The next step would be a convergence with the commons of physical production, the cosmo-local urban commons and p2p hardware companies, so that crypto governance becomes a mutual coordination infrastructure for more and more human citizens.

they strongly support the development of ‘public goods’ for the Ethereum and crypto networks

automate transactions

you could  just use ethereum's blockchain to create your own   cryptocurrencies or crypto assets as people called  them these assets that existed without their own   native blockchain were called tokens

Staking is already as centralised as mining. The Lido staking pool plus the Coinbase exchange plus the Kraken exchange add up to over 54% of total stake. Thems what has, gets.

Ethereum is about to start a new journey of mergers and review the crowdfunding road 8 years ago

MetaMask is one of the indispensible apps of the Ethereum community, a household name that has initiated and shaped the crypto experiences of many. With NFTs, gaming, and DAOs bringing in large waves of new users to web3, wallets continue to be a fundamental building block in the ecosystem — they are the heart and center of all interactions between users and the blockchain.

Compare this amount of compute to a Raspberry Pi 4, a $45 single-board computer which has four processors running at 1.5 GHz.  Each core has 2 ALUs and it will take 4 instructions to perform a 256 bit addition, as the basic unit for the Raspberry Pi (and most other modern computers) is 64 bits.  So each core has a peak performance of 750,000,000 adds per second for a total peak of 3,000,000,000 adds per second.  Put bluntly, the Ethereum “world computer” has roughly 1/5,000 of the compute power of a Raspberry Pi 4!

For the time being at least, human judgment is still a better bet than cold-hearted code

Open educational resources (OERs) are fungible functional units used in education by both educators and students

Ethereum is the locus of most of this work — hey, who named that client library web3.js, anyway?—so it’s not unrea­son­able to read “Web3” as “Ethereum-powered inter­net”.

Because of high demand, the Ethereum network is getting overloaded. This resulted in very high transaction fees, making it to expensive for small investors to use it's dapps.

On Wednesday, Hofmann announced “synthetic Loot” — essentially, a replica Loot bag that can be claimed by anyone who sets up an Ethereum wallet for free.

One idea he had was to let people create (or “mint,” in blockchain-speak) NFTs based on his random-item generator for free — essentially just to see what would happen. He would not provide any art work or any instructions on what to do with them. And he would give these “bags” of items away for free, minus the transaction fees required by the Ethereum network.

developers have grown fond of an alternative blockchain, Ethereum, which is designed to let them create decentralized applications through more sophisticated smart contracts than Bitcoin enables.

So how can rollups win in the long run?To my mind, there are two ways: one is that a non-rollup sidechain catastrophically fails, and the industry learns a lesson à la Mt. Gox. And catastrophically fail doesn’t just mean “nodes can’t sync.” It means “the money is gone” or “the chain has completely halted.” That’s possible, but probably unlikely.So that leaves us with the other way: rollups have to actually become significantly better than the alternatives. Decentralization virtue signaling is not enough. For this, I personally only see one path forward, which is the promise of cryptography and zero-knowledge proofs.

(Note that ZK rollups don’t suffer from this issue, since their withdrawals are effectively instant.)

Then consider the movement of funds in and out of rollups.For optimistic rollups, when you want to withdraw funds, there is a ~1 week challenge period during which your withdrawal is frozen. This sucks. So to facilitate “fast withdrawals,” market makers will stand ready to move your assets quickly across the boundary—for a fee. The fee they charge you will depend on their inventory and the liquidity of the asset. If you’re moving ETH, this will cost maybe 0.2% or something, but if you’re trying to move a random dog coin, it will likely cost much more, possibly 1% or higher. Some assets may not be possible to fast-withdraw at all if there’s not enough liquidity.

And none of the rollups are exactly EVM compatible — there are subtle differences between each of these rollups’ virtual machines and the EVM. For Arbitrum, they use AVM, for Optimism, OVM, each of which subtly breaks some contracts and EVM-compatible tooling. And for the ZK-rollups, that’s a whole nother universe — ZKRs will instead compile Solidity down to equivalent zero-knowledge circuits, to be executed in a ZK virtual machine.Now compare this to Polygon, where you literally just copy and paste your contracts and everything works.

