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Falling Action: The events that take place after the climax are called the falling action.

Dénouement: The word dénouement comes from the French “to untie” and the Latin “knot,” which gives us an indication of its purpose.

Climax: The climax has often been described as the “turning point” of a story. A good way to think of it is the incident that allows the main conflict of a story to resolve.

Rising Action: The rising action is comprised of a series of events that build up to the climax of the story. It introduces us to secondary conflicts and creates tension in the story.

Exposition: This is the part of the story that tells us the setting. We find out who the main characters are and where the story takes place.

Inciting Incident: This is the event that sets the main conflict into motion.

A plot has several main elements: inciting incident, exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, and dénouement.

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protagonist and antagonist.

foil.

archetype

we may be allowed access to their consciousness, either by the use of first-person narration or third-person focalisation, and it is extremely likely that they will undergo some sort of significant personal change (for better or worse) as a result of their experiences. These kinds of characters are sometimes known as dynamic. Other characters, often described as static, may be much less thoroughly-drawn; they may be introduced to the narrative primarily to perform a particular narrative or thematic function, and will probably undergo little or no change in the course of the story.

How do writers of prose fiction make us respond to the imaginary people they create? In order to encourage us to continue reading, writers must force us to react in some way to their characters, whether it is to identify, empathise, or sympathise with them; to dislike or disapprove of them; or to pass judgement on their actions, behaviour and values.

Slow thinking doesn’t come easily, even for supposed experts. As writers and thinkers, we will all feel at times that we are struggling in the dark. In writing this introduction, I have had to remind myself several times: “Just keep writing; it will eventually come together;” “The ideas are always foggy at first;” “Give yourself permission to write a shitty first draft;” “Remember, a bad first draft!” and other mantras.  I remind myself of the many times I have been through this and the “aha” moments that came along the way.  I remind myself that when I keep working, I eventually make it through the short-term frustration and gain increased clarity.

Our participation in democracy, whether that means voting or any kind of political activity, local or national, requires myriad decisions on very complex issues.

They enable us to communicate and explain our decisions to colleagues and respond to their questions and critiques.

Reading, writing, and revising help us get clearer about our own ideas and those of others.  These processes demand effort from every student and scholar, no matter how skilled and experienced they are. And the effort pays off.

In all these settings, a professional style of Standard English will boost credibility. We will benefit from the ability to switch to this more formal type of language from any dialect we speak within our family and community.

cover letters

writing skills will help us succeed in a career.

Most of us are probably familiar with the practical reasons to study writing in college. It’s worth getting good at because we’re going to do it a lot. No matter our major, as we get into higher-level classes we will need to do more writing, whether that looks like lab reports, explanations of mathematical methods, or essays in psychology, political science, literature, or economics.

“college teaches you to think.”

There are others that advocate for using nonhuman animal subjects because nonhuman animal subjects many times will have distinct advantages over human subjects.

One of the keys to behaving in an ethical manner is to ensure that one has given informed consent to be a subject in a study. Obviously, animals are unable to give consent.

Alternatively, cortical mapping can now occur through surgically implanted subdural strip and grid electrodes that will allow the researchers/doctors to stimulate the brain areas in between surgeries, as opposed to during surgery

direct cortical stimulation, occurs when a researcher applies a small electrical current directly to the brain itself.

esearchers are able to correlate the deficits in function with the area of damage

A lesion is a site of damage in the brain. In neuroscience, we conduct lesion studies on both animals and human subjects. In animals, lesions can be made in a specific area by the researcher.

The researcher can tell exactly where the activity is coming from and exactly when the activity is occurring.

single cell recordings have excellent spatial and temporal resolution.

single cell recordings allows for us to record the activity of a cell, at least in theory

These techniques are different from what was previously discussed in that they are more invasive, techniques that require entering the brain as opposed to taking measurements from the skull.

Ethics in Practice

TMS is a noninvasive method that causes depolarization or hyperpolarization in neurons near the scalp.

Example of fMRI analyses overlaid on an sMRI image. Area 1 (orange) indicates an increase in the BOLD signal, and Area 2 (blue) indicates a decrease in the BOLD signal. We infer that neural activity increased in the Area 1 and decreased in Area 2.

The assumption is that blood flow in the brain is related to the activity level in that area of the brain.

fMRI measures the change in the concentration of oxygenated hemoglobin, which is known as the blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) signal.

The assumption is that blood flow in the brain is related to the activity level in that area of the brain.

Indirect brain imaging techniques rely on an assumption that activity in the brain correlates to something else that we are able to measure. In these cases, these techniques measure blood flow in the brain.

EEG and MEG both have excellent temporal resolution and are useful when someone is particularly interested in studying the timing of brain activity. For example, if someone is reading a sentence that ends with an unexpected word, how long after reading the unexpected word does the brain react to it?

Due to the fact that the magnetic fields of interest are so small, special rooms that are shielded from magnetic fields in the environment are needed in order to avoid contamination of the signal being measured

However, the MEG recording apparatus is much more expensive than EEG, so MEG is much less widely available.

