Relational Ethics Frameworks
I think a relational approach would stop treating us like isolated data points and start treating us like a digital neighborhood that actually cares about keeping peace. Instead of just getting a 'post removed' notification, the system would focus on fixing the broken relationship between users and restoring the community's trust.
Until chatbots have built-in safeguards akin to seatbelts and airbags, it will be difficult for students to make truly informed decisions about the risks of powerful A.I. systems.
This is exactly what I was wondering about earlier, there just aren't the regulations and guidelines in place yet for AI to be as standardized as driving a car.
Fundamental student learning should remain an A.I.-free activity, he said.
I agree with this, I don't think we can replace learning with AI, at least not yet. It is about human connections and processes and that is at the core of it.
Students needed to learn to drive A.I. tools, analyze what’s under the hood, develop guidelines for personal use and design ideal safety policies,
I like this analogy, but it makes me wonder how far it goes. Will we need "AI mechanics" or "Emergency AI Assistance"? There are so many unanswered questions when it comes to AI generally and also the integration of AI into education.
Are you steering the technology or is it steering you?
I believe this question will become increasingly more important as AI continues to evolve. Especially as it begins to demand more and more of our attention.
What is Secondary Care?Secondary care is the next level of care after primary care. Secondary care is defined as “the provision of medical care by specialists who generally do not have first contact with patients.”
Hello Everyone! Lets talk about Secondary Care. Secondary care is the second level of healthcare and usually happens after a patient is sent there by their regular doctor. It involves specialists who are trained to treat specific health problems. This type of care is most often provided in hospitals, specialty clinics, or outpatient centers. For example, if someone has chest pain and needs to see a heart doctor, has stomach problems that need a specialist, or breaks a bone and needs an orthopedic doctor, they would receive secondary care. Unlike primary care, which focuses on general health and checkups, secondary care focuses on more serious or specific conditions. The healthcare team at this level may include specialist doctors, nurses, technicians, therapists, and other staff who help with testing and treatment. They may perform advanced tests like CT scans or MRIs, give special treatments, or do surgeries that a regular doctor’s office cannot provide. Payment for secondary care usually comes from private insurance, but government programs like Medicare and Medicaid may also help pay for services if a patient qualifies. Patients may still have to pay some money themselves. Secondary care is important because it provides expert help for more complicated health problems. Why do you think referrals from primary care are important before seeing a specialist? Thank you. - Trinity
Primary care is the first contact that a patient has with the health system when they have a health problem.
Hello Class! I have chosen to talk about primary care because it is the first step and arguably the most important. Primary care is when we first meet the patient when they are experiencing a health related issue. The main goals of primary care is to prevent new illness, manage any chronic illness, and promote a healthy and active lifestyle. There is a very large team that can participate in primary care. Physicians including doctors and nurse practitioners, nurses, social workers, and medical assistants. Everyone can be seen in the primary care setting as it is the go to. Think of your doctors office and what you witness that goes on onside of it. They perform regular immunizations, monitor and treat minor issues, and education patients on the simple things such as diets. Other places that offer primary care are local health clinic, urgent care, and newly Telehealth. Payments sources that we will commonly see especially in our location is medicare for the elderly population and medicaid for low income. Primary care is our first look at a patient to determine what issues they might be facing which is why I think it is the most important. What do you think is the most common age population that visits the doctors office for primary care? Why do you think they are visiting so often? Thank you, Morgan Wagner
At 20 kTA reference scale
Still needs more explanation. I don't know why you're using this reference scale. I don't know why we're talking about pharma grade, etc.
CAPEX scaling
But what equation does it actually appear in? I guess it's the scale exponent r?
Scalable GF technology 50% Switches to “cheap” GF prices Pivotal uncertaint
As mentioned elsewhere, this needs a lot more explanation or discussion. What is the major factor switching us between cheap and expensive growth factors here? How much does this affect the outcomes? What are the different price distributions for the cheap versus expensive ones? I'm not actually seeing growth factors or any of these p's in any of the equations you give. At least not in a way that allows me to unpack each element. ... Okay, now it's partially explained above, but I still don't see what the different price distributions are and where they come from for the cheap versus expensive
(e.g., breakthrough growth factor technology but prohibitively expensive financing).
Explain a little bit more why these two things should be correlated. You're saying that if there are breakthroughs in growth factors, the industry will be less risky, so financing will be cheaper?
yments:
You should provide an explanation in a folding box for the CRF formula in intuitive terms. I suppose it depends on the interest rate r and n, the number of years, but then explain how that works and why it equals this complicated formula.
