- Jan 2024
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www.bbc.com www.bbc.com
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The mouse seemed indeed to be exhibiting rewarding behaviour, Dr Jackson said, as the behaviour was being repeated.
It seems as though the main point that the article is trying to reach is that while nesting is common for mice, the mouse seems to be doing it for in its mind different purpose. The idea that it feels rewarded for tidying up the shed is something that should be studied further as long as there continues to be no harm done to Mr. Holbrooks shed.
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- Nov 2023
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www.frontiersin.org www.frontiersin.org
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for: MET, MST, MCT, FET, MET - information, MST - information, Amanda N. Robin, major evolutionary transition, major system transition, facilitating evolutionary transition
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Title:Major Evolutionary Transitions and the Roles of Facilitation and Information in Ecosystem Transformations
- Author: Robin et al.
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Date: 2021
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Abstract
- A small number of extraordinary “Major Evolutionary Transitions” (METs) have attracted attention among biologists.
- They comprise novel forms of
- individuality and
- information,
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and are defined in relation to organismal complexity, irrespective of broader ecosystem-level effects.
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This divorce between
- evolutionary and
- ecological consequences
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qualifies unicellular eukaryotes, for example, as a MET although they alone failed to significantly alter ecosystems.
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Additionally, this definition excludes revolutionary innovations not fitting into either MET type
- (e.g., photosynthesis).
- We recombine
- evolution with
- ecology
- to explore how and why entire ecosystems were
- newly created or
- radically altered
-
as Major System Transitions (MSTs).
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In doing so, we highlight important morphological adaptations that spread through populations because of
- their immediate, direct-fitness advantages for individuals.
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These are Major Competitive Transitions, or MCTs.
- We argue that often
- multiple
- METs and
- MCTs
- multiple
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must be present to produce MSTs.
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For example, sexually-reproducing, multicellular eukaryotes (METs) with
- anisogamy and
- exoskeletons (MCTs)
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significantly altered ecosystems during the Cambrian.
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Therefore, we introduce the concepts of Facilitating Evolutionary Transitions (FETs) and Catalysts as
- key events or agents that are insufficient themselves to set a MST into motion,
- but are essential parts of synergies that do.
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We further elucidate the role of information in MSTs as transitions across five levels:
- (I) Encoded (Genetic);
- (II) Epigenomic;
- (III) Learned;
- (IV) Inscribed; and
- (V) Dark Information.
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The latter is ‘authored’ by abiotic entities rather than biological organisms.
-
Level
- IV has arguably allowed humans to produce a MST, and
- V perhaps makes us a FET for a future transition that melds
- biotic and
- abiotic life
- into one entity.
- Understanding the interactive processes involved in past major transitions will illuminate both
- current events and
- the surprising possibilities that abiotically-created information may produce.
Indyweb / Indranet citations - Michael Levin, Roy Baumeister, Adam Omary youtube conversation - specifically, the question about whether a social superorganism of global human civilization / society / culture constitutes a new Major Evolutionary Transition of Individuality - https://hyp.is/rQgvZn2hEe6-TF8HFSS9mg/docdrop.org/video/UfoVTA0ilsY/
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- Oct 2023
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www.frontiersin.org www.frontiersin.org
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In this paper, we reconsider the major events in the history of life on Earth, from the first cells to the recent technological developments of human societies. We focus primarily on which METs identified by Maynard Smith and Szathmáry (1995) have produced MSTs, either directly or in combination with MCTs and catalysts. In reexamining these major transitions, we also highlight the importance of information for both the METs and the resulting MSTs, and speculate upon the role that Level V dark information may play in a future major transition.
-
for: research goal, research goal - METs that produce MST for life on earth
-
key research goal
- paraphrase
- This paper considers the major events in the history of life on Earth,
- from the first cells
- to the recent technological developments of human societies.
- The focus is primarily on which METs identified by Maynard Smith and Szathmáry (1995) have produced MSTs, either
- directly or
- in combination with MCTs and catalysts.
- In reexamining these major transitions, the authors also highlight the importance of information for both
- the METs and
- the resulting MSTs,
- and speculate upon the role that Level V dark information may play in a future major transition.
- This paper considers the major events in the history of life on Earth,
-
-
Eukaryotic single-celled organisms appear in the fossil record perhaps by 1.6 BYA (Knoll et al., 2006). Yet for a “boring billion” years of evolutionary history, they remain minor components in bacterial-dominated ecosystems before explosively radiating as large, multicellular species in an Ediacaran and Cambrian MST. Eukaryotes are obviously essential for this MST, as all animals, plants and fungi are eukaryotes. However, the initial appearance of eukaryotic cells seems insufficient for a MST.
