Water Rejection (detect if the sensor array surface is covered in water and trigger a shut down).

hetouch sensors can also be configured to be moisture tolerant, and support Water Rejection capabilities.A proximity sensing mode is also supported

RP U Internal weak pull-up resistor — 45 — kΩRP D Internal weak pull-down resistor — 45 — kΩ

In summary, the output data rate of an ECG channel can be calculated as follows:(5)And the output data rate of a PACE channel can be calculated as follows:

Up to three channels can be configured with proximity mode

The Clock Glitch Detection module on ESP32-S3 monitors input clock signals from XTAL_CLK

The touch sensors are controlled by a Touch Finite State Machine (Touch FSM). The Touch FSM can betriggered by software or a dedicated hardware timer to conduct a measurement (i.e., take a sample) on aparticular touch pin.

To determine whether a touch pin has been touched, the following touch-detection methods aresupported:– Polling of touch sensor samples via software.– Built-in hardware algorithm

Good TX performance indicates proper RF impedance matching. Poor RX sensitivity may result from external coupling to the antenna. For instance, the crystal signal harmonics could couple to the antenna. If the TX and RX traces of UART cross over with RF trace, they will affect the RX performance, as well. If there are many high-frequency interference sources on the board, signal integrity should be considered.

Add a 10 μF filter capacitor to the branch of the power trace (the branch powering the chip’s analog power pin). The 10 μF capacitor should be as close to the analog power pin as possible for small and stable voltage ripples.

The width of the main power traces should be no less than 25 mil. The width of VDD3P3 power traces should be no less than 20 mil. The recommended width of other power traces is 10 mil.

If the PCB antenna cannot be placed outside the board, please ensure a clearance of at least 15 mm around the antenna area (no copper, routing, or components on it), and place the feed point of the antenna closest to the board

Electrical CharacteristicsElectrical Characteristics (continued)

Backup Power-Supply Input. When using the device with the VBAT input as the primary power source, this pinshould be decoupled using a 0.1μF to 1.0μF low-leakage capacitor. When using the device with the VBAT inputas the backup power source, the capacitor is not required. If VBAT is not used, connect to ground. The device isUL recognized to ensure against reverse charging when used with a primary lithium battery.

Supply Voltage

CHIP_PU is set to low level. The chip is shut down.

Power supply voltage 3.0 3.3 3.6

VDD3P3_RTC 2 Recommended input voltage 3.0 3.3 3.6 V

VDD3P3_RTC Input RTC and part of Digital power domains

In Table 2-3 IO MUX and GPIO Pin Functions and Table 2-4 RTC and Analog Pin Functions some pin functions arehighlighted . The non-highlighted GPIO or RTC_GPIO pins are recommended for use first. If more pins areneeded, the highlighted GPIOs or RTC_GPIOs should be chosen carefully to avoid conflicts with important pinfunctions.

Cryptographic hardware acceleration:– AES-128/256 (FIPS PUB 197)– Hash (FIPS PUB 180-4)– RSA– Random Number Generator (RNG)– HMAC– Digital signature

– ULP-RISC-V coprocessor– ULP-FSM coprocessor

CoreMark® score:– 1 core at 240 MHz: 613.86 CoreMark; 2.56CoreMark/MHz

The functional block diagram of the SoC is shown below.

Only a few other American books seem to have been published on the "how to" of advertising until the 1880s. In that decade, several types of publications began to appear: pamphlets or books that promoted the services of individual agencies; instructional books on how to do the work of advertising; and professional journals. Among the journals, one of the earliest and most successful was Printers' Ink, founded in 1888 by the ubiquitous George P. Rowell. The early promotional books, well exemplified by the "Blue Books" of the J.Walter Thompson Company [several examples are part of this project] sometimes combined information on the importance of advertising with samples of the agency's work, photos of their offices, and sometimes media information (e.g. newspaper or magazine circulation and rate information). Thompson also started very early to publish promotional books targeted to specific markets; The Red Ear of 1887 [excerpted in this project] listed agricultural papers that would be the appropriate medium for advertisers of farm products.

The first advertising agency in America was set up by Volney Palmer in Philadelphia in 1841. For the next several decades the work of agencies was to broker space for advertisers in newspapers. It was not until the 1870s and 1880s that agencies began to resemble the "full service" operations that became the standard in the 20th century. Full service agencies may provide, for example, consultation on marketing problems, product naming, package design, advertisement design and production, and research, as well as purchasing media space or time to get the advertising message out to the public.