The slider complements this by letting users explore “what if progress is partial?” scenarios.
That seems to be underexplained and seems to contradict what you just said.
If any one of these succeeds at commercial scale, the “cheap” price regime applies
That makes sense, but then what determines how you model the price in the 'cheap' price regime?
$0.20 – $1.20
What is the source of these price numbers? Everything should be referenced / linked
Consider correlated scenarios via the maturity slider
We probably want to unpack this more. One could imagine some forms of technical development going together and others less so.
Use for relative comparisons rather than absolute predictions
What do you mean by relative comparisons?
Equipment depreciation period
Which equipment here? Again, I want links directly to the equation.
Weighted average cost of capital
That seems rather high - what are references for this? Why should it be so expensive? Here, is this comparable to some benchmarks?
And again, I want to be able to look up each of these elements within an equation somewhere - I don't see where that equation is. Make the links clearer.
Breakthrough technologies that could trigger the “cheap” scenario: - Autocrine cell lines (cells produce own FGF2) - Plant molecular farming ($1-10/g target) - Precision fermentation at scale - Polyphenol substitution (reduces GF requirements by 80%)
Okay, you got to my question here that I asked above, although it still seems underexplained. Wouldn't each of these things have independent effects on the cost of growth factors? So why is it just a zero-one switch?
30-200 g/L Final biomass at harvest Cycle time 0.5-5 days Time per production batch Media turnover 1-10 ratio 1=batch, >1=perfusion
Interesting, but it should be more clear how this maps into the ultimate cost equation. Everything should be linked back in some way to a total cost formula. I'd like to be able to open and close and unpack the different elements.
Food-grade micros
Give a link or a hover footnote for what each of these things are
Distribution
Why were these distributions chosen? What's the justification? Were these used in other related models you could reference ?
Why correlate? In “good worlds” for cultured chicken: - Technologies are more likely adopted (higher P) - Custom reactors are more common (lower CAPEX) - Financing is cheaper (lower WACC) This prevents unrealistic scenarios where technology succeeds but financing remains prohibitively expensive.
this is really not well explained. I don't see how the discussion relates to the equations here
The model uses a latent maturity factor (0–1) to correlate technology adoption, reactor costs, and financing: Padopted=bound(Pbase+k⋅(m−0.5),0,1) What does “bound” mean? bound(x, 0, 1) ensures the result stays between 0 and 1. Also c
what are k and m here? define and explain
The GF progress slider interpolates between current and target prices: PGF=Pcurrent×(0.01)progress At 0% progress: current prices ($5,000–500,000/g) At 100% progress: target prices ($1–100/g for cheap scenario)
The equation doesn't seem to be correct/displayed correctly here. Explain more but also I don't understand what "0.01^(progress)" means
Example calculation: - Cell density: 50 g/L → need 1000/50 = 20 L per kg - Media turnover: 3× (perfusion system) → 20 × 3 = 60 L/kg - Media price: $0.50/L (hydrolysates) → 60 × 0.50 = $30/kg
is the 'per liter' meaningful though? Doesn't the density depends strongly on the contents used?
Media turnover
what is 'media turnover"?
the dashes are meant to be bullet points -- not rendering right
Once you have the structure of your paper figured out, and the main idea you will support, you can start with the introduction and conclusion.
after figure out the main idea, the having introduction and conclusion goes well and after that just need a body paragraph.
To defend the rights of minorities is therefore to defend the rights of all.
Literal paraphrase:<br /> Constant says protecting minority rights actually protects everyone’s rights.
Interpretation:<br /> Constant argues that political majorities constantly change. A group that is powerful today may be powerless tomorrow. So defending minority rights is essential because every person will eventually be in the minority at some point. This matters because it shows why unlimited majority power is dangerous for everyone.
Time period:<br /> This reflects the instability of political power in the late 1700s and early 1800s, when governments and factions rose and fell quickly.
C – Change Over Time:<br /> Constant uses the idea that majorities and minorities shift over time to show why protecting minority rights is necessary for long‑term freedom.
The majority can make the law only on issues on which the law must pronounce.
Literal paraphrase:<br /> Constant says the majority should only make laws about things that actually require laws.
Interpretation:<br /> Constant is warning that majority rule should not be used to control every aspect of life. Some issues are not political and should not be decided by the majority. This is important because it protects individuals from being forced to follow majority opinions on personal matters like religion or beliefs.
Time period:<br /> This idea fits into the post‑Revolution period, when thinkers were trying to rebuild political systems that respected individual rights.
