The Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences won’t take papers that appear as preprints if they have a Creative Commons License

You may be wondering why scientists would even bother to publish in journals after they’ve posted a preprint—a system intentionally built to subvert the bottleneck of peer-reviewed publication. But the system of academic publishing and all the rewards built into it haven’t disappeared. Which means for now at least, biology careers aren’t made on bioRxiv. Traditional journals still hold the key to postdoc positions, tenure lines, and lab funding.

It wouldn’t be the first time that people used an online platform in weird ways its creators never intended—Twitter bots pushing fake news and Facebook groups sharing revenge porn.

Peer-reviewed journals could reject a manuscript if it has previously appeared as preprint.

Scientists may not acknowledge preprints as establishing priority of discovery.

I am a fan of the DiRT Directory,

Altman M, Crosas M. The evolution of data citation: From principles to implementation. IASSIST Q. 2013;37. Available:

Other groups have discussed change management consideration and “content drift” in more depth [2,30,31].

Embedding versioning in identifiers is recommended if the prevailing use of an unversioned identifier results in “breaking changes” (e.g., a change in the hypothesized cause of a disease). However, if new information about the entity emerges slowly and the changes are “nonbreaking”, it is reasonable to instead maintain a machine-actionable change history in the entity’s metadata.

Uniform Resource Identifier (URI)[8],

unique resource identifier (URI)

Robert Sanderson, J. Paul Getty Trust, rsanderson@getty.edu,

http://recogito.pelagios.org

This is because OpenLayers is designed specifically as a software library to be embedded in applications, rather than as a full-featured viewer like Diva.js3939 https://ddmal.github.io/diva.js/View all notes or Mirador, which ship as more “pre-packaged” viewing environments

an easy way to enrich a spreadsheet of place names with gazetteer URIs

At the time of writing, this support is restricted to the registration of IIIF endpoints for individual images

W3C Web Annotation data model

W3C Web Annotation Data Model

The Rise of the Meritocracy

Utilitarianism as a philosophical system states that the most moral action is the one that maximizes utility

Meritocracy is the idea that individuals can and should be measured on the basis of their intellectual contributions, divorced from identity, social status, gender, race, religion, or other distinguishing characteristics.

Tim Burners-Lee

Develop the ‘Scholary Communication’ Steering Committee into a ‘Scholarly Communication and Research Infrastructure’ Steering Committee, addressing Open Access policy and implementation, RIs in the wider sense, including publications, data and cultural heritage infrastructures;

As cloud computing becomes increasingly cost-efficient, and new models of deployment, such as container-based solutions, are introduced, there is a need for models in which university IT departments can partner with projects to provide expertise and facilities (for example, private cloud or container infrastructure, or extending university infrastructure to the public cloud).

n the second phase we built in funding for a devops consultant, who helped us move to a fully configuration-managed system, so that the Perseids platform can be deployed easily by others and sustained for the long term.

The key challenge for the community is to encourage and support ad-hoc collaborations to get initial solutions working, and then move from there to more formal agreements to ensure sustainability.

As a publicly available and open infrastructure, we also have many users from many institutions across the world, and it is not clear what responsibility Tufts, the university hosting the infrastructure, should have for data created by external users.

However, our data models and approach to publications are constantly evolving, making coordination with the university library to preserve this data challenging, as they don’t necessarily fit the data models the library is already able to support.

We therefore chose to budget for cloud-based resources on the Amazon Web Services (AWS) platform rather than using university IT resources.

Eventually we’d like to be able to support pushing data to any external API endpoint.

This workflow uses the Hypothes.is API to pull the annotations into Perseids for review and publication (Figure 16).

Bodard, G and Romanello, M eds. (2016). Digital Classics Outside the Echo-Chamber. London: Ubiquity Press.

The Loon’s Boring Alter Ego’s workplace for some time had a list of “acceptable journals” posted to one of its physical bulletin boards. When the Loon went looking for that list today, it was no longer there, but the Loon did find out its origin: her campus’s purchased productivity analytics package. Moreover, it appears that the said package distinguishes between “research” journals and “service” (usually applied and/or professional) journals, the former of course (this is academia! research über alles!) weighing more in the analytics package’s algorithms than the latter.

If you just answered “journal impact factor,” kindly make yourself a dunce cap, march yourself to the corner of your office, turn your face to the wall, and think about what you have done. For shame.