-
for: example, example - MET and FET insufficient for MST
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example: MET and FET insufficient for MST
-
paraphrase
- Eukaryotic single-celled organisms appear in the fossil record by approx. 1.6 BYA (Knoll et al., 2006).
- Yet for a “boring billion” years of evolutionary history, they remain minor components in bacterial-dominated ecosystems
- before explosively radiating as large, multicellular species in
- an Ediacaran and
- Cambrian MST.
- before explosively radiating as large, multicellular species in
- Eukaryotes are obviously essential for this MST, as all
- animals,
- plants and
- fungi
-
are eukaryotes.
-
However, the initial appearance of eukaryotic cells seems insufficient for a MST
-
-
Whereas MSTs happen to ecosystems, METs and MCTs happen to species.
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for: MST, MET, MCT, comparison, comparison - MET - MST - MCT
-
comment
- comparative difference
- MST happen to ecosystems
- MEC, MCT happen to species
- comparative difference
-
-
We retain Szathmáry’s (2015) definition of Major Evolutionary Transitions (METs) as being Fusions and Information Leaps, and introduce the term Major System Transitions (MSTs) to describe large-scale ecosystem transformations that appear irreversible.
-
for: MST, MET
-
comment
- This paper introduces major system transitions (MST) to the existing definition of METs.
-
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- Feb 2023
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berjon.com berjon.com
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he wiring up of a civilisation of billions of people, which is itself some steps into a major transition towards complex sociality, faces similar questions
- See references on = John Boik's evidence-based approach to build a social superorganism and Peter Nonacs, Amanda Robin and Kayla Denton's research on = Major System Transition and especially the variables that play the support role of = Facilitating Evolutionary Transition (FET), which include = Major Evolutionary Transition (MET) and = Major Competitive Transition (MCT)
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- May 2022
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www.usmcu.edu www.usmcu.edu
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This is the vision of OP Sapiens Star—that human’s evolution is not finished, and that the hyperthreat provides the impetus for a quantum leap into a new way of being. Through achieving a galactically significant mission—saving Earth’s ecological integrity—the Homo sapiens species “stars” within the universe. Humans go from being a menace and fighting one another to being heroic, creative, and tolerant.
This can be interpreted as an instantiation of the hero's journey, in the context of research that combines evolution with ecology as in the research paper: Major Evolutionary Transitions and the Roles of Facilitation and Information in Ecosystem Transformations (Robin et al., 2021).From this lens, cumulative cultural evolution (CCE) was first made possible through spoken language, then accelerated through written language. The authors claim that another Major System Transition (MST).is emerging, which they posit to be abiotic in nature involving Artificial Intelligence.
Faced with a self-induced civilization-scale threat, we may ask whether a major cultural evolution may be necessary to avoid catastrophe and whether it may constitute another MST. Could a rapid higher level global understanding of the epistemological dualism of self and other which undergirds normative alienation, othering and conflict, both with others of our own species, of other species and with the planetary system itself play a major role in the transition?
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- Nov 2021
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So to sum things up what caused life's major evolutionary transitions the answer is cooperation major transitions begin when a group of organisms join forces to better survive and reproduce if cooperation continues long enough a new super organism may Emerge one that can then go [on] to reproduce and evolve as a whole and 00:07:42 The pathway that led [to] animals along with humankind [at] least three major transitions have been identified resulting in four layers of Life within your own body
Within this human body, we embed 4 different stages of Major Evolutionary Transitions (MET).
Our human body is the product of billions of years of evolution, embodying various outputs from each major stage of a Major Evolutionary Transition (MET). We are a multi-cellular being, a colony. Yet,at the same time, we have living elements that at one time in history, were independent living beings which were NOT part of a multi-cellular colony!
In the deep history of the evolution of the human body, genes, mitochondria, eukaryotes were all once autonomous living entities, each a biological self with its own boundary separating inner from outer. Virus's helped to catalyze their mutualism over deep time.
Now, over billions of years of evolution, they are all integrated together by the extra-cellular matrix and laminin protein into our multi-cellular human body, replicating as one super, super, super organism.
Finally, inscribed language has allowed us to undergo another kind of transition, a major system transition (MST) where human beings now dominate the entire biosphere, for better and for worse.
