as U.S. residents were especially likely to think that hard work brings success.

If Americans believe hard work brings success, then they should be more likely than people in most other nations to believe that poverty stems from not working hard enough. True or false, this belief is an example of the blaming-the-victim ideology. Figure 1.1.3.12 presents WVS percentages of respondents who said the most important reason people are poor is “laziness and lack of willpower.” As expected, Americans are much more likely to attribute poverty to not working hard enough.

shows that U.S. residents are more likely than those in nations with more traditional views of women to disagree with this statement.

artifacts are much more numerous and complex in industrial societies. Because of technological advances during the past two decades, many such societies today may be said to have a wireless culture, as smartphones, netbooks and laptops, and GPS devices now dominate so much of modern life.

The last element of culture is the artifacts, or material objects, that constitute a society’s material culture.

“pig love.”

700°C (158°F)

organization

boilerplate

gubernatorial

Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice provides some interesting examples of "flat" and "round" characters. Note, however, that identifying those examples will largely depend on the reader's response to Austen's characters

The really flat character can be expressed in one sentence such as “I will never desert Mr Micawber.” There is Mrs Micawber – she says she won't desert Mr Micawber; she doesn't, and there she is.

"Round" characters, by contrast, are described and developed in such a way as to achieve three-dimensionality, a physical and psychological complexity that mimics that of the real people we come to know in our everyday lives.

The word "flat" suggests a one-dimensional figure, and what Forster meant by "flat" characters were those who are largely taken to represent a particular idea, human trait, or set of values, much like the static characters described above. They are caricatures who can be easily and quickly summarised; Forster gives an example:

We can define archetype as an original model for a type of character, but that doesn't fully explain the term. One way to think of an archetype is to think of how a bronze statue is made. First, the sculptor creates his design out of wax or clay. Next, he creates a fireproof mold around the original.

Thus, a foil will often be the polar opposite of the main character he or she highlights. Sometimes, the foil can take the form of a sidekick or friend. Other times, he or she might be someone who contends against the protagonist. For example, an author might use a decisive and determined foil to draw attention to a protagonist's lack of resolve and motivation.

These are the other characters in the story. They sometimes support the protagonist or antagonist in their struggles, and they sometimes never come into contact with the main characters.

scoundrel

Sometimes, the protagonist can take the form of the antihero. The antihero is a protagonist who does not embody traditional “heroic” values. However, the reader will still sympathize with an antihero

The antagonist is the character who stands in opposition of the protagonist. The antagonist is the other half of the conflict.

The protagonist is the focal point of the conflict, meaning that he or she is the main character of the story. All the action in a story will revolve around its protagonist.

A conflict can be internal or external. Internal conflict takes place within an individual, such as when a character is torn between duty to his family and duty to the state. External conflict occurs when two individuals or groups of individuals clash. A struggle between a character and his best friend is an example of an external conflict.

Conflict occurs between two opposing sides in a story, usually centering on characters' values, needs, or interests.

as dynamic. Other characters, often described as static, may be much less thoroughly-drawn; they may be introduced to the narrative primarily to perform a particular narrative or thematic function, and will probably undergo little or no change in the course of the story.

We expect that such characters, and others close to the heart of narrative events, will be presented to us in great detail; we may be allowed access to their consciousness, either by the use of first-person narration or third-person focalisation, and it is extremely likely that they will undergo some sort of significant personal change (for better or worse) as a result of their experiences.

We use the term characterisation to describe the strategies that an author uses to present and develop the characters in a narrative. This use of descriptive techniques will vary from character to character.

fundamental question we repeatedly ask when we read a story is what happened next.

core, semiperipheral, and peripheral countries.

What limits, if any, do you think there should be on the use of touch in airport screening procedures?

The engulfing hug is similar to a bear hug in that one person completely wraps the arms around the other as that person basically stands there. This hugging behavior usually occurs when someone is very excited and hugs the other person without warning

Touch is necessary for human social development, and it can be welcoming, threatening, or persuasive. Research projects have found that students evaluated a library and its staff more favorably if the librarian briefly touched the patron while returning his or her library card, that female restaurant servers received larger tips when they touched patrons, and that people were more likely to sign a petition when the petitioner touched them during their interaction (Andersen, 1999).

