8,235 Matching Annotations
  1. Aug 2016
    1. Admitting that white privilege helps you is really just congratulating yourself

      deBoer, Frederik. "Admitting that White Privilege Helps You is Really Just Congratulating Yourself." The Washington Post 28 Jan. 2016. Web. 8 Aug 2016.

    2. Just as in the fight against heart disease or drunk driving, awareness only has value if it actually leads to a change in behavior,

      A solution is being alluded to here, but a solution that may not be enacted.

    3. The unspoken but unmistakable logic is that by declaring themselves a part of the problem, they are defining themselves as part of the solution.

      Perfect way to articulate this. Here he is addressing his audience, those who are interested in the topic and those who fall under the category of boasting privileged people.

    4. If anything, they have always struck me as supremely self-satisfied.

      Very much so agree. Here, deBoer is addressing the hypocrisy and stagnancy of self-recognition within white privilege that retains white supremacy. When the oppressed are heard when they voice their dissatisfaction with oppression, it is deemed as their duty to do such: it is their job to fight for their rights. However, if a privileged person recognizes their role in oppression, they are praised for doing such just as they were unconsciously praised for not to anything...because that's the way that privilege works.

    5. the ritualistic practice of white self-indictment.

      Well articulated. As he further states within his article, the form of "self-indictment" places the "guilty" on a pedestal of approval and "self-regard".

    6. Strange that self-criticism seems so similar to self-improvement, and is expressed in such terms of self-congratulation.

      Liberation for the liberated and oppression for the oppressed it seems like. In other words, the self-awareness made him feel liberated in such a redundant way that it wouldn't make a difference if he proudly boasted as someone who does not have privilege and equality is attainable by all. Either way, nothing really changes.

    7. I mean that if genuine contrition and meaningful apology are the purpose of self-criticism — for complicity in white supremacy or anything else — then the practice is a paradox because the very performance of self-indictment, in this context, functions as a form of self-congratulation.

      I agree. The question there here would be what can the privileged to acknowledge, yet not boast in self awareness, about their privilege.

    8. That’s fine as far as it goes, but there’s a trap within his request: public self-indictment is impossible.

      Acknowledging the side that he is going to criticize for its legitimacy gives him some credibility.

    9. But like so much else in our society, the practice has ultimately worked not to undermine structural racism — the putative aim — but merely to deepen the self-regard of the educated white elite.

      This is his claim. I am using this perspective because it differs so much from any other perspective. There is the audience that altogether does not acknowledge that white-privilege exists. There is the audience like myself that pushes for white privilege recognition. And there is his perspective that disapproves of both so far.

    10. Fredrik deBoer is an academic and writer. He lives in Indiana.

      Fredrik deBoer is "writer and a researcher who works at the intersection of writing assessment, applied linguistics and literacy education." He receives his authority from an institution of learning to write his opinion for public consumption. http://purdue.academia.edu/FredrikdeBoer

    1. Amanda Zamora,

      Amanda was previously a senior engagement editor for ProPublica. She has worked as an editorial aide and reporter in the past.

    2. Lauren Kirchner

      Senior reporter at ProPublica. Lauren has reported on a range of topics from criminal justice to this article about the drought.

    3. Abrahm Lustgarten

      Author of several articles about the drought and other water problems and possible solutions throughout the Midwest.

    4. California's Drought Is Part of a Much Bigger Water Crisis

      Lustgarten, Abrahm, Lauren Kirchner, and Amanda Zamora. "California's Drought Is Part of a Much Bigger Water Crisis." Scientific American. ProPublica, n.d. Web. 20 July 2016.

  2. Jul 2016
    1. Jefferson suggested that private efforts would be inadequate and that state support would be necessary to provide education for slaves “destined to be free.”

      What was Jefferson's stance on slavery?

    2. Not Worth a Continental

      What other economic issues were there with the Articles of Confederation?

    3. Congress Adopts the Northwest Ordinance

      How is the Northwest Ordinance similar or dissimilar to the Constitution of 1787?

    4. Call to Revise Articles of Confederation

      Here is a link to a transcript of this letter: http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/04-03-02-0525

    5. John Hanson

      Who was John Hanson?

    6. Benjamin Franklin’s Proposed Plan of Confederation, 1775

      Read the document to the right. What are some of the attributes of Franklin's plan?

    7. Divisions among the states and even local rebellions threatened to destroy the fruits of the Revolution

      Give an example of these divisions or rebellions and how they exposed a weakness of the Articles of Confederation.

    1. Under Athenian democracy, the people voted on every law. This was a pure or direct democracy where the majority had nearly complete control over rights and progress.

      Would you want to live under this system?

    2. They usually aren't; usually a republic is a type of representational democracy with some checks and balances enshrined in the constitution that safeguard the rights of minorities.

      Could you have a republic without a democracy?

    3. oligarchy or plutocracy.

      Define either of these forms of government.

    4. In a republic, a constitution or charter of rights protects certain inalienable rights that cannot be taken away by the government, even if it has been elected by a majority of voters. In a "pure democracy," the majority is not restrained in this way and can impose its will on the minority.

      Find or think of an example that illustrates the difference between a republic and a democracy.

    1. Which of these myths, if any, are harmful?

    2. Why is it important to debunk myths like this?

    3. in order to form a more perfect understanding

      What is this a reference to?

    4. Perhaps more than any defining moment in American history, the War of Independence is swathed in beliefs not borne out by the facts.

      Do you agree? Why do you think this is?

    1. Act for Establishing Religious Freedom

      Here is a link to a transcript of this document: http://www.heritage.org/initiatives/first-principles/primary-sources/virginia-act-establishing-religious-freedom

      How does what Jefferson says compare to the Constitution in Massachusetts?

    2. it violated the citizen's "unalienable" natural right to freedom of religion and on the practical argument that government's embrace of religion had inevitably harmed it.

      Here is a link to a transcript of this document: http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/documents/amendI_religions43.html

      How did Madison demonstrate his views?

    3. Persecution in Virginia

      Who was being persecuted and why?

    4. tax for the support of religion but permitted individuals to earmark their taxes for the church of their choice

      Would you want to pay a tax like this?

    5. The Church-State Debate: Virginia

      Was the debate similar to or different than that in Massachusetts?

    6. Massachusetts Constitution of 1780

      Read through the Constitution by clicking on the image. What was the outcome of the debates over state support of religion?

    7. Irenaeus

      Who was Irenaeus, and why do you think Samuel West choice this pseudonym?

    8. Against Tax-Supported Religion

      Why does Isaac Backus take this position?

    9. For Tax-Supported Religion

      What arguments does Phillips Payson use to support his view?

    10. that the voters would accept.

      Was this practice unique to Massachusetts?

    1. A third issue is that globalisation means that business is conducted through “value chains”, in which products are assembled or distributed in many markets.

      EU has been blind to the situation of immigration in the UK, and this has been a huge mistake on the part of the EU. When 55% of the population in the capital of the UK is not of British origin (whatever the passport is), you clearly have reached a limit. The day 55% of Berliners are not German or 55% of Romans are not Italian you will see an even stronger reaction. The EU should have acknowledged the peculiar situation of the UK (historical immigration plus fresh immigration from the EU plus fresh immigration from the rest of the world) and granted the country a special status with regard to freedom of movement within the Union. And we know very well that enabling the citizens of East European countries whose per capita GDP was half that of the West to move freely across the continent was a big blunder, and a demonstration that the EU sometimes defends more the interests of large entrepreneurs who need cheap labor than the interests of citizens.

    2. Britain could become more open to international investment outside the EU; a kind of Singapore of Europe. However, as this blog pointed out before the vote, this camp sat uneasily with the more nativist, anti-globalisation and anti-immigration side of the campaign.

      What has happened now, particularly in non-London England is very distressing. It is understandable that in some towns and cities that people have been left behind and there is a lot of real poverty. That did not apply to prosperous towns in the Home Counties.Something very ugly is happening in England. Perhaps it was always there, lurking, and the referendum has opened the box. People in the prosperous counties such as Essex and Herts voted in great swathes for Leave. These areas don't have a mass immigration or suffer from major crises. There was broadly an inverse relationship between those voting Brexit and the immigration numbers.

    3. currency depreciation can be a very useful tool for countries when they have become locked in to an overvalued exchange rate.

      British manufacturing relies heavily on imported components and commodities, and the price of those just jumped. The effect of exchange rates on exports is often exaggerated. Much British manufacturing, such as cars, is here because manufacturing them in the EU wins EU subsidies and tax breaks. Not any more. Manufacturers wanting to serve the EU market will not be making them in Britain any more, the same goes for other goods. Finally, tariffs on manufactured good, most of which get sold to the EU, are only going to go up. There will be some winners and some losers in manufacturing out of this but it's by no means a simple win.

    4. THE pound has been the biggest post-Brexit casualty in the financial markets. It has fallen from almost $1.50 to around $1.30 against the dollar; less so against the euro which itself has been dragged down by Brexit worries.

      The pound falling, credit rating declines, short-term balance of payment issues and interest rate increases are expected results. At this point, fearful readers seem to be looking only at these short-term effects and panicking. If the new government acts decisively takes a firm path towards a dynamic economy, the pains should be limited to the short-to-medium-term and Scotland and Ireland would be very receptive to staying within the UK if and only if the UK demonstrates that it can quickly reboot its economy.

    5. Buttonwood

      Buttonwood columnist considers the ever-changing financial markets. Brokerage was once conducted under a buttonwood tree on Wall Street.

    1. SpaceX’s Grasshopper was a 10-story Vertical Takeoff Vertical Landing (VTVL) vehicle consisting of a Falcon 9 first stage, a single Merlin 1D engine, four steel landing legs with hydraulic dampers, and a steel support structure. In 2013, Grasshopper completed a series of eight flight tests with successful landings, the highest reaching 744 meters high.

      Space X ends the article by describing a third and final product, the Grasshopper. I believe Space X was wise to end the article this way. Although this rocket did not reach as high a distance, the composition of the rocket sounds a lot more impressive. They explain that the Grasshopper was a larger vehicle .They also explain that it was a better comparison to the type of rocket that NASA would use. It contains an engine, and "support structure" on top of the rocket, which makes it appear to be more of the type of craft we think of when talking about NASA. By doing so, Space X makes their product appear to be more of the complete package. They describe only the successes they had with the Grasshopper, in an effort to appease their possible customers.

      As stated previously, this is not an article that could be considered a scholarly article. IT is mostly a large product pitch to people interested in space exploration. They do use facts, and it is accurate information as it is coming from the people in charge of the rockets, but it is biased. However, it shows that one possible solution to funding NASA as much as we do is to privatize part of the work, or at least find a way to reuse parts of the missions to reduce cost.

    2. F9R completed successively higher tests in McGregor, Texas, topping out with a 1000m test using steerable grid fins.

      Space X now shows some successful attempts, to prove that they will reach their goal. They talk about a second product they have that uses a different form of lander. By doing so, they show that there is more than one option for these forms of rockets. They attempt to make the distance sound more impressive, as saying 1000 meters is a lot more impressive sounding than a single kilometer.

    3. In 2014, SpaceX twice reentered a Falcon 9 first stage from space and landed it in the Atlantic Ocean. Using lessons learned from those attempts, in January 2015 SpaceX attempted a precision landing on the drone ship, nicknamed “Just Read the Instructions”.  The rocket made it to the drone ship, but landed hard. SpaceX attempted a second precision landing the following month, this time over water, and the rocket impressively came within 10 meters of its target. Unfortunately, extreme weather prevented recovery.

      Space X does a really good job of explaining its advancements and how it is going about creating the rocket. They describe how they first made rockets that could get to space, then began working on making those that could be landed properly. Space X explains their first attempt made it to the target, but crashed into it instead of landing. However, they actually never say that they failed, just that it "landed hard". This makes it sound as if they were successful, when they actually were not. They do the same when explaining the second failed attempt. By saying that it was extreme weather that caused the failure, they are stating it was not their fault. This is an excellent business technique as it still makes it sound as if their product will work as it has been designed to do.

    4. Through reusability testing during flight and on the ground in McGregor, Texas, SpaceX has made great strides toward this goal.

      Space X states that they are working on creating the rocket that is designed to be used over and over again. They do state that they have not fully created the rocket yet, but are in the process of doing so. This is to ensure their possible customers that the product is being created and not to search for other possibilities while it is being created.

    5. but can fly multiple times per day, and conduct tens of thousands of flights over its lifetime. Following the commercial model, a rapidly reusable space launch vehicle could reduce the cost of traveling to space by a hundredfold.

      Space X uses one of the best ways to show the cost effectiveness of their product that I can ever seen. They describe that the cost of a commercial airliner is about the same as the rocket for a space-destined vehicle. However, the commercial airliner is used thousands of times before going out of service, while the rocket is only used once. By stating this, the audience can see that the cost effectiveness is so much better if the rocket can become reusable. This is where Space X's product would come in.

    6. SpaceX believes a fully and rapidly reusable rocket is the pivotal breakthrough needed to substantially reduce the cost of space access.

      The wording used is very important. It does not attempt to supply the belief as a fact. It is simply stating that this is what the company as a whole believes. However, Space X also repeats the benefit to its product, which makes sure that this is clear in the audiences mind. One of the biggest issues people have with NASA is that their money is being taxed to fund them. By offering a technology that will reduce those costs, your average citizen may be more supporting if they believe that they will not have to pay as much for the program.

