10,886 Matching Annotations
  1. Jan 2023
    1. 𝑡=2𝑠1𝑣1+𝑠2(5.2.12)

      t=(2*s1/v1)+(s2/v2)

    2. Seismic surveys can be used to determine shallow (~100s of meters) crustal structure. The surveys shed light on the layers of rock, including each ones thickness and seismic velocity (and from seismic velocity we can estimate rock type). We can also determine structures such as faults and basins, history of deposition, and look for oil and gas. Primarily, we use P-waves for seismic surveys as they are faster and easier to see on seismograms. There are two types of seismic surveys

      uses of seismic waves

  2. Dec 2022
    1. which is 0.750.750.75.

      which is missing in the table

    2. part (f)

      it would be number 6

    3. parts (f) and (g)

      there is not part f and g, it's numbered., it would be number 6 and 7

    4. xxx yyy y^=0.34375x−0.125y^=0.34375x−0.125\hat{y}=0.34375x-0.125 y−y^y−y^y-\hat{y} (y−y^)2(y−y^)2(y-\hat{y})^2 2 0 0.5625 −0.5625 0.31640625 2 1 0.5625 0.4375 0.19140625 6 2 1.9375 0.0625 0.00390625 8 3 2.6250 0.3750 0.14062500 10 3 3.3125 −0.3125 0.09765625

      it's missing the SUM at the bottom of the table

    5. SS un 10.4 means sum of squares, it's not mentioned in the article

    1. Those are the same orbitals that were involved in π bonding in ligand-to-metal donation

      because the dx2-y2 and dz2 are on axis and can form sigma bonds

    2. as though it is still a ligand p orbital, and the antibonding orbital, σ, as though it is still a metal s orbital. The bonding orbital is ligand-centered and the antibonding orbital is metal-centered.

      because for bonding b>a and for antibonding c>d

    1. The final stage of the friendship is what happens after the friendship is over. Even if a friendship ended on a horrible note, there are still parts of that friendship that will remain with us forever, impacting how we interact with friends and perceive friendships. You may even have symbolic links to your friends: the nightclubs you went to, the courses you took together, the coffee shops you frequented, the movies you watched, etc. all are links back to that friendship. It’s also possible that the friendship ended on a positive note and you still periodically say hello on Facebook or during the holidays through card exchanges. Just as all friendships are unique, so are their experiences of post-friendship reality.

      Post friendship

    1. This formula for the vertical angle in spherical coordinates is wrong, there is supposed to be a square root over the xyz portion on the bottom of the fraction, you can see this in play during the example later down the page. screenshot of formula

    1. When there is a large concentration of loosely held electrons in a bond, the polarizability is also large, and the group or molecule will have an intense Raman signal

      Must not be polar

    1. treating others as you would like to be treated yourself.

      Yet Christianity is the most judgmental religion in the world. The hypocrisy LOL

    1. I am with you, you men and women of a generation, or ever so many generations hence,

      this is a power statement showing the authors true feelings/emotion

    2. The impalpable sustenance of me from all things at all hours of the day,

      I had to look up some of these words like "impalpable"-unable to be touched or felt. it makes the reading easier

    1. My tongue, every atom of my blood, form’d from this soil, this air,

      this word choice is very descriptive and uses good imagery

    2. I celebrate myself, and sing myself, And what I assume you shall assume

      this writing style is very confident and straightforward

    1. 3.1: The Bhagavad Gita

      The symbolic nature of the Great Epic Story of the Bhagavad Gita and its applications in modern thought and transpersonal Psychological thought.

    1. Savers supply the funds for borrowing and borrowers provide the demand. A key element between lenders and borrowers is the interest rate,

      This is an important note to remmber.

    1. In addition, some rural areas represent valuable ecological balance zones through preservation and/or conservation establishments.