Our pupils dilate when there is a lack of lighting and contract when light is plentiful (Guerrero & Floyd, 2006). Pain, sexual attraction, general arousal, anxiety/stress, and information processing (thinking) also affect pupil dilation. Researchers measure pupil dilation for a number of reasons.

One interesting standing posture involves putting our hands on our hips and is a nonverbal cue that we use subconsciously to make us look bigger and show assertiveness. When the elbows are pointed out, this prevents others from getting past us as easily and is a sign of attempted dominance or a gesture that says we’re ready for action.

Many of us subconsciously click pens, shake our legs, or engage in other adaptors during classes, meetings, or while waiting as a way to do something with our excess energy. Public speaking students who watch video recordings of their speeches notice nonverbal adaptors that they didn’t know they used. In public speaking situations, people most commonly use self- or object-focused adaptors.

The uniqueness of T∗ is clear by the previous observation.

practices concern the setup of an experiment.

ood or pain that elicits an unconditioned response (UR) from the start

How Buffers Work

amphiprotic

The Rule of thumb is that products are favored for K>1000, reactants are favored if K<0.001 and a mixture if 0.001<K<1000.

A right is a privilege to which a person is entitled by virtue of who he or she is.

Liberty to Americans is more than just a word or symbol. We are fiercely protective of our liberties, also called freedoms or rights.

Liberty is arguably the most cherished American value. It features prominently in our Declaration of Independence (“Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness”), our Constitution (“the Blessings of Liberty”), our Pledge of Allegiance (“liberty and justice for all”), and our National Anthem (“land of the free”).

An example of an irreversible reaction is combustion

What are the pOH and the \(\text{pH} of a 0.0125-M solution of potassium hydroxide, KOH?

This chapter will help you research your speech by combining personal and professional knowledge, library resources, and Internet searches. It will help you to evaluate the sources you find and cite them to avoid plagiarism.

To get them to listen he had to catch their attention and demonstrate his credibility.

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polygon

Stage theories or discontinuous development assume that developmental change often occurs in distinct stages that are qualitatively different from each other, and in a set, universal sequence.

We change across three general domains/dimensions; physical, cognitive, and social and emotional.

inside each cell, atoms make up molecules; these in turn make up cell organelles and other cellular inclusions

Movement toward a stimulus is considered a positive response, while movement away from a stimulus is considered a negative response.

If we feel safe and secure, we are more likely to seek the companionship of others.

As with anything in life, there are positive and negative ways of using language. One of the first concepts a speaker needs to think about when looking at language use is appropriateness.

Eating (including preparing food

Sleeping

Can you reduce the time you spend in that activity if you need more time for your coursework?

What time(s) of day are you at your least alert?

alert? ___

Well-structured problems (like the story-problems you might often encounter in text books) are often set in an artificial context while the ill-structured problems one faces in every day life are often set in a very specific context (your life). Is it possible for multiple people to observe the same situation and perceive different problems associated with it? How does context and perception influence how one might identify a problem, its solution, or its importance?

Can you think of an example where the imprecise or incorrect use of vocabulary caused needless confusion in real life? Describe the example and discuss how the confusion could have been avoided.

Can you give an example from your previous classes where an instructor has used an anthropomorphism to describe a nonhuman thing? What were/are the trade-offs of the description (i.e. why did the description work and what were its limitations)?

How do you interpret the term "mental model" and why do you think that it is important for learning?

van der Waals radius

Pauli Exclusion Principle

The skull, attached to the top of the vertebral column, is balanced, moved, and rotated by muscles located in the neck

origin of a muscle does not move

axial (muscles of the trunk and head) and appendicular (muscles of the arms and legs) categories.

symbolic logic,

lagging indicator is

Create an innovative system to provide feedback from results.

