collection of data traditionally considered unprotected—such as public movements—draws questions about whether that information deserves heightened legal protection when collected at a mass scale.

ambiguously forbidden

Their relationships to the platforms facilitatingthese transactions was sometimes contentious, given that workerswere not officially employed by marketplace platforms, but thelatter had a high impact on the workflows of laborers.

“Trash Worker” is a large umbrellaof occupations and levels of agency, which includes human indi-viduals and corporations, but also mold, bacteria, fungi and insects(a controversial theme among the community of Trash Workers).

the figure of the “workplace” figures strongly in these discussions as a key space of remunerated work

It defers the decision about whether to serve a visual puzzle to a later point in the flow after more information is available from the browser.

how visual representation can work to defetishize these logisticalabstractions while also recognizing their efficac

Lin, in his contribution, traces the politicsof provision in a sector whose technological and organizational coordinates are changingrapidly: airline food.

Rossiter, 2014

development of integrated transnational supply chains hasenabled capital to exploit differences among workforces in different parts of the world,creating new regimes of labor containment and fragmentation based on ostensibly noneco-nomic features of identity (race, ethnicity, nationality, citizenship status, etc.)

In their drive to quantify and optimize circulation, logisticalimaginaries can only enact themselves through the production of space, thereby suturinga form of calculative reason premised on system-wide optimization to the reconfiguration ofphysical and social landscapes.

a form of abstraction

Naor’s hunch implies an eventual changing of guards: if sufficiently auto-mated, the computer itself becomes the gatekeeper, no longer the mere administratorof a database already compiled and refined by humans. What’s more, Naor takes careto recommend that, if this automated identification process is to remain secure in theface of adversaries, it should make publicly available the program that is used to gen-erate each test. The implication here—a profound one—is that security models thatdepend upon the withholding of key information are ultimately much less durablethan models that prey on the ostensible differences in human and nonhuman inter-pretative capacity.

one’s identity functionally reduced to the ongoing productionof identifiable content.

Rather, it sought to productively convene multiple unwitting internet users, bring-ing them into contingent relation in order to identify content vis-a-vis consensus.

rather was deemed to be accurate inasmuchas it manifested an index of social consensus

for compiling large datasets used to“train”machinelearning systems

. Has von Ahn inadvertently furnished a critical insight long bandied aboutin science and technology studies, or does his decentering of the human point towarda fraught sociopolitical precipice?

it is both the wellspring out of which CAPTCHA’srelationalparadigm emerged,and a bellwether of the“deep learning”revolution in artificial intelligence that wouldcrest over the subsequent decade, itself a relational alternative to the realist traditionof“symbolic AI.”

(The essentialism of perceptual faculties accorded to different types of users is yetanother indication of the realist foundation underlying this approach.

For two sharp accounts of the misgivings of OCR from the perspective of the criticalhumanities, see Cordell (2017) and Shoemaker (2019).

Thisrealistversusrelationaldistinction calls to mind a long lineageof humanistic scholarship, with particularly deep roots in science, technology, and infra-structure studies, but takes its foremost inspiration from Johanna Drucker’s critical rework-ing of the aesthetic foundations of data visualization practices (Drucker,2011,2014).1

The heuristic triad I have extractedfrom Benjamin’s assessment of the unsteady relation between humans andmachines—viz.“fleeting and secret images,”“the associative mechanism,”“smaller andsmaller”—shapes and reflects this article’s attempt to historicize the peculiar, yet illus-trative curio of internet history that is CAPTCHA.

an affirmation that thecamera is capable ofsui generisperceptive operations, catching glimpse of“fleeting andsecret images”which elude the human interlocutor;

the associative mechanismsin the beholder

thephotographic apparatus was taken to assert a newfound agency and autonomous exist-ence, somehow indifferent to and in excess of human faculties.

What, Benjamin pondered, does acamera see that its operator cannot?