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Each new layer of Life is the result of what scientists call a major evolutionary transition? What was the cause of these transitions the answer is? Cooperation a Major Transition starts when free living creatures team up to form a cooperative group in the early stages of cooperation Participants are free to come and go as they [please] [if] a group sticks together long enough however 00:04:51 Division of labor will often evolve different participants begin specializing in different tasks as time goes on Individuals may become so specialized that they can no longer survive on their own [if] the entire group becomes locked into cooperation Depending fully on one another to survive and reproduce a new super organism has been forged and they made your evolutionary transition is complete 00:05:16 From this point on the entire group will evolve together as one Models describing natural situations that might promote the evolution of major transitions have been put forth by scientists such as John Maynard Smith [fior] Sonck Mary stuart West and w d hamilton using these models Researchers have been able to Mimic natural scenarios in the lab Allowing us to directly witness the beginnings of major transitions [evolved]
This is the key to Major Evolutionary Transition - a population of free living individual creatures discover that in teaming up, there is a greater resultant evolutionary fitness, mutualism symbiotic relationship emerges. It becomes so strong over time that the many become a self-replicating one.
The biological self is always defined by a boundary between inner and outer, but in this act of mutualism, the many biological selves join to form a new higher order biological self.
In this way, a multi-cellular species like ours is somewhat like one of those nested Russian dolls.
Indeed, Amanda Robins hypothesizes
https://hyp.is/NyrixELGEeyYWN_d76UNMg/docdrop.org/video/6J-J72GoqhY/
that our species has undergone what she and Peter Nonacs calls Major System Transition (MST). The cultural artifact of inscribed language has made possible a superorganism / supraorganism that has spread across the globe.
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docdrop.org docdrop.org
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Professional musicians, concert pianists get to know this instrument deeply, intimately. And through it, they're able to create with sound in a way that just dazzles us, and challenges us, and deepens us. But if you were to look into the mind of a concert pianist, and you used all the modern ways of imaging it, an interesting thing that you would see 00:11:27 is how much of their brain is actually dedicated to this instrument. The ability to coordinate ten fingers. The ability to work the pedal. The feeling of the sound. The understanding of music theory. All these things are represented as different patterns and structures in the brain. And now that you have that thought in your mind, recognize that this beautiful pattern and structure of thought in the brain 00:11:52 was not possible even just a couple hundred years ago. Because the piano was not invented until the year 1700. This beautiful pattern of thought in the brain didn't exist 5,000 years ago. And in this way, the skill of the piano, the relationship to the piano, the beauty that comes from it was not a thinkable thought until very, very recently in human history. 00:12:17 And the invention of the piano itself was not an independent thought. It required a depth of mechanical engineering. It required the history of stringed instruments. It required so many patterns and structures of thought that led to the possibility of its invention and then the possibility of the mastery of its play. And it leads me to a concept I'd like to share with you guys, which I call "The Palette of Being." 00:12:44 Because all of us are born into this life having available to us the experiences of humanity that has come so far. We typically are only able to paint with the patterns of thoughts and the ways of being that existed before. So if the piano and the way of playing it is a way of being, this is a way of being that didn't exist for people 5,000 years ago. 00:13:10 It was a color in the Palette of Being that you couldn't paint with. Nowadays if you are born, you can actually learn the skill; you can learn to be a computer scientist, another color that was not available just a couple hundred years ago. And our lives are really beautiful for the following reason. We're born into this life. We have the ability to go make this unique painting with the colors of being that are around us at the point of our birth. 00:13:36 But in the process of life, we also have the unique opportunity to create a new color. And that might come from the invention of a new thing. A self-driving car. A piano. A computer. It might come from the way that you express yourself as a human being. It might come from a piece of artwork that you create. Each one of these ways of being, these things that we put out into the world 00:14:01 through the creative process of mixing together all the other things that existed at the point that we were born, allow us to expand the Palette of Being for all of society after us. And this leads me to a very simple way to go frame everything that we've talked about today. Because I think a lot of us understand that we exist in this kind of the marvelous universe, 00:14:30 but we think about this universe as we're this tiny, unimportant thing, there's this massive physical universe, and inside of it, there's the biosphere, and inside of that, that's society, and inside of us, we're just one person out of seven billion people, and how can we matter? And we think about this as like a container relationship, where all the goodness comes from the outside to the inside, and there's nothing really special about us. 00:14:56 But the Palette of Being says the opposite. It says that the way that we are in our lives, the way that we affect our friends and our family, begin to change the way that they are able to paint in the future, begins to change the way that communities then affect society, the way that society could then affect its relationship to the biosphere, and the way that the biosphere could then affect the physical planet 00:15:21 and the universe itself. And if it's a possible thing for cyanobacteria to completely transform the physical environment of our planet, it is absolutely a possible thing for us to do the same thing. And it leads to a really important question for the way that we're going to do that, the manner in which we're going to do that. Because we've been given this amazing gift of consciousness.