The direction of revolution is illustrated by a symbolically visible image and the visionary leader’s symbolic behavior.

Revolution is begun with symbolic disruption of the old or traditional system through top-down efforts to create chaos within the organization.

Even though there is resistance, never give up; squeeze the resistance between outside-in (i.e., customer or society-led) pressure in combination with top-down inside instruction.

Principle 1: The visionary leader must do on-site observation leading to personal perception of changes in societal values from an outsider’s point of view.

status quo

ornithine and citrulline

ot incorporated into proteins

Whenever vanity and gayety, a love of pomp and dress, furniture, equipage, buildings, great company, expensive diversions, and elegant entertainments get the better of the principles and judgments of men or women, there is no knowing where they will stop, nor into what evils, natural, moral, or political, they will lead us.

vassals

Virginia can make against our common enemy; whether it is so situated as to make an able defense

Application

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____________

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make

problems

Cornell

taking

ist at least three ways to make up for missing notes because you miss a class. __________

Describe the benefits of—and potential problems with—taking class notes on a laptop. _____________________

We call the product that results when a base accepts a proton the base’s conjugate acid. This species is an acid because it can give up a proton (and thus re-form the base):

We call the product that remains after an acid donates a proton the conjugate base of the acid. This species is a base because it can accept a proton (to re-form the acid):

material? __________________

_________________________________

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important

Why

listening

I have had to remind myself several times: “Just keep writing; it will eventually come together;”

Even though slow thinking never gets easy, it does get easier.

How much should I work while in school?

Slow thinking is a tool for soul searching.

Humans are not innately great at this.

It helps us slow down and clarify our ideas.

writing skills will help us succeed in a career.

we will need to do more writing, whether that looks like lab reports, explanations of mathematical methods, or essays in psychology, political science, literature, or economics.

“college teaches you to think

Human anatomy is the scientific study of the body’s structures. In the past, anatomy has primarily been studied via observing injuries, and later by the dissection of anatomical structures of cadavers, but in the past century, computer-assisted imaging techniques have allowed clinicians to look inside the living body. Human physiology is the scientific study of the chemistry and physics of the structures of the body. Physiology explains how the structures of the body work together to maintain life.

the function of these nerves and muscles likewise relies on the interactions of specific molecules and ions

the arrangement and function of the nerves and muscles that serve the eyelid allow for its quick action and retreat

How much did you learn in high school about the history of race and ethnicity in the United States? Do you think you should have learned more? /*<![CDATA[*/#mt-toc-container {display: none !important;}/*]]>*//*<![CDATA[*/ $(function() { if(!window['autoDefinitionList']){ window['autoDefinitionList'] = true; $('dl').find('dt').on('click', function() { $(this).next().toggle('350'); }); } });/*]]>*/ /*<![CDATA[*/window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function () { $('iframe').on('load', function () { $(this).iFrameResize({ warningTimeout: 0, scrolling: 'omit' }); }) })/*]]>*/ /*<![CDATA[*/ var front = "auto"; if(front=="auto"){ front = "3.1: Racial and Ethnic Inequality - A Historical Prelude"; if(front.includes(":")){ front = front.split(":")[0]; if(front.includes(".")){ front = front.split("."); front = front.map((int)=>int.includes("0")?parseInt(int,10):int).join("."); } front+="."; } else { front = ""; } } front = front.replace(/_/g," "); MathJaxConfig = { TeX: { equationNumbers: { autoNumber: "all", formatNumber: function (n) { if(false){ return front + (Number(n)+false); } else{return front + n; } } }, macros: { PageIndex: ["{"+front+" #1}",1], test: ["{"+front+" #1}",1] }, Macros: { PageIndex: ["{"+front+" #1}",1], test: ["{"+front+" #1}",1] }, SVG: { linebreaks: { automatic: true } } } }; MathJax.Hub.Config(MathJaxConfig); MathJax.Hub.Register.StartupHook("End", ()=>{if(activateBeeLine)activateBeeLine()}); /*]]>*/

young man

produce cars

sport utility vehicles (SUVs)

labor and other materials

that a 500-acre area

build a housing development

a rodent

____________

ctor Jim Carey’s ability to contort his face as an example.

speak faster than others, which is fine, but we can all alter our rate of speaking with practice. If you find that you are a naturally fast speaker, make sure that you do not “speed talk” through your speech when practicing it.