    7. If one can figure out how to effectively reuse rockets just like airplanes, the cost of access to space will be reduced by as much as a factor of a hundred.  A fully reusable vehicle has never been done before. That really is the fundamental breakthrough needed to revolutionize access to space.”

      This is a quote from Elon Musk. Musk is the founder and owner of the Space X company. It is a very important quote because it does several things. It describes the main mission of space X that is currently going on. By doing so, we know exactly where the company is coming from. It also talks about the benefit of what it is working on, most importantly the cost cutting it could do to the space program. It also clearly demonstrates the article's audience. The audience are those interested in the product of reusable rockets who may want to purchase the technology, as well as educating the public to what the product means to the industry.

    8. Reusability: The Key to Making Human Life Multi-Planetary

      "Reusiability: The Key To Making Human Life Multi-Planetary." Space X. 10 June. 2015 Web. 10 July. 2016.

      The fist thing that must be said is that this article is not fully scholarly. It is informative, but biased. It does not have a specific author and it comes from a company that is attempting to sell a product. However, there is an incredibly important reason for using this article; it supplies a possible solution to the funding of NASA. As a result, it is a different stakeholder position from the previous article.

  3. Jun 2016
    1. Yet Levin et al. (2002), in surveying 3,000 public school stu-dents, identified a “digital disconnect” (p. v) between students and their schools, with students claiming their teachers had not yet shifted their teaching to respond to the new ways students communicate and use the Web beyond their classrooms.

      interesting that it hasn't caught on yet for teachers to use it in the classroom.

    2. eb 2.0 facilitates “participa-tory,” “collaborative,” and “distributed” practices within Web 2.0–enabled formal and nonformal spheres of everyday activitie

      Referenced to class article

    3. Individuals with programming expertise in hypertext markup language (HTML) could post content, but Web 1.0 accommodated only modest individual knowledge creation and sharing, mostly through pri-marily text-based online forums and archived listservs

      So much has changed from this

    4. using the Web for student inquiry, studying student communication via the Web, and invoking qualitative research methods to illuminate Web-based learning.

      This question of how to use the web in the classroom is an always growing concept and many want to learn how to do it better!

    5. A stronger research focus on students’ everyday use of Web 2.0 technologies and their learning with Web 2.0 both in and outside of classrooms is needed.

      Hmm.. how are students using web 2.0?

  4. May 2016
    1. a radical new generative framework within which to recontextualise and reconsider the nature of archaeological entities specifically within the domain of digital archaeology

      Observation: keytheme2 The idea of 'generative' works on many levels here.

    2. real, virtual, and authentic are becoming increasingly unstable

      Instability of Reality/Virtuality

  5. Apr 2016
    1. Think of the things that make you unique: your style, your sense of humor, the way you keep your head (or don’t) when things get tense. Of all the qualities and behaviors that make you who you are, which ones do you think best define your personality?

      I'm usually calm and collected. I always try to greet with a smile. It's really hard to keep it up at times but I try to display a positive outlook on everything. I think I can describe myself as a positive person.

      In Hurston’s description, what kind of community was Eatonville?

      Hurston says it's an all black community, that white people only ever pass by there and every time someone does they sit on the porch and spectate.

    1. For shame! deny that thou bear'st love to any, Who for thyself art so unprovident. Grant, if thou wilt, thou art beloved of many, But that thou none lovest is most evident; For thou art so possess'd with murderous hate 5 That 'gainst thyself thou stick'st not to conspire. Seeking that beauteous roof to ruinate Which to repair should be thy chief desire. O, change thy thought, that I may change my mind! Shall hate be fairer lodged than gentle love? 10 Be, as thy presence is, gracious and kind, Or to thyself at least kind-hearted prove:     Make thee another self, for love of me,     That beauty still may live in thine or thee

      The rhyme scheme for this poem is A,B,A,C,D,C,D,E,F,E,F,G,G.

      A-any B-unprovident A- many B- evident C-hate D-conspire C-ate D- desire E-mind F-love E-kind F-prove G-me G-thee

    1. isn’t that (3)

      Demonstrativt pronomen: peger tilbage til noget fra en tidligere sætning

    2. they knew that (4) they could sit their child in front of a Disney video

      Konjunktion: forbinder ledsætningen "they knew" med den definerende relativsætningen "they could sit their child in front of a Disney video"

    3. three main issues that (5)

      Relativt pronomen: henviser til "three main issues"

    4. advertisement that (1) promised us

      Relativt pronomen: henviser til "a stunning Superbowl advertisement"

    5. that (2), “1984 won’t be like 1984”

      Konjunktion: forbinder ledsætningen "that promised us" med hovedsætningen "1984 won’t be like 1984"

  6. Mar 2016
    1. The basic argument here is that templates have an advantage because they are constrained compared to allowing component structure to be defined in arbitrary JS is valid.

    1. Jesse Nusbaumera, Katsumi Matsumoto

      Throughout the journal the authors do a good job of remaining objective while discussing their claim and presenting relevant and supportive information.

    2. In a recent article, Huntingford and Lowe (2007)

      Here they use ethos by discussing information that was presented in another scholarly article, increasing their credibility on the topic the are about to address in this next section of their journal. They bring in information from many outside sources throughout their entire journal to support their claim.

    3. On the other hand, if little or no action is taken to curb CO2 emissions now, then future generations will bear the burden of dealing with the consequences of a warmer climate.

      Here Nusbaumer and Matsumoto address the stakeholder position of future generations and how the excess CO2 emissions will effect them. They talk about how our future generations will have to bear the burden of things such as dealing with the consequences of a warmer climate and contaminated water sources. While there are some solutions to this problem, Nusbaumer and Matsumoto bring up the questions of how much excess CO2 is too much? And once it reaches a certain point is it even possible that the affects can be reversed let alone fixed? These and many more are all questions future generations will be forced to deal with due to our generations actions, or lack of.

    4. thermocline ventilation

      (https://www.google.com/webhp?sourceid=chrome-instant&ion=1&espv=2&ie=UTF-8 ) (http://www.dictionary.com/)

      Two outside sources that were helpful during this article. Because it is an academic journal, the authors used a lot of vocabulary that is not commonly known. I found myself looking up a lot of words and using the dictionary for definitions.

    5. as we will demonstrate below

      Here Nusbaumer and Matsumoto use logos to appeal to their audience. While they have provided many numbers and statistics throughout their journal so far, here they implement graphs to give their audience a visual representation of some of the data they have been discussing and how it can be applied.

    6. One of the difficulties in achieving this goal is the lack of consensus on what “dangerous” anthropogenic interference is, which can vary among different groups that have different values (Schneider and Mastrandrea, 2005)

      I think this is where the authors are articulating their claim; that the addition of CO2 into our environment can have many harmful effects however it can affect many different people, animals, ecosystems, etc. negatively and that many groups are having difficulty coming to a consensus on this and their values.