The Palette of Being is a very useful idea that is related to Cumulative Cultural Evolution (CCE) and autopoiesis. From CCE, humans are able to pass on new ideas from one generation to the next, made possible by the tool of inscribed language.
Peter Nonacs group at UCLA as well as Stuart West at Oxford research Major Evolutionary Transitions (MET) West elucidates that modern hominids integrate the remnants of four major stages of MET that have occurred over deep time. Amanda Robins, a researcher in Nonacs group posits the idea that our species of modern hominids are undergoing a Major Systems Transition (MST), due specifically to our development of inscribed language.
CCE emerges new technologies that shape our human environments in time frames far faster than biological evolutionary timeframes. New human experiences are created which have never been exposed to human brains before, which feedback to affect our biological evolution as well in the process of gene-culture coevolution (GCC), also known as Dual Inheritance theory. In this way, CCE and GCC are entangled. "Gene–culture coevolution is the application of niche-construction reasoning to the human species, recognizing that both genes and culture are subject to similar dynamics, and human society is a cultural construction that provides the environment for fitness-enhancing genetic changes in individuals. The resulting social system is a complex dynamic nonlinear system. " (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3048999/)
This metaphor of experiences constituting different colors on a Palette of Being is a powerful one that can contextualize human experiences from a deep time framework. One could argue that language usage automatically forces us into an anthropomorphic lens, for sophisticated language usage at the level of humans appears to be unique amongst our species. Within that constraint, the Palette of Being still provides us with a less myopic, less immediate and arguably less anthropomorphic view of human experience. It is philosophically problematic, however, in the sense that we can speculate about nonhuman modalities of being but never truly experience them. Philosopher Thomas Nagel wrote his classic paper "What it's like to be a bat" to illustrate this problem of experiencing the other. (https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/cross_fac/iatl/study/ugmodules/humananimalstudies/lectures/32/nagel_bat.pdf)
We can also leverage the Palette of Being in education. Deep Humanity (DH) BEing Journeys are a new kind of experiential, participatory contemplative practice and teaching tool designed to deepen our appreciation of what it is to be human. The polycrisis of the Anthropocene, especially the self-induced climate crisis and the Covid-19 pandemic have precipitated the erosion of stable social norms and reference frames, inducing another crisis, a meaning crisis. In this context, a re-education of embodied philosophy is seen as urgent to make sense of a radically shifting human reality.
Different human experiences presented as different colors of the Palette of Being situate our crisis in a larger context. One important Deep Humanity BEing journey that can help contextualize and make sense of our experiences is language. Once upon a time, language did not exist. As it gradually emerged, this color came to be added to our Palette of Being, and shaped the normative experiences of humanity in profound ways. It is the case that such profound shifts, lost over deep time come to be taken for granted by modern conspecifics. When such particular colors of the Palette of Being are not situated in deep time, and crisis ensues, that loss of contextualizing and situatedness can be quite disruptive, de-centering, confusing and alienating.
Being aware of the colors in the Palette can help us shed light on the amazing aspects that culture has invisibly transmitted to us, helping us not take them for granted, and re-establish a sense of awe about our lives as human beings.
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- Sep 2021
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dev-gang.ru dev-gang.ru
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Инкапсуляция - Ваши данные не могут быть изменены извне, они могут быть изменены в «действиях». Таким образом, к нему легко получить доступ, но он защищен от доступа извне.
Это не инкапсуляция, а сокрытие
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Local file Local file
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ST-optimized NT-647 dye (RED-tris-NTA).
NT-647 is not available now. NT-647 is a red dye.
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The observed Kd values were 1.3 ± 0.2 nM for the His6 peptide, 0.6 ± 0.3 nM for IDH R132H and 2.4 ± 1.1 nM for p38α
2 points:
- binding Kd is about 1nM
- Kd for different targets could be slightly different
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- Mar 2021
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en.wikipedia.org en.wikipedia.org
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The thermophoresis of a fluorescently labeled molecule A
fluorescent label is needed? here the molecule A is protein or ligand?
Tags
Annotators
URL
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