Rate Rate of

Content and delivery are spontaneous, which can make the speech more engaging (if a speaker’s anxiety is under control).

Strengths of Extemporaneous Delivery Speech content and delivery appear more spontaneous and natural, making it more conversational, since the speaker is using a keyword/key-phrase outline. Speakers can include quotes or complex information on their speaking outline for easy reference. Speakers can adapt information and delivery to specific audiences, occasions, and audience reactions, since they are not confined to the content of a manuscript or what they memorized.

pressure to get more energy to the brain, organs, and muscles in order to respond to the threat. We can be thankful for this evolutionary advantage, but our physiology hasn’t caught up with our new ways of life. Our body doesn’t distinguish between the causes of stressful situations, so facing down an audience releases the same hormones as facing down a wild beast.

We can, however, engage in physical relaxation exercises to counteract the general physical signs of anxiety caused by cortisol and adrenaline release, which include increased heart rate, trembling, flushing, high blood pressure, and speech disfluency.

Speaking anxiety often leads people to view public speaking negatively. They are more likely to judge a speech they gave negatively, even if it was good. They’re also likely to set up negative self-fulfilling prophecies that will hinder their performance in future speeches. To effectively use positive visualization, it’s best to engage first in some relaxation exercises such as deep breathing or stretching, which we will discuss more later, and then play through vivid images in your mind of giving a successful speech.

ognitive reactions to public speaking anxiety often include intrusive thoughts that can increase anxiety: “People are judging me,” “I’m not going to do well,” and “I’m going to forget what to say.” These thoughts are reactions to the physiological changes in the body but also bring in the social/public aspect of public speaking in which speakers fear being negatively judged or evaluated because of their anxiety. The physiological and cognitive responses to anxiety lead to behavioral changes. All these thoughts may lead someone to stop their speech and return to their seat or leave the classroom. Anticipating these reactions can also lead to avoidance behavior where people intentionally avoid situations where they will have to speak in public. Addressing Public Speaking Anxiety

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Why

In SWOT analysis, what are some of the tools you might use to understand the external environment (identify opportunities and threats)?

In SWOT analysis, what are some of the tools you might use to understand the internal environment (identify strengths and weaknesses)?

What do you learn from a SWOT analysis?

What are some of the forms of diversification, and what do they mean?

What is the difference between business strategy and corporate strategy?

What is the difference between strategy formulation and strategy implementation?