C – Complexity:<br /> Constant shows complexity by explaining that majority rule is not automatically legitimate. It depends on whether the issue truly belongs to the public sphere.
Sovereignty exists only in a limited and relative way. The jurisdiction of this sovereignty stops where independent, individual existence begins.
Literal paraphrase:<br /> Constant says that political power is not unlimited. It must stop when it reaches the private life of individuals.
Interpretation:<br /> Constant is arguing that even a legitimate government cannot control everything. There must be a boundary between public authority and private freedom. This matters because he is trying to prevent the kind of political overreach that happened during the French Revolution, where leaders claimed to act for the “general will” while violating individual rights.
Time period:<br /> This reflects early 19th‑century liberal political thought, shaped by the failures and violence of the French Revolution.
C – Context:<br /> The context is that Constant is responding to Rousseau’s idea of unlimited sovereignty. He believes that without limits, even democratic governments can become tyrannical.
there is a part of human existence which necessarily remains individual and independent, and by right beyond all political jurisdiction.
Literal paraphrase:<br /> Constant is saying that some parts of a person’s life must always stay private and cannot be controlled by the government.
Interpretation:<br /> Constant argues that even in a democracy, political power has limits. The government cannot interfere with every aspect of someone’s life just because the majority agrees. This matters because he is warning that majority rule can still become tyranny if it crosses into personal freedom.
Time period:<br /> Constant is writing in the early 1800s, after the French Revolution, when Europe was debating how much power governments should have.
C – Context:<br /> The context is the aftermath of the French Revolution, when the idea of the “general will” had been used to justify extreme state power. Constant is pushing back against that idea by insisting that individual rights must be protected no matter what the majority wants.
A formal outline is a detailed guide that shows how all your supporting ideas relate to each other. This outline helps you distinguish between ideas that are equally important and ones that are less important. You can build your paper based on the framework you created in the outline. There are two types of formal outlines: the topic outline and the sentence outline. Format both types of formal outlines similarly. Place your introduction and thesis statement at the beginning, under roman numeral I. Use roman numerals (II, III, IV, V, etc.) to identify main points that develop the thesis statement. Use capital letters (A, B, C, D, etc.) to divide your main points into parts. Use arabic numerals (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, etc.) if you need to subdivide any As, Bs, or Cs into smaller parts. End with the final roman numeral expressing your idea for your conclusion. Here is what the skeleton of a traditional formal outline looks like. The indentation helps clarify how the ideas are related. Outlining a Paper
organize your paper and make points.
Descriptive writing is most effective when it is organized well. Use the following information to decide what organization best fits your goals. Chronological order → best for describing events Spatial order → best for describing places Order of importance → best for describing objects and people
organizing your writing make people understand where the story is coming from or where it going.
To help readers visualize something as you want them to see it To create a main impression using the senses (sight, touch, taste, smell, and sound)
how was like sounded bad or not kind of touching.
Chronological To tell a story or relate an experience To explain the history of an event or a topic To introduce the steps in a process
having people feel the story or relate to it.
When you write, your goal is not only to complete an assignment but also to write for a specific purpose—perhaps to inform, to explain, to persuade, or to achieve a combination of these purposes. Your purpose for writing should always be in the back of your mind, because it will help you decide which pieces of information belong together and how you will order them.
when bringing out ideas and bring together it help when writing.
Order refers to your choice of what to present first, second, third, and so on in your writing. The order you pick closely relates to your purpose for writing that particular assignment. For example, when telling a story, it may be important to first describe the backstory. Or you may need to first describe a 3-D movie projector or a television studio to help readers visualize the setting and scene. You may want to group your support effectively to convince readers that your point of view on an issue is well reasoned and worthy of belief.
having a hook also kind help the audience as long as the audience kind get the purpose of the story or the thing you're writing about
When you write, it is helpful when your ideas are presented in an order that makes sense. The writing you complete in all your courses exposes how analytically and critically your mind works. In some courses, the only direct contact you may have with your instructor is through the assignments you write for the course. You can make a good impression by spending time ordering your ideas.
writing things it good especially when it come writing down ideas. mostly online class assignment are the only way we communicate with our instructors
The textbook English for Business Success explains that your prewriting activities and readings can help you gather information for your assignment. The more you sort through the pieces of information you found, the more you will begin to see the connections between them. Patterns and gaps may begin to stand out. But only when you start to organize your ideas will you be able to translate your raw insights into a form that will communicate meaning to your audience.