Why are rollups more expensive than these sidechains? This is because every rollup ultimately must post calldata onto Ethereum; this tethers their fees to Ethereum fees. Each rollup can only scale Ethereum by a constant factor. So the fees won’t be that low compared to what many users are already used to.

Right now on Polygon, a simple Uniswap-style trade costs $0.0001. On Binance Smart Chain, it costs $0.20. On Ethereum, it costs about $7. And on Optimism, it’ll cost around $0.68.

I often say there are three motivations that drive crypto users today:Making moneyHaving funIdeologyOf these three, ideology is the weakest. And I worry that ideology will end up being the primary driver in favor of the adoption of rollups.

Our thought exercise above puts the total potential valuation of ETH between $3.7 and $4.7 trillion in the distant future base on the following parts:ETH’s valuation as a consumable is likely bounded given its high velocity.ETH’s valuation as a capital asset with cash flows is likely in low single-digit trillions. $3.2 trillion was our point estimate extrapolated from a somewhat conceivable success case.ETH’s monetary value can potentially be $0.5 to $1.5 trillion. We assumed that the value from ETH’s payment functionalities will be nonexistent and that all of ETH’s monetary value comes from it being a non-sovereign store-of-value driven by DeFi.

Ethereum will generate $60.2B annual fees. This is only an 18x increase from today whereas transaction volume and count would have increased by 250x and 3300x respectively. The deflationary power of technology!Finally, pricing ETH like a capital asset using a dividend growth model with the $60.2B number above gives the token a terminal value of $3.2 trillion in 10 years. Although this may seem like an enormous number, it is ten years out and does not account for any risk (e.g. technical, competition, regulatory). A shrewd investor needs to apply the appropriate probability or discount rate.

it is believable that ETH can take 10% of Bitcoin’s market share if Ethereum and DeFi continue to grow. If we take the potential market cap of Bitcoin to be around $4.7 — $14.6 trillion, then ETH’s potential monetary value could be at $0.5 trillion — $1.5 trillion.

ETH derives its value from two sources. First, its utility value, as described in the argument above. But the second source of its value is in its monetary premium, which derives in its preference as a “money-like” asset for use in the Ethereum economy.

Ethereum and DeFi have the potential to disrupt legacy finance and should be valued accordingly because of the following:Permissionless innovation at software speed: all DeFi protocols are open-sourced and composable. DeFi entrepreneurs can remix and innovate in finance at incredible speeds and reach a global audience with almost no fixed cost.Incentive alignment: with the right token mechanism design, all the stakeholders in the ecosystem (protocols, users, liquidity providers, engineers/protocol maintainers) can be properly aligned and growth can be bootstrapped with almost no upfront cost.Cost reduction: DeFi eliminates costs associated with legal, labor, compliance, and fixed infrastructure. Financial transactions in the legacy world are based on legal constructs and enforced by the government. The cost of recourse can be high and non-transparent in complicated situations like bankruptcies. These costs do not exist in DeFi because value is governed entirely by code.Frictionless capital and near-instant settlement: Capital within DeFi flows frictionlessly and programmatically with the sub-minute settlement — it is a truly digital-native experience. In comparison, payment rails from different jurisdictions do not natively talk to each other (better now with companies like Stripe and Plaid) in the legacy world. The processes are manual and many systems are decades old.Mass customization & synthetic assets: much like how the internet enabled companies to reach different niches users, DeFi will enable users to access almost any asset in the world. Today, through AMMs like Uniswap, anyone can create a new trading pair as long as they have the trading assets in inventory. Synthetic assets are taking this to another step. Theoretically, as long as there is a trusted data source, anyone can create a synthetic asset by providing on-chain collateral. Teams at Synthetix, UMA, Mirror and many others are exploring in this direction.Governmental neutrality: the financial system built on Ethereum is open and accessible to all. While this may not sound very attractive to users in countries with matured financial markets such as the U.S., it offers unparalleled advantages to people who live in countries where the local financial systems are less efficient or corrupted.

