Zechariah 14:20

She likens the English Protestants to the Israelites.

A Biblical figure who made war against Israel (Ezek. 38), often a figure for the Antichrist. Here the term is used to describe Islam.

A junior officer of arms

A petty officer of justice

Wary of committing treason, Parliament tasked Essex with "preserving the Safety of his Majesty's Person" - which, ironically, entailed Essex engaging Charles I's forces in battle, supposedly for the king's own good.

Robert Devereux, Earl of Essex, was appointed Captain-General of the Parliamentary army to fight the royalists.

An alarming revision of the Catholic idea that the Church itself is the bride of Christ.

A long mantle worn by a priest; a liturgical vestment.

A bishop's staff, curled into a spiral on top.

Mitre; a tall headdress worn by bishops.

Attire

A white linen vestment worn by clergymen

A demon, here referring to Catholic vestments as those of the devil.

Catholics

Judges 5:23

A prophet from the Book of Judges in the Hebrew Bible, generally associated with military prowess due to his defeat of the Midianite army.

Derogatory term for Catholicism

Royalist forces were defeated by Parliamentary forces in the 1644 Siege of York, at the Battle of Marston Moor.

The Commons' motion to appoint militia commanders independently of the king met with resistance from Charles I.

The Commons drew up the Militia Ordinance of 1642 to quell the Irish uprising.

A play on words: Archbishop William Laud was imprisoned in the Tower before being executed for treason.

The House of Commons drew up a bill of attainder declaring Thomas Wentworth, Earl of Strafford, guilty of treason. After the bill was signed by Charles I, Strafford was beheaded - very literally brought low "by the head"!

The House of Commons also volubly opposed Catholic practices in England before and during the Civil War.

Probably referring to the House of Commons, which drafted the Petition of Right, a document that prohibited the king from infringing on specific liberties.

English Protestants were massacred in the Irish rebellion of 1641, a slaughter documented in John Temple's The Irish Rebellion (1646).

The Catholic Louis XIII of France laid siege to Rochelle in 1627-1628, defeating the Protestant Huguenot forces.

Reduced

Referring to the defeat of German Protestants by Catholic forces during the Thirty Years War, contemporary with the English Civil War.

A further damaging event following a supposedly closed affair.

A mythological monster with many heads, If one head was cut off, two would grow back in its place.

Lady Jane Grey ruled England for nine days before she was overthrown and executed by the notoriously Catholic Mary Tudor in 1554, at age nineteen. Known as the Nine Days Queen, she is the shortest reigning monarch in English history.

Roman Catholicism, due to the perceived Catholic leanings of Charles I.

Referring again to Richard III's alleged murder of his nephews.

Referring to the execution of Charles I on January 30, 1649.

Puritans migrated to New England in the 17th century due to the Catholic leanings of Charles I and rising religious tension in England.

New England

God

Satan

A practice known as simony.

Due to his marriage to the Catholic Henrietta Maria of France, Charles I gained the mistrust of Puritans such as Bradstreet.

One critique of Roman Catholicism was the inclusion of statues and images in the Church, which Protestants often condemned as the worship of idols. As a Puritan, Bradstreet would have been particularly opposed to this.

Probably referring to the supposed plots of Mary, Queen of Scots, to overthrow Elizabeth I.

Presumably referring to the women that married these two English kings: Edward III married Philippa of Hainault, granddaughter of Philip III of France. When Edward laid siege to Calais during the Hundred Years' War, Philippa petitioned him not to execute the conquered Frenchmen. Henry V married Catherine of Valois after his victory over France at the Battle of Agincourt.

Recalling the 1588 defeat of the Spanish Armada

A white rose was the emblem of the House of York.

A red rose was the emblem of the House of Lancaster.

In 1403, Sir Edward Mortimer, the Welsh general Owain Glyndwr, and Henry Percy rebelled against Henry IV in the hopes of putting Mortimer's nephew, also Edward Mortimer, 3rd Earl of March, on the throne.

A misprint for "Lewis," referring to Louis VIII of France, who lent the English barons military aid during the First Barons' War.

Edward III asserted dominion over France and initiated the Siege of Calais (1337-1453), early during the Hundred Years' War.

