The 40-hour workweek isn't working. Reducing it could help with productivity

What will your choice be?

The pendulum swung from a physicalto a virtual society without any examina-tion or recognition of the changes ...”(Agres et al.).

Yothedegreethatwecultivatethecapacitytoenterdeeplyintotheexperenceofthemoment,WEalsocultivatetheexperienceofjoy.plentinade,andwell-beingin ourlives.Thisrequiresfewthings,butthecapacitawithprofoundinten-ytoknowandenjoy thersity,It isaprocess,finally,ofcultivauingelationshipswithoneselfandoF_.Mainstreamsocietyconsistsothersof the exact opposite ev ex-briefer andmore superficial encounters with everlargerquantitiesofgoods,servicpeopleThereisnopleasureoFCOTtact,onlythegiddyadrenaline-fueledwhirlofchangingexperience withoutsubstance, touchwithoutintimacy,information withoutmeaning,companywithoutcommunity.(qd.inPierce305

Moreplacedeachdayandmanybeensaved(Wireless”)

both

Acultureoncebase{exclusivelyonphysicaleoritactisintheprocessofbeingtranslotmedintooneWhere\goodsandservicesateccessiblewithouttheneedforface-to-facecontact withotherpeopleTechnolog)ansformationtowalahasenabledthisUnyistheglueechnologvirtualsocieties.74]socieuiesplausiblathatmakesviTttonedoesnot\buttechnologyaleviabilityofthevirtualguaranteeih mustsociety,forthetechnicalpow\beusedintelligeand deliberatelybyaninformedpopulation.(qud.In\|Aoresetal.

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(AT&T).

As everyone knows, unreality increaseswith speed. Walking across a landscapeat six miles an hour, we experience theparticular reality of place: its smells,sounds, colors, textures, and so on.Driving at seventy miles an hour, theexperience is very different. The carisolates us, distances us; the worldbeyond the windshield—whether des-ert mesa or rolling farmland—seemsvaguely unreal. At supersonic speeds,the divorce is complete. A landscape at30,000 feet is an abstraction, as unliketeal life as a painting. (3)

Webelieve that somehow if we do everythingfaster, we will have more free time.

And the more an addiction takes over,the more our true needs are not being met.

he Encyclopedia of Psychologydescribes an addiction as an’ “overpow-ering desire or need for anor interaction ...actionthat produces a psy-chophysical ‘high.’ This desire or need isrepetitive, impulsive, and compulsive innature” (Hatterer 16).

ellphonecustomersused1.5trillionMOUS(minutesofuse)in2005,up36%from1.1trillionin2004(“Wireless”)

akemyfriendRandy,forexample.

Humanbeingsaresocialbynature.

AccordingtoareportbytheUnitedStatesDepartmentofTransportation,cellphone subscriptionsrosefrom340,213in1985 toawhopping117,000,000in2001(155).

IntheUnitedStates,therearenow 194,479,364cellphoneusersand203,824,428Internetusers(UnitedStates,CentralIntelligenceAgency).

Appealing to ourdesires for connectedness and more leisuretime, communication conglomerates spendbillions of dollars on advertising campaigns.

resent the fact that the outsideworld attempts to persuade me to compro-mise my values for mass-produced values.

“reach outand touch” family and friends in ways thatwere previously not available.

“In point of fact,humans have been creating ways to trans-mit, store and manipulate information andmessages for centuries—if not millennia”(Thurlo et al. 37).

|treasure the choice to talk to whom | choosewhen I choose, time to enjoy a lazy walk inthe woods where the only sound is nature,real-time, face-to-face conversations withclose friends over a nice dinner and a bottleof wine.

1am bombarded with catchy commer-cials, communication catalogs, and peoplewho are trying to convince me all of thistechno stuff is inevitable, a sign of the times,the way of the world.

I admit it! 1 am a technophobe. Or intechnospeak, a P.O.N.A. (acronym for personof no account).

BlackBerry, Razr, and Firefly.

A jogger runs down the Leelanau Trailtalking on a cell phone. A student text-messages while in class. High-speed. Real-time. BlackBerry, Razr, and Firefly.