When the Ethereum network starts to become congested, you always here talk about Ethereum’s gas limit. This talk can be confusing if you aren’t familiar with the term. Because, as it turns out the term gas limit is used in two different ways in Ethereum. As we’ve covered, transactions have gas limits. However, blocks themselves also have an overall gas limit. There’s limit for the total gas that can be spent on the transactions contained within a block. Limiting the gas consumed in each block helps manage the growth of the Ethereum blockchain and the cost of operating a miner or node. Miners collectively have the ability to increase or decrease Ethereum’s block gas limit within a certain range. Theoretically, raising the limit would allow the Ethereum network to process more transactions per second. So when transactions start to pile up, you’ll often hear discussion about miners signaling for higher gas limits.

When you send an Ethereum transaction, you specify your gas price, typically denominated in Gwei, and a gas limit. The gas price you set determines how much you’re willing to pay per unit of gas. Whereas, the gas limit determines how many units of gas you’re willing to pay for. You can think of your gas limit like a budget you set for the miner processing your transaction.

Gas markets determine if and when transactions will get confirmed. Set your gas price too low and your transaction may get stuck. But, set your gas limit too low and your transaction cannot be executed because it runs out of gas.

If you’ve ever sent a transaction on the Ethereum blockchain, you’re familiar with the concept of paying gas. The gas you pay covers the cost of computing your transaction. But, there’s no way to predetermine how much computation is required. And, that’s why you need to enter a gas limit for your transactions.

Ethereum and other smart contracting blockchains have failed to scale or provide any tangible benefits over the bitcoin blockchain itself. We are building a smart contract platform the way it should have been built the first time. On top of bitcoin.

The association is the only party able to create (mint) and destroy (burn) Libra. Coins are only minted when authorized resellers have purchased those coins from the association with fiat assets to fully back the new coins. Coins are only burned when the authorized resellers sell Libra coin to the association in exchange for the underlying assets. Since authorized resellers will always be able to sell Libra coins to the reserve at a price equal to the value of the basket, the Libra Reserve acts as a “buyer of last resort.”

most popular smart contract

EthHub

Built on Ethereum

titled “Ethereum in 25 Minutes”.

Understanding Monetary Premiums in Programmable Value Networks

Does physical capital lead to social capital, or does social capital lead to physical capital? Or is the relationship between the two circular?

DFINITY, Near, Polkadot

extremely large social capital base.

EXCLUSIVE: The inside story of Spankchain

以太坊社区及以太坊主要开发团队对以太坊的技术纯净性的追求较高，我们无法用工程化融合的方案来看待以太坊的进度，完美的世界计算机和一个全面的区块链工程化应用解决方案在本质上会有性能的个性差异。但相对于看好以太坊的创业者来说，熊市之中，性能较弱的尴尬涉及到了团队的生存问题，以太坊的信仰和共识可能被环境所打败，开发团队转移其他战场。

Freedom to organizeAragon lets you freely organize and collaborate without borders or intermediaries. Create global, bureaucracy-free organizations, companies, and communities.

The world’s first digital jurisdictionAragon organizations are not only great because they are decentralized, global and unstoppable. They will also benefit from the Aragon Network, the world’s first digital jurisdiction.

雖然許多公鏈開發項目方自稱為「第三代區塊鏈系統」，但本質上只是「更快的以太坊」，內部也沒有任何落地的應用出現，僅僅是個空轉的伺服器群，這背後的隱憂是，一旦以太坊完成 POS 實作，解決了 TPS 的交易處理性能問題，可滿足一定程度的商用場景，這些新公鏈的開發者與使用者將一哄而散，重新回到市占率最高的以太坊進行開發。

Approachable consumer experience. If you’ve ever tried to make a dApp transaction, you know how painful the process is. You need to set up an account to purchase coins, make the purchase, create a MetaMask account, send the coins to MetaMask, and, finally, verify the transaction. This is too much friction for the mainstream user.

Ethereum,

voters have little incentive to vote at al

Why the Bitcoin Blockchain? Why not Ethereum?

Open-source principles are a major point of distinction between DACs and the existing, overwhelmingly proprietary systems used for logistics, management and trading.