While EEG is lacking with respect to spatial resolution, one major advantage of EEG is its temporal resolution. Data can be recorded thousands of times per second, allowing researchers to document events that happen in less than a millisecond

Electroencephalography (EEG) is one technique for studying brain activity. This technique uses at least two and up to 256 electrodes to measure the difference in electrical charge (the voltage) between pairs of points on the head. These electrodes are typically fastened to a flexible cap (similar to a swimming cap) that is placed on the participant’s head. Figure 2.3.12.3.1\PageIndex{1} shows a patient wearing such a cap. From the scalp, the electrodes measure the electrical activity that is naturally occurring within the brain. They do not introduce any new electrical activity.

The patient must be enclosed in a metal tube-like device for the duration of the scan, sometimes as long as thirty minutes, which can be uncomfortable and impractical for ill patients. The device is also so noisy that, even with earplugs, patients can become anxious or even fearful. These problems have been overcome somewhat with the development of “open” MRI scanning, which does not require the patient to be entirely enclosed in the metal tube.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a noninvasive medical imaging technique based on a phenomenon of nuclear physics discovered in the 1930s, in which matter exposed to magnetic fields and radio waves was found to emit radio signals. In 1970, a physician and researcher named Raymond Damadian noticed that malignant (cancerous) tissue gave off different signals than normal body tissue

The main disadvantage of CT scanning is that it exposes patients to a dose of radiation many times higher than that of X-rays. Whether this is particularly dangerous is still being debated (McCollough et al., 2015).

Tomography refers to imaging by sections. Computed (or computerized) tomography (CT) is a noninvasive imaging technique that uses computers to analyze several cross-sectional X-rays in order to reveal small details about structures in the body. The technique was invented in the 1970s and is based on the principle that, as X-rays pass through the body, they are absorbed or reflected at different levels. In the technique, a patient lies on a motorized platform while a computerized axial tomography (CAT) scanner rotates 360 degrees around the patient, taking X-ray images.

In contrast, more modern medical imaging technologies produce data that are integrated and analyzed by computers to produce three-dimensional (3D)

X-rays are capable of damaging cells and initiating changes that can lead to cancer

Functional MRI of a teenage brain conducting a working memory test. The regions in red and yellow, primarily in the frontal lobe and occipital lobe, are the most active.

They may ask “When does this activity occur?” Or “Where does this activity occur?” Some techniques are better for answering one of these questions, whereas other techniques are better for answering the other question.

Functional imaging techniques allow researchers to learn about the brain activity during various tasks by creating images based on the electrical activity or the absorption of various substances that occurs while a subject is engaging in a task.

Structural imaging techniques

invasive

It may seem obvious that we are born with certain characteristics while others are acquired,

human behavior.

genetics

twin studies

In typical human families, children’s biological parents raise them, so it is very difficult to know whether children act like their parents due to genetic (nature) or environmental (nurture) reasons. Nevertheless, despite our restrictions on setting up human-based experiments, we do see real-world examples of nature-nurture at work in the human sphere—though they only provide partial answers to our many questions.

It seems that most people, even those without much knowledge of science or philosophy, have opinions about the answers to these questions that come simply from observing the world we live in.

Essentially, genes can boost their own replicative success in two basic ways.

But if these bright feathers only lower peacocks’ chances at survival, why do they have them?

changes in the way we think in order to improve our survival.

maternal nurturing

700 neural connections created each second

histone modifications

identical twins share a common genotype

his his

but as we add electrons, repulsion can push some of them out into the higher energy 4s level.

ddt[u(t)×v(t)]=u′(t)v(t)×u(t)v′(t)

ddt[u(t)⋅v(t)]=u′(t)v(t)⋅u(t)v′(t)

ulfur dioxide to elemental sulfu

good listener

It is why we must read them out loud

poet to control many aspects of language—tone, pace, rhythm, sound—as well as language’s effects: images, ideas, sensations.

And through this process, we have experiences that are new and that change us as much as any other experience can.

Perhaps it exists in order to create that aesthetic experience

affects the reader rather than solely grammatical construction

ntrinsically tied to music and many poems work with rhythm.

condensed

A claim is an unbiased statement, worded against the status quo. There are only two sides to the argument. You are either for the claim or against the claim. The side of the claim you support directs the burdens or obligations you have in the argument. If you allow the burdens to be switched, you can easily be manipulated.

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Think of your toughest course. Which students in that class would you want to include in a study group? Why?

What study habits recommended in this section do you want to develop or improve? What specific steps will you take to start working on them?

What do we mean by “gathering your knowledge”?

Users and influencers come into play here. In the case of our electronic book, the professor who teaches the online course, his teaching assistants, and the college’s information technology staff would try to describe the type of book best suited for the course. Should the book be posted on the Web as this book is? Should it be downloadable? Maybe it should be compatible with Amazon’s Kindle. Figure 4.6 shows the specifications developed for a janitorial-services purchase by the state of Kentucky.

. For one, the number of products sold in business markets dwarfs the number sold in consumer markets

The terms Indian, American Indian, Native and Native American have been used interchangeably in academia to refer to a specific population of people having origins in any of the tribal homeland locations within the United States.