In 1922, the Queensboro Corporation aired the first-ever radio commercial promoting the sale of apartments in Jackson Heights, New York City. In 1941, Bulova watches launched the first television commercial, marking the beginning of a new era of advertising, and these innovative moments in advertising history laid the foundation for future advancements.

Using the aforementioned textual elements, the first ad for coffee was published as strictly text with no visual elements. It appeared on May 26th, 1657 in the Publick Advisor: In Bartholomew Lane, on the back side of the Old Exchange the drink called coffee, which is a very wholesome and physical drink, have many excellent vertues, closes the orifices of the stomach, fortifies the heat within, helpeth digestion, quickeneth the spirits, maketh the heart lightsum, is good against eye-sores, coughs, or colds, rhumes, consumptions, head ache, dropsie, gout, scurvy, King’s evil, and many others; is to be sold both in the morning and at three of the clock in the afternoon. (Wood, 1958, p.32)

The walls of Pompeii were blanketed with messages in what could be considered as the earliest example of billboard advertising (Sampson, 1875). The campaign slogans for politicians would also be displayed

In Pompeii, examples of advertising on shop signs for establishments for drinking and eating and accommodations were mostly simplistic in nature but there are also examples of “beautiful illustrations and persuasive words” (Rokicki, 1987)

It was these activities that are found at the dawn of the advertising era. In pre-literate cultures, street callers would announce the arrival of ships, cargo and where proprietors would be able to set up tables to sell their fruits and vegetables

“Advertising today is selling Corn Flakes to people who are eating Cheerios” (Levinson, 1994) In one simple sentence, advertising icon Leo Burnett is able to provide insight into the complex and constantly-evolving world of advertising. While you may not recognize Burnett by name, there is no doubt that you will know his work as he is responsible for bringing some of the most recognized brands to life; including: the Pillsbury Doughboy, the Keebler Elves, the Marlboro Man, the Jolly Green Giant, Tony the Tiger and Ronald McDonald. What made Leo Burnett so successful was the innovative use of textual, audible and visual elements to capture the imagination and the emotions of the target demographic. It is these elements combined with the emergence of communication technologies that have allowed advertising to evolve into an entity that blends information, innovation and science to be the educator of new technology.

Thomas J. Barratt from London has been called “the father of modern advertising”. Working for the Pears Soap company, Barratt created an effective advertising campaign for the company products, which involved the use of targeted slogans, images and phrases. One of his slogans, “”Good morning. Have you used Pears’ soap?” was famous in its day  and well into the 20th century. Under Barratt’s guidance, Pears Soap became the world’s first legally registered brandand is therefore the world’s oldest continuously existing brand.

Between 2012 to 2022, we came to believe that the natural structure for online interaction was for billions of people to all use the same small number of privately-owned social platforms. We’re increasingly realizing now that it was this centralization idea itself that was unnatural

If Scrum Teams become too large, they should consider reorganizing into multiple cohesive Scrum Teams, each focused on the same product. Therefore, they should share the same Product Goal, Product Backlog, and Product Owner.

Doing an insufficiently thorough job search. Here's what a thorough job search looks like: identifying 50 people not advertising an on-target job but with the power to hire you for your target job or create one for you, and you not only pitch yourself to them but make the effort to build a relationship with them over months. You must also regularly contact your extended personal network to get leads and build the relationship, have a good LinkedIn profile, craft many top-of-the-heap job applications, including collateral material such as a white paper, a portfolio, and substantive follow-ups after job interviews, for example, a mini business plan describing what you'd do if hired.

Good product managers don’t give direction informally. Good product managers gather information informally.

Direct flights are much less harmful to the environment. A sustainability factor could be used as a selling point for direct (more expensive) flights, so Kayak can get a bigger cut.

macOS should automatically downscale content of documents that are having a single paragraph on the last page.

FMCG

two important principles any modern product manager will recognise: Kaizen – improving the business continuously while always driving for innovation and evolution and Genchi Genbutsu – to go to the source to find the facts to make correct decisions.

The Hewlett-Packard Way this policy is credited with sustaining Hewlett-Packard’s 50 year record of unbroken 20% year-on-year growth between 1943 and 1993.

McElroy later became Secretary of Defense and helped found NASA, proving all product managers are destined for greatness, but he also advised at Stanford where he influenced two young entrepreneurs called Bill Hewlett and David Packard.

What he laid out in his 800-word memo was a simple and concise description of “Brand Men” and their absolute responsibility for a brand – from tracking sales to managing the product, advertising and promotions. Uniquely he outlined that the way to do this was through thorough field testing and client interaction.