      Erm. this is gonna be relveant when i talk about overurbanization in the response

    1. print media- books,magazines,newspaper digital media- internet,mobiles broadcast media- Film,radio,tv, recorded,music outdoor media- billboards,commercial buildings(stock exchange building)

    1. In other words, the amount of each substance is different but the ratio of the amount of each remains the same.

      because as amount of N2 increased the amount of H2 decreased to half to favour the original equilibrium constant

    1. After the Civil war, he continued publishing and editing newspapers, served as a United States marshal, a recorder of deeds in Washington, D.C., and consulgeneral to the Republic of Haiti. He also criticized the Reconstruction policy, and supported women’s rights, giving his last speech at a women’s rights rally.

      Douglas came a long way and its great to see. Stories to pass on for generations.

    2. Frederick Douglass which was published by Garrison’s American Anti-Slavery Society in Boston.

      I bet many slaves didn't even know boston existed which is crazy how much the neglected them from learning.

    3. He then defended himself in a two-hour combat with Covey

      his story on the escape is intense

    4. was born enslaved him because he was the black son of a black slave,

      i couldn't imagine being born in to slavery that must be incredibly hard understanding

    1. A law uses concise language to describe a generalized pattern in nature that is supported by scientific evidence and repeated experiments.

      What is a law?

    1. nuclear pore complex.

      Nuclear pore complex or NPC. There is a size exclusion. <60kDa to pass through unassisted.

    2. The SRP is a G-protein and exchanges its bound GDP for a GTP upon binding to a protein’s signal sequence.

      As soon as this sequence is translated, the SRP binds it. Elongation is temporarily arrested. SRP-ribosome complex binds to the SRP receptor on the ER membrane. Translation now continues into the lumen of the ER. The SPR and its receptor are recycled.

    1. There are a number of ways in which a cell can move from one point in space to another.
      • Axoneme
      • Cell crawling via the remodelling of the actin cytoskeleton.
    1. The modern understanding of the plasma membrane is referred to as the fluid mosaic model. The plasma membrane is composed of a bilayer of phospholipids, with their hydrophobic, fatty acid tails in contact with each other. The landscape of the membrane is studded with proteins, some of which span the membrane. Some of these proteins serve to transport materials into or out of the cell. Carbohydrates are attached to some of the proteins and lipids on the outward-facing surface of the membrane. These form complexes that function to identify the cell to other cells. The fluid nature of the membrane owes itself to the configuration of the fatty acid tails, the presence of cholesterol embedded in the membrane (in animal cells), and the mosaic nature of the proteins and protein-carbohydrate complexes, which are not firmly fixed in place. Plasma membranes enclose the borders of cells, but rather than being a static bag, they are dynamic and constantly in flux.
      • Provides edge to the cell
      • Controls the entry and exit of material.
      • Fluid-mosaic model explains the structure and function of the membrane.
      • High control of intracellular conditions.
    1. In the autumn, histones associated with FLC are acetylated, allowing this repressor of flowering genes to be expressed. During winter, enzymes progressive deacetylate FLC, preventing it from being expressed, and therefore allowing flowering genes to respond to other signals that induce flowering. (Origianl-Deyholos-CC:AN)

      Example of epigenetic change in plants by season.

    1. Crystal violet, CV. In the aqueous solution created, CV exists as its cation CV+. CV+ ions penetrate the cell wall of the bacteria. CV+ binds to negative moieties of the peptidoglycan cell wall. Iodine is added. CV and I- complex and crystallise.

      Decolorization, the variable step, strips off the outer membrane of gram negative, but not gram positive bacteria. As the cell wall in gram negative becomes permeable, CVI diffuses out an colour is lost. <br /> Gram positive retains colour from CVI stain.

      Safarin is a positively charged counterstain. Binds colourless membrane of gram negative.

      Results in pink gram negative and purple gram positive.

    2. The Gram stain procedure is a differential staining procedure that involves multiple steps.

      Gram staining allows for the differentiation of gram positive and gram negative bacteria.

    1. In the early 1900s, the German physician and scientist Paul Ehrlich (1854–1915) set out to discover or synthesize chemical compounds capable of killing infectious microbes without harming the patient.
      • Ehrlich's magic bullet.
      • Salvarsan brought to market in 1910.
      • The systematic selection of compounds, informed by the specific causative agent, still used at present to bring new antibiotics today.
    1. Alexander Fleming: In 1928 Alexander Fleming observed antibiosis against bacteria by a fungus of the genus Penicillium and postulated the effect was mediated by an antibacterial compound, penicillin, and that its antibacterial properties could be exploited for chemotherapy.

