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Una persona que juega al tenis es __________.

The first part of the model is the sender, and this is the person who is speaking. The second part of the model is the channel, which is the apparatus for carrying the message (i.e., the phone or T.V.). The third part of the model is the receiver, and this is the person who picks up the message.

To calculate the circumference given a diameter of 9 inches, use the formula  C=πd C=πd\ C=\pi d. Use 3.14 as an approximation for  π π\ \pi.

2–4 months. Babies can respond to different tones of voice (angry, soothing, or playful). 6 months. Babies can associate some words, like bye-bye, with a corresponding behavior, and they begin “babbling,” which is actually practice for more intelligible speech to come. 8–10 months. Babies learn that pointing can attract or direct attention, and they begin to follow adult conversations, shifting eye contact from one speaker to the next. 1 year. Babies recognize some individual words (people’s names, no) and basic rituals of verbal interaction such as question-pause-answer and various greetings. Shortly before or after this time, babies begin to use “melodic utterances” echoing the variety in pitch and tone in various verbal interactions such as questioning, greeting, or wanting.

This model is useful for us as communicators because when we are aware of the indirect relationship between symbols and referents, we are aware of how common misunderstandings occur, as the following example illustrates: Jasper and Abby have been thinking about getting a new dog. So each of them is having a similar thought. They are each using the same symbol, the word dog, to communicate about their thought.

2–4 months. Babies can respond to different tones of voice (angry, soothing, or playful). 6 months. Babies can associate some words, like bye-bye, with a corresponding behavior, and they begin “babbling,” which is actually practice for more intelligible speech to come. 8–10 months. Babies learn that pointing can attract or direct attention, and they begin to follow adult conversations, shifting eye contact from one speaker to the next. 1 year. Babies recognize some individual words (people’s names, no) and basic rituals of verbal interaction such as question-pause-answer and various greetings. Shortly before or after this time, babies begin to use “melodic utterances” echoing the variety in pitch and tone in various verbal interactions such as questioning, greeting, or wanting.

Even if you aren’t bored, for example, a slack face with little animation may lead an audience to think that you are bored with your own speech

In general, our pitch goes up when we are discussing something exciting. Our pitch goes down slightly when we emphasize a serious or important point.

You may also want to practice in the type of clothing you will be wearing on speech day.

Content and delivery are spontaneous, which can make the speech more engaging (if a speaker’s anxiety is under control). It enhances public speaking skills because speakers have to “think on their feet.”

Research on public speaking anxiety has focused on three key ways to address this common issue: systematic desensitization, cognitive restructuring, and skills training (Bodie, 2010)

(1.99×101142)

Generally, some people are more likely to evaluate themselves positively while others are more likely to evaluate themselves negatively (Brockner, 1988). More specifically, our self-esteem varies across our life span and across contexts.

Combining insights from the four fields gives us a rich and complex understanding of specific issues such as gender, inequality, race, and the environment. Let’s take a look at each subfield and then examine how the subfields combine in the study of racial categories and relations.

Some study our closest animal relatives, the primates, in order to understand what biological and social traits humans share with primates and explore what makes humans unique in the animal world.

ZB(equivalent)=vBiC

We make first impressions based on a variety of factors, including physical and environmental characteristics. In terms of physical characteristics, style of dress and grooming are important, especially in professional contexts. We have general schema regarding how to dress and groom for various situations ranging from formal, to business casual, to casual, to lounging around the house.

As we perceive others, we make impressions about their personality, likeability, attractiveness, and other characteristics. Although much of our impressions are personal, what forms them is sometimes based more on circumstances than personal characteristics. All the information we take in isn’t treated equally. How important are first impressions? Does the last thing you notice about a person stick with you longer because it’s more recent? Do we tend to remember the positive or negative things we notice about a person?

Conversely, nonverbal adaptors, or nervous movements we do to relieve anxiety like pacing or twirling our hair, can be distracting. Aside from minimizing distractions and delivering our messages enthusiastically, the content of our communication also affects salience.

We take in information through all five of our senses, but our perceptual field (the world around us) includes so many stimuli that it is impossible for our brains to process and make sense of it all. So, as information comes in through our senses, various factors influence what actually continues on through the perception process (Fiske & Taylor, 1991).

however, we come together on the belief that, with neither land base nor enrollment card––like so many urban Indians in the North, and so many displaced and undocumented migrants coming from the South, we have the right to “right” ourselves.65

define themselves as a network actively involved in political, educational, and cultural work that serves to raise indigenous consciousness among our communities and supports the social justice struggles of people of indigenous American origins North and South.