But history shows that betting against science publishers is a risky move. After all, back in 1988, Maxwell predicted that in the future there would only be a handful of immensely powerful publishing companies left, and that they would ply their trade in an electronic age with no printing costs, leading to almost “pure profit”.

all the things that publishers do to add value

‘You have no idea how profitable these journals are once you stop doing anything. When you’re building a journal, you spend time getting good editorial boards, you treat them well, you give them dinners. Then you market the thing and your salespeople go out there to sell subscriptions, which is slow and tough, and you try to make the journal as good as possible. That’s what happened at Pergamon. And then we buy it and we stop doing all that stuff and then the cash just pours out and you wouldn’t believe how wonderful it is.’

scientists who published in “high-impact” journals were rewarded with jobs and funding

Suddenly, where you published became immensely important.

Scientific articles are about unique discoveries: one article cannot substitute for another. If a serious new journal appeared, scientists would simply request that their university library subscribe to that one as well.

“Publishing is the expression of our work. A good idea, a conversation or correspondence, even from the most brilliant person in the world … doesn’t count for anything unless you have it published,”

Pergamon would then begin selling subscriptions to university libraries, which suddenly had a lot of government money to spend.

The scientific societies that had traditionally created journals were unwieldy institutions that tended to move slowly, hampered by internal debates between members about the boundaries of their field

The agreement is now abandoned

Predatory publishers are bringing down the scholarly publishing industry and taking science and peer review down with it.

dishonest researchers

I think that, since the advent of predatory publishing, there have been tens of thousands of researchers who have earned Masters and Ph.D. degrees, been awarded other credentials and certifications, received tenure and promotion, and gotten employment – that they otherwise would not have been able to achieve – all because of the easy article acceptance that the pay-to-publish journals offer.

Having identified what form of machine readable metadata was best practice a simple web-based platform independent tool to generate that metadata, either through a Q&A form based approach or some form of wizard. Failing that at least a good example I could modify.

First an easily discoverable example of best practice for this kind of data collection. Something that came to the top of the search results when I search for “best practice for archiving depositing records of interviews”. An associated set of instructions and options would have been useful but not critical.

I have some folder of data.

it wouldn’t hurt for RDM folks to do a better job of managing our own resources to the standards we seek to impose on researchers.

should I organise by interview (audio files and notes together) or by file type (with interviews split up).

Eén keer liep een incident zo uit de hand dat er een ambulance bij moest komen: in 1998 werd een 19-jarige politicologiestudent door een andere UB-bezoeker in elkaar geslagen, als hij hem vraagt op te houden met porno kijken. De UB ging daarna tijdelijk ’s avonds dicht, tot de beveiliging op orde was.

‘Het is wel een uitdaging om een computerprogramma te schrijven dat split beaver shots van minderjarigen kan herkennen.’

they wrote de-warping and color-correction and contrast-adjustment routines to make the images easier to process; they developed algorithms to detect illustrations and diagrams in books, to extract page numbers, to turn footnotes into real citations, and, per Brin and Page’s early research, to rank books by relevance.

The non-goals included:discussions on how toreducetool-induced bias (i.e. by im-proving the tool), to down-play the role of the tools (“thetool is only used in exploratory phase of research”) or discus-sions about the pros and cons of digital versus non-digital ap-proaches (“we would just hire 20 interns to do this by hand”)

As the role of digital toolsin these type of studies grows, it is important that scholarsare aware of the limitations of these tools, especially whenthese limitations might bias the outcome of the answers totheir specific research questions. While this potential bias issometimes acknowledged as an issue, it is rarely discussed indetail, quantified or otherwise made explicit.

And for a book about trends in the humanities, this seems to be a good idea.

Biased approaches – pushing for a model, neglecting the needs of the community, not interoperable or focusing on only on the technical level – have proven counterproductive

t requires a scalable and diverse approach

Research impact and performance are often evaluated through metrics, principally through citations.

Currently, researchers are not consistently citing datasets in journal articles, but when they do there is a great degree of variance in their practice. Datasets are mentioned in different places within a journal article: as part of the main body of the journal article, text embedded in the journal article, in the notes section, as a footnote, orwithin a dedicated section of the journal article, but infrequently in the cited in the references section of a journal article.

showcasing the flexibility of the system.

a sound infrastructure that connects data to publications and to authors is an important piece in publishing data

With a goal of supporting smaller data centres, DataCite maintains an OAI-PMH3 interface for all its content and also develops a centralized search portal described in the next section.

