Can copyright vest in an AI? The primary objective of intellectual property law is to protect the rights of the creators of intellectual property.10 Copyright laws specifically aim to: (i) promote creativity and encourage authors, composers, artists and designers to create original works by affording them the exclusive right to exploit such work for monetary gain for a limited period; and (ii) protect the creators of the original works from unauthorised reproduction or exploitation of those works.

To my knowledge, conferring copyright in works generated by artificial intelligence has never been specifically prohibited. However, there are indications that the laws of many countries are not amenable to non-human copyright. In the United States, for example, the Copyright Office has declared that it will “register an original work of authorship, provided that the work was created by a human being.” This stance flows from case law (e.g. Feist Publications v Rural Telephone Service Company, Inc. 499 U.S. 340 (1991)) which specifies that copyright law only protects “the fruits of intellectual labor” that “are founded in the creative powers of the mind.” Similarly, in a recent Australian case (Acohs Pty Ltd v Ucorp Pty Ltd), a court declared that a work generated with the intervention of a computer could not be protected by copyright because it was not produced by a human.

With the advent of AI software, computers — not monkeys — will potentially create millions of original works that may then be protected by copyright, under current law, for more than 100 years.

Jul 3, 2016 — Effective contingency planning addresses the causes and consequences of EHR unavailability, and involves processes and preparations that can ...

Developmental cell death eliminates half of the neurons initially generated in the mammalian brain, and occurs perinatally in many species. It is possible that the timing of neuronal cell death is developmentally programmed, and only coincidentally associated with birth. Alternatively, birth may play a role in shaping cell death. To test these competing hypotheses, we experimentally advanced or delayed birth by 1 d in mice (within the normal range of gestation for the species) and examined effects on the temporal pattern and magnitude (amount) of neuronal cell death, using immunohistochemical detection of activated caspase-3 as a cell death marker. In order to detect effects of subtle changes in birth timing, we focused on brain areas that exhibit sharp postnatal peaks in cell death. We find that advancing birth advances peak cell death, supporting the hypothesis that birth triggers cell death. However, a delay of birth does not delay cell death. Thus, birth can advance cell death, but if postponed, a developmental program governs. Advancing or delaying birth also caused region-specific changes in the overall magnitude of cell death. Our findings shed light on the long-standing question of what controls the timing and magnitude of developmental neuronal cell death, and position birth as an orchestrator of brain development. Because humans across the world now routinely alter birth timing, these findings may have implications for current obstetric practices.

This means that neurons in small children are prepared to commit suicide through apoptosis if they are not used. In the case of a crisis, such as lack of oxygen, the apoptosis program starts up and the cells die and disappear. Instead of being treated with adult drugs, newborn infants must be given treatment specifically designed for them, but research on newborn infants involves many special difficulties and unique infant medicines with low-frequency use are not interesting for pharmaceutical companies.

Neuronal cell death occurs extensively during development and pathology, where it is especially important because of the limited capacity of adult neurons to proliferate or be replaced. The concept of cell death used to be simple as there were just two or three types, so we just had to work out which type was involved in our particular pathology and then block it. However, we now know that there are at least a dozen ways for neurons to die, that blocking a particular mechanism of cell death may not prevent the cell from dying, and that non-neuronal cells also contribute to neuronal death. We review here the mechanisms of neuronal death by intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis, oncosis, necroptosis, parthanatos, ferroptosis, sarmoptosis, autophagic cell death, autosis, autolysis, paraptosis, pyroptosis, phagoptosis, and mitochondrial permeability transition. We next explore the mechanisms of neuronal death during development, and those induced by axotomy, aberrant cell-cycle reentry, glutamate (excitoxicity and oxytosis), loss of connected neurons, aggregated proteins and the unfolded protein response, oxidants, inflammation, and microglia. We then reassess which forms of cell death occur in stroke and Alzheimer’s disease, two of the most important pathologies involving neuronal cell death. We also discuss why it has been so difficult to pinpoint the type of neuronal death involved, if and why the mechanism of neuronal death matters, the molecular overlap and interplay between death subroutines, and the therapeutic implications of these multiple overlapping forms of neuronal death.