    7. Climate and carbon cycle changes under the overshoot scenario

      Nusbaumer, Jesse, and Katsumi Matsumoto. "Climate and Carbon Cycle Changes under the Overshoot Scenario." Global and Planetary Change 62.1-2 (2008): 164-72. Web.

      This is an academic journal. Academic journals are very reliable sources because they are written by credible authors who attempt to remain objective while discussing their claim. This article is written by two authors, one from Perdue and one from the University of Minnesota.

    1. As part of the movie industry’s restructuring, studios no longer hired actors in long-term contracts; instead, the studios hired actors per film.83 The actors became free agents.84 However ironically, actors no longer received the studios’ protection, which had long defended actors’ personas through collusive practices.85 As a result, entertainers needed a new form of protection to stop misappropriation of their most valuable assets: their identities. The invention of television brought additional instability

      This paragraph is a good example of how these contracts work. It talks about a decision made in the United States v. Paramount Pictures which ended up to be landmark. Paramount Pictures was forced to restructure the whole company which resulted in no more long term contracts with actors. Instead Paramount has to hire actors for each individual film and all the actors that were under contract became free agents. This seems like it would be a good thing but because the actors were freed from the contract, they no longer had the protection or support from the company. Because of this, people had to depend on something else entirely to protect their identities.

    2. “Imagine working under a seven-year contract that you cannot break and more than likely will be forced to renew, for a producer who can tell you who you can marry, what you

      This scenario is probably a lot more common then people think. It matches up almost perfectly to what Kesha is going through. When someone is in a contract, it seems like not only do you lose your right of publicity, but you also lost your individuality and originality. What is going on with Kesha currently is proof that this does exist and it does happen.

    3. This note suggests a new method to analyze the right of publicity. Voluntary contracts within the entertainment industry provide an analytical tool to assess both the underlying policy justifications for the right of publicity and the doctrinal rules within i

      Here, Coyle suggests a new way to study the right of publicity. He's talking about contracts within the entertainment industry which lines up with Kesha's situation. It seems like Coyle is saying that while in a contract, one loses their right to publicity in a way.

    4. Although conceptually straightforward, it has been the subject of significant commentary and debate.2 Neither courts nor scholars have accepted a uniform theoretical foundation for the right of publicity.3

      This is the author's claim, some could argue that there is a solid foundation for the right of publicity. The definition of the right of publicity stated in the first sentence of the introduction gives a pretty concise idea what that is so there could be room for debate about whether or not it could be explained better. The author is letting the reader know that the paper will be about his view about what he thinks a better way to perceive the right of publicity is.

    5. 1133 NOTES Finding a Better Analogy for the Right of Publicity

      "Bklyn Law Review - Brooklyn Law School Law Journals: Impact Factors And Citations - Libguides At Brooklyn Law School". Guides.brooklaw.edu. N. p., 2016. Web. 10 Mar. 2016.

      “The Brooklyn Law Review is a scholarly journal of analysis and commentary covering a broad range of current legal issues. The flagship journal of Brooklyn Law School, it has 77 volumes (one a year) dating back to 1932.”

    1. Jan 2011–present Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine · Vector Group United Kingdom · Liverpool

      Again gives very little information, but shows that she has background in vector work.

      https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Constancia_Ayres/info

    1. Biology PhD

      This is all of the information I can find on this author as I do not speak Spanish and her bio is published in a Brazilian University Biology department. She has 45 publications and 1450 reads. With this extent in popularity she must be a credible author as she has been able to get 45 papers published which is not an easy task.

    1. A good example involves Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in Brazil. Both species are known as good dengue vectors; however, A aegypti plays a major part in dengue transmission in the country due to its vectorial capacity, whereas A albopictus does not because its level of infestation is low and it prefers sylvatic environments.

      She backs up the Logos she made in the previous statement with the use of Ethos, explaining the difference between a carrier and a vector of the virus and giving a clear example. She presents the example in a way that the reader can understand whether or not the reader has a background in science. This source is a heavily research based article and there is not a lot of audience appeal as Constância F J Ayres is really just stating the facts and research.

    2. In this respect, the urban transmission of Zika virus could involve other mosquito species, especially considering the adaptability of this virus,12 and this issue deserves urgent attention. Vector control strategies must be directed at all potential vectors. To assume that the main vector is A aegypti in areas in which other mosquito species coexist is naive, and could be catastrophic if other species are found to have important roles in Zika virus transmission. Therefore, researchers from different institutions who are working on vector–pathogen interactions must attempt to answer this important question as soon as possible, to direct control actions towards the correct target and to help to minimise the drastic effects of Zika virus disease outbreaks.

      In this paragraph the author both ties her research back to her original claim and states what is important to consider moving forward in the fight against this virus. She makes the point that the world must not overlook other possible vectors as it could lead to the continual spread and lack of control of this very infectious virus.

    3. It is important to prove in laboratory conditions that an organism is able to acquire the pathogen and maintain and transmit it to other hosts. Additionally, even if the ability of a given species to transmit a pathogen is proven in laboratory conditions, that species is not necessarily the primary vector

      Author addresses the counter argument for her claim in this statement as it is possible that these organisms that carry the disease are not able to transmit it to another host rather they are just infected with it.

    4. Faye and colleagues 10 reported a long list of mosquito species from which Zika virus strains were isolated, including several species of Aedes and Anopheles coustani. Diallo and colleagues 11 surveyed mosquitoes from different environments from Senegal and detected by RT-PCR the presence of Zika virus in ten species from the genus Aedes, and Mansonia uniformis, Anopheles coustani, and Culex perfuscus. These mosquito species probably contribute to the zoonotic cycle of Zika virus transmission.

      The author exhibits Ethos here as she supports her claim that there are many carriers of this disease including several different types of mosquitoes. She uses other experts to appear more credible by presenting their research in a way that it applies to her claim that there are many vectors of the virus.

    1. dimm'd

      ipsum

    2. Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?

      Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat.

    1. Now, science is now stepping in to dispel some of the mystery and fiction surrounding the use of rhino horn.

      The author/authors represent PBS which has always been on the conservation side of things. They do have a good track record of looking at more then one angle whether they are objective or not. This line represents that clearly. Science will provide the answers. And in this case science somewhat supports both sides of the arguments.

    2. All five of the world’s diverse species of rhinoceros have been brought to the edge of extinction because of human appetite for their distinctive horns.

      It is impossible to get a credible stakeholder side of this argument from the pro Rhino horn market. I had to choose this article because it was the only one with some facts supporting Asian medicine and its use of Rhino horn.

      The Author is definitely against the use of Rhino horn, but is just objective enough or has read "I Say They Say" to incorporate a bit of scientific fact about the horns use in medicine. The claim is not well stated but when you think about the article as a whole, the claim is : Yes there is a small merit to Eastern medicine's use of the Rhino horn for certain ailments, but the dosage amount to yield actual results is not practical and not practiced.