In Figure 7.2.17.2.1\PageIndex{1} from the Library Congress, school children are deemed savages and Uncle Sam is teaching the class. It portrays different places such as Cuba, Philippines, Guam, Puerto Rico, etc. as childlike and unruly. This picture is used to show how these places need the care and guidance of the United States through direct policy and governance. Specifically, these places became a part of U.S. territory in 1898 after the Spanish-American War, and as the U.S. exercised dominance through narratives of saviorism, or the idea that these places need the U.S. to “save” them from their uncivilized and unfit-to-rule selves. The authors of The Forbidden Book: The Philippine-American War in Political Cartoons (2014) gathered some of these images as a look at U.S. imperialism, or rule that extends over an empire and dictates matters of economic, political, social, cultural rules of another country. Hawai'i is included in this and actually became a state but many are unaware that the U.S. imprisoned Queen Liliʻuokalani of Hawaiʻi in her home and forcefully took over Hawaiʻi so that’s how it became a state. Many sovereignty activists are legally battling the mainstream depiction of Hawaiʻi annexation narratives that exclude the violent takeover of their lands and are imprisoned. Scholar Noenoe Silva discusses how the Queen of Hawaiʻi was compared to Black Americans and deemed unfit the rule. The U.S. created caricatures of her that likened her to racist Black caricatures. These images of imperialism gathered in The Forbidden Book shows the long history of "othering" and conquest that links Black, Indigenous, and people of color histories and realities and help to unmask hidden truths about race, U.S. imperialism, and white supremacy. Scholar, activist, Chicana feminist Elizabeth Martinez explicitly defines white supremacy as a system that promotes privilege and power of whiteness for white people through institutional entities (see: What is White Supremacy by Elizabeth ‘Betita’ Martinez). White supremacy is rooted in African enslavement, Native American removal and genocide, imperialism and war in Asia, and land dispossession of Mexico. These linkages to various non-European groups in these historical ways is not uncommon knowledge amongst Ethnic Studies scholars. Martinez distinguishes white supremacy from the term "racism," because white supremacy points out how racism is systemic and not only "as a problem of personal prejudices and individual acts of discrimination." White supremacy, therefore, points out a power relationship rooted in exploitation and maintaining the wealth, power and privilege of a few. Omi and Winant bring up the idea that non-whites can also be racist, and Lipsitz points out that non-whites can invest in whiteness as well. However, it is important to point out that a lot of scholarship in Ethnic Studies doesn’t always use the words white supremacy. For example, they might talk about white elitism, white as dominant, etc. Even if scholarship does not explicitly name white supremacy as that, everything that helps to perpetuate the maintenance of white dominance is a part of the system of white supremacy. Part of this stems from how the concept of whiteness was created in order to distinguish European colonists from Native Americans and people of color, in particular to distinguish itself as superior. Therefore, talking about whiteness has been a way to explain that the construction of whiteness is constantly created and re-created in order to try to maintain superiority. Further, whiteness operates within a system and also works representationally.

Whiteness is something that was created by juxtaposing Europeans with Native peoples and other non-Europeans. Michael Omi and Howard Winant (2014) define racial formation as the process in which racial identity is created and experienced (p. 109). Non-Europeans were "othered" in order to maintain a superiority of whiteness. Since encountering Native peoples in the 15th and 16th centuries in what is now the United States, white settlers used to judge Native peoples’ appearances as backwards with "dark devil skin," even as sexually loose and therefore immoral. Relatedly, white settlers would see Africans as dark and therefore opposite of them, having protruding lips and often created caricatures with images of dark people with huge lips. In both instances, white settlers saw these peoples as “heathen” and “uncivilized” and therefore used this to justify why they needed to conquer Native lands and enslave Black people, as both were seen as unfit to take care of themselves. This idea of "unfit to take care of themselves" was promoted through an infantilization of nonwhites meaning they were described as childlike and therefore unable to take care of themselves (see Takaki, 2008 or Zinn, 2009, or others for more information about these initial racializations). The sidebar below shows an example of infantilization that was extended to relate to other people and serve as justification for conquest and rule, just like it had been used against Native Americans and Black Americans. Something identified as racial, whether having direct association to a racial group, whether true or not or even something like having a motive to designate something racially, is what Omi and Winant call racial projects. In defining racism, they state that racial projects can be defined as racist if “it creates or reproduces structures of domination based on racial signification and identities” (Omi and Winant, 2014, p. 128). In this way, the combination of racial association or label with “structures of domination” can mean that racism requires a notion of superiority tied to a particular group.