      Fleming's serendipitous discovery of penicillin.

    1. certain individuals (van Helmont, Redi, Needham, Spallanzani, and Pasteur) tried to prove or disprove spontaneous generation
    2. The theory of spontaneous generation states that life arose from nonliving matter. It was a long-held belief dating back to Aristotle and the ancient Greeks.
      • In addition, the Egyptians noted that the yearly river Nile mud gave rise to many frogs so they concluded that this mud spontaneously generated frogs.
    1. Mixing does occur between chromosome regions. Not as distinct as first thought.

    2. Subnuclear structure: nuclear bodies * typically spherical<br /> * PML bodies (promyelocytic leukemia protein), involved in transcriptional regulation/cell division * Cleavage bodies * Cajal bodies (CB) * antibody against coilin * Gems * antibody against SMN * CB and gems co-localise with exposure/differentiation to RA. Vary with cell type. * Nuclei of SMA afflicted foetuses lose gems.

    3. Subnuclear structure: Nuclear speckles, not a blanket term. * Also called interchromatin granule clusters * Splicing factor storage (for splicing factors (mostly) not in use) * Proteins may move out of or enter nuclear speckles.

    4. FRAP as a method to test dynamism, movement. Diffusion vs no diffusion of bleached protein. * Mobile fraction * Immobile fraction

    5. 28S, 18S, and 5.8S ribosomal RNA is transcribed (by RNA polymerase I) from hundreds to thousands of tandemly-arranged rDNA genes distributed (in humans) on 10 different chromosomes. The rDNA-containing regions of these 10 chromosomes cluster together in the nucleolus.

      The fibrillar centre is where genes for rRNA are transcribed. The dense fibrillar component where rRNA is processed, chemically modified. The granular component is where protein components are combined with rRNA. Generates preribosomal molecules that are close to being exported to cytoplasm.

    1. Export of mRNA and Ribosomes from the Nucleus

      mRNA needs to be assisted across the NPC. Like protein, also classed as facilitated diffusion. * mRNP exporter combines with mRNA with poly A tail, by interacting with FG repeats * mRNA moves through NPC * Dpb5 is an RNA helicase * Straightens the mRNA secondary structure and allows passage, removes proteins on the strand (NXT1, NXF1) * mRNP exporter proteins dissociate from the mRNA. * mRNA is now in cytoplasm

    1. American biologist Lynn Margulis developed endosymbiotic theory, which states that eukaryotes may have been a product of one cell engulfing another, one living within another, and evolving over time until the separate cells were no longer recognizable as such.
      • Margulis hypothesised the popular classical theory for eukaryotic beginnings.
      • Later, as an undergraduate, David Baum proposed the inside-out theory. This is where some eoctye, or archaea, lauched protruding blebs at epibiotic protobacteira. This is how the primitive cell would have harnessed another cell's prokaryotic metabolism for its own benefit, evolving into mitochondria, and in doing so, the inversion of cell membrane into two leaflets via engulfment generates the primitive nucleus -- two layers is still seen.
    1. Oxidation Method

      Review

    2. Balancing Basic Redox Reactions Balance as if it was acidic, and then add OH- to both sides to neutralize H+ (converting it to H2O) Split Skeletal Eq. into 1/2 Reactions For Each Hal- Reaction Balance all Elements Except O and H Balance O by adding water Balance H by adding H+. Balance Charge by adding e-. Multiply 1/2 rxns by appropriate integer so electrons lost = electrons gained. Add half-reactions, cancelling electrons lost and gained, and check work Add OH- to both sides to neutralize H+ (converting it to H2O) (only the last step is different from balancing acidic reactions)

      Review

    3. Balancing Acidic Redox Reactions The following steps allow you to balance a redox reaction and you often do not even have to identify the oxidation state of the various species. Split Skeletal Eq. into 1/2 Reactions For Each Half-Reaction Balance all Elements Except O and H Balance O by adding water Balance H by adding H+. Balance Charge by adding e-. Multiply 1/2 rxns by appropriate integer so electrons lost = electrons gained. Add half-reactions, cancelling electrons lost and gained, and check work

      Know these steps and know how to do the equations

    4. oxidationreduction=loss of electrons=gain of electrons

      Remember where oxidation and reduction occurs

    5. Zinc is losing electrons in the reaction and is thus oxidized to the zinc cation, while sulfur is gaining electrons and is thus reduced to the sulfide anion.

