Good instructional design is based on the industry-standard Instructional System Design (ISD) model. The ISD model comprises five stages—analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation—and is a systems approach to instructional design in that it views “human organizations and activities as systems in which inputs, outputs, processes (throughputs), and feedback and control elements are the salient features.”

, it also requires creativ­ity in ide ntifying and solving instructional proble ms. I SD includes several phases, including analysis, design, developme nt, imple mentation, and evaluation, and is characte rized by the overarching concept of design

Instmctional systen1S design (IS D ) is the process for creating instructional sys­tems. It is both systematic and scientific in that it is d ocume ntable , replicable in its general application, and leads to predictable outcomes

instructional systems can function in coordination with other human performance improvement syste ms, such as knowledge management systems, incentive systems, organizational developme nt syste ms, and personnel selectio n syste ms.

instructio nal systems are some­ti mes referred to as training systenlS

educational systems when they focus more on generalized inte l­lectual development and personal compete nce.

a variety of forms, ranging fro m narrowly focused technical training courses to loosely structure d student-focused learning enviro nments, and exist in virtually any institution with the express purpose ofdeveloping human capacities. These include public schools, universities, miJitary organizations, business and industry, public service, and no n­profit organizations.

An i11Stmctional system may be defined as an arrangement of r esources and p roce­dures used to facilitate learning.