In the perverse world of coastal engineering the project is billed as an example of “building with nature,” when in reality it is an essential part of that country’s never-ending war with nature.

analyse

a conscientious engagement with the politics of citation that is mindful of how citational practices can be tools for either the reification of, or resistance to, unethical hierarchies of knowledge.

why are women in science less productive than men, in almost all academic disciplines and regardless of the productivity measure used?

Robert Jauss’ conception of more novel literature changing the reader’s “horizon of expectations” in the future (24)]

novelty

little is known about generative AI’s potential impact on a fundamental human behavior:

individually better off,

an increase in individual creativity at the risk of losing collective novelty.

be careful not to overrun its serial buffer,

Fallout is therefore understood primarily retro-spectively but lived in the future anterior—a form of history made visible innegative outcomes.

Mystery,Fairytale/Folklore,Romance,Sci-fi/fantasy,Horror, andAdventure

Sensecape

Semantic zooming is a technique thathas been used to address this. It suggests visualizing different levelsof details at various levels of zooming scales [8].

heyconcluded that complex and interdependent creative tasks, such aspaper and fiction writing, thrive in human-AI co-creation due tothe iterative and interdependent nature of the interactions

AI prepares the tasks for the human to performmore insightful work

This collaborative style of work hasalready found application in numerous domains, such as musiccomposition [46], creative coding [39], writing [27,40,68,69,71],design [38,42,44,47], and video authoring [63].

empower creative processes.

prompt engineer-ing,

writing

information

LLMs, such asGPT-4,possess an extensive range of encoded knowledge, yet they mightlack domain-specific information for specialized or emerging topics,as well as for topics involving confidential or sensitive information.

we presented the tool as an AI-powered oracle that could potentially be fallible or overlook certainfactors and encouraged users to conduct their own explorations inaddition to relying on Selenite’s insights.

7 F1 points

longitudinal

adaptive personalization of the highlights (i

amount

readers often felt uncomfortable when theysaw long, unhighlighted passages where they thought important information likely could be found.

lowlighting unimportant paper contents (inspired by ScholarPhi [27]),

extractive andabstractive methods for generating summaries from long-form documents have been developed over the years

fluid documents that provided contextual access to supplementalinformation between lines of text [14], fluid hypertext [88], visualizations for social annotations within papers [28],and affordances for annotating papers and jumping readers to passages of interest [25,68].

These studies reveal a tension between reader expectationsand system design, because it is not always possible to highlight according to passage importance while achievinga desirable distribution of highlights. Readers also desired some influence over the quantity and distribution ofhighlights within a paper

within individual paragraphs

highlighting passages in a way that most paragraphs contain at least onehighlighted sentence

collective intelligence

studies on the effect of social annotation on attention within public multimediacontent [13], news reading [39], and education [24,87,90].

improvements to PDF processing are necessary to improve the user experiencefor augmented reading interfaces

Without sophisticated controls and affordances enabling more goal-driven or personalized skimming, highlightsonly present a single pathway through a paper

The tools could also lead a reader to pay less attention to the paper as they skim, once they are no longerrequired to drive the skimming process themselves.

longitudinal diary study,

(1) much day-to-day intelligence mainly consists of extracting information and repackaging it without much actual analysis

all-source analysts

temporal factors in the study of human-AIdecision-making (e.g., [36]),

importance of studying howcollaborativedecision-making—particularly in real-world organizational settings,in the presence of existing interpersonal and power relations amongdecision-makers—impacts how people rely upon and make senseof AI models.

It is because all these inscriptions can be superimposed, reshuffled, recombined, and summarized, and that totally new phenomena emerge, hidden from the other people from whom all these inscriptions have been exacted.

but it carries very little with it. I

But there is a major drawback with ideograms; once gathered you cannot array them in a cascade in such a way that thousands of records can be turned in one, that is literally “punctualized” through geometrical or mathematical skills.

A bureau is, in many ways, and more and more every year, a small laboratory in which many elements can be connected together just because their scale and nature has been averaged out:

Every part of the machine can in general be manufactured independently of every other part;

the change of scale that allows the few to dominate the many

Booker retraces the history of engineering drawings (1982). Linear perspective (see above) progressively “changed the concept of pictures from being just representation to that of their being projections onto planes” (p. 31).