      While my instinct is that reduction = less electrons, in reality it's the charge that's being reduced, which means more electrons

    1. is gaining energy the same as input of energy if it is a spontaneous process? It seems to be conflicting with the definition of spontaneous process.

  3. Nov 2022
    1. La terminación de la transcripción es diferente para las tres polimerasas de ARN eucariotas diferentes. Los genes de ARNr ribosomal transcritos por la ARN polimerasa I contienen una secuencia específica de pares de bases (11 pb de longitud en humanos; 18 pb en ratones) que es reconocida por una proteína de terminación llamada TTF-1 (Factor de terminación de la transcripción para la ARN polimerasa I). ​​Esta proteína se une al ADN en su secuencia de reconocimiento y bloquea la transcripción posterior, lo que hace que la ARN polimerasa I se desprenda de la cadena de ADN molde y libere su ARN recién sintetizado.
    2. La ARN polimerasa II (RNAPII) transcribe la mayor parte de los genes eucariotas
    1. The study of social deviance is the study of the violation of cultural norms in either formal or informal contexts. Social deviance is a phenomenon that has existed in all societies where there have been norms.

      deviance is an act that violates a norm, all acts are criminal but not all acts are deviant.

    1. a basic type of chemical reaction involving the transfer of electrons from one atom or chemical entity to another, or more accurately, from one type of orbital to another, that results in new bonds being formed

      Redox reaction definition

    1. it was expected that the number of emitted electrons should depend upon the frequency, and their kinetic energy should depend upon the intensity of the light wave (at fixed wavelength)

      Through classical mechanics

    1. No man is allowed to be a judge in his own cause, because his interest would certainly bias his judgment, and, not improbably, corrupt his integrity. With equal, nay with greater reason, a body of men are unfit to be both judges and parties at the same time; yet what are many of the most important acts of legislation, but so many judicial determinations

      He is essentially stating that the judge should not be the same as the body of men because it affects their judgement, just as the person on trial cannot be their own judge.

    1. Having performed something of what God required, in labouring to suit his Words unto his Works, at this Day among us, and therewithal handled a Theme that has been sometimes counted not unworthy the Pen, even of a King, it will easily be perceived, that some subordinate Ends have been considered in these Endeavours.

      So do these Christians believe that it is God's word to convert the Indians? If so, why would they turn to such terrible things such as eradication if the Indians refused?

    1. but her mistress just then calling, she was obliged to hasten away.

      This language is different. I had to look up the word hasten. It means be quick to do something

    2. “I’d like to have been able to kick the fellow down the steps,”

      The author had no regard . And they said whatever they felt at the time.

    3. “It’s strange, now, but I never could beat this into people’s heads.

      this is something that is still used to today in writing. the point of view and something agreeable

    4. The subject appeared to interest the gentleman deeply; for while Mr. Shelby was thoughtfully peeling an orange,

      The use of language is very descriptive and puts an image in my head.

    5. “Why, I’ve got a friend that’s going into this yer branch of the business—wants to buy up handsome boys to raise for the market.

      the speech back then was very much different than it is today. And the context is a bit wild to think about it

    1. uses the notion of three-dimensional wave functions, or orbitals, that define the distribution of probability to find an electron in a particular part of space

      using wave functions to define the possibility of finding an electron in a particular region in space\

    1. eukaryotic

      Eukaryotes are organisms whose cells contain a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

      Prokaryotes are always unicellular, while eukaryotes are often multi-celled organisms.

    1. This deficiency is what accounts for boron being a strong Lewis acid, in that it can accept protons (H+ ions) in solution.

      This statement is incorrect. Lewis acids (like sp2-hybridized boron) are electron pair acceptors, not proton acceptors. Lewis bases are proton acceptors, and there are no lone pairs of electrons at the boron atom in typical compounds (BH3 or BH4- or derivatives).

    1. Battle of Midway, American forces sank four Japanese aircraft carriers.

      we broke their codes. we fooled them into thinking it was good to attack Midway

    1. The initial sample consisted of 1 band. F = 0. 1st generation = The sample overall less dense, still one band. Intermediate density. dsDNA made of one strand heavy and one light. After 2 generations, there was a band for intermediate density and for strands of just light, N-14, dsDNA.

    2. Three methods of replication were initially hypothesized: * Conservative * Semi-conservative * Dispersive

      Semi-conservative method was eventually determined to be correct based on empirical evidence from Messelson & Stahl, in 1958.

    3. Parental strands consist of N-15 isotopes. Replicated daughter strands consist of N-14 isotopes. The CsCl ultracentrifugation process creates density gradient. This allows DNA fragments of different densities to migrate and form a band at the point at which their buoyant density equals that of the salt.

      1. E.coli grown in an heavy nitrogen, N-15, enriched medium
      2. Then transferred to N-14 based media to reproduce
      3. As several points in the experiment, cells were lysed and underwent ultracentrifugation through a CsCl concentration gradient
    1. The several panels show what happens in each cycle. Each cycle consists of a denaturation step at a temperature higher than the melting temperature of the duplex DNA (e.g. 95 oC ), then an annealing step at a temperature below the melting temperature for the primer-template (e.g. 55 oC), followed by extension of the primer by DNA polymerase using dNTPs provided in the reaction. This is done at the temperature optimum for the DNA polymerase (e.g. 70 oC for a thermostable polymerase). Thermocylers are commercially available for carrying out many cycles quickly and reliably
      • Denature
      • Annealing primer
      • Synthesize new DNA with polymerase
      • High speed
      • Extreme sensitivity
    1. (x⃗ ⋅u⃗ 1∥u⃗ 1∥2)u⃗ 

      This formula is of projection of x on u1, u2, u3 so on and so forth But the question is how does it regenerate the x???

    1. I went to the woods because I wished to live deliberately, to front only the essential facts of life, and see if I could not learn what it had to teach, and not, when I came to die, discovery that I had not lived.

      This is cool aspect of life. There is so much to learn and soak in when being outside. I noticed how important it is to our health.

    1. The world has been instructed by its kings, who have so magnetized the eyes of nations.

      It's wild to think Kings were the rulers of everything. I wonder what this world would be like now if Kings were still as relevant.

    1. Similarly, woman’s fiction—sometimes called sentimental or domestic fiction

      This writing style is not really talked about I have to check it out and see what it's about. The text states that it isn't very popular anymore.

    2. Every time a new territory was proposed or a territory petitioned for statehood, battles between the legislators of free states and legislators of slave states would erupt.

      It's crazy to think US history had so many difficulties and battles to get to where we are today. We should all be thankful.

    3. The population of America was also expanding during the nineteenth century. As J. Hector St. John de Crevecoeur’s titular farmer James observes, Americans had been a “promiscuous breed” even before America was an independent nation.

      Families back in this era always had multiple kids compared to now. This had to do with helping around the house and having a team.

    1. Ebola

      A similar example of how globalization can produce a disaster from a public health standpoint would be the concern of the virus Ebola being brought from Africa to the U.S. In 2014, the country of Guinea experienced an outbreak of the Ebola virus that spread to multiple African countries. This immediately opens the door for medical volunteers from the U.S to travel to West Africa for assistance. In October of 2014, a man who traveled from Liberia to the U.S fell ill after reaching to the state and was diagnose with the disease. Afterward, several health workers in the U.S also fell ill with the virus but was successfully treated. This led to many debates and decisions of possibly establishing a travel bans to and from countries that are confirmed with Ebola.

    2. below

      While globalization may seem like a good thing considering how it can bring everyone together during a time of crisis, globalization can also be the cause of horrible events. An example of this is the diseases that were brought by the European settlers to indigenous tribes in the Americas. The disease was so severe, it was wiping 95% of the indigenous people's population.