It had only been a few months since Apple Music placed U2’s new album, “Songs of Innocence,” in every user’s library without their consent, leading to significant backlash, and forcing Apple to create a specialized tool for its removal.

At the same time, Spotify’s new Browse feature, which became the app’s new starting view and showcased hand-curated playlists like Your Favorite Coffeehouse by Spotify’s editorial team, was experiencing significantly higher user engagement compared to the Discover feature.

Spotify knew that they essentially had two main types of users. Those that knew the music they wanted to listen to, which they referred to as “lean-forward” listeners.  And those that didn’t really know the artists or the albums and they just wanted the service to help them discover music that they would love, which they referred to as “lean-back” listeners.

The first is how the company decides the most important problems to solve – the product strategy. The second is how they solve those problems and discover solutions worth building – product discovery. And the third is how they build, test and deliver those solutions to their customers – product delivery

Joakim, he was an early coach at Spotify as they were working to establish, then scale, their organization and product culture, and then he joined the famed Stockholm-based consultancy, Crisp as a partner.  He spends his time coaching companies moving to the product model.

Joakim Sundén

These are often very high-potential people.  And I’m not alone.  Several of the top product companies recruit directly out of top business school programs.  They just know they need to “de-program” the students, as one of my friends from Google refers to the coaching process.

“As much as possible, avoid hiring MBAs. MBA programs don’t teach people how to create companies … our position is that we hire someone in spite of an MBA, not because of one.” – Elon Musk

Fast turn-on/off switching to reduce the device switching losses Gate plateau near middle of gate drive range to balance turn-on/off losses Low output capacitance Coss for low switching energy and to increase light load efficiency Drain-source breakdown voltage VBR(DSS) to handle spikes/overshoots Low thermal resistance RthJC. Package selection must consider the resulting total thermal resistance fromjunction to ambient, and the worst case surge dissipation, typically under low-line cycle skipping andrecovery into highline while ramping the bulk voltage back up. The body diode commutation speed and reverse recovery charge are not important, since body diodenever conducts in the CCM boost converter.

For a boostconverter, the following are some major MOSFET selection considerations for high efficiency applicationdesign: Low figure-of merits - RDS(ON)*Qg and RDS(ON)*Eos

FC Inductor and input line current waveforms in the three different operating modes0 1 10 4- 2 10 4- 3 10 4- 4 10 4-051015Iin t( )IL t( )tCritical Conduction Mode (CrCM)

A circuit breaker is a safety device to prevent damage to devices in a circuit, such as electric motors, and wiring when the current flowing through the electrical circuit supersedes its design limits. It does this by removing the current from a circuit when an unsafe condition arises. Unlike a switch, a circuit breaker automatically does this and shuts off the power immediately, or darn close to immediately. In this way it works as an automatic service protection device.A switch is typically used as an isolator, turning power on and off to a particular device. A circuit breaker, on the other hand, can be used to protect a circuit that contains many switches or devices. An exception to this is a disconnect switch, which is used to connect or disconnect power to an entire control panel, or machine.Simply put, a switch is designed to switch power on and off, a circuit breaker “breaks” the circuit in an overload or fault condition. Switches switch and breakers break. These differences are crucial to understanding their safety and practicality.

Figure 6 shows a high-impedance 10x probe where the input impedance is 9MΩ, the input impedance inside the oscilloscope is 1MΩ, and the total input impedance is 10MΩ. For 10x probes, the signal has 10x attenuation via impedance matching, and the higher attenuation ratio reduces the signal-to-noise ratio. Because the ripple is a small signal, it is better suited a 1x probe without impedance matching because the signal is not distorted.

Due to the influence of parasitic inductors and capacitors in the circuit, the actual switching power supply produces high-frequency switching noise in the switching tube as the power supply switches on and off (see Figure 2). The switching noise frequency exceeds the switching frequency; the switching noise magnitude relates to the parasitic parameters and PCB layout.

Consider a buck circuit. This switching device turns on and off at a certain frequency. Switch ripples are generated while the device switches, meaning these ripples are generated within the switching cycle. Typically, switching ripples range between tens of kHz to several MHz

Both low- and high-frequency ripple currents are not functions of the amount of capacitance. Low-frequency current is a function of the output power; it is not a function of line voltage. High-frequency ripple is greatest at low line and is a function of line, boost inductance and output power.

Two main considerations determine how much capacitance you will need: the required holdup time and the allowable ripple voltage.