Early deployments of the term Xicana include Ana Castillo’s critical text Massacre of the Dreamers: Essays on Xicanisma (1994) and La Red Xicana Indígena, an organization founded in 1997.

She accounts for the Arab and North African racial mixing that shaped Iberian culture and the subsequent racial mixture with Indigenous peoples of the Americas during the Spanish conquest.

She argues these multiple sites of sexism across time and space have led to the subordination of Indigenous womanhood and are a result of spiritual imbalance due to the omission of the “feminine principle.”

Contemporary Xicana feminist sonic, lexical, and political replacements of the Ch with an X are meant to point to Indigenous uprisings within and throughout Chicana, Chicano, and Chicanx identities. Today, the spoken and written grapheme X acts as a mobile signifier that points to identities-in-redefinition."60

Chicana feminists continued to intervene in Chicano nationalist constructions of Indigeneity by unsettling myths and binaries that were delineated during El Movimiento through Xicanisma, an embodied feminist philosophy and praxis.

To do this, she writes, would restore spiritual balance. This restorative act challenges U.S. white supremacy, Chicano heteropatriarchy, and the Catholic Church––all rely on stringent dichotomies that repress women’s spirituality and sexuality.

Cherríe Moraga explains her use of the X indicates “a reemerging política, especially among young people, grounded in Indigenous American belief systems and identities... [that] reflects the Indian identity that has been robbed from us through colonization

an innovative expansion of previous biologically based definitions of mestizaje.

Mestiza consciousness is a cognitive decolonization process of racialized, gendered, and sexed subjects wherein la mestiza becomes aware of the Borderlands and makes conscious decisions regarding the construction of her multiple and often contradictory identities.

Anthropologists study all of these things

multidisciplinary

Holism is not the same as harmony

the British made the caste system more rigid and antagonistic, offering education and jobs to select caste groups

Sometimes those parts reinforce one another, encouraging stability; sometimes they contradict one another, promoting change.

To people who have grown up in the 1930’s and 1940’s, used clothing was associated with the hard times of the Great Depression. For the newer generations, used clothing is a way to find unique, affordable clothing that can stretch the boundaries of mainstream style

we can see that humans everywhere create culture to meet their needs

Human beings have developed flexible biological and social features that have worked together in a wide variety of environmental and historical conditions to produce a diversity of cultures.

To people who have grown up in the 1930’s and 1940’s, used clothing was associated with the hard times of the Great Depression

ethnobotany examines how people in different cultures categorize and use plants for food, shelter, tools, transportation, art, and religion.

the way that all elements of human life interrelate to form distinctive cultures: holism.

Anthropologists study every possible realm of human experience, thought, activity, and organization. Human as we are, we can only engage in social and natural worlds through our human minds and human bodies. Even engagement with nonhuman realms such as astronomy and botany is conditioned by our human senses and human cognition and thus varies across different societies and different time periods.

In many countries, for instance, university students typically wear dress shirts with slacks or skirts to class. Many Ghanaian students would not dream of wearing ripped jeans or tight leggings to class, considering such casual dress disrespectful

This central story and these common commitments hold the discipline together, enabling anthropologists to combine insights from diverse fields into one complex portrait of what it means to be human.

American students put much more emphasis on comfort than on presentation, an overall trend in American dress.

Many Ghanaian students would not dream of wearing ripped jeans or tight leggings to class, considering such casual dress disrespectful.

anthropology is the study of humanity across time and space.

Just as the various parts of our bodies all work together (the brain, the heart, the liver, the skeleton, and so forth), the various parts of a society all work together as well (the economy, the political system, religion, families, etc.)

anthropology is the study of humanity across time and space.

which way is better, the American way or the Ghanaian way? Anthropologists understand that neither way is better and that each addresses a need within a particular culture.

Anthropology is the study of humanity guided by a distinctive narrative and set of commitments.

Contrary to some long held beliefs, women have always played a role in hunting game

Anthropology teaches a set of skills for setting aside personal perspectives and keeping an open mind while learning about the diversity of human practices and ideas.

The team is exploring how smartphones take on different functions in different cultural contexts.

does not mean abandoning individual personal values, but rather suspending judgment temporarily while learning to understand the perspectives of others.

elements that may seem unfamiliar or uncomfortable

women have always played a role in hunting game

Anthropology aims to overcome bias by examining cultures as complex, integrated products of specific environmental and historical conditions

Haas found that this hunter from long ago was a young woman. This discovery has upset the notion that hunting was the exclusive activity of men throughout human evolutionary history.

Though they conduct research on vastly different topics, all three are anthropologists.

understand the full experience of humanity

She collects urine and feces to analyze hormone levels, intestinal parasites, and DNA. She wants to understand how primates compete as individuals and groups for access to various foods in their environment.

To find the area, divide the polygon into two separate, simpler regions. The area of the entire polygon will equal the sum of the areas of the two regions.

A frequency polygon for 642 psychology test scores shown in Figure 2.2.82.2.8\PageIndex{8} was constructed from the frequency table shown in Table 2.2.22.2.2\PageIndex{2}.

Frequency polygons are also a good choice for displaying cumulative frequency distributions

The histogram makes it plain that most of the scores are in the middle of the distribution, with fewer scores in the extremes. You can also see that the distribution is not symmetric: the scores extend to the right farther than they do to the left. The distribution is therefore said to be skewed. (We'll have more to say about shapes of distributions in Chapter 3.)

Interval's Lower Limit Interval's Upper Limit Class Frequency

Notice that each stem value is split into five parts: 0-1, 2-3, 4-5, 67, and 8-9.

Observe that the figure contains a row headed by “0” and another headed by “-0.” The stem of 0 is for numbers between 0 and 9, whereas the stem of -0 is for numbers between 0 and -9.

Thus, the value 43.2 is rounded to 43 and represented with a stem of 4 and a leaf of 3. Similarly, 42.9 is rounded to 43. To represent negative numbers, we simply use negative stems.

First, the data are limited to whole numbers that can be represented with a one-digit stem and a one-digit leaf.

Figure 2.2.42.2.4\PageIndex{4}: Back-to-back stem and leaf display. The left side shows the 1998 TD data and the right side shows the 2000 TD data.

To make this clear, let us examine Figure 2.2.22.2.2\PageIndex{2} more closely. In the top row, the four leaves to the right of stem 3 are 2, 3, 3, and 7. Combined with the stem, these leaves represent the numbers 32, 33, 33, and 37, which are the numbers of TD passes for the first four teams in Figure 2.2.12.2.1\PageIndex{1}.

The numbers to the right of the bar are leaves, and they represent the 1’s digits. Every leaf in the graph therefore stands for the result of adding the leaf to 10 times its stem.

A stem of 3, for example, can be used to represent the 10’s digit in any of the numbers from 30 to 39.

Scatter plots are used to show the relationship between two variables.

This is why librarians and your instructors are constantly asking you to take advantage of your academic privilege by using the library databases.

The good news is that academics, librarians, and even the government are pushing for more open access to academic material.

Students, even those in high school, enjoy information privileges that aren't afforded to the general public

This is why librarians and your instructors are constantly asking you to take advantage of your academic privilege by using the library databases. My hope is that someday more academic information will be freely available. Until then - we should all be part of this fight.

The good news is that academics, librarians, and even the government are pushing for more open access to academic material

We are active users of technology - I am teaching and you are learning online. When we're submerged in this kind of environment, it's sometimes easy to forget that what's known as the digital divide still exists.

inally, we note that it is a serious mistake to use a line graph when the X-axis contains merely qualitative variables. A line graph is essentially a bar graph with the tops of the bars represented by points joined by lines (the rest of the bar is suppressed).

Figure 2.1.52.1.5\PageIndex{5}: A redrawing of Figure 2.1.22.1.2\PageIndex{2} with a lie factor greater than 8.

For example, 3-dimensional bar charts such as the one shown in Figure 2.1.42.1.4\PageIndex{4} are usually not as effective as their two-dimensional counterparts.

Figure 2.1.32.1.3\PageIndex{3}: A bar chart of the number of people playing different card games on Sunday and Wednesday.

Bar charts Bar charts can also be used to represent frequencies of different categories.

For example, if just 5 people had been interviewed by Apple Computers, and 3 were former Windows users, it would be misleading to display a pie chart with the Windows slice showing 60%.

Pie charts are effective for displaying the relative frequencies of a small number of categories. They are not recommended, however, when you have a large number of categories.

The pie chart in Figure 2.1.12.1.1\PageIndex{1} shows the results of the iMac study. In a pie chart, each category is represented by a slice of the pie. The area of the slice is proportional to the percentage of responses in the category. This is simply the relative frequency multiplied by 100. Although most iMac purchasers were Macintosh owners, Apple was encouraged by the 12% of purchasers who were former Windows users, and by the 17% of purchasers who were buying a computer for the first time.

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All of the graphical methods shown in this section are derived from frequency tables. Table 1 shows a frequency table for the results of the iMac study; it shows the frequencies of the various response categories. It also shows the relative frequencies, which are the proportion of responses in each category. For example, the relative frequency for “none” of 0.17 = 85/500.