    3. globalization

      Thanks to the fast spread of news using technologies and the increased awareness of humanitarian crises abroad, it creates a new form of ethnoscapes where Westerners will travel to a foreign nation to assist with humanitarian on a regular basis.

      Volunteers will travel to a help needing country. These volunteers can be medical professionals who are volunteering their service during a disease epidemic, Engineers may volunteer their time to help rebuild cities that are destroyed by natural disasters, or general volunteers who are trying to help others by collecting and/or donating goods for the use of the disaster.

      An example would be the 7.0 magnitude earthquake that struck Haiti in 2010. The earth had affected an estimate of three million people but after the widespread coverage of the disaster, people around the world came together to help by donating resources and personnel to assist on the recovery process.

    4. .

      Crowd-funding follows the similar principal of people donating small amount of money to help people from a developing country.

      An example of this is in Dangriga, Belize in 2014. They have set up a funding page to for donor to donate to them. The town was able to use 100% of the donations to produce materials for local community partners. The Sabal Cassava Farm were able to obtain a new road sign that as well as full-color marketing flyers.

      The Austin Rodriguez Drum Shop—a cultural resource center, and producer of traditional Garifuna drums— wanted a help updating their educational poster. The team was able to provide digital frames with all the research images, use better materials, and producing a large poster that will be provided to each family and a copy will be donated to the Gulisi Garifuna Museum.

    5. interest

      Micro-loan programs and crowd-funding websites are another ways in which individuals can contribute to help someone out with a small donation. For example, Kiva is a micro-financing organization that allows anyone with internet connection to make $25 donation to an individual or group in various parts of the developing world.

    6. media

      Globalization can also give condolences to an individual or a group of people. For example, hours after the Paris terrorist attack in 2015, many people from different nations changed their Facebook profile pictures to include the image of the French flag. This example shows how quickly solidarity movement can gain recognition thanks to technology tools like social media.

    7. them

      Globalization helps us deal with huge issues either by addressing the inequalities between rich and poor or promoting to save something.

      An example of this is how wealthier countries of the world (Global North) has acknowledge the injustices happening in other parts of the world. This has form groups of activists to boycott a brand or product that deals with shady business. The shady business could range from inhumane labor to injustice business functionality. Although those protest or boycott mostly doesn't fulfill the goal of the mission, people acknowledge the bad side of the company and would like something to be done.

      While the Global North are trying to fix companies who are exploiting and breaking the rules, the Global South (countries that are poor) is also affected since families who rely on those labors to make needs meet will either have their paycheck cut short or will get laid off.

    1. lifestyles

      But with that being said, an individual's lifestyle can be adapted from their social class that they were growing up in. This is called habitus, which are the dispositions, attitudes, or preferences that are learned basis for personal "taste" and lifestyle.

    2. individual

      Globalization is a positive thing that allows individuals to open to new ideas, commodities, and belief systems. Those will enable the individual to identify themselves into a society group.

    3. States

      People feel the need to differentiate themselves when confronted with an array of available style of living. They feel like belonging in a society group due to their different goods, skills, and tasks. This includes buying a shirt that symbolizes their hobby.

    4. be

      The concept of "lifestyle" refers to the creative, reflexive, and other ways that allows an individual to be a part of various social identities. Lifestyles that we live and portray can display to both ourselves and to the audiences of who we are, who we want to be, and who we want to be seen as.

    5. metate

      First emerging in the late 1980s, glocalization is the adaptation of global ideas into locally palatable forms. For example, McDonald's in different countries offer different menus depending on the culture's taste-buds.

      In some cases, people rather than companies find innovative ways for the modern innovations to be adapt to foreign ideas.

    6. officials

      Globalization changes the social life of everyone, but globalization is deciding whether if people want to adopt to a new product of idea. They have the ability to determine the ways that a product or idea can be used such as different intention of what a product that was created for another usage.

    1. live

      Mediascape is the flow of media across countries. In the early days, it could take weeks or months of entertainment and educational content to be traveled from one place to another. From telegraph to the telephone, to internet nowadays, media gets to travel more faster as time progresses.