This term is not what it seems to be in that it is based in white supremacy and how white Americans consider themselves to be "Native" to the United States, due to their forced take over of the land and genocidal acts against the original Native inhabitants

Sovereignty is a political concept that refers to dominant power or supreme authority. In modern democracies, sovereign power rests with the people and is exercised through representative bodies such as Congress or Parliament.

Toypurina is quoted as saying that she participated in it because she ‘‘was angry with the Padres and the others of the Mission, because they had come to live and establish themselves on her land.’’

Toypurina was known as a healer and they spoke about attacking the mission.

The Bering Strait Theory is one such attempt. More and more evidence is being found that dates the bodies of our ancestors before the Ice Ages. We don’t need their scientific evidence to prove we were created here, we have our stories of creation that mention in detail specific locations with landmarks, extreme weather events, stars and their locations in the sky to document our creation, existence, and so much more.

For many of us, Ethnic Studies is our lifeline. Ethnic Studies saved us. Ethnic Studies is home. And we are not scared easily. We know too well how precious our curricula and classrooms can be and we will not be intimidated nor silenced. We understand that too much is at stake.

Ethnic Studies came out of struggle and for the past five decades our discipline has always been in a place of contention, so whatever iteration of hate or misjudgement is not new.

data to prove the efficacy of our curricula: raising student attendance, graduation, and success rates, including in classes other than Ethnic Studies.

That’s why it’s no accident that Ethnic Studies became the first and only legislatively backed general education requirement in California.

rooted in the very systems of oppression we teach our students about: white supremacy, settler colonialism, and the intersections of racial capitalism, imperialism, and patriarchy. For practitioners and students who’ve actually taken an Ethnic Studies class, such allegations are confusing, because many of us have found Ethnic Studies to be sites of empowerment, love, joy, and discovery, having made life-changing impacts for generations of students.

We’ve also been accused of indoctrinating our students and of spreading hate, or that we are anti-white.

Perhaps due to fear or ignorance, or sometimes straight up racism, for as long as Ethnic Studies has existed, there have been efforts to ban, diminish, criticize or censure our programs and curriculum.

Ethnic Studies instructors will illuminate some of the misunderstandings and mischaracterizations of our beloved discipline.

Ethnic Studies is and may have misconceptions about this discipline that’s over 50 years old.

As Ethnic Studies has recently become a requirement for the California State University (CSU) system, and soon the University of California (UC) system, California Community Colleges (CCC), and California high schools, more attention has been placed on Ethnic Studies

Electric Charge and Electric Force

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reciban

que sea

Bibi was the picture of pathetic resignation. Bobinôt was the embodiment of serious solicitude as he strove to remove from his own person and his son’s the signs of their tramp over heavy roads and through wet fields.

The growl of the thunder was distant and passing away. The rain beat softly upon the shingles, inviting them to drowsiness and sleep. But they dared not yield.

As she glanced up at him the fear in her liquid blue eyes had given place to a drowsy gleam that unconsciously betrayed a sensuous desire. He looked down into her eyes and there was nothing for him to do but to gather her lips in a kiss. It reminded him of Assumption.

She wiped the frame that was clouded with moisture. It was stiflingly hot. Alcée got up and joined her at the window, looking over her shoulder. The rain was coming down in sheets obscuring the view of far-off cabins and enveloping the distant wood in a gray mist.

the child’s attention to certain sombre clouds that were rolling with sinister intention from the west, accompanied by a sullen, threatening roar. They were at Friedheimer’s store and decided to remain there till the storm had passed

Later, the dog whined loudly. And still later it crept close to the man and caught the scent of death. This made the animal bristle and back away. A little longer it delayed, howling under the stars that leaped and danced and shone brightly in the cold sky. Then it turned and trotted up the trail in the direction of the camp it knew, where were the other food-providers and fire-providers.

The old-timer had been very serious in laying down the law that no man must travel alone in the Klondike after fifty below. Well, here he was; he had had the accident; he was alone; and he had saved himself.

So the dog made no effort to communicate its apprehension to the man. It was not concerned in the welfare of the man; it was for its own sake that it yearned back toward the fire

Once again, however, he had a close call; and once, suspecting danger, he compelled the dog to go on in front. The dog did not want to go. It hung back until the man shoved it forward, and then it went quickly across the white, unbroken surface. Suddenly it broke through, floundered to one side, and got away to firmer footing.

There was nobody to talk to and, had there been, speech would have been impossible because of the ice-muzzle on his mouth. So he continued monotonously to chew tobacco and to increase the length of his amber beard.

He was a warmwhiskered man, but the hair on his face did not protect the high cheek-bones and the eager nose that thrust itself aggressively into the frosty air.

If we see a general statement, we should ask ourselves whether it is always true or whether we can identify any case that doesn’t fit the pattern

For example, the argument given above about teachers' right to free speech starts with a general statement about a right of all Americans to free speech and applies it to a specific group (teachers) in a specific setting (the classroom). Once we identified exceptions to the general right to free speech, we could no longer be sure that teachers in classrooms have that right, at least not based on the generalization about free speech.

statement, a place, an object, or even a sound

motifs, or recurring elements in a story

must be expressed in a complete sentence.