having a textbook the helps out especially when it comes to writing cause it bring ideas and makes things easier
Once you begin narrowing down your topic, depending on the type of paper, you may be ready to start drafting. The best point to begin writing your draft also depends on the genre of essay you are writing. If you are writing a research paper, then you will need to follow more steps, which are covered in detail later in this book.
once you found topic it makes everything easier and also making things helps your easy to be better
- serendipity - biocement building - robot - Neri Oxman
- serendipity - MICP building - robot - Neri Oxman
- just yesterday, during my walk, I was thinking about making the MICP house build easier by creating a robot. See Gemini dialogue
- biocement - Neri Oxman
Towards Site-Specific and Self-Sufficient Robotic Fabrication on Architectural Scales
for - biocement robot - Neri Oxman - MICP robot - Neri Oxman
FIBERBOTS: an autonomous swarm-based robotic system for digital fabrication of fiber-based composites
for - biocement robot - Neri Oxman
Capability 目录结构
还需要有使用demo，评估是否生效等工程化衡量文件
capability.yaml # ★ 能力包清单（元数据 + 平台配置）
是否可以扩展业内的marketplace.json/plugin.json等方式
云端沙箱直接执行
部分云端，部分本地，本地主要有几个限制： 1、需要的物料都在本地，无法上传到云端 2、有强依赖本地环境，比如浏览器自动化 3、有强隔离限制
The tradition of fighting only in the summer months changed in late 1776 and early 1777
This was a tradition to only fight in the summer that’s very interesting to me
Be sure to seek out sources that are current or up to date. Depending on the topic, sources may become outdated relatively soon after publication, or they may remain useful for years
PAY ATTENTION TO THE DATE
To examine the author’s credibility or ethos—that is, how much you can believe of what the author has to say—review their credentials. What career experience or academic study shows that the author has the expertise to write about this topic?
Do your research in the author as well
Free online encyclopedias and wikis may seem like a great source of information. They usually appear among the first few results of a web search, they cover thousands of topics, and they include articles with an informal, straightforward writing style. Unfortunately, these sites have no control system for researching, writing, and reviewing articles. Instead, they rely on a community of users to police themselves. At best, these sites can be a starting point for finding other, more trustworthy sources. Never use them as final sources.
Free encyclopedias and wikis are not reliable, do not use.
You will consider criteria such as the type of source, its intended purpose and audience, the author’s (or authors’) qualifications, the publication’s reputation, any indications of bias or hidden agendas, how current the source is, and the overall quality of the writing, thinking, and design.
Evaluate what you are reading
Smart researchers continually ask themselves two questions: “Is this source relevant to my purpose?” and “Is this source reliable?” The first question will help you avoid wasting valuable time reading sources that stray too far from your specific topic and research questions. The second question will help you find accurate, trustworthy sources.
Help you not waste time in readings not relevant to your research
. To examine the author’s credibility or ethos—that is, how much you can believe of what the author has to say
Ethos,, how much you can believe of what the author has to say.
these sites have no control system for researching, writing, and reviewing articles. Instead, they rely on a community of users to police themselves. At best, these sites can be a starting point for finding other, more trustworthy sources. Never use them as final sources.
Try not to use sites like free online encyclopedias and wikis as sources of information.
The different types of sources you will consult are written for distinct purposes and with different audiences in mind. This accounts for other differences, such as the following: How thoroughly the writers cover a given topic. How carefully the writers’ research and document facts. How editors review the work. What biases or agendas affect the content.
Keep these in mind when using different types of sources.
Smart researchers continually ask themselves two questions: “Is this source relevant to my purpose?” and “Is this source reliable?”
Does this source prove a purpose? Is this source reliable?
for - Dirk Hebel - sustainable architect - natural building materials
AMPK
proteína quinasa activada por adenosina monofosfato
AMP
adenosín monofosfato
La vía glucolítica
ruta metabólica ancestral y fundamental que ocurre en el citoplasma celular para degradar la glucosa en piruvato, produciendo energía inmediata en forma de ATP y NADH.
fosforilasa cinasa
convierte la glucógeno sintetasa de una forma más activa a una menos activa, regulando así el metabolismo del glucógeno.
glucógeno fosforilasa
cataliza el primer paso de la glucogenólisis, descomponiendo el glucógeno almacenado en glucosa-1-fosfato en el hígado y músculos.
After this treaty was made China opened its doors to them and then they broke the treaty that they had asked for by shutting the Chinese out of their country.
Unfair treatment from the Americans to the Chinese , they were welcomed but the Chinese were kicked out of the US .