Henry V defeated the French at the 1415 Battle of Agincourt, an encounter famously dramatized in Shakespeare's "Henry V."

Lancaster and York united with the marriage of Henry VII to Elizabeth of York.

Richard III allegedly killed his nephews, twelve-year old Edward V and nine-year old Richard of Shrewsbury, to ensure his claim to the throne. Shakespeare dramatizes the murder in his play, Richard III (IV.iii).

Alluding to Richard of York, who attempted to seize the throne from Henry VI and Margaret of Anjou. He was the father of Edward IV and Richard III.

Richard II

Edward II

Empress Matilda

Stephen of Blois

After Holland rebelled against Spanish rule, Elizabeth I of England sent Robert Dudley, the Earl of Leicester, to be governor-general of the Netherlands. He resigned within a year due to political tensions.

Since Mary, Queen of Scots, had been married to the French King Francis II, France supported her claims to the English throne instead of Elizabeth I.

Perhaps alluding to Mary, Queen of Scots, executed in 1587 for allegedly plotting treason against Elizabeth I.

The Spanish Armada's 1588 naval attack on England under Philip II ended in defeat, when a storm ravaged the heavy Spanish galleons.

The white boar was the personal device of Richard III.

Tusks

King Henry VII, formerly the Earl of Richmond, defeated Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field (1485), ending the Wars of the Roses.

The houses of Lancaster and York contended for the English crown during the 15th century Wars of the Roses, which ended with the marriage of the Lancastrian Henry VII to Elizabeth of York.

Richard II was deposed by Henry Bolingbroke, later Henry IV, and imprisoned in the Tower of London before he was moved to Pontefract Castle.

She alludes to Edward II, who was deposed in 1327 by his wife, Isabella, and son, Edward III.

The English barons famously rose up against King John during the First Barons' War (1215-1217), with military support from France.

Empress Matilda, the daughter of Henry I of England, contended with her cousin, Stephen of Blois, for the English throne in the 12th century. The war ended in stalemate, with Maud and Stephen controlling different parts of England.

Civil

She alludes to William the Great's conquest of England at the Battle of Hastings in 1066 AD.

Taken

An 11th century king of Denmark and Norway, who invaded and conquered England in 1016, finally succeeding Edward II as king.

An Anglo-Saxon mercenary, who massacred the Britons at a peace conference in the 5th century in an incident called the Treachery of the Long Knives. Vortigern, the king of the Britons, ceded half of his kingdom to Hengist.

Why

Old England seems to be using the royal "we."

Grave

High fever

Paradoxically, even as the war has politically curative properties, its violence threatens to destroy England.

The metaphor likens the Civil War to a medicinal concoction meant to rid the body (England) of disease-causing humors - or, in this case, of Charles I.

Art thou

Brazil, being a Portuguese colony, would have been Catholic.

Catholicism

Momentous; a big deal

Would have

A makeshift fortification or defense.

Crusoe orders the men to enclose themselves within three pieces of timber arranged in a triangle.

To be carried (elsewhere)

Light muskets or firelocks

Detours

The Spanish Inquisition (the one we usually think of!) was actually just one of a series of Catholic inquisitions in Europe, beginning with the Inquisition in the south of France by Pope Lucius III at the end of the 12th century.

Crusoe wryly alludes to the Catholic authorities, the agents of the Inquisition.

A territory in the south of France.

Also Fuenterrabia or Hondarribia, a town on the west shore of the Bidasoa River's mouth in Spain.

A port city on the Garonne River in southwestern France.

Pamplona, the capital city of Navarre. (Navarre itself is an autonomous community within Spain.)

Cause

La Rochelle, a seaport city in France adjacent to the Bay of Biscay.

A bay off the coast of Europe, adjacent to France and Spain.

A rigid hydraulic structure built from a bank that interrupts water flow and limits the movement of sediment.

Would have

A borough in Devon in the southern coast of England.

People from Algeria

Baize, a coarse woolen cloth now commonly used on billiard tables.

Roman Catholic (derogatory term)

Galenic theories of medicine proposed that illness was caused by a disproportionate quantity of bad humors in the body, which could be drained by bloodletting.

Would have

Would have

The loss of civil rights of a person due to an act by the government (in this case, an act that effectively deemed Crusoe permanently missing)

Make his financial situation tight

Spanish fishing boat

Crusoe and the Captain's rather amusing charade tricks the captives into staying on the island of their own volition.

