?

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ollowingly,a second cluster contains the Citation Betweenness Centrality and Pagerank measures that rely on thegraph-properties of the citation network.

O(N2−N2)

FIG. 1: System outlin

Such systems for the generation of metadata can besaid to operate on a “Robin Hood” principle; they takefrom metadata-rich resources and give to metadata-poorresources, with the exception that metadata is not azero-sum resource

Collaborative filtering systemsare commonly employed in online retail systems to rec-ommend items of interest to individual users. Using theprinciple that similar users are more likely to appreciatesimilar items, users are recommended items that aremissing from their profiles but occur in the profiles ofsimilar users.

However, it is inadequate for recording an audit trail of a cross-repository value chain, which needs identity expressed at the granularity of copies of digital objects in specific repositories.

schol-arly usage data as a tool to study the dynamics of scholar-ship in real time

t is thus conceivable that us-age data can provide new insights in the scholarly process,and that novel measures

ESUR has collected nearly1 billion usage events as well as all associated bibliographicand citation data from significant publishers, aggregatorsand institutional consortia to construct a large-scale usagedata reference set

“In this way [of regional approaches], Europe could move forward to achieve its goals without waiting for international consensus,”

Given that retractions are an extremely rare occurrence, this method identifies with high likelihood individuals who are responsible for scientific misconduct.

retractions, which are usually the consequence of research misconduct,

Only journal impact factor showed a consistent effect on citation.

possible that positive articles are of a higher quality.

Relationship between direction of the results (regardless of their significance) and citation frequency

Data extraction was performed in duplicate (BD and MJEU).

We brought together all available evidence on citation bias across scientific disciplines and quantified its impact.

Investigators who have invested time and effort into developing a trial should have a period of exclusivity in which to pursue their aims

There must be a strong scientific argument or other legitimate rationale for the data to be used for the requested purpose

A controlled access approach may bring opportunities for collaboration that an open access approach cannot.

An open access approach demands that the burdensome process of making all data ready for sharing is undertaken for all trials, regardless of the likelihood of future use of the data and whether support to prepare datasets is available.

Neither do we support attempts to distort data to anonymise or de-identify it, specifically to de-couple it from the original patients. We consider that such manipulation has not been addressed adequately in any of the published policy documents, and currently we do not regard it as feasible.

re likely to be able to identify themselves in open access datasets from combinations of variables

None of our clinical trials have asked for consent to disclose IPD data on the Internet.

We inspected this possible dependency with the intra-class correlation (ICC), where ICC = 1 indicates full dependency and ICC = 0 indicates full independence. For the set of observed results, the ICC for nonsignificant p-values was 0.001, indicating independence of p-values within a paper (the ICC of the log odds transformed p-values was similar, with ICC = 0.00175 after excluding p-values equal to 1 for computational reasons).

SD+SC+SU+

pF

An independent samples t-test confirmed the significance of this differencet(320.7) = -4.456, p < .01

Annotations,such as definitions or references,aredisplayed in asidebar.

Our findings indicate that the PC was the predominant readingdevice type among respondents, with 92% having read an article from PC in the last two weeks, as opposed to 19% for mobile and 51% for paper.

five key aspects of the articleformat

Figure 3:

Figure 2: T

I will focus on how researchers can instigate a cultural shift to change the incentive structure by valuing the improvement of research rigor through ethical publishing.

We do not find empirical support that mandatory data disclosure policies or the availability of data or code have a significant effect on the incidence of replication

Cells printed in bold had sufficient results to inspect for evidential value.

How will flipping to a different business model address our need for a sustainable infrastructure covering our data and code, at the same time as it is addressing this (non-exhaustive) list of missing/lacking functionalities in our scholarly literature? Link-rot No scientific impact analysis Lousy peer-review No global search No functional hyperlinks Useless data visualization No submission standards (Almost) no statistics No content-mining No effective way to sort, filter and discover No semantic enrichment No networking feature

Some of my unanswered questions: How do DOI resolvers decide when it is acceptable to modify the metadata associated with the DOI in order to 'fix' link rot? Do all resolvers follow the same policy? If a resolver were to act maliciously, could they start returning false results without detection? Is there any version control for metadata over time, to see how different resolvers behaved at a certain point? How many resolvers use the cryptographic signing functionality offered by the Handle system? Do any resolvers integrate web capturing and content fingerprints to prove the link they fixed is the same content that the original DOI pointed at?

“Simply giving people an affiliation and an e-mail address means that when they submit a paper to a journal or a conference, it will get read and their work will have a shot at surviving on its own merits,

The problem is that, as of 2017, only about 10% of websites have enabled HTTPS,

By "open access" to this literature, we mean its free availability on the public internet, permitting any users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of these articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. The only constraint on reproduction and distribution, and the only role for copyright in this domain, should be to give authors control over the integrity of their work and the right to be properly acknowledged and cited.

Authors have a duty to give appropriate credit to previous work. Almost every scientist stands on the shoulders of those who came before, to paraphrase a quote made by Isaac Newton in the 17th century.

these forensic tools are useful in the absence of transparency, but they are no substitute for it.

There is, of course, the risk that we will go too far in the other direction and impose so many burdens on scientists to make everything transparent that science will grind to a halt (Lewandowsky & Bishop, 2016).

If a critical mass of scientists become untrustworthy, a tipping point is possible in which the scientific enterprise itself becomes inherently corrupt and public trust is lost, risking a new dark age with devastating consequences to humanity”

What’s more, disconnecting humans from peer review would ease the tension between the academics who want open access and the commercial publishers who are resisting it.

Rather than viewing predatory publishers as a disease in themselves, I suggest we should regard them instead as a symptom of malaise within the academic research establishment

citizens can just do whatever they want.

As a reminder, academics literally invented the internet, I think we can and should be doing better.

FraudDetTools

But the decentralized model of content distribution is not without its challenges. To understand them, we need to review some of the fundamentals behind the BitTorrent protocol

the Union which grant different terms of protection, the country whose legislation grants the shortest term of protection;

Member States shall encourage rightholders and research organisations to define commonly-agreed best practices concerning the application of the measures referred to in paragraph 3.

research organisations

n order to carry out text and data miningof works or other subject-matter to which they have lawful access for the purposes of scientific research.

contractual provision contrary to the exception provided for in paragraph 1 shall be unenforceable

While a conscious deliberative choice is an option in principle for adult humans with normal cognitive capacities, it is surprisingly rarely made in everyday contexts of action. Often we simply follow our familiar routines.

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Cannot provide insights into the sizes and directions of the coefficients

the researcher has to keep a very detailed record of each and every decision made along the way. This is very difficult to achieve using a point-and-click method.

If a scientist made a deviation from the methods and procedures described in the paper that had no impact on the data or results, then this deviation would not be treated as fabrication or falsification.

s, then they believe that an aim of scientific research is to develop true theories and hypotheses about entities that exist, including unobservable ones.

Discoverability, Accessibility, Transparency, and Actionability (DATA)

the

Similar to chemistry laboratory, the emphasis is on the right answer not the right practice. Ironically, some research suggests that the inherent openness and ambiguity of science laboratory experiments, including opportunities to design one’s own messy experiments, has the potential to promote critical thinking skills and collaborative problem solving similar to that which takes place in everyday practice of science, e.g., (Roth 1994; Etkina et al. 2010).

machine learning canreify existing patterns of discrimination—if they are foundin the training dataset, then by design an accurate classifierwill reproduce them

Ulrich’s Periodicals Directory (Ulrichs) is regarded as the most complete and consistent source for monitoring the number of periodical titles

More than 30 % Newly Created journals provide Open Access.

Video requires a fixed frame rate, so streaming video stalls when its input queue runs dry. To overcome such problems, FCC rules allow special codes that give priority passage for packets of data carrying voice calls or video frames, so that they flow quickly and uniformly through the Internet.

Well-document

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WSGI

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other members of the Reproducibility Project at the Center for Open Science. Dr. Nosek and his team led an attempt to replicate the findings of 100 social science studies

We note that Dr. Imanishi-Kari has long suggested that her questioned experiments could be rerun by investigators to verify that the reported results would be obtained and that she would be willing to let somebody with doubts spend time in her laboratory to repeat those experiments

(After the statement’s release, LaCour told the New York Times that he did not use Qualtrics, but another unidentified company.)

Danish Committees on Scientific Dishonesty: