transformational leadership entails establishingoneself as a role model by gaining followers’ trust and confidence. Transformational leadersstate future goals, develop plans to achieve those goals, and innovate, even when theirorganization is generally successful

non-stereotypically masculine male leaders (i.e. leaders who identify with expressive traits) are better prepared to show individualized consideration, contingent reward behaviours and EI than more "masculine" male leaders.

the multivariate test of differences for the type of gendered identity was statistically significant

Leaders who identify both with masculine and feminine traits (i.e. androgynous) will show higher scores in transformational leadership, contingent reward behaviours and EI than other leaders.

women do not show lower scores on instrumentality than men

the most effective leaders combine both stereotypically masculine and stereotypically feminine identity traits

Expressiveness will mediate the relation between participants' sex and their scores on individualized consideration, contingent reward behaviours and EI.

Male leaders will show lower scores on individualized consideration, contingent reward behaviours and EI than female leaders

it has been shown that individuals' identification with expressive and instrumental traits -, i.e. gender identity ([47] Parsons and Bales, 1955) - guides perceptual, affective and behavioural responses in important ways and mediates the effect of sex in relevant individual and group processes

whether identification with gendered traits is one of the processes through which sex differences in leadership styles come about.

we attempt to broaden our knowledge of men's and women's differential use of three communal dimensions of leadership: individualized consideration, contingent rewards and emotional intelligence (EI)

men are, in principle, considered to be less prepared for the display of stereotypically feminine leadership behaviours

research has demonstrated that this type of leadership is in line with the characteristics and traits that have been historically linked to women

which direct our attention to leaders' transformational and people-oriented behaviours such as managing and appropriately expressing emotions, motivating employees, focusing on development and mentoring of followers, providing rewards for their satisfactory performance or attending to their individual needs

Results show that male leaders' lower scores in individualized consideration, positive contingent reward and emotional intelligence are partly explained by their lower identification with expressive traits. Furthermore, results indicate that integration of counter-stereotypical traits into the self positively relates to effectiveness in the sense of use of a wider range of leadership styles for both women and men.

Now she sits at the center of a social movement that never seems to stop surging

two, what can other bodies learn from this, i.e. how can we all move beyond gender dichotomies to queer leadership

one, what are the perceptions of and expectations around leadership performed by a transgender body?

We seek to highlight the relational dynamics involved in how leaders are constructed within the binaries of natural/unnatural, feminine/masculine, man/woman, and heterosexual/homosexual.

assumes that for bodies to cohere and make sense there must be a stable sex expressed through a stable gender (masculine expresses male, feminine expresses female)

Namibian society is fairly conservative, particularly where issues of morality, customs and family values are concerned

customary law survives only to the extent that it does not confl ict with the Constitution

Women’s rights and family matters

11 different ethnic groups,

Namibian government currently does not recognise polygamous marriages

increase the representation of women in management positions

Therefore, any law, custom, stereotype or belief that oppresses or deprives women of their inherent right to reach their full potential cannot be binding on any person at all

advancement of persons within Namibia who have been socially, economically or educationally disadvantaged by past discriminatory laws or practices

law prohibits any discrimination and guarantee all persons equal and effective protection against discrimination on any ground such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status.56

Ministry of Gender Equality and Child Welfare.

Land rights and property

The main function of the bride price is to prevent divorce

gives the man and his kinship group certain rights of control over the woman

Customary marriages

women being traditional leaders cannot be taken to imply that women are given equal opportunity in community decision-making processes

Decision-making

the universal justifi cation for treating women as inferior is that they are intellectually immature and, therefore, cannot form proper judgments.

Education

social status

promotion of multilingualism and the maintenance of indigenous practices

Communal Land Reform Act grants women equal rights when they apply for communal land

are obliged to include at least four women

Everything was basically done by women and girls, day in and out

most prominent within the sphere of the family household.

matters that pertain to the children.

the maintenance of such gender and role conceptions in Namibian society at large

the eldest son makes all the major decisions

one of the few constitutions in the world that uses gender-neutral language throughout,

Until Namibia gained its independence, its society was deeply patriarchal and divided along racial lines.

Literacy rate

pension

adolescent birth rate

physical and/or sexual violence

44.2% of seats in parliament were held by women

legal frameworks