Benefits of Discretes IGBT are high current density and low power dissipation resulting in higher efficiency and smaller heat sink to allow lower overall system cost.

Features• VCE = 650 V• IC = 40 A• Powerful monolithic diode optimized for ZCS applications• High ruggedness, temperature stable behavior• Very low VCEsat and low Eoff• Easy paralleling capability due to positive temperature coefficient in VCEsat• Low EMI• Low electrical parameters depending (dependence) on temperature• Qualified according to JESD-022 for target applications• Pb-free lead plating; RoHS compliant• Complete product spectrum and PSpice Models: http://www.infineon.com/igbt/

Current Loop Feedback Configuration(Sizing of the Current Transformer Turns Ratio and Sense Resistor (RS)

Similar to other power management devices, whenlaying out the PCB it is important to use star grounding techniques and to keep filter and high frequency bypasscapacitors as close to device pins and ground as possible. To minimize the possibility of interference caused bymagnetic coupling from the boost inductor, the device should be located at least 1 inch away from the boostinductor. TI recommends the device not be placed underneath magnetic elements

The bridge rectifier must be rated to carry the full line current. The voltage rating of the bridge should be at least600 V. The bridge rectifier also carries the full inrush current as the bulk capacitor COUT charges when line isconnected.

Detailed Design Procedure

A resistor-divider network from VREF to GND can easily program the peak current limit voltage on PKLMT,provided the total current out of VREF is less than 2 mA to avoid drooping of the 6-V VREF voltage. TIrecommends a load of less than 0.5 mA, but if the resistance on PKLMT is very high, TI recommends a smallfilter capacitor on PKLMT to avoid operational problems in high-noise environments.

One of the main benefits from the 180° interleaving of phases is significant reductions in the high-frequencyripple components of both the input current and the current into the output capacitor of the PFC preregulator.Compared to that of a single-phase PFC stage of equal power, the reduced ripple on the input current eases theburden of filtering conducted-EMI noise and helps reduce the EMI filter and CIN sizes. Additionally, reduced high-frequency ripple current into the PFC output capacitor, COUT, helps to reduce its size and cost. Furthermore, withreduced ripple and average current in each phase, the boost inductor size can be smaller than in a single-phasedesign

The UCC28070 power factor corrector IC controls two CCM (Continuous Conduction Mode) Boost PFC powerstages operating 180° out of phase with each other. This interleaving action reduces the input and output ripplecurrents so that less EMI filtering is needed and allows operation at higher power levels than a non-interleavedsolution.

RSYN RSYNTH resistance 15 750 kΩRRDM RDM resistance 30 330 kΩ

Soft-Start and External Fault Interface. Connect a capacitor to GND on this pin to set the soft-start slew ratebased on an internally-fixed, 10-μA current source. The regulation reference voltage for VSENSE is clamped toVSS until VSS exceeds 3 V. Upon recovery from certain fault conditions, a 1-mA current source is present at theSS pin until the SS voltage equals the VSENSE voltage. Pulling the SS pin below 0.6 V immediately disablesboth GDA and GDB outputs.

One of the key aspects of Tech-Positive Parenting is encouraging interactive learning experiences. Instead of passive consumption of content, parents can promote activities that require active engagement.

Note: PCB and auxiliary circuits are NOT optimized for final customer design.Note: Boards do not necessarily meet safety, EMI, quality standard (for example UL, CE) requirements.

THE PHASE-SHIFT FULL BRIDGE (PSFB) is a classic topology for applications that must accommodate a wide range of operating voltages, as with battery chargers. A PSFB converter generally uses four power switches (MOSFETs or IGBTs) to form a full bridge on the primary side of an isolation transformer.

Both the output charge and gate charge are ten times lowerthan with Si, and the reverse recovery charge is almost zero, which is key for high-frequency operations.

The complete switching waveforms are shown in the following figure.

The PCB capacitance at the switch node can be minimized by following these guidelines:• Minimize overlap between the switch-node plane and other power and ground planes• Thin the GND return path under the high-side device somewhat while still maintaining a low-inductance path• Choose high-side isolator ICs and bootstrap diodes with low capacitance• Locate the power inductor as close to the power stage as possible• Power inductors should be constructed with a single-layer winding to minimize intra-winding capacitance• If a single-layer inductor is not possible, consider placing a small inductor between the primary inductor andthe power stage to effectively shield the power stage from the additional capacitance• If a back-side heat-sink is used, restrict the switch-node copper coverage on the bottom copper layer to theminimum area necessary to extract the needed heat

The LMG341xR070's SOURCE pin is also signal ground reference. The signal GND plane should be connectedto SOURCE with low impedance kelvin connection. In addition, the return path for the passives associated to thedriver (e.g. bypass capacitance) must be connected to the GND plane. In Figure 19, local signal GND planes arelocated on the second copper layer to act as the return for the local circuitry. The local signal GND planes areisolated from the high-current SOURCE plane except the kelvin connection at the source pin through enough lowimpedance vias.