White supremacy has been maintained by continual adaptation to localized and generational contexts but the underlying basis is white, middle class (and beyond) male, Christian heteropatriarchy. Whiteness is not a “natural” category of identity, it is created and is maintained by a belief in its superiority. When whiteness is used to uphold power, it is white supremacy. The power of whiteness lies in its ability to be largely invisible and therefore functions as the standard of humanity. When teaching Ethnic Studies students, I make it a priority to help them process some of their racialized experiences especially in relation to their positionality, meaning where they are socially located for example in terms of race, class, gender, etc. In one class, I had a white female student say that she couldn’t think of instances where race was a salient feature in situations. I hear this a lot from white students and my response is typically, “OK. So then, that is where you start! Why is it that you haven’t had to think about your race? Can you think of situations where others have experienced something where someone made an issue of their race but not of yours? Or where someone made an issue of their race, and it made you think something about being white?” This type of interaction between my students and I help to prove the point about whiteness as invisible, normalized, and the standard but it also helps them see that they were also taught to perpetuate whiteness in these ways. /*<![CDATA[*/#mt-toc-container {display: none !important;}/*]]>*//*<![CDATA[*/ $(function() { if(!window['autoDefinitionList']){ window['autoDefinitionList'] = true; $('dl').find('dt').on('click', function() { $(this).next().toggle('350'); }); } });/*]]>*/ /*<![CDATA[*/window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function () { $('iframe').on('load', function () { $(this).iFrameResize({ warningTimeout: 0, scrolling: 'omit' }); }) })/*]]>*/ /*<![CDATA[*/ var front = "auto"; if(front=="auto"){ front = "7.1: Introduction"; if(front.includes(":")){ front = front.split(":")[0]; if(front.includes(".")){ front = front.split("."); front = front.map((int)=>int.includes("0")?parseInt(int,10):int).join("."); } front+="."; } else { front = ""; } } front = front.replace(/_/g," "); MathJaxConfig = { TeX: { equationNumbers: { autoNumber: "all", formatNumber: function (n) { if(false){ return front + (Number(n)+false); } else{return front + n; } } }, macros: { PageIndex: ["{"+front+" #1}",1], test: ["{"+front+" #1}",1] }, Macros: { PageIndex: ["{"+front+" #1}",1], test: ["{"+front+" #1}",1] }, SVG: { linebreaks: { automatic: true } } } }; MathJax.Hub.Config(MathJaxConfig); MathJax.Hub.Register.StartupHook("End", ()=>{if(activateBeeLine)activateBeeLine()}); /*]]>*/

Paulo Freire (1970) describes dehumanization as when people are considered less-than-human and that their status as humans is different than what it should be.

Paulo Freire (1970) describes dehumanization as when people are considered less-than-human and that their status as humans is different than what it should be. Being humanized means they should have the ability to pursue their hopes and dreams, some of the very things that make them so human (p. 44). Humanization is when we actively see the humanity in others and therefore treat people like they are worthy beings and therefore that their lives matter. One of the biggest reasons that Ethnic Studies became a field of study is because historically the European settlers that colonized the Americas and developed the structures of this nation by dehumanizing Native Americans, Africans, and other non-Europeans. Not only do many of these structures still exist today but in what ultimately became white supremacy were systems, beliefs, languages, laws, practices, and more that continually work to maintain a dominance of an elite class. In this chapter, whiteness is the construction of identity that enables privilege and power based on skin color and white supremacy is the system in which whiteness is perpetuated and maintained even through things like policies.

By 1700, 50,000 people were being enslaved each year, and scholars estimate that, in total, 12 million African people were captured and trafficked to the western hemisphere

Before any contact with colonial outsiders, multiple large empires and kingdoms were created with systems of trade, taxation, and political representation.

To maintain this on a large scale, a racialized ideology of dehumanization and exploitation was created, which has grown and evolved over time to reproduce inequity and injustice in different forms.

One of the largest and most powerful empires was the Kingdom of Aksum, which operated for nearly a thousand years in the areas now claimed by Eritrea and Ethiopia.

f we think of literature as its own world, it may help to think of genres more as regions with open borders

Long-term goals (from college on):

Midterm goals (this year and while in college):

Short-term goals (today, this week, and this month):

Short-term goals (today, this week, and this month):

Margin Size

Text Size

Text Color

chrome_reader_mode Enter Reader Mode

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A real number xxx is called a rational number if x=mnx=mnx=\frac{m}{n} for some m,n∈Z,n≠0m,n∈Z,n≠0m,n \in \mathbb{Z}, n\ne 0.