Outer extremity of a yard or shipyard

These would have been carried to prevent scurvy, which sailors often died from due to vitamin C deficiency. In the 16th century, Admiral Sir Richard Hawkins became the first to prevent scurvy among his crew by giving them citrus fruits to eat.

Perhaps Crusoe has been so long on the island that it still has not sunk in that he is leaving.

The uppermost cabin in the stern of the ship

Close the hole that he and Crusoe punched in the bottom of the first boat

Assistants

Crusoe's ostensible willingness to kill five hostages is meant to show the captives that he does not lack manpower, since five men are of so little value to him. This enhances the fiction of Crusoe as the powerful "Governour."

Well behaved

Crusoe gets comically carried away playing the "Governour"; his imaginary army of fifty frightens the captives into submission.

Crest

Would have

Transport them inland, closer to the voices

It was no use

Halloaing, calling

Hoist a particular flag up the mast to signal the boat to return.

A cluster of small islands east of Puerto Rico, including the modern US and British Virgin Islands and Guadeloupe.

Break up, dismantle

Stewards; caretakers

A Spanish port city on the Costa Blanca

Exodus 16:3

Caribbean

Spain's New World land holdings, spanning modern-day Mexico, the southwestern United States, and northern regions of South America

Removed all traces of

Copious

Out of

Adolescent (~2 years)

Of little consequence; extraneous information

As tempting as it is to read this as Friday insulting the Spaniard, he is actually referring (rather alarmingly) to himself!

Bade/bid

Eagerly

To prepare a loaded gun for firing by raising the hammer (cocking) and aiming it (presenting)

Edge

Even if

He took a mile-long detour to the right-hand side ("compass" here refers to a circuitous route, not a navigation tool)

Float

Turned downwind

A long spar running from different places in the ship to the base of a mast

A small spar reaching diagonally from low on a mast to the upper outer corner of a sail.

Chose

Maclura tinctoria, a medium to large tree of the neotropics

Swords

There is no historic mythological source for this deity.

There is no historical source for this.

Thin, narrow strips of wood used to form a groundwork upon which to fasten the slates of a roof

Reveal

Demonstrated

The idiom "Man Friday" or "Girl Friday" still refers to an especially faithful servant or personal assistant. It came into use with the release of the film "His Girl Friday" (1940), whose title alludes to Defoe's novel.

The butt of a gun

Placed

A bird with a long, curved bill.

An official on a merchant ship responsible for overseeing the cargo and its sale.

Moidores (archaic), a unit of Portuguese currency.

Alluding to Adam and Eve's consumption of the forbidden fruit, termed "original sin" in the Christian tradition.

Reals, another unit of Spanish currency (not to be confused with Iranian rials)

Heeled shoes

The process of glazing involves tumbling the gunpowder grains in revolving drums with graphite, to smooth them and make them water resistant.

Spanish coin

Drawer, especially for holding money

Candied fruit

Medicinal concoctions

In the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries, Spain grew wealthy on imports of gold, silver, and sugar from its Latin American colonies, eventually causing enormous inflation throughout Western Europe. Buenos Aires exported silver to Spain.

Bowsprit; a large spar or beam extending forth from the front of a ship

Nearest

Experienced these emotions

If the violent storm damaged the lifeboat, the men would be forced to break apart the ruined boat and throw it overboard, to alleviate excess weight on the sinking ship.

Waive, set aside

Fortunate

Most careful

Providence decreed otherwise

Narrow opening

Made from mutton fat

Dry rags or some other fuel, to catch the spark from the flint.

A box containing flint and steel for striking a light to make fire

Conversation or communication (of spirits with humans)

Happened upon them accidentally

Arrangement or organization; setting forth

Spyglasses

Small lead pellets - so called, of course, because a fowling piece is ordinarily used to shoot birds

A handful of musket balls

Evidence, namely the human bones Crusoe found on the beach

Ambush

would have

Particular varieties of seed cones used to provide bitter flavor, and as a stabilizing agent to prevent beer from going bad

Plan or scheme

Cutlasses (a sailor's sword with a curved blade)

Lest

Physically separated