5-Hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), a precursor of serotonin, is therapeutically used for several psychiatric disorders such as anxiety and depression in the clinic. However, severe side effects, including abnormal mental functions, behavioral disturbances and intolerance are associated with this treatment. 5-HTP-induced elevation of plasma and brain serotonin levels may affect blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown, edema formation and regional cerebral blood flow (CBF) disturbances. Breakdown of BBB to serum proteins leads to vasogenic brain edema formation and cellular injuries. However, 5-HTP-neurotoxicity is still not well known. In this investigations 5-HTP induced elevation of endogenous plasma and brain serotonin levels and its effect on BBB breakdown, edema formation neuronal injuries was examined in a rat model. Furthermore, potential role of oxidative stress and nitric oxide (NO) was evaluated. In addition, several neurochemical agents such as p-CPA (5-HT synthesis inhibitor) indomethacin (prostaglandin synthase inhibitor), diazepam (ant stress drug), cyproheptadine, ketanserin (5-HT2 receptor antagonists) and vinblastine (inhibitor of microtubule function) were examined on 5-HT neurotoxicity. Our observations suggest that 4 h after 5-HTP administrations, the endogenous serotonin levels increased by fourfold (150 mg/kg) in the plasma and brain associated with profound hyperthermia (+ 3.86 ± 0.24 °C, oxidative stress and NO upregulation. Breakdown of the BBB to Evans blue albumin (EBA) in 8 brain regions and to [131]Iodine in 14 brain regions was observed. The CBF exhibited marked reduction in all the brain regions examined. Brain edema and cellular injuries are present in the areas associated with BBB disruption. Drug treatments reduced the BBB breakdown, edema formation NO production and brain pathology. These observations are the first to point out that 5-HTP-neurotoxicity caused by BBB breakdown, edema formation and NO production is instrumental in causing adverse mental and behavioral abnormalities, not reported earlier.View chapterPurchase bookRead full chapterURL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S007477421930025X

L-tryptophan Availability and Brain Serotonergic Activity In serotonergic neurons Trp serves as the precursor for 5-HT. The 5-HT metabolic pathway is initiated by Trp being hydroxylated to the intermediate 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), which is subsequently decarboxylated to become 5-HT. Tissue levels of 5-HTP are usually low since this substance is rapidly decaroxylated by the enzyme aromatic amino acid decarboxylase [for review see (21)]. Thus, the rate limiting step in the biosynthesis of 5-HT is the hydroxylation of Trp which is catalyzed by the enzyme tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) (Figure 1). This enzyme is specific for 5-HT producing cells, however, it is present in two different isoforms, TPH1 and TPH2 [reviewed in (22, 23)].

Such optical modulation of atomic motion is an alternative path towards realizing 2D electronic states and will be a useful platform upon which novel phases in quantum materials may be discovered.

The potential for digital technology to support learners in this process was highlighted in the studies reviewed, but commonly learners lacked the competence to use digital technologies for educational purposes. Learners often required support, especially with the planning and reviewing aspects of self-directed learning, as well as guidance regarding how digital technologies can be used effectively for educational purposes. Importantly, studies that focus on understanding the facilitation of self-directed learning in childhood education are seldom. Further studies on self-directed learning in childhood education are vital – given that this is a fundamental competence for preparing our youth to deal with work and life in our rapidly changing world.

focused on the language that the children used when they were involved in a design and technology activity

Playing with a dog, cat, or other pet can elevate levels of serotonin and dopamine, which calm and relax.

As time passed, primates as a whole became more social and evolved to live together in groups, but only humans became truly monogamous. Today, other primate species such as bonobos and chimps mate with multiple individuals in their groups.

Education and health: evaluating theories and evidence

The benefits of learning: The impact of education on health, family life and social capital

The impact of health and nutrition on education

The Benefits of Learning: The Impact of Education on Health, Family Life and ...

The Benefits of Learning: The Impact of Education on Health, Family Life and ...

by V Raghupathi · 2020 · Cited by 78 — Some evidence suggests that education is strongly linked to health determinants such as preventative care [9]. Education helps promote and ...benefits of education on healthnegative effects of education on healthimpact of education on health pdfimpact of education on lifehealth and educationhow does education affect mental healthPeople also search for

What is Open source security?

Open Source Advantages and Risk Profile · 96% of applications include some form of OSS · 67% of applications contain open source vulnerabilities · 90% of software ...

Learn how to detect vulnerable open source components and keep your products secure.

The Dangers of Open-Source Vulnerabilities, and What You Can Do About It

Open-Source Exploitation

But the writer cautions against concluding that open source software is less secure; it's more complicated than that.