American Indian students and community leaders including Indian activists from the American Indian Movement (AIM), United Native Americans (UNA) and the National Indian Youth Council (NIYC) as well as other organizations influenced the national political climate by providing information to the media that the general public did not know, which in turn pressured a response from the federal government and local colleges and universities.

American Indians had long been the subject of study in disciplines like sociology, history, art and anthropology, but these disciplines only viewed Native people from an "outsider" perspective, treating us as subjects of study, often reinforcing stereotypes.

American Indian Studies (AIS) or Native American Studies (NAS) is an academic discipline that formally began in the late 1960’s when Native American student activists coordinated with Asian American, Chicana/o/x, Puerto Rican and Black students to demand change within higher education.

A Land Acknowledgement Statement is a critical step towards working with local Native communities to secure meaningful partnership and inclusion in the stewardship and protection of their cultural resources and homelands.

a boost to mental functioning will ultimately hurt us because it encourages us to try to fix our mind with substances any time we feel out of sorts

Now what exactly do those lines mean

All of these seemingly small details can hold big implications!

What if literature isn't dead after all...but thriving more than ever

Answer

The greater the absolute value of the price elasticity of demand, the greater the responsiveness of quantity demanded to a price change.

Price inelastic demand means only that the percentage change in quantity is less than the percentage change in price

20,000/50,000,

Students should embrace coffee to enhance mental functioning unless they are in the minority of people who experience severe side effects of coffee like anxiety, insomnia, tremors, acid reflux, or a compulsion to drink more and more.

The mass of one atom is usually expressed in atomic mass units (amu), which is referred to as the atomic mass.

Rutherford’s gold foil experiment showed that atoms have a small, dense, positively charged nucleus; the positively charged particles within the nucleus are called protons.

Millikan discovered that there is a fundamental electric charge—the charge of an electron.

Thomson’s cathode ray tube showed that atoms contain small, negatively charged particles called electrons.

While black tea is worth considering

is nothing short of paranoid. It would result in some ridiculous conclusions

because tea has fewer side effects.

Relying on willpower alone to study reinforces important values like responsibility and self-reliance."

Therefore, students should embrace coffee to help them study."

Students should embrace coffee to help them study.

For those of us who believe in the life of the mind, enhancing our brains’ abilities is ultimately worth the occasional discomfort associated with coffee. /*<![CDATA[*/ $(function() { if(!window['autoDefinitionList']){ window['autoDefinitionList'] = true; $('dl').find('dt').on('click', function() { $(this).next().toggle('350'); }); } });/*]]>*/ /*<![CDATA[*/window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function () { $('iframe').on('load', function () { $(this).iFrameResize({ warningTimeout: 0, scrolling: 'omit' }); }) })/*]]>*/ /*<![CDATA[*/ var front = "auto"; if(front=="auto"){ front = "3.2: Introducing the Argument and the Main Claim"; if(front.includes(":")){ front = front.split(":")[0]; if(front.includes(".")){ front = front.split("."); front = front.map((int)=>int.includes("0")?parseInt(int,10):int).join("."); } front+="."; } else { front = ""; } } front = front.replace(/_/g," "); MathJaxConfig = { TeX: { equationNumbers: { autoNumber: "all", formatNumber: function (n) { if(false){ return front + (Number(n)+false); } else{return front + n; } } }, macros: { PageIndex: ["{"+front+" #1}",1], test: ["{"+front+" #1}",1] }, Macros: { PageIndex: ["{"+front+" #1}",1], test: ["{"+front+" #1}",1] }, SVG: { linebreaks: { automatic: true } } } }; MathJax.Hub.Config(MathJaxConfig); MathJax.Hub.Register.StartupHook("End", ()=>{if(activateBeeLine)activateBeeLine()}); /*]]>*/

Coffee’s effect is universal.

Coffee is the most powerful, safe substance available to jumpstart the mind.

learning

The second year represents a time of intense practice—of verbal trial and error.

If an employee acting within the scope of employment commits a crime from which the business will benefit, then the business can be convicted of the crime, too