To better understand the gaps in a service a good place to begin is an assessment of the existing infrastructure

persistent identifiers linked resolvable

demanding

data centres

Introduction

Processing flows (or ‘pipelines’) are defined in a configuration file and not code.

What Is Documentation?

The article “Crouching Tiger – Hidden Payload: Security Risks of Scalable Vector Graphics” covers the hazards in detail.

geo-bibliography

To achieve a cross-domain level of interoperability of data andservices, however, syntactic conformance and semantic dataper seare not sufficient. Enabling tools forresearchers to structure their knowledge and map it across different domains calls for joint efforts in thedomain modelling, technical implementation across research infrastructures, training and communicationwith researchers and strong research community participation.

historians benefit immensely

Provisioning of a richer semantic editor or annotatortool to support user friendly ontology developments by researchers, along with relations between entities,notes and any other archival resources, proved to be very challenging

The text contained in the <title> HTML tag and the PageRank value of each page are the only metadata that Google seems to use to any meaningful and consistent extent in providing its search service

FROG

Als snel kwamen ze erachter dat de standaard hiervoor voldeed.

Centre for Digital Scholarship

I would be delighted if the entire codebase were eventually replaced, having served its purpose in promoting the initiative and surfacing use cases, but I needed to operate under the assumption that this code would live on, potentially for years.

Surveillance in higher education and libraries, call it “assessment” or “learning analytics” or what you will. The opposition is starting to mobilize, but it is much smaller in numbers than the Loon would wish.

A Description Resource must be on the same domain as the Content Resource it describes

Reminiscing About 15 Years of Interoperability Efforts.

application

Relating datasets to each other

From a higherlevel perspective, thedata soupcomprisesraw data,knowledge base data,connected dataandCENDARI-produced datawhich require di erent data management approaches

We encountered a signi cant diversityamong institutions in the level of digitisation and digital presence.

applicationwhere document was create

support for verylarge images through an image serve

Brushingand linking is implemented with one ow direction for consistency from left to right.

Within the project, several extensions to CKAN weredeveloped to support the data harvesting and user authentication mechanisms.

Supporting researchers intheir daily work is a novel concern for infrastructures.

je hebt geen wettelijke aanspraak op data die je in een dienst opslaat, met een dienst genereert of dankzij een dienst verkrijgt. Je kunt die data niet opeisen, en van “jouw” data kun je al helemaal niet spreken.

If Bush and Rove constructed a fantasy world with a clear internal logic, Trump has built something more like an endless bad dream.

For the aggregator to add value, you will need to do more work

This is what happens when you click on the MARC record view.

Answer all curious people. Listen to who gets told “that’s not your job” versus who is allowed to know the full answer to questions.

We didn’t develop an ILL module in Alma because we didn’t think ILL would exist in 4 years. –Executive, Ex Libris

but

Track back to original sources of news items and memes. We would like to see these technology platforms use their considerable computing power to help track back and find the source of news items, photos and video, and memes.

Make the brands of those sources more visible to users. Media have long worried that the net commoditizes their news such that users learn about events “on Facebook” or “on Twitter” instead of “from the Washington Post.” We urge the platforms, all of them, to more prominently display media brands so users can know and judge the source — for good or bad — when they read and share. Obviously, this also helps the publishers as they struggle to be recognized online.

Excellent, robust data with no interface isn’t easily usable (although a creative person will always find a way), but an excellent interface with terrible data or no data at all is useless as anything other than a show piece.

My issue with IIIF is that is presents the illusion of openness without actual openness. That is, if images are published under a closed license, if you have the IIIF manifest you can use them to do whatever you want, as long as you’re doing it through IIIF-compliant software. You can’t download them and use them outside of the system (to, say, generate PDF or epub facsimiles, or collation visualizations). I love IIIF for what it makes possible but I also think it’s vital to keep data open so people can use it outside of any given system.

In the spring I presented on OPenn for a mixed group of librarians and faculty at Vanderbilt University in Tennessee, after which an art historian said to me, “this open data thing is great and all, but why can’t we just have the manuscripts as PDFs?”

than

Be wary of anyone telling you that research needs to be performed in a certain way, especially if the claim is that things have always been done that way. Much of the really interesting science does not (and can not) happen in the trodden ways.

ORE-PMH

Open source software tools include Autodesk 123D and Sketchup Make.

light years

It can be downloaded on GitHub

-Endpoint

rom archiving in one system to final archiving.

the standar

We would like to stress some

From ourperspective

TEI73(Text Encoding Initia

ResearchGate,

Github inspired system.

Training and assistancemust to be provided to researchers in adequate means to achieve a clear separation of text and data, submitted differently in open and ideally non proprietary format, in separate and organised data set, and including metadata of good quality.

Datacite57is another repositor

e data). It is worth to mention that Dataverse is now integrated with Open Journal System5

. We decid

Legal barriers:

open can data

founding member

In this, then, lies both the limits and the promise, the frustration and the excitement, of our work at the Lab.

Middleware

I have to know what I want to call into my argument and make that part of the data in the database, and part of the views, frames, panels, and links of selection and display.

what constitutes a data structure that incorporates cultural diversity, exposes inequities of gender, or shows biases of nationalist perspectives?

If annotations can be cited as scholarly objects, then people will be more comfortable creating them, because they’ll know they can cite them.

The conceptual URIs are embedded into the ISO place keywords XML through the use of the xlink attribute.

In our prototype, we’ve created a mapping for hundreds of placenames to both GeoNames and LCSH.

This would not apply to commercial companies.

Text and data mining, or TDM, is an emerging and important tool. But it is developing only slowly, mainly due to legal uncertainty caused by today's copyright rules.

The nature of UK copyright exceptions is that they are defences to accusations of infringement rather than rights, and this puts the onus of responsibility on the person doing or facilitating the copying to ensure it is legal.

Scholar requests for custom­built databases with web­searchable front endsindicate a need for interoperable tools and repositories that allow scholars to create,store, and work with materials in various formats (multimedia, images, text, annotation,etc.) and then provide easy online access to these materials.

Already 40-80 hand-corrected lines lead to OCR results with character error rates of only a few percent.

If people don’t actively see how important this type of data is, why would they ever recommend for it to be funded?

When I talk about this data online or give talks, invariably people tell me “you are so lucky to have a data set like that”. My response: The entire world has a data set exactly like this because we published it! Not one of those people has published anything with it.

Edward Ayers uses the term generative in his definition to describe digital scholarship's function and effect. As generative scholarship, digital scholarship marks a move away from the passive, one-way form of communication from scholar to student or peer or novice. It is a new form of inquiry and practice that "generates new questions, new evidence, new conclusions, and new audiences as it is used." Digital scholars do not simply do this work and hand it to students to be quizzed upon. Rather, they say, "help us figure this out, help us make this better, help us make this richer" by working together.2

In the end, most Symfony developers will be declaring each form field manually in a special class file, for each entity that needs a form. It is a painstaking and repetitive process that is somehow more tedious than writing the entire form in raw HTML.

It became clear that, while Backbone is commonly referred to as a framework, its name tells the real story: it is really just a skeletal add-on to JQuery that provides a few useful features.

Developers felt they were wrestling with Drupal (perhaps a common feeling among Drupal developers)

In September 2015, two researchers with the Federal Reserve Board in Washington, D.C. released a study that shook the field of economics [1]. After attempting to replicate the findings of 67 papers published in 13 different economics journals, Andrew C. Chang and Phillip Li were only able to successfully reproduce the results of 33% of the papers. Even after directly contacting the original authors for help, this number only rose to 49%, meaning that more than half of the sample was irreproducible. Chang and Li’s paper was unflattering to the field, but it was just one of a growing number of similar studies in other sciences. Just a few months before, in August 2015, Science published a damning study proving that only 36 out of 100 psychology studies were reproducible, even when using the original study materials [2]. These papers made headlines, but what made them possible is a growing movement to encourage the sharing of research data for reuse or reproduction. Publications such as PLOS [3], and government bodies such as the White House’s Office of Science and Technology Policy now require that authors share data or provide a data sharing plan [4]. And libraries are particularly well placed to foster this sharing, with our expertise in resource classification, metadata, and discoverability, as well as our close relationship with our research communities.

Compared to other digital content indexing solutions such as Solr or ElasticSearch, which are more web services-oriented, Sphinx was specially designed to integrate well with SQL database servers, and to be easily accessed by scripting languages.

We also recognize that this process of relationship-building and collaboration takes time

We have integrated topics like information ethics, archival theory, and scholarly communication into close to fifty courses where it did not exist previously

The second benefit of this contact is in fostering working relationships that view digital humanities work as a partnership between librarians and specialists and disciplinary experts, rather than a service model.

Studies on faculty-librarian collaboration have shown mixed experiences—some faculty tend to view librarians as collaborators and partners, while others see them as service providers (Manuel, Beck, and Molloy, 2005).