Thinking is tantamount to acquiring the ability to move as fast as possible while conserving as much of the pattern as possible.

A more powerful theory, we submit, is one that with fewer elements and fewer and simpler transformations makes it possible to get at every other theory (past and future).

. This is what I call, for want of a better term, the second-degree advantage of inscriptions, or the surplus-value that is gained through their capitalization.

one of the most important advantages is that the inscription can, after only little cleaning up, be made part of a written text.

Most of what we impute to connections in the mind may be explained by this reshuffling of inscriptions that all have the same “optical consistency”. The same is true of what we call “metaphor” (see a funny case in Woolf, 1975; see also Latour and Woolgar, 1979: chap. 4; Goody, 1977; Hughes, 1979; Ong, 1982).

n politics as in science, when someone is said to “master” a question or to “dominate” a subject, you should normally look for the flat surface that enables mastery (a map, a list, a file, a census, the wall of a gallery, a card-index, a repertory); and you will find it.

Objectivity is slowly erected inside the laboratory walls by mobilizing more faithful allies.

The superimposition of the first peak with the slope in the physiograph starts to produce an objectwhose limits are the visual inscriptions produced in the lab. The object is a real object no more and no less than any other,

No, says Eisenstein, he is the first notto look at the sky, but to look simultaneously to all the former predictions andhis own, written down together in the same form.

Just because we are used to this setting, and breathe it like fresh air, does not mean that we should not describe all the little innovations that make it the most powerful device to achieve power.

The setting works like a giant “optical device” that creates a new laboratory, a new type of vision and a new phenomenon to look at

the “clothed” eye of inscription devices

the cost of dissenting increases with each new collection, each new labelling, cach new redrawing.

She argues, and rightly so, that an image, a diagram, cannot convince anyone, both because there are always many interpretations possible, and, above all, because the diagram does not force the dissenter to look at it. She sees the interest in inscription devices as an exaggeration of the power of semiotics (and a French one at that!). But such a position misses the point of my argument. It is precisely because the dissenter can always escape and try out another interpretation, that so much energy and time is devoted by scientists to cornerhim and surround him with ever more dramatic visual effects.

a trend in these cascades. They always move on the direction of the greater merging of figures, numbers and letters, merging greatly facilitated by their homogeneous treatment as binary units in and by computers.

as first pictures, then a statistical rendering of the events; but with an increasing competition for the construction of harder facts, the articles now include more and more layers of graphic display, and the cascade of columns summarized by tables, diagrams, and equations is still unfolding.

?

the cascadeof ever simplified inscriptions that allow harder facts to be produced at greater cost

Collections are essential but only while the archives are well-kept, the labels are in place, and the specimens do not decay. Even this is not enough, since a museum collection is still too much for one “mind” to handle. So the collection will be drawn, written, recoded, and this process will take place as long as more combinable geometrized forms have not been obtained from the specimens (continuing the process through which the specimens had been extracted from their contexts).

Without the displacement, the inscription is worthless; without the inscription the displacement is wasted

Every time there is a dispute, great pains are taken to find, or sometimes to invent, a new instrument of visualization, which will enhance the image, accelerate the readings, and, as Lynch has shown, conspire with the visual characteristics of the things that lend themselves to diagrams on paper (

(Latour and Woolgar, 1979).

a tiny set of figures

curves on graph paper

Scientists start seeing something once they stop looking at nature and look exclusively and obsessively at prints and flat inscriptions11. In the debates around perception, what is always forgotten is this simple drift from watching confusing three-dimensional objects, to inspecting two-dimensional images which have been made less confusing.

Bourdieu’s critique of ethnography (1972) is that once this first violence has been committed, no matter what we do, we will not understand the savages any more. Fabian however, sees this mobilization of all savages in a few lands through collection, mapping, list making,archives, linguistics, etc. assomething evil. With candor, he wishes to find another way to “know” the savages.

the way we visualize them.

The visual construction

“Optical consistency”

to emergeas fullfledged sciences from their carefully kept files. The “panopticon” is another way of obtaining the “optical consistency” necessary for power on a large scale.

when a visual vocabulary is invented that replaces the manipulations by calculation of formulas.

everything is simultaneously presented to the eye.

. The privilege of the printing press comes from its ability to help many innovations to act at once, but it is only one innovation among the many that help toanswer this simplest of all questions: how to dominate on a large scale?

In this, the “proof race” is similar to the arms race because the feedback mechanism is the same. Once one competitor starts building up harder facts, the others have to do the same or else submit.

the dissenter will have to do the same thing as his opponent. In order to “doubt back”, so to speak, he will have to write another book, have it printed, and mobilize with copper plates the counterexamples he wants tooppose. The cost of disagreeing will increase8.

It simply conserves and spreads everything no matter how wrong, strange or wild. It makes everything mobile but this mobility is not offset by adulteration.

No irreversible gains could be made, and so no large-scale long-term capitalization was possible.

errors are accurately reproduced and spread with no changes. But corrections are also reproduced fast, cheaply and with no further changes. So, at the end, the accuracy shifts from the medium to the message, from the printed book to the context with which it establishes a two-way connection. A new interest in “Truth” does not come from a new vision, but from the same old vision applying itself to new visible objects that mobilize space and time differently7.

shifts attention with devastating irony from the mind to!the surface of the mobilized resources

the “art of describing” everything

the!“mind” has at last “an eye”:

!Impossible palaces can be drawn realistically, but it is also possible to draw!possible objects as if they were utopian ones.

a rational image based on the universal laws of geometry.

The speakers!are talking to one another, feeling, hearing and touching each other, butthey are !now talking withmany absent things presented all at once.

The Great Divide

ComponentsIntegration:ContextualMediator.

metaphor-basedhapticpatterns[60].

conversationinfor-mationseeking(CIS)

intuitive

user

ausersearchingforgluten-freeitemsinasupermarketmayneedtorepeatedlyask,“Isthisitemgluten-free?”andlistentoresponses,“No,thesenoodlesarenotgluten-free.”

laterworkalsoexploredthepotentialforenhancingthenon-impairedhumanvisualsystem.

CVD

transubstantiation

“Do Cellular Phones Dream of Civil War? The Mystification of Production and the Consequences of Technology Fetishism in the Eastern Congo,” in Inclusion and Exclusion in the Global Arena, ed. Max Kirsch and June Nash (Routledge, 2006), 78

Special Economic Zone

the landscape of media consumption is set up now so you never have to do the equivalent of eating your vegetables, and that means you never get to suddenly realize that you love Brussels sprouts.”

an ongoing adaptation

Each of these transformationsspawns (or generates) new centers, which fit in a natural way into the system of centers already in existence, and supportsthe wholeness which was there initially.

a general-purpose dithering engine

32bpp

Visualization of the 256x256 Hilbert curve by making pixels brighter the later they are visited by the curve.

To quantize the current pixel, the last nnn quantization errors are added to the current pixel with weights given in the diffusion sequence. In the article they use an exponential falloff for the weights — the previous pixel’s quantization error getting a weight of 1, the oldest quantization error in the list a small, chosen weight rrr.

Limiting the number of pixels a single pixel can influence together with the organic look

generators.

Atkinson Dithering.

it doesn’t diffuse the entire error to neighboring pixels, increasing the perceived contrast of the image.

error diffusion algorithms that we won’t touch on in this post is that they can handle arbitrary color palettes, while ordered dithering requires your color palette to be evenly spaced.

convolution (which is the underlying operation of a Gaussian blur) has to loop over each field of the Gaussian kernel for each pixel in the image. However, if you convert both the image as well as the Gaussian kernel to the frequency domain (using one of the many Fast Fourier Transform algorithms), convolution becomes an element-wise multiplication.

a promising optimization would be to apply the Gaussian Blur not in the spatial domain but in the frequency domain instead.