      On a personal belief: The human brain is an amazing thing, it has power that we cannot harness as of now. What we do have is the placebo effect. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placebo. Our thoughts can be so powerful that we think we are better and sometimes that's all we need to become better. A lot of old medicine revolves around this. You take something so rare and unique and say it has these powers, you have to believe, at least a little, because you don't know. It then makes it's own belief and spreads and maybe if you can get some it will work, even if you know it doesn't, you worked so hard to get it or have given so much to get it, you can't just admit that it doesn't work so you say, "yes, it really works." and this just keeps perpetuating itself until the resource is wiped out.

    3. Overall there isn’t much evidence to support the plethora of claims about the healing properties of the horns. In 1990, researchers at Chinese University in Hong Kong found that large doses of rhino horn extract could slightly lower fever in rats (as could extracts from Saiga antelope and water buffalo horn), but the concentration of horn given by a traditional Chinese medicine specialist are many many times lower than used in those experiments. In short, says Amin, you’d do just as well chewing on your fingernails.

      This is a very good conclusion for this article. It give science backed facts that support the idea of Rhino horn use in medicine, but explains it is not relevant or practical, even if its true.

      The last sentence ends it with the perfect amount of tone and truth. Chewing on you fingernails would be the same dose and affect of being prescribed Rhino horn.

    4. Rhino Horn Use: Fact vs. Fiction

      "Rhino Horn Use: Fact vs. Fiction" PBS. August 20 2010. Web. March 5 2016. <www.pbs.org>

    1. In addition to the relationship between knowledge and opinion on climate change, we expect belief in climate change and engagement in public discourse on the issue to be related

      "What" is also being stated is the economists believing there to be a correlation between opinion and discourse on the subject to be related. There are differing conceptions of how this hypothesis should be portrayed. For example some believe that the more talked about the subject, the more the people engaged will have the same belief. However, on the other hand, there is differing belief that engaging in public discourse is separate in relationship to one's political stance/party. Therefore Shreck and Vedlitz, are hoping to determine a correlation in the relation in public discourse and personal opinion/ belief. This however, is to be looked at when controls on societal, economic, and environments roles are still in action.

    2. This conclusion comes with the caveat that further study is needed to determine whether this pattern appears consistently in other studies, or whether it is merely an artifact of this particular sample.

      In my opinion, I find this to be a good audience appeal. Although, some might say this information discredits the ethos of the study, I believe it helps in showing that more information is needed to find out clearer results. The authors establish ethos by showing that this subject needs more study to further understand its results. The fact that they want to further their research and keep looking into the subject is great and shows their true interest in the subject.

    3. One possible conclusion that we might draw from this is that increased engagement in public discourse might be associated with some emerging consensus on the reality of anthropogenic climate change, but not on the policy debates regarding what should be done about it.

      Interesting perspective. Although people might engage in conversation about climate change the real debate needs to be on policy implementation to help change the problem, not on the problem itself.

    4. The Public and Its Climate: Exploring the Relationship Between Public Discourse and Opinion on Global Warming

      Shreck, Brian, and Arnold Vedlitz. "The Public And Its Climate: Exploring The Relationship Between Public Discourse And Opinion On Global Warming." Society & Natural Resources 29.5 (2016): 509-524. Academic Search Premier. Web. 4 Mar. 2016.

      Within Society and Natural Resources: An International Journal, Shreck and Vedlitz claim that there appears to be a positive association between people engaging in conversation about climate change and the strong belief that climate change actually exists. They go on to further state that this conversation about climate change is occurring on both sides of the debate spectrum, which later will force both sides to address the issue.

    5. Brian Shrecka* & Arnold Vedlitz

      Brian Shreck is a joint appointment in the Department of Political Science and the National Wind Institute. He focuses his area of study specifically on wind energy and public policy. I see him as being highly qualified as he is at Texas Tech University as a Postdoctoral Research Scholar. He obviously has credibility on the subject of climate change and how it is being addressed throughout society. http://perg-tamu.com/people/brian-shreck

      Furthermore, Shreck's co author Arnold Vedlitz is obviously just as qualified as him, as he is "holder of the Bob Bullock Chair in Government and Public Policy and director of the Institute for Science, Technology and Public Policy (ISTPP) in the Bush School of Government and Public Service". He has done a lot throughout his career pertaining to the environment which only adds to his credibility. http://bush.tamu.edu/faculty/avedlitz/

    6. Second, for the exchange to be truly deliberative, citizens must be open to receiving and considering this new information and new arguments and, ultimately, to changing their minds when confronted with convincing new arguments or contradictory evidence that make their current positions indefensible.

      This point is a good way to increase credibility as the authors are addressing that people should listen to and welcome refutations of the arguments. Therefore, every aspect of the argument is addressed.

    7. We fielded a national survey to collect opinions, knowledge, and engagement on climate change, including individuals’ informal public discourse with family members, friends, and coworkers

      I would be interested in seeing the survey. I want to know if the same size was large enough to constitute the results of the survey. Who received the survey? Are the questions potentially biased?

    8. However, the polarization on the issue of climate change calls into question what the result of more public discourse might look like. Would the result be an emerging consensus toward belief in the reality of climate change—and accompanying support for public policies to curb human impacts? Or would the outcome be more of the same polarization that we see now?

      This is an interesting point. Because very little people are engaging in conversation about climate change currently, would increasing talk about climate change only cause more polarization on the subject or bring a new light to the subject?

    9. These data give us a unique opportunity to analyze empirically how, and how much, the U.S. public engages in discussion of this very important but technically complex and politically contested issue.

      Here is what "they" are saying. Shreck and Vedlitz are saying that in order for this issue to be truly understood it needs to be looked at two ways. First, is that people need to have an open-mind. One must consider the other sides perspectives and stay impressionable to the argument being made. Second, people need to realize that in order to engage in deliberative democratic theory they must have an active, engaged, and knowledgeable political entity that will consider all ideas equally and will reconsider its existing ideas in the face of new evidence or arguments.Because of this, they will be exposed to new information and ideas which will either help deepen their initial position or help sway them in the opposite direction.

    1. Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs): Transgenic Crops and Recombinant DNA Technology

      Phillips, T. (2008) Genetically modified organisms (GMOs): Transgenic crops and recombinant DNA technology. Nature Education 1(1):213

    2. Theresa Phillips, Ph.D

      Doctor Philips has a wealth of knowledge in this field. Her sources for this article are also from respected publishers and authors. This all adds to her credibility for this topic and article.

    3. Faster maturation

      At this point does genetic modification become inhumane? Other documentaries point out inhumane living conditions of animals, how would this play a role in that?

    4. Unfortunately, seeds containing genes for recombinant proteins can cause unintentional spread of recombinant genes or exposure of non-target organisms to new toxic compounds in the environment.

      Philips is identifying the risks associated with GMOs, without "bashing" them, it shows that she is seeing the topic from a unbiased perspective.

    5. Then, in 1986, a publication by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), called "Recombinant DNA Safety Considerations," became the first intergovernmental document to address issues surrounding the use of GMOs. This document recommended that risk assessments be performed on a case-by-case basis. Since then, the case-by-case approach to risk assessment for genetically modified products has been widely accepted; however, the U.S. has generally taken a product-based approach to assessment, whereas the European approach is more process based (Devos et al., 2007). Although in the past, thorough regulation was lacking in many countries, governments worldwide are now meeting the demands of the public and implementing stricter testing and labeling requirements for genetically modified crops.

      This sort of address the question I had about widespread adoption of GMOs. Since there are so many different takes on the positives and negatives surrounding GMOs, we would need something to try and educate people about them.

    6. Increased Research and Improved Safety Go Hand in Hand

      Philips is saying that with proper research and diligence that the use of GMOs can be safely commercialized. This doesn't seem too bias, because she doesn't immediately say GMOs are going to be a big success or failure.

    7. History of International Regulations for GMO Research and Development

      Would the history and the perception of GMOs effect its widespread adoption in the future? Or are the use of GMOs just so necessary, the benefits outweigh the consequences?

    8. Risks and Controversies Surrounding the Use of GMOs

      This is a good way to show the downsides of the GMOs, but do the positives outweigh the negatives? The author is both showing the positives and negatives of the use of GMOs.

    9. Vitamin enrichment

      The introduction of "Golden Rice" has the advantage of having a high amount of Vitamin A in it that normal rice, why wouldn't more people want to eat it?

    10. This is a good question to pose, if people already get injected with a low dose of a disease, what is the problem with genetic modification? Also it is a good way to get the reader engaged, because of the great question it poses.

    1. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) removed federal protections for the wolves (Canis lupus) in 2012. The agency concluded that the canids had fully recovered from near-extinction

      I do believe, to a certain extent, that wolves do not need as much protection as they once had. Wolf conservation programs and organizations have done so much over the past decades to ensure their survival. However, that does not mean I am trustful of states to be able to properly and legally regulate appropriate wolf hunting.

    2. FWS spokesman Gavin Shire disagreed, saying that the “science clearly shows that wolves are recovered in the Great Lakes Region, and we believe the Great Lakes states have clearly demonstrated their ability to effectively manage their wolf populations.”

      Morell gives the reader(s) many facts and quotes from reliable sources to let them think of their own opinions themselves. Without giving any bias, Morell's credibility skyrockets, in my book, because she doesn't give any "hints" or suggestions to the reader(s) to either side.

    3. Howell agreed, finding that FWS had incorrectly interpreted the ESA by not assessing the species as a whole. The agency’s delisting decision was “fatally flawed,” she wrote, because it was tied to “a scientific finding that turned out to be, at best, premature, or, at worst, erroneous.”

      A quote directly states how the removal of wolves could be detrimental to the survival of the species as a whole.

    4. At the time of the wolves’ delisting, federal wildlife biologists estimated the animals’ population in the region at 4400. That number dropped to 3748 this year as a result of hunting and trapping, and state plans called for an even greater decline. For instance, Wisconsin’s Department of Natural Resources was aiming for a statewide wolf population of just 350 animals (from a high of 800).

      Morell is giving logos and ethos. I am still not sure of her claim. Her article doesn't seem to have one. She gives no clues on whether or not she supports wolves or not. She is just stating facts.

    5. By Virginia Morell

      Morrell is very nonbiased in this article. Throughout the paper, she gives no hints on whether she is biased or not. From her previous articles however, you see a trend of all her works being about animals.

    6. Judge returns Great Lakes wolves to endangered species list

      Author gives first hint to the argument, though the claim is not too clear. Though the title is very open and non-bias.

    7. Gray wolves in the western Great Lakes region are once again protected by the U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA), following a federal court ruling. The decision ends wolf hunting and trapping in Minnesota and Wisconsin. In Michigan, which does not allow wolf hunting, voters recently rejected an effort to establish a wolf season.

      This shows Morell's argument of the back-and-forth war of wolf conservation.

    8. © 2016 American Association for the Advancement of Science. All rights Reserved. AAAS is a partner of HINARI, AGORA, OARE, PatientInform, CHORUS, CLOCKSS, CrossRef and COUNTER.

      Recent updates and publications. The credibility and reliability of the site is a scholarly source.

    9. Judge returns Great Lakes wolves to endangered species list

      Morell, Virginia. "Judge Returns Great Lakes Wolves to Endangered Species List." Science, AAAS. American Association for the Advancement of Science, 22 Dec. 2014. Web. 06 Mar. 2016.

    1. The finding of an association between ZIKV infection and hydrops fetalis suggests that thevirus may cause damage to tissues in addition to the fetal central nervous system.

      The authors claim that Zika virus leads to not only microcephaly, but also Hydrops fetalis which occurs when abnormal amounts of fluid build up in two or more body areas of a fetus or newborn.

    2. Given that large numbers of pregnant women in the region havebeen or will be exposed to this strain, systematic investigation of spontaneous abortions andstillbirths may be warranted to evaluate the risk that ZIKV infection imparts on theseoutcomes.

      The authors are forecasting that Zika virus will bring about large numbers of abortions and stillbirths in infected pregnant women across the Americas and Caribbean. The authors stand neuter about the abortion issue.

    3. We cannot extrapolate from this single case the overall risk for developing hydrops fetalisand fetal demise among pregnant women exposed to the virus.

      The authors acknowledge their research have a problem which is difficult to generalize from a single example. The purpose of the investigation aims at raising public awareness about the risk of Zika virus to fetal.

    4. The first indication of an abnormal pregnancy was theultrasound finding of intrauterine growth retardation in the 18thgestational week.

      This sentence indicates that abnormal fetus infected Zika virus can identify after 18 weeks gestation. Abortion at this point in a pregnancy is rare and hard to come by. Therefore, it makes more difficult to have abortion.

    5. Since the majority (73%) of ZIKV infections are asymptomatic [10], it is likely that expo-sures in pregnant women, such as in the case of our patient, often go unnoticed.

      That is why Zika virus is dangerous to pregnant women because they are hard to notice whether they are infected or not.

    6. Furthermore, it serves as an alert to cli-nicians that in addition to central nervous system and ophthalmological manifestations [6,7,9],congenital ZIKV infection may cause hydrops fetalis and fetal demise.

      In its final analysis, the authors state a hypothesis that Zika virus could lead to hydrops fetalis and fetal demise by using a research.