The habit is very general among rich men and officials in China, but not so much among poor men. I don’t think it does as much harm as the liquor that the Americans drink. There’s nothing so bad as a drunken man. Opium doesn’t make people crazy.
I found this observation to be interesting as it predates the prohibition movement, but mirrors some of the same sentiments. This outside view of American drinking culture vs. China's opium use is interesting as they are most likely both abused and used as a form of escapism for the user.
You have expended a lot of the Public money foolishly, all because of a one poor little Child.
The San Francisco school board's decision to spend taxpayer money on a new school rather than letting Tape into the school shows the prejudice they faced. I would be interested to know how common of solution this would become across the nation before the ruling of Brown V. Board.
What right have you to bar my children out of the school because she is a chinese Decend. They is no other worldly reason that you could keep her out, except that
I found this portion of Tape's writing to be interesting. Today, we have FAPE (free and appropriate education) guidelines that every school must abide by. I'm interested in whether her writing and similar ones of discrimination influence more well-known education law such as Brown v. Board and ADA (Americans with Disabilities Act)
Go send your sons to exile To serve your captives’ need To wait in heavy harness On fluttered folk and wild— Your new-caught, sullen peoples, Half devil and half child Take up the White Man’s burden
The white man is described to be as half devil and half child since although they are evil in a way they are still humans.
Wikipedia exists in multiple languages (each governed somewhat independently). When looking at the demographics of who writes the English Wikipedia articles, editors of Wikipedia skew heavily male (around 80% or 90%), and presumably administrators skew heavily male as well. This can produce bias in how things are moderated. For example, Donna Strickland had no Wikipedia page before her Nobel. Her male collaborator did:
This is a concise and effective critique. It highlights a critical flaw in one of the world's most important knowledge resources, using a striking anecdote to drive the point home.
15.1. Types of Content Moderator Set-Ups# There are a number of different types of content moderators and ways of organizing them, such as: 15.1.1. No Moderators# Some systems have no moderators. For example, a personal website that can only be edited by the owner of the website doesn’t need any moderator set up (besides the person who makes their website). If a website does let others contribute in some way, and is small, no one may be checking and moderating it. But as soon as the wrong people (or spam bots) discover it, it can get flooded with spam, or have illegal content put up (which could put the owner of the site in legal jeopardy).
Reading about automated moderators made me realize how much social media relies on invisible systems to keep platforms running. While bots can quickly flag harmful content at scale, I sometimes worry about mistakes — like posts being removed without context or nuance. It makes me think that the best moderation probably combines automation with human judgment, since community norms and intent can be hard for algorithms to fully understand.
14.1.1. Quality Control# In order to make social media sites usable and interesting to users, they may ban different types of content such as advertisements, disinformation, or off-topic posts. Almost all social media sites (even the ones that claim “free speech”) block spam, mass-produced unsolicited messages, generally advertisements, scams, or trolling. Without quality control moderation, the social media site will likely fill up with content that the target users of the site don’t want, and those users will leave. What content is considered “quality” content will vary by site, with 4chan considering a lot of offensive and trolling content to be “quality” but still banning spam (because it would make the site repetitive in a boring way), while most sites would ban some offensive content.
I find it interesting how “quality control” isn’t really neutral — what counts as “quality” depends heavily on the platform’s culture and business goals. For example, something considered normal or even entertaining on one site might be banned on another. This makes me think moderation is less about universal rules and more about shaping the kind of community a platform wants to build, which can quietly influence what voices get amplified or suppressed.
This, then, is the sustainability challenge—not to control population growth, but to find ways to improve well-being and satisfy basic consumption desires without repression or environmental degradation, especially to minimize pollution, biodiversity loss, and greenhouse gas emissions.
!!
Women will choose to have fewer children—to reduce fertility—when they have higher status; more options; living standards that include higher levels of education, literacy, employment, health care, and savings; a higher average age of marriage; and safe contraceptive choices.
!!!
Seek out academic journals along with other resources. Just be prepared to spend a little more time processing the information.
Takes more time but has more information that can be very helpful.
Scholarly or academic journals are written for a much smaller and more expert audience. The creators of these publications assume that most of their readers are already familiar with the main topic of the journal, which means the use of jargon is acceptable.
More in depth and specific information.
jargon
"special words or expressions used by a profession or group that are difficult for others to understand"
Consult your instructor because they will often specify what resources you are required to use.
make sure you are using the right resources
The following are examples of secondary sources: Magazine articles Biographical books Literary and scientific reviews Television documentaries
These are resources to help