Afterwards, every pixel gets a number between 0 and n (where n is the total number of pixels) according to their importance for forming clusters and voids.

deterministic and parallelizable per pixel

equivalent:

“gamma correction”.

information acquisition, informationanalysis, decision selection, and action imple-mentation

with virtual teams trust does notprogress as it does with traditional teams, inwhich different types of trust emerge in stages;instead, all types of trust emerge at the beginningof the relationship

the attitude that anagent will help achieve an individual’s goals ina situation characterized by uncertainty andvulnerability.

With Bentham’s plan for prison architecture, we can see how light, shad-ows, mirrors, and walls are all employed in ways that are meant to engen-der in many a prisoner a certain self- discipline under the threat of external observation, as was its intended function.

“No matter how different, or even opposite the purpose: whether it be t

“glance from center to periphery.”11

“seeing ma-chine,”

Pastoral power is a power that is individualizing, beneficent, and “essentially exercised over a multi-plicity in movement.”5

MadeleineAkrich.1992.TheDe-ScriptionofTechnicalObjects.InShapingtechnology/BuildingSociety:StudiesinSociotechnicalChange,WiebeE.BijkerandJohnLaw(Eds.).

2.3.2Human-TechnologyRelations:

Hemmenttetal.callforartistic,designerlypracticesofrevealingthe“distor-tionsinthewaysinwhichalgorithmsmakesenseoftheworld”[29];yetdonotoutlinehowthismayrelatetoexistingdesignre-searchmethodologiesaswellasactualMLtechnologies.

RedströmandWiltsefurtherinterrogatehowuserinteractionsaretiedtoinfrastructuralfunctions,andoutlinehow“surface-levelsimplicity”ofinteractionssuchaspressingplayinSpotifybelie“dynamic,sophisticated,andhiddenbackendcomplexity”[61].

integrativeprototypingmethodsrefectingboth“MLstatisticalintelligenceandhumancommonsenseintelligence”[10]aremissinginthefeld.

un-certaintyandindeterminacy

a“regions-of-error”techniqueshowingthemodeluncertaintyofpredictions[30].Similarly,Kinkeldeyetal.usealandscapemetaphorinaclustervisualization,indicatingthroughagrey-scaletopographyhowcertaintheclusteringmodelisaboutthemembershipofeachindividualpointbytheirlocationin“peaksorslopes”[36].

opacity:aseachvariablesuchasapixeliscomputedasavectorinrelationtoallothervariables,

robust“annotations”[14,25]

Theprincipalargu-mentofpost-phenomenologyisthattechnologiesactivelymediatehumanrelationstotheworld[33]:

“statisticalintelligence”[10]

a logical and consistent basis for design,

Optionally, install defusedxml for Pillow to read XMP data, and olefile for Pillow to read FPX and MIC images:

Some additional dependencies are required to access all example datasets in skimage.data. Install them using: python -m pip install -U scikit-image[data]

vsketch uses Poetry as project manager.

Installing plug-ins

has yet to ever produce a single manifesto

Based on this information, theteacherthenmadearichinferenceaboutthelatent,under-lyingcauseof the behavior, and responded with supportand flexibility that an AI tutor could not provide

BISE

two distincttypes of cognitive procedures

The general rationale behind the idea of Hybrid Intelli-gence is that humans and computers have complementarycapabilities that can be combined to augment each other.

if traditional incentives ofmicro-tasking platforms (e.g., monetary reward) or onlinecommunities (e.g., social rewards) are sufficient

Ensuring interpretability and transparency of machinelearning models while maintaining accuracy

goals are not necessarily alwaysaligned to achieve the common goal

complex goals

co-evolve

the nature of automobiles

quantizes

Here physicists and social scientists are using network theories and algorithms to model, mine, and understand these processes.

transparency

sharers

PARC

participation levels.

Web 2.0social software