    2. world

      Financescape refers to the flow of money across political borders. An example of this is the Spanish using Bolivian indigenous laborers to mine for the silver veins in Bolivia mines. The money received by the Spanish is used to pay Spain's debts.

    3. gospel

      Ideoscape refers to the flow of ideas. It can be a small comments like a Facebook post, or a larger and more systematic comment, like the spread of a religion. People have the ability to accept, reject, or adapt to the ideologies that are introduced within the ideoscapes.

    4. well

      Technoscape refers to the flows of technology. This includes technologies such as iPhone being distributed across the world. An iPhone can create huge hype to everyone in the world, which allows Apple to subjects finding ways for faster production and to meet their demand. This can result in collaborating with factories that are subjected to poor labor condition. As a result of the poor condition, some worker who produces the iPhone may drive them into suicidal.

      Technoscapes will not only change the world and the entire technologies industry, it will also change members of local communities where the factories that makes those technologies are located.

    5. scientists

      Ethnoscapes refers to the migration or the flow of ideas that are being carried by a migrant. Migrants, either a tourism or a traveler, may have an impact in different country. At the same time, migrations such as tourism can draw criticism where people from wealthy countries may treat local people like servants and would always expect service for them while on vacation.

    6. scapes

      Globalization refers to the increasing pace and scope of information being shared around the globe. This can be due the five specific scapes: ethnoscapes, technoscapes, ideoscapes, financescapes, and mediascapes.

    1. orientation

      The European colonial expansion to Africa, Asia, and the Americas mark a landmark of globalization. Colonialism refers to the political, social, economic, and cultural domination of a territory and its people by a foreign power for an extended period of time.

      Colonialism can be practiced by any group that is powerful to beat other group. We saw this with the European group colonizing countries as their own despite having people that are already living in the land.

    2. locations

      It's hard to tell when globalization began, but we do know that it has been going on for a really long time. Globalization's features are all about speed when it comes to global interactions. early modern technological innovations innovates globalization.

    3. versa

      Globalization is a word that has lost its meaning in today's society, almost like the word "culture". The word "globalization" is referred to as the circulation of goods, the exchanging ideas, and the movement of people. Even with its common usage, not every uses the term in the same way.

      Overall, as the political scientist Manfred Steger has defined globalization, it's "the intensification of worldwide social relations which link distant localities in such a way that local happenings are shaped by events occurring many miles away and vice versa."

    1. Bolsheviks

      Responsible for killing the Tsar and his family. The story is a daughter named Anastasia escaped

    2. Duma

      Representative assembly. like a parliment. not powerful at all. They didn't have clear objectives

    3. Russian Church

      Orthodox church

    1. ∫x01(a−x)(b−x)dx=1b−a(ln1a−x−ln1b−x)

      This line seems incorrect: $$\int_0^x{\frac{1}{(a-x)(b-x)}\,dx}$$ $$=\left[\frac{1}{b-a}\left(\ln{\frac{1}{a-x}}-\ln{\frac{1}{b-x}}\right)\right]_0^x$$ $$=\frac{1}{b-a}\left(\ln{\frac{a}{a-x}}-\ln{\frac{b}{b-x}}\right)$$

    1. rule was used later in 1916 when Gilbert N. Lewis formulated the "octet rule" in his cubical atom theory.

      Okay so ginamit ni Gilbert yung Abegg’s rule and then he formulated it to ‘octet’s rule’

    1. We commit this fallacy when, instead of attacking an opponent’s views, we attack the opponent.

      attack the person, not their beliefs.