Instruction and exercises led by us blend disciplinary concepts and course content with critical lessons on multimodal composition and publication, data evaluation and usage, and archival theory to produce digital projects in courses of all levels.

This model of embedded librarianship was greatly beneficial to the students

we do often commit more time to technical development on patron research projects than we publicly promise

there is a tension between incorporating the Library’s service-oriented outlook (while resisting a perception of the Lab as a drop-off service for digital projects) and empowering researchers to own their projects.

we’re not generally creating data through experimentation or observation — more often than not, we’re mining data from historical documents. You name it, we’ve tried to mine it, from whaling logs to menus to telephone directories

It’s just that if you advertise that help as “data management,” they’ll have no idea you’re trying to talk to them.

Optimizing the digital humanities requires a focus on the digital humanist as an individual; once the individual’s work is facilitated, the pathway is set for greater and broader contributions. For libraries and IT, this is an essential point of convergence: centering on the user’s workflow as a roadmap for developing services and technologies that facilitate all phases of digital humanities research.

RSS feeds

Users were also very enthusiastic about the possibility of finding new research articles from within the Zotero interface

The Zotero enhancements are currently in public beta testing

Another important reason for low uptake of citation managers stems from the fact that those tools are tailored towards scholarly publications, and not towards archival materials such as letters, maps, photos or diaries that humanists often use in their work.

we studied how scholars engage with digital research tools and resources in different phases of their research process (please see Figure 1)

Both DH and librarianship are inherently connected with users, yet user voices, especially those arising from empirical studies, are often missing from planning, developing, and implementing initiatives related to digital scholarship.

As we develop open science platforms we should draw inspiration from the platform cooperativism movement in which users have ownership or governance of the platform so that the benefits of open science practices are spread across many individuals and ideally one that resists the encroachment of cheaters.

the locus of progress is at the wrong level, and that open-science prioritizes “scientific progress” in the abstract, above improving the lot of the individual humans that comprise it

The conservative response to the timely release of pre-publication data is best summarized by the phrase: “are you kidding me? why would I do that?”

Zoals een inventarisnummer met de beschrijving ‘Voedselverstrekking aan zieken’, die geen geografische koppeling aan de straat ‘Zieken’ in Den Haag behoeft. En een tekening met belevenissen uit de agenda van een verpleegster op Bandoeng, die uiteraard niet gesitueerd is in de plaats Agenda in Amerika.

we need our DH courses to teach people more than they teach tools. We should structure our curricula not around vague gestures towards collaboration but meaningful practice of it. We should encourage library students to see their work as meaningful and integral (and we should demonstrate this to humanists as well). And we should teach humanists that there are faces behind the tools they learn in class. Not until we model effective relationships in our courses will we be able to produce digital humanities work that is just and equitable.

we should be teaching students resources for working better (both together and alone), rather than what the GUI on different mapping tools looks like.

Many of the DH courses we reviewed don’t effectively discuss collaboration between humanists and librarians.

It seems that humanists teach students to strive towards collaboration for vague reasons, rather than teaching them about the actual labor of collaborative research.

one could posit that students in this cohort of LIS courses are being taught to be software generalists but not necessarily how to work with disciplinary partners, or to advocate for the library’s essential role in DH projects.

For the humanities syllabi, I also asked how many tools were being taught in each course.

I looked at whether the courses: 1) required a collaborative project and 2) set aside time to discuss the challenges of collaboration or cross-disciplinary research (or had readings that indicated such).

With each syllabus I looked for general focus (is it tools-, training-, or topics-focused?), the breadth of assigned readings (is the literature from librarianship, humanities fields, or both?), and the structure of project(s) (collaborative, individual).

look through the Digital Humanities Syllabi collection in Zotero

DH projects tend to be fluid in light of the swift technological developments taking place in the field, so an important part of this kind of outreach is introducing faculty and students to ways of approaching metadata questions, in addition to working with one specific schema. Faculty and student takeaways include not only an enhanced understanding of and experience working with metadata, but also greater knowledge about the fundamental approaches to structuring data in DH projects, which can empower them to engage in further such projects in the future.

custom elements allow values to describe the location of marginalia at the page level, and specific in-page level

The resultant metadata schema is one that could be adapted for use by any DH project documenting handwritten or printed marginalia, an innovation that is rooted in metadata in combination with humanities scholarship.

create a custom schema capable of documenting this wide variety of materials

"uri": "http://example.com/"