addition of one solution of a known concentration (called a titrant) to a known volume of another solution of unknown concentration until the reaction reaches neutralization, which is often indicated by a color change.

    1. absorbs

      inhales

    2. Increasing

      going up

    3. p-nitrophenol

      ahhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh

    4. Pepsin

      pepsin is an endopeptidase that breaks down proteins into smaller peptides (that is, a protease). It is produced in the stomach and is one of the main digestive enzymes in the digestive systems of humans and many other animals, where it helps digest the proteins in food.

    1. four times greater

      It is like the examples we worked in class where compounds with atoms containing a 1- and 1+ charge are less than the ones with a 2- and 2+ charges because that results in a energy that is FOUR times greater

    1. we can tell which of the claims we made notes on seems to be the focus of the author, the goal of the piece

      Maybe delete this, because in your last couple of sentences before this paragraph you already are asking this question. Instead,maybe say, "A first step is to ask ourselves, "What does the writer want us to believe? What does the writer most want to convince us of? If the writer had to make their point in just one sentence, what would it be?" I would take out, "Where is the writer going with this?" as it doesn't add much to the first two questions you ask above.

    1. observing to praise or criticize what they are observing.

      merely observing, t praise or criticize the "facts."

    2. or

      or in

    3. that look more like what we associate with the word “argument.”

      Period after "do" These other claims may look more like...."

    4. and

      substitute "by"

    5. However, very often

      substitute "but" or just "however"

    6. or of what happened in the past.

      somehow this doesn't seem to fit in the list well.

    7. Here are a few sample claims of policy: Landlords should not be allowed to raise the rent more than 2% per year. States should require a background check before allowing anyone to buy a gun. Parents should not be given access to teenagers’ social media accounts. A claim of policy can also look like an out and out command, such as “So if you are an American citizen, don’t let anything stop you from voting.” Note that not all claims of policy give details or specifics about what should be done or how. Sometimes an author is only trying to build momentum and point us in a certain direction. For example, “Schools must find a way to make bathrooms more private for everyone, not just transgender people.” Claims of policy don’t have to be about dramatic actions. Even discussion, research, and writing are kinds of action. For example, “Americans need to learn more about other wealthy nations’ health care systems in order to see how much better things could be in America.”

      all very clear.

    8. a claim of policy, a claim that is pushing readers to do something:

      say instead "this type of pushing, also known as a claim of policy." Otherwise it is too repetitive.

    1. Then we’ll

      We will also

    2. agree

      agreeing

    3. to

      towards

    4. If we had a way to read something and then could make a really clear, simple map of what we just read?

      If we had a way to read something and then could make a simple, clear map of the argument?

    5. it

      them...(.the swarming cluster of words)

    6. straight

      Move this to to right after "get" "just trying to get straight the barebones ideas.....

    7. the

      how about "figuring out and describing an argument you are reading." delete rest of sentence.

    8. explain

      remove

    1. What is college about if not ideas? Drop the second "about" Line 3...I often don't have my ideas...drop "own" Again I don't think the indeciseveness idea goes in the same sentence as "what I don't know." Take out "defending my feeling" or maybe use "defending my reasons" Line 8 substitute "said" for argued and take out "same" (topic) Instead of we "get to" to figure out with "just have to"

    2. It then adds in a kind of paper most common in courses which themselves focus on argument:

      "The book also describes the kind of paper most commonly assigned in college courses which focus on argument." I also don't get why this comment comes before the last bullet. Keep the bullets together.

    3. and

      If you are bulleting, you don't need "and". All of this could also just be collapsed iinto a sentence

    1. Accuracy is how close to the expected value Discrepancy is expctdValue - avgMsrdValud

      Precision is how close the measurements are to eachother. Uncertainty is ±(highstMsrd - lwstMsrd) means the value can be anything between this limit.

      Prcntg Uncertainity uA/A*100

      place holder zeroes are not sig figs as in 0.05

    1. (at a fixed wavelength)

      don't think this is necessary if the other corrections are added

    2. independent of

      inversely proportional to

    3. the intensity of the light.

      should be "the intensity of the light divided by hf".

    4. Figure 2.2.1

      Bottom left graph should be an inverse proportion graph.