    2. Appeals to popularity encourage readers to base their decisions too much on their underlying desire to fit in, to be hip to what everybody else is doing, not to be considered crazy.

      not a good appeal

    3. Does the attempt to get the reader to trust suggest an idea that is not logical or not true? To what extent is the appeal to trust really relevant to the trustworthiness of the argument? Is the argument asking for more trust than is really warranted? Even if the attempt to gain our trust is logical and relevant, we should ask whether its importance has been exaggerated. Our decision to trust should be based on many different factors. Often appeals to trust imply that we should accept or reject a claim outright when in reality more caution is called for.

      the checklist

    1. One approach would be to try to convince them that their fears are unfounded.  However, given the lack of trust between writer and audience, such an attempt might fail.  Another approach would be to argue that we must take into account the need of all people to be protected from violence, including refugees who face violence in their countries of origin.

      it's better to find some common ground

    2. It involves an emotional and intellectual commitment to move forward together. If a traditional combative argument is like a courtroom debate, Rogerian argument is like mediation.

      good comparison made here

    3. Rather than giving up on addressing the opposing side at all, we might consider an approach called Rogerian argument, pioneered by therapist Carl Rogers

      therapists know how to handle conflict

    1. If we feel we are being manipulated, we will likely recoil and resist both the emotions and the logic of the argument.

      breaking the reader's trust

    2. Even lies of omission can undermine trust. As readers, we want to believe that the writer is giving us a fair overview of what they know. If a writer fails to mention something relevant that makes them look bad, readers may well hear it from an opponent and consider the writer to have wrongly concealed it.

      Why it's important to talk about the counterarguments

    1. Correct misconceptions respectfully. If a writer is frustrated with popular misconceptions on a topic, they should give the reader the benefit of the doubt and politely assume that such daft misconceptions belong to others. We can refer to those who hold the misconception in the third person in a phrase like "some may assume that" rather than targeting the reader with a "you may be assuming that..."

      Don't be that confrontational

    2. Of course, too much description of what the writer is planning to do can become boring and can get in the way of the momentum of the argument.

      Be cautious and do not over describe.

    3. Express ideas in a clear and straightforward way. Making things clear often takes a lot of mental sweat. Readers generally do not appreciate having to do the work of sorting out unnecessarily convoluted sentences.

      use simple but effective language

    4. Conversely, if the reader feels that the writer understands the reader's perspective and uses that understanding to make the experience of reading the argument as straightforward and intellectually pleasant as possible, the reader will trust the writer more.

      makes sense.

    1. Sometimes writers feel that the most powerful thing they have in common with readers is opposition to a group rather than membership in a group. They can try to get readers on their side by focusing on a group they presume the reader does not or will not want to belong to. Defining that group negatively becomes the basis for unity and trust between writer and reader.

      A lot of propaganda works this way

    2. long-term and intense contact between black and Latino people in urban neighborhoods has created a large overlap between Black English and, for example, “Nuyorican” English

      they have cultural connection

    1. An alternate approach to trust involves connection rather than distance. We relate to the writer as to a friend or loved one rather than an authority figure.

      close the distance between writer and reader

    2. They can make the argument seem objective and solid, but they can also alienate the reader. After all, distance means we are being pushed away. Our trust in a formal argument depends on our trust in the institutions it represents, like the government or academia.

      the reader could be skeptical of institutions, have to keep that in mind.

    3. This approach to earning the reader's trust is all about setting aside the personal to pursue objective, neutral, unbiased pronouncements. It requires the writer to step back from their own personality and feelings to ally their speech with impersonal truth.

      being objective

    1. When a writer has no particular qualification in relation to the subject, they can still establish a certain degree of authority by citing authoritative sources.

      citation helps when you're not an expert yourself.

    2. This kind of trust depends on the qualifications of the writer rather than on the style of writing. It is sometimes called extrinsic ethos.

      trust established through qualifications

    3. Using "I," also called speaking in the first person, can allow a writer to speak honestly and with conviction to further an argument.

      Allows for honesty.

    1. What do I mean by relationship here? Each relationship implies expected ways people interact, and it often involves a shared identity, whether a family connection, an ethnic similarity, a job they need to complete together, or a situation they are concerned in.

      try to relate

    2. This chapter will look at various approaches to creating trust in written argument, including establishing the writer's authority on the subject, convincing readers of the writer's moral character, showing respect and goodwill, and creating a sense of closeness or shared identity.

      Chapter focus.

    3. If we don't have a certain degree of trust in the writer, we will be less willing to let an argument affect us. We may not allow even a skillfully worded emotional appeal to move us, and we may not be ready to agree even with a well-supported claim.

      if trust isn't established, the reader will become skeptical