The key point about the qualitative data that occupy us in the present section is that they do not come with a pre-established ordering (the way numbers are ordered).

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Both primitivism and orientalism were developed when Europeans were colonizing these parts of the world

The prefix "iso" implies that the connection ends with a (CH3)2CH- group.

discrete

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S-strain

Thus, according to Jung, the collective unconscious is a reservoir of psychic resources common to all humans (something along the lines of psychological instinct). These psychic resources, known as archetypes, are passed down through the generations of a culture, but Jung considered them to be inherited, not learned. As generation after generation experienced similar phenomena, the archetypal images were formed. Despite cultural differences, the human experience has been similar in many ways throughout history. As such, there are certain archetypes common to all people. According to Jung, the most empirically valid archetypes, and therefore the most powerful, are the shadow, the anima, and the animus (Jung, 1959c).

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As a result of this personality change, he was fired and could no longer hold a steady job

In April 2013, the BRAIN (Brain Research through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies) Initiative was launched. The focus of this initiative was to advance our understanding of the human brain. In the fiscal year 2020, 10.1 billion U.S. dollars has been allocated to neuroscience studies (Mikulic, 2021). Different institutions, agencies and foundations such as Food and Drug Administration, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, have joined in this effort.

Early philosophers, such as Aristotle (384-322 B.C.E.), believed that one's mind resided in the heart. He believed that since our blood started from the heart, the soul also originated there. Plato (428-347 B.C.E.) argued that the executor of reason was the heart and our animalistic desires and emotions were controlled by the liver (Gross, 1987). Many ancient cultures, including the Chinese, Indian, and Egyptian also shared the same belief (Carlson, 2014). When the Egyptians embalmed a person, the heart was saved and buried with the individual but the brain was discarded (Klein and Thorne, 2006). However, there were early Greeks, such as Hippocrates (460-377 B.C.E.) , who believed that it was the brain and not the heart where the locus of the mind resided. He wrote: "It ought to be generally known that the source of our pleasure, merriment, laughter, and amusement, as of our grief, pain, anxiety, and tears is none other than the brain. It is specially the organ which enables us to think, see, and hear......It is the brain too which is the seat of madness and delirium, of the fears and frights which assail us" (Gross, 1987, p. 843-844). During the 3rd Century B.C., in Alexandria, a science museum was established. Since human dissection was practiced in that city for centuries, the anatomical study of the human body flourished (Gross, 1987). Two neuroanatomists, Herophilos and Erasistratos, contributed to our knowledge of the human brain. Herophilos distinguished the cerebellum (at the very base of the back of the brain) and the cerebrum (the two cerebral hemispheres). He hypothesized that since the cerebellum was denser than the other parts of the brain, it must control the muscles (a guess of impressive accuracy). And he provided the first clear description of the cavities within the brain known as ventricles (Figure 1.2.1). Erasistratos continued the work of Herphilos and proposed that human intelligence was related to the number of convolutions (ridges) in the brain; the more convolutions an individual's brain had, the more intelligent that person would be.

It is important to examine the historical path of our understanding of the brain and its role in our behavior and mental processes. Examining the history of biopsychology allows us to understand its development over time, highlighting instances where researchers were wrong about the nature of brain-behavior relationships and revealing what we have yet to explain (Saucier and Elias, 2006). Studying the history of a scientific discipline gives us a roadmap of where we have traveled from and in what direction we need to go

Biopsychology as a scientific discipline emerged from a variety of scientific and philosophical traditions in the 18th and 19th centuries. Although the exact date of inception of biological psychology is unknown, there have been a number of milestones in its emergence.  William James in his book, The Principles of Psychology (1890), argued that the scientific study of psychology should be grounded in an understanding of biology (Walinga, 2014). Like many early psychologists, James had extensive training in physiology.

each one filled with a chemical solution that allowed the hearts to continue to beat.

brain areas become more active, more blood flows to that area

positron emission tomography (PET) scans

case where a young man had sustained damage to the left frontal lobe and as a result was unable to produce spoken speech. However, the patient was able to comprehend speech and had average intelligence. After his death, Broca performed an autopsy and determined that the patient had a lesion in the frontal lobe

ocrates (460-377 B.C.E.) , who believed that it was the brain and not the heart where the locus of the mind resided. He wrote: "It ought to be generally known that the source of our pleasure, merriment, laughter, and amusement, as of our grief, pain, anxiety, and tears is none other than the brain. It is specially the organ which enables us to think, see, and hear......It is the brain too which is the seat of madness and delirium, of the fears and fright

believed that one's mind resided in the heart

the belief that all events in the universe have prior causes and that these causes are external to the human will.  This implies that humans do not have free will.  Instead human behavior is caused by events external to us such as our upbringing, our social and cultural environment, by our brain structure and functioning, and by our genes and our evolution as a species.