Brown relies on personal testimony to set up his main idea \Smith develops an appeal to need with several paragraphs.Brown directly addresses opposing assumptions about transportation. !Johnson immediately appeals to emotion by connecting the topic, telemarketers, to apredatory economic climate—to the fear and quiet anger associated with corporatepower,

Evaluation (ClaimsofValue)Browndoesagoodjobofsupportinghismainidea.Smith'sideasarerightontarget.Browneffectivelyconvincesmethatwearereliantonautomobileculture.Idon’tacceptSmith'sclaimsLamsuspiciousofJohnson’ideasbecausetheyseemungrounded.

Evaluation isthe worth of an argument.

Whilethepreviouspitfallfocusestoomuchonanimaginedaudience,thethirdpitfalleauthor'sintent.

describing the effect of the original argument. In thissituation, the writer describes how the argument (or a part of it) might affect an audience.

irst,some writers get lured inside the points of the argument they are analyzing, andrather than remain outside of that argument, on solid analytical ground, they beginmaking a case for the argument.

bothidentifytheargumentativemove(suchasanappealtovalue)andthenexplainhowitworks.

Analyzinganargumentiscommonlycalledrhetoricalanalysis

Tobeananalyticalreader,wehavetoaskhowthepassageworks.

analysis seeks to make claims of fact rather thanclaims of value.

such questions must be put aside.

nalysis is the act of investigating how something works.

Tim would be a good president because he is presidential material is circular reasoning,

They are used to fend off any doubts about the arguer’s credibility.

Appeals to value make a connection between the topic and a shared value or principle (such as fairness, equality, honor, kindness, selflessness, duty, responsibility, profit, or practicality).

subject and a basic human need (such as intimacy, self-realization,

Jones would come back!

this has been proven by science, comrades)

Unfortunately, Lauren was not able to continue with her bid for Cherry Queen. Instead, she fought bravely to save her own life and the following winter died from the cancer, which had spread to her brain.

Appeals to emotion draw on the emotions (f s, hopes, sympathies, yearnings) of the audience.

Appeals to character draw attention to the arguer’s (writer/speaker’s) personal nature, integrity, experience, wisdom, or personality.

Golden age fallacies characterize the past as broadly and inherently better.

reductio ad Hitlerum.

Association fallacies claim that two people or things share a quality just because they are somehow associated, connected, or related.

Bandwagon fallacies claim that because everyone else is doing it, you should, too,

ed herring fallacies are deliberate attempts to change the subject. Instead of deal- ing with the actual argument, the arguer introduces irrelevant points to distract the audience.

Begging the Question (also called circular reasoning and, in Latin, petitio principii) involves supporting a claim by restating (in different words) the claim itself.

Slippery slope fallacies claim that a certain way of thinking or acting will necessar- | ily lead to more of the same—that once you begin sliding down a slippery slope, you | will keep sliding.

on sequitur (Latin for it does not follow) skips or confuses logical steps. The conclu- sion cannot logically be arrived at through the premises.

Hasty generalizations draw conclusions based on too little evidence.

Either/or fallacies oversimplify an issue by claiming that only two options exist when there are more options to choose from.

Post hoc, ergo propter hoc (or faulty cause-effect) fallacies claim that if one thing happened before another, then the first thing must have caused the second.

Strawperson fallacies involve misrepresenting a position and then dismissing it as wrong.

Ad hominem (Latin for to the person) fallacies are personal attacks. Instead of responding to the ideas someone has put forth,

A fallacy is a false- hood, so a logical fallacy is a logical falsehood that makes no sense within a given situation.

Grounds: I've received high marks on every assignment thus far. (support for the claim) Claim: I'm going to receive a high grade in the course. (an assertion that requires support) Warrant: High grades on all assignments will lead to a high grade in the course. (why the grounds support the claim

Analogical reasoning depends on comparisons (or analogies).

enthymeme, which is a line of reasoning that contains an unstated premise. The unstated premise is so widely accepted that it goes unmentioned.

warrant, which is the link between a claim and its grounds (the claim's supporting reason). The warrant (which is sometimes stated, sometimes unstated) expresses why a person would accept a claim based on the grounds.

I’ve received high marks on every assignment thus far, so I'm going to receive a high grade in the course, she omits a point: high grades on all the assignments will lead to a high grade in the course. This point is so widely assumed that it can safely be left unsaid.

Inductive reasoning builds from specific premises and leads to a general claim.

Deductive reasoning builds a conclusion from accepted premises or general principles.

In the long run, schools with | less funding become less important to students and less important within the community as a whole. The summer recreation program is just one example of this subtle, or silent, | breakdown.

subtle line of 1] reasoning: a series of logical steps (or premises) that lead arguer and audience to a main | | claim. If the path is well crafted—with few missteps or gaps between premises—readers | follow along and become more accepting of the overall argument.

his, it seems, is merely a matter of constitutional law

Let us consider the following reasons . . . ® Because of the stated conditions, we can only conclude that .. . ® Yet another reason to accept the idea... ® Given the following rationale, we should dismiss the idea of . .

appeal must be constructed \| out of logical steps, shared values, beliefs, or needs.

ppeals are a major form of support in argumentation. They call on the reader's sense it of logic, character, emotion, need, or value,

Notice that the verb mood often changes in scenarios from the indicative (“Americans overcome their own desires”) to the subjunctive (‘Americans could overcome their own desires”).

When arguers use scenarios, they should signal the audience that they are in hypotheti- cal territory.

Imagine three students all achieve a 4.0 in a class. James's final score was 93%, Tonya’s 95%, and Will's 100%. The 4.0 final grade would not reflect the broad range of performance between James and Will, In fac

SCENARIOS are fictional or hypothetical examples.

ILLUSTRATIONS are graphic descriptions or representations of an idea.

Martin Grove

mples are specific occurrences of a p

vidence is a type of support that already exists, unlike appeals, which are created by a writer,

FACTS are agreed-upon bits of knowledge that do not require further support in an argument.

AUTHORITIES are experts who offer specialized knowledge.

ANECDOTES are short accounts of a particular event or incident.

In the 1980s, commercial music boasted a beguiling host of sexy pop chicks like Deborah Harry, Belinda Carlisle, Pat Benatar, and a charmingly ripe Madonna. Late Madonna, in contrast, went bourgeois and turned scrawny. Madonna's dance-track acolyte, Lady Gaga, with her compulsive overkill, is a high-concept fabrication without an ounce of genuine eroticism.

We have even laundry so we don't have to leave our cars. We have drive-thrus for food, banking, to wait in line. And now, different u-scan checkouts at grocery stores so We don’t have speeds at which we can choose to move through life.

but their origin should be revealed to the audience so that readers know not just the numbers, but the process that gives them meaning.

The annual number of breast enlargements actually grew, hugely, from 32,607 in 1992 to 225,818 last year.

The study, which tracked the effect of confusion and other emotions on students’ responses, showed that a higher percentage (68%) of learning gains were achieved when the students were met with confusion (4).

ccording to the National Association of Colleges and Employers’ 2002 Salary Survey, starting salaries for some majors exceed $50,000—chemical engineering: $50,387; computer science: $50,352: mechanical engineering, management information systems! business data processing, accounting, civil engineering, and economics/finance all start above $40,000 (Geary).

According to the League of Education Voters, in the state of Washington, for example, from 1993 to 1999 state funding per student increased $528, Yet because of inflation, there was actually a decrease—of $527.

Ann Donnelly,

David Tennebaum, a science, health, and environment writer (for ABCNEWS.com, Technology Review, Bio-Science, Environmental Health Perspectives, American Health, and other publications).

“primary emotions”—-feelings such as aggression and fear that are instinctive and require no conscious thought.

testimony, a type of evidence, gives a personal angle to the issue.

grounds or proofs,

apposilive,

authorities, tes- i \ timony, facts, statistics, allusions, anecdotes, illustrations, scenarios, appeals to logic, i 1 appeals to character, appeals to emotion, appeals to need, and appeals to value.

Most representative governments favormajority rule: the opinions of the majority of the peoplehave more influence with government than those of the minority.

Government provides other valuable goods and services such as publiceducation, public transportation, mail service, and food, housing, and health care for the poor (Figure 1.2)

For example, in China, the government is run by members of the Chinese Communist Party.

Great gaps in wealthbetween the owners of major businesses, industries, and financial institutions and those who work forothers in exchange for wages exist in many capitalist nations

Sometimes governmental systems are confused with economic systems. This is because certain types ofpolitical thought or governmental organization are closely related to or develop with certain types ofeconomic systems