    7. This case report of a fetus provides additional evidencefor the link between ZIKV infection and microcephaly.

      This is the major core content in the Scholarly Journal that finds the connection between Zika and microcephaly based on a case study from a Brazil Woman. While reading article, the audience can easily find difference between Popular Articles and Scholarly article. It is written by researchers and scholars from various medical institution, generally uses scholarly language such as ZIKV(zika virus), Hydrops, and Hydranencephaly. Also, it includes full citations on the bottom of article. Therefore, it is more difficult to appeal to the general public than Popular Article, but it includes accurate evidences which are actual ultrasound views and gives an exact definition about Zika virus by developing logos.

    8. While conducting an outbreak investigation in Salvador, Brazil, we identified a patient whowas referred to Hospital Geral Roberto Santos with an abnormal fetal ultrasound examinationand followed during outpatient evaluations.

      The authors attached four abnormal fetal ultrasound views in the article, so it gain credibility from the audience by using the viewable evidences. Also, it can help the audience better understand their main hypothesis.

    9. A large increase in the number ofnewborns with microcephaly was subsequently identified in Brazil in November 2015. At pres-ent, more than 4,500 microcephaly cases have been reported [4].

      Zika virus have been reported with the increase in microcephaly more than 4,500 cases. Therefore, it is highly possible with the connection between Zika and microcephaly.

    10. The current outbreak of microcephaly has raised speculations that Zika virus (ZIKV) causes acongenital syndrome. ZIKV, a mosquito-borne flavivirus, was detected in Brazil in early 2015[1,2] and has rapidly spread throughout the Americas [3].

      The authors emphasize that Zika virus is not only problem of Brazil, but also entire Americas.

    11. The case report provides evidence that in addition to microcephaly,there may be a link between Zika virus infection and hydrops fetalis and fetal demise.

      The authors suggest their theory and point out that Zika virus is a devastating disease to fetus because it can lead to fetal demise.

    12. The rapid spread of Zika virus in the Americas and current outbreak of microcephaly in Bra-zil has raised attention to the possible deleterious effects that the virus may have onfetuses.

      This is background of the scholarly journal that Zika virus and microcephaly would have some connection.

    13. This case report provides evidence that in addition to microcephaly, there may be a linkbetween Zika virus infection and hydrops fetalis and fetal demise.

      The authors report a case of a 20-year-old woman who was referred to their service after Zika virus outbreak. An induced labor was performed at the 32 weeks due to fetal demise. The authors formulate a hypothesis that Zika virus infection may have relevance to stillbirths. Although it has some persuasive points, their delivery could have been effective by developing more evidences. They commit the logical fallacy called sweeping generalization. It is nonsense to generalize to use just one case of stillbirth. To gain credibility, they need to find more examples about the case.

    14. The rapid spread of Zika virus in the Americas and outbreak of microcephaly in Brazil hasraised attention to the possible deleterious effects that the virus may have on fetuses.

      Most of the audience already acknowledge a correlation between Zika virus and Microcephaly. The authors calculate that Zika virus may result in other possible harmful effects on fetus.

    Tags

    Annotators

  7. Feb 2016
    1. How were human beings created? • Where did they obtain their knowledge, and how did they provide for themselves?

      1) Human beings were created by birth from mother and father.

      2) The father passed on his offspring and that his how they gained knowledge.

    2. What was the source of life? • What were the differences between Earth-mother and Sky-father? • Where did the moon and stars come from?

      1) The animals were taking care of humans that were in need of help.

      2) The difference was day and night. The mother and father both created the light and darkness in the day. Bringing the moon, sun and earth.

      3) The sky-father created the moon and stars for the night time.

  8. Jan 2016
    1. What were the three major crops developed in the Americas? What impact did they have?

      The three major crops were corn, beans and squash which all had nutritional needs that sustained the cities and civilizations.

    2. The last global ice age trapped much of the world’s water in enormous continental glaciers. Twenty thousand years ago, ice sheets, some a mile thick, extended across North America as far south as modern-day Illinois and Ohio.

      The ice age across North America left many people to panic on how they were going to survive these harsh temperatures. They had to find many ways to stay warm and finding food was tough because they would be trapped from going out in the cold.

  9. Dec 2015
    1. “Consumers will conclude that these people have not done anything in spite of what they’ve been saying, and that becomes a credibility issue,” he said. “For a company like Chipotle, which talks a lot about the integrity of its food, that’s seriously damaging.”

      I AGREE

    2. Today” show to apologize to the people who became sick most recently. “I’m sorry for the people who got sick. They’re having a tough time and I feel terrible about that,” Mr. Ells said in an interview.

      Its not really his fault, but then again it is because his company hires anybody. If Ells cared that much about implementing food with integrity, he should have a policy of hiring "experienced" workers.

    3. The company’s shares dropped $19.07, to $522.01, after the new outbreak came to light. The stock is down 30 percent from its high of $757.77 in August.

      I am not surprised that the shares dropped that low

    4. Chipotle says it is working to put in place programs to monitor the safety of each of the 68 ingredients it uses, using methods like high-resolution testing and additional food-safety training for its employees

      The company should've been considered this option

    5. The same bacteria has sickened 53 people in eight other states

      This is bad

    1. 60 samples of every 2,000 pounds of steak will be tested before it's sent to stores.

      This should have been an option

    2. "Food With Integrity"

      Do Chipotle's food really have Integrity?

    3. Onions will be dipped in boiling water to kill germs before they're chopped. Raw chicken will be marinated in resealable plastic bags, rather than in bowls. Cilantro will be added to freshly cooked rice so the heat gets rid of microbes in the garnish.

      If every Chipotle restaurant in the world consider this option, the company will overcome the harmful outbreak.

    4. So they will remain chopped on in restaurants, along with lemons, limes, and jalapenos. All will now be blanched to kill germs.

      So are "automation" foods safer to eat, rather than fresh produce since the fresh produce has a high risk for foodborne illness?

    1. No single food item has been identified as a source of illness.

      CDC, FDA and state health officials need to check again because there has to be something wrong with the food if people are getting sick.

    2. The restaurant chain is also increasing food safety training of its employees and making improvements to its ingredient testing

      Is it really going to be an improvement?

    3. More E. coli cases linked to Chipotle; may be a different outbreak

      What do the reporter mean by "a different outbreak"?

    4. Symptoms, which include diarrhea and abdominal pain, usually begin two to eight days after a person has been exposed to the bacteria and resolve within a week. Some cases are severe and patients can develop hemolytic uremic syndrome, or HUS, which is a type of kidney failure. There have been no cases of HUS or deaths from this outbreak, although 20 of those who have become ill have been hospitalized.

      Abdominal pain is severe. Abdominal pain can lead to Unitary Tract Infections, and very painful menstrual periods.

  10. Sep 2015
    1. 等值

      相当于价值是……

    2. 提取

      retirer ex.: 提款=提钱 取款机 🏧 提现

    3. 境外

      !=国外 在中国的用法中,“境外”包括港澳台。

    4. 连续多日

      J+1, J+2, J+3...

    5. 同日

      J+0

    6. 隔日

      J+1

    7. 防范

      防止

    8. 警惕

      vigilance

    9. 个人

      particuliers

    10. 分拆

      =拆分 拆分 chāifēn 动把整体或成套的东西拆开分解。 这家企业被拆分 | 拆分机器设备

    11. 获悉

      =知道/了解到

    12. 加强

      renforcer <-> 减弱 affaiblir

    13. 下发

      上级给下级发(文件/命令/……) 下发 xiàfā 动发送到下级或基层。 本文件下发县(团)级 | 救灾物资要迅速下发。

    14. 独家

      exclusive

    15. 外汇局

      (国家)外(汇)管(理)局

    16. 购汇

      购(买外)汇

    17. 独家:外汇局下发特急文件加强蚂蚁搬家式购汇管理

      S1-3 : économie chinoise T6

    18. 特急

      特别急迫 extrêmement urgent ex.: 特快/特效

    1. 量化宽松

      QE

    2. 近期动态很重要,因为它表明,中国当局尚未找到解决这三个难题的办法。更糟糕的是,他们在过去7年里所尝试的权宜之计甚至已使困境变得更麻烦。或许,市场先生已预感到,中国的处境将是多么的艰难,而中国可能会采取的一些选项实际上会造成多么大的动荡。中国的选项包括货币贬值、超低利率,甚至还有量化宽松。如果真是如此,当前市场动荡或许并不显得愚蠢。全球储蓄过剩可能变得更严重。那会让所有人都受到影响。

      中国当局尚未找到解决三个难题的办法,在当前可行的选项面前,市场动荡不一定是坏事。

    3. 现在,这给中国当局留下了三个巨大的经济难题。第一个是清理过去金融过度行为的遗产,同时避免发生金融危机。第二个是重塑经济,使增长更依赖私人与公共部门的消费,减轻对超高水平投资的依赖。第三个是在实现以上所有目标的同时维持总需求的强劲增长。

      中国目前的投资繁荣给当局留下了三个经济难题:要一边减少金融过度,一边避免金融危机;要实现经济从依赖投资到依赖消费的转变;要继续维持总需求的强劲增长。

    4. 可持续

      durable

    5. 这种对总需求不足的担忧由来已久。自从西方的金融危机以来,这就成了一个非常令人担心的问题,因为危机摧毁了对于中国出口的需求。正因如此,中国自己推动了一次信贷助长的投资繁荣。潜在产出增长率下降的同时,投资占GDP的比例却在显著地(并令人担忧地)升高。长期来看,这两种状况的组合是不可持续的。

      中国当前的投资繁荣是自己通过信贷推动的,是不可持续的。

    6. 边际回报率
    7. 假设这是真的。根据官方数据,2014年固定资产投资占国内生产总值(GDP)的44%。投资数字有可能比GDP数字更准确。但是,一个经济体的投资占到GDP的44%,增长率却仅为5%,这在经济上合理吗?不合理。这些数据反映了超低的(如果不是负值的话)边际回报率。如果这样,投资可能大幅下降。如果首先砍掉浪费性投资的话,这或许不会降低潜在增长率,但将造成需求大减。中国当局在做的每一件事都表明,他们担心的正是这一点。

      中国当局实际担心的是,在边际回报率超低的情况下减少投资,将造成需求大减。

    8. 中国经济已然放缓。“新常态”的说法承认了这一现实。但共识经济学公司(Consensus Economics)提出了不同的增长预测。新预测的平均值显示,在截至2015年第四季度的一年内,中国经济增速将仅为5.3%(见图表)。

      从“新常态”的说法和共识经济学公司的预测中,可以看出中国经济已经并将继续放缓。

    9. 看待近期事态,必须考虑到更深层次的担忧。问题在于,中国当局是否有能力、并且愿意实现经济从投资驱动转型为消费主导,同时维持总需求。如果能办到,中国经济还将保持6%至7%的增长率。否则,就可能发生经济和政治动荡。

      中国经济和政治是否能稳定,取决于中国当局是否有能力、有意愿在维持总需求的前提下,实现从投资驱动到消费主导的经济转型。

    10. 以上并非中国当局的行为让人有理由担心的唯一方面。其他方面还有8月11日的人民币贬值。就本身而言,这不算重大事件,迄今人民币兑美元汇率累计跌幅仅为2.8%。但人民币贬值有重要的含义。中国当局想要大幅降息的空间,如同本周二降息那样。这再次突出显示了他们对经济健康状况的担心。另一个可能的含义是,北京方面或许在寻求重振出口驱动的增长。我发现这一点难以置信,因为它的全球后果将是毁灭性的。但至少,对其破坏稳定的可能性感到担忧是合理的。最后一个可能的含义是,中国当局开始准备容忍资本外流。如果是这样,美国将会自食其果。华盛顿方面一直敦促中国放开资本项目管制。那么,美国或许不得不忍受破坏稳定的短期后果:人民币贬值。

      人民币贬值有三层可能的重要含义:一是中国当局担心经济状况,二是中国寻求重振出口,三是开始准备容忍资本外流。

    11. 重振

      重(新)振(兴/作)

    12. 然而,由于两个相互关联的原因,中国股市行情有了更重要的含义。第一个原因是,中国当局决定押上巨大的资源、甚至他们的政治权威,试图阻止股市泡沫破裂(这一努力没有成功并非意外)。第二个是,他们一定是出于担心经济才这么做的。如果他们担心到对这样渺茫的希望下注的地步,我们其他人也应当感到担忧。

      中国股市行情因为当局的介入,而具有重要的含义。

    13. 重塑

      重(新)塑(造)

    14. 权宜之计

      权宜 quányí 形暂时适宜的;临时变通的。 权宜之举 | 权宜之计 Mesure / disposition temporaire prise en raison des circonstances. 可以说:不得不采取/采用权宜之计

    15. 押③动以财物作担保。 把房子押出去 | 押金 | 抵押 押金 yājīn ①名作为抵押的钱。 领取客房钥匙要先交押金。 ②名预付款。 住院要先付押金 押宝 yābǎo 动赌博的一种,参赌的人在赌具“宝”的几种可能中凭猜测下注,猜对了为胜;比喻指望靠运气来进行某项活动。

    16. 敦促

      敦促 dūncù 动催促。 敦促作者早日交稿。

    17. 自食其果

      自食其果 zìshíqíguǒ 自(己)(吞)食(其:自己的,自己种出的)(苦:因此是贬义)果。比喻做了坏事,结果自己受到惩罚。

    18. 难以置信

      不容易相信 程度不同的表达有:无法置信/不可置信……