Most important to biopsychology is the application of this principle to psychology and psychological processes.  If everything in the universe is physical, then applied to psychology, including biopsychology, this means that the mind, our mental processes and subjective mental experiences, must also be entirely physical processes in an entirely material brain.

This view of the universe is called materialism or physicalism--the view that everything that exists in the universe consists of matter, energy, and other physical forces and processes.

The frequently repeated claim that humans use only 10% of their brains is false. The exact origin of this myth is unknown, but misinterpretations of brain research are likely to blame. In experiments with animal brains during the 1800's through the early 1900's, Marie-Jean-Pierre Flourens and Karl Lashley destroyed and/or removed as much as 90% of the brain tissue of their animal subjects.  Nevertheless, these animals could still perform basic behavioral and physiological functions. Some who read these results made the incorrect assumption that this meant that animals were using only 10% of their brains.  Subsequently, this interpretation was generalized to humans (Elias and Saucer, 2006). Furthermore, prominent psychologists and researchers, such as Albert Einstein, Margaret Mead, and William James, were also quoted as saying that humans are using only a small portion of their brain (Elias and Saucer, 2006), fueling the 10% myth. Due to advances in biopsychology and other related fields, we now have a greater understanding of the complexity of the brain. We may not be using our brains as efficiently as possible at all times, but we are using the entirety of our brain as each part contributes to our daily functioning.  Studies of humans with brain damage have revealed that the effects of brain damage are correlated with where the damage is and how extensive it is. In other words, where damage occurs determines what functions are impacted and more damage has more of an effect. This reflects a key organizational principle of the brain: the localization of function.  This principle means that specific psychological and behavioral processes are localized to specific regions and networks of the brain.  For example, we now know that damage to an area of the brain known as the primary visual cortex, at the very back of your head in the occipital lobe, will result in blindness even though the rest of your visual system, including your eyes, is functioning normally. This syndrome is known as cortical blindness, to distinguish it from blindness that is caused by damage to the eyes.  We now know that damage to a small area less than the size of a quarter at the very base of your brain results in disruption of feeding and regulation of body weight.  Damage to another area of the brain located near your temples disrupts your ability to form new memories for facts and events, while leaving your ability to learn new motor tasks (such as skating or riding a bike) completely unaffected.  Damage to another brain area causes face blindness, or prosopagnosia, a disorder in which the afflicted individual can still see normally except that they cannot recognize familiar faces, even the faces of close family members or even their own face in a photograph.  In the pages that follow in this textbook, you will learn many amazing things about the brain, and the nervous system in general.  Get ready for many surprises as we explore the 3 pounds of brain tissue between our ears that make up the most complex piece of matter in the known universe. In this book, we examine some of what scientists now know about this astonishing organ, the brain, and how it functions to produce mind and behavior.

humans use only 10% of their brains is false.

Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes in animals and humans. Modern psychology attempts to explain behavior and the mind from a wide range of perspectives. One branch of this discipline is biopsychology which is specifically interested in the biological causes of behavior and mental processes.  Biopsychology is also referred to as biological psychology, behavioral neuroscience, physiological psychology, neuropsychology, and psychobiology. The focus of biopsychology is on the application of the principles of biology to the study of physiological, genetic, evolutionary, and developmental mechanisms of behavior in humans and other animals. It is a branch of psychology that concentrates on the role of biological factors, such as the central and peripheral nervous systems, neurotransmitters, hormones, genes, and evolution on behavior and mental processes. Biological psychologists are interested in measuring biological, physiological, or genetic variables in an attempt to relate them to psychological or behavioral variables. Because all behavior is controlled by the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord), biopsychologists seek to understand how the brain functions in order to understand behavior and mental activities. Key areas of focus within the field include sensation and perception; motivated behavior (such as hunger, thirst, and sex); control of movement; learning and memory; sleep and biological rhythms; and emotion. With advances in research methods, more complex topics such as language, reasoning, decision making, intelligence, and consciousness are now being studied intensely by biological psychologists.

Biopsychology is the study of biological mechanisms of behavior and mental processes.  It examines the role of the nervous system, particularly the brain, in explaining behavior and the mind. This section defines biopsychology, critically examines a common myth about the brain, and briefly surveys some of the primary areas of research interest in biopsychology.

help psychologists understand the link between brain and behavior.

critically examines a common myth about the brain

Free will vs. determinism is an issue that is far from being resolved and remains controversial even among scientists, including biological psychologists.

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