Although Reconstruction only lasted from 1865 to 1877, the issuesdebated then forecast many of the controversies that would envelopAmerican society in the decades that followed. The definition ofAmerican citizenship, the power of the federal government and itsrelationship to the states, the future of political democracy in a societymarked by increasing economic inequality—all these were Reconstructionissues, and all reverberated in the Gilded Age and Progressive era thatfollowed.

But just as the American Revolution leftto nineteenth-century Americans the problem of slavery, the Civil Warand Reconstruction left to future generations the challenge of bringinggenuine freedom to the descendants of slavery.

based on a scientific analysis of citation data

Surprisingly, even publications in prestigious journals or from several independent groups did not ensure reproducibility.

Additional broader impacts will emerge from analyses of the whooping crane dataset. Through collaborations with endangered species biologists in the US Geological Survey, these analyses will have direct relevance to specific management actions for the whooping crane, such as the timing, group size, and composition of crane reintroductions and potentially their training with ultra-light aircraft.

Just as comprehensive datasets of genomic sequence have revolutionalized biological discovery, large-scale quantitative measurements of gene expression and morphology will certainly be of great assistance in enabling computational embryology in the future. Such datasets will form the essential basis for systems level, computational models of molecular pathways and how gene expression concentrations and interactions alter to drive changes in cell shape, movement, connection, and differentiation. In this review, we discuss the strategies and methods used to generate such datasets.

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Nobody uses fine language when teaching geometry.