By using an inner layer and not the bottom layer, the vertical dimensionof the loop is reduced, thus minimizing inductance

LMG341xR070s can be paralleled directly in soft-switching applications. As for hard-switching applications, smalldecoupling inductors should be utilized to parallel the two half-bridge LMG341xR070s. This type of setupprevents current and thermal unbalances among the parallel devices due to any propagation delay and gate-source threshold voltage mismatches, and other factors.

From equation (1) we see that under light loading, IL1 is small, so that ZVS operation is not easily achieved, but as the load is increased ZVS operation is more easily realized.

As in the explanations of Modes (5) and (6) and Modes (12) and (13), in the lagging leg, if the amount of energy stored in LS is not greater than that stored in COSS for a MOSFET, the MOSFET charging and discharging are not completed, and so ZVS operation is not achieved.

Due to these changes in current paths, and as explained for Modes (7) and (14) in particular, the turn-on of a MOSFET in the lagging leg causes the input power supply and LS to be series-connected, and the energy in LS decreases rapidly. Because this action does not occur in the leading leg, differences occur in the current waveforms for the leading leg and the lagging leg as a result. Because of these differences in current waveforms, losses are different in the leading-leg MOSFETs and in the lagging-leg MOSFETs, and the amounts of heat generated are different, so care must be exercised in the thermal design.

Q2 turns on. At this time DQ2 is conducting, so the Q2 drain-source voltage VDS_Q2 is essentially zero. That is, ZVS operation is achieved, and so a turn-on loss does not occur

Below, operation and current paths for Modes (1) to (14) are described

Switching transitions for switches in the Q1- Q4 leg start the power transfer interval. Therefore this leg iscalled the ‘Passive to Active’ leg.

For the system discussed here, switching transitions for switches in the Q2- Q3 leg end the power transferinterval. Therefore this leg is called the ‘Active to Passive’ leg.

Power dissipation due to OUTPUT slewing during FET turn ON in the recirculation path is given by:PSW3 [W] = (0.5 x VD x IL x VD / SRrise x fPWM) + (0.5 x VD x IL x VD / SRfall x fPWM), where, (4)i. fPWM = PWM switching frequency [Hz]ii. VD = FET body diode forward bias voltage [V]iii. IL = Load current [A]iv. SRrise = Output voltage slew rate during rise [V/sec]v. SRfall = Output voltage slew rate during fall [V/sec]This dissipation is typically not considered as it is quite insignificant.

Power dissipation due to the dead times between switching FETs is given by:PSW2 [W] = (VD x IL x tDEADrisex fPWM) + (VD x IL x tDEADfallx fPWM), where, (3)i. fPWM = PWM switching frequency [Hz]ii. VD = FET body diode forward bias voltage [V]iii. IL = Load current [A]iv. tDEADrise = dead time during rise [sec]v. tDEADfall = dead time during fall [sec]Dead times are necessary to mitigate any risk of current shoot through between the switching powerFETs. Integrated FET drivers often have a feedback based self timed FET switching sequence to ensurethe smallest possible dead times while avoiding any shoot through current.

Power dissipation from conduction loss of each FET due to its on-resistance is given by:PRON [W] = RON × IL2, where, (1)a. RON = FET on-resistance [ohm]b. IL = Load current [A]

Power dissipation due to output slewing during rising and falling edges is given by:PSW1 [W] = (0.5 x VM x IL x VM / SRrise x fPWM) + (0.5 x VM x IL x VM / SRfall x fPWM), where, (2)i. fPWM = PWM switching frequency [Hz]ii. VM = Supply voltage to the driver [V]iii. IL = Load current [A]iv. SRrise = Output voltage slew rate during rise [V/sec]v. SRfall = Output voltage slew rate during fall [V/sec]Output slewing rate is a balance between EM (Electro magnetic) performance and device powerdissipation.

Here’s the thing. My brain sees letters and numbers as a color palette — the exact same color palette for as long as I can remember. For example, if you write the number ‘20’ in green on a white piece of paper, I see green on the page but if I look away, I see a light blue “2” and a black “0” in my mind.