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Why Microsoft Is Willing to Pay So Much for GitHub by Paul V. Weinstein

Jun 6, 2018 — Microsoft's $7.5 billion acquisition of GitHub is a perfect illustration of how value is ascribed differently in Silicon Valley than in the ...github microsoft acquisitionwhy did microsoft buy githubwhy did microsoft buy github redditmicrosoft github strategygithub revenuewho owned github before microsoftPeople also search for

Microsoft to acquire GitHub for $7.5 billion

Microsoft acquires GitHub

Microsoft acquired GitHub, a popular code-repository service used by many developers and large companies, for $7.5 billion in stock.

Sep 26, 2016 — Skills for innovation. Education policies to foster innovation have traditionally focused on increasing participation in science, technology ...

May 18, 2016 — As time passed, primates as a whole became more social and evolved to live together in groups, but only humans became truly monogamous.

Human language may have evolved to help our ancestors make tools

Each time, though, the species bounced back, more successful and adaptive than ever.dfp.loadAds("right2","MPU5","dfp-right2-article-4")

Humans May Be the Most Adaptive Species

Historical Context and Path Dependence

Path Dependence in Historical Sociology

… This article does not seek to reorient all such modes of analysis toward the study of path dependence. Nevertheless, the article does seek to establish that path-dependent analysis …

… of the so-called path dependence and historical context in contextual political analysis. It analyzes the different meanings and uses of the concept of path dependence in contemporary …

J Mahoney, D Schensul - … of contextual political analysis, 2006 - scholars.northwestern.edu

Informational Theory of Aging: The Life Extension Method Based on the Bone Marrow Transplantation

Deep Learning and an Information Theory of Aging

Informational Theory of Aging: The Life Extension Method Based on the Bone Marrow Transplantation

The information theory of aging: The major factors that determine lifespan

What are the functional groups of DNA?

The stormy market is here to bid goodbye to FAANG and say hello to Triple-A in 2022

FAANG is an acronym of five major technology stocks that include Facebook (now Meta), Amazon, Apple, Netflix, and Google (now Alphabet). Jim Cramer coined the term in 2013 while giving accolades to the companies for being the dominant companies in their niches.

Clever Ethereum honeypot lets coins come in but won’t let them back out .t3_7y4fvv._2FCtq-QzlfuN-SwVMUZMM3 { --postTitle-VisitedLinkColor: #9b9b9b; --postTitleLink-VisitedLinkColor: #9b9b9b; }

For the time being at least, human judgment is still a better bet than cold-hearted code

That means many investors already have at least some exposure to them. Because the heavy weighting of FAANG stocks in indexes such as the S&P 500 gives them an outsize impact on the broader stock market, it’s worthwhile for investors to learn a bit more about them.

In finance, “FAANG” is an acronym that refers to the stocks of five prominent American technology companies: Meta (META) (formerly known as Facebook), Amazon (AMZN), Apple (AAPL), Netflix (NFLX); and Alphabet (GOOG) (formerly known as Google). 

In finance, “FAANG” is an acronym that refers to the stocks of five prominent American technology companies: Meta (META) (formerly known as Facebook), ...

Does the average person today have a better life than a medieval king?AnswerFollow·91RequestAll related (30)

The more educated are more likely to say life is better

Poverty is relational and not an absolute measure

How our fantasy world of the past has become everyday reality.

(2) The influence of the various concepts for the induction of lateral structure formation in lipid membranes on integral functional units like ionophores is demonstrated by analysing the single channel current fluctuations of gramicidin in bimolecular lipid membranes.

Apr 5, 2022 — MicroStrategy (MSTR), a bitcoin-accumulating business-intelligence software company, said it bought another 4,167 BTC for around $190.5 million.microstrategy bitcoinmicrostrategy bitcoin holdingsmicrostrategy bitcoin holdings chartmicrostrategy bitcoin purchase historymicrostrategy selling bitcoinbitcoin pricePeople also search for

Google Library: Beyond Fair Use?

Google's use of thumbnail images in its Image. Search is fair and noninfringing

Open educational resources (OERs) are fungible functional units used in education by both educators and students

Trusted organizations are those to which you have granted permission to interact with your iD and record, e.g. when submitting a manuscript or grant application. You decide whether to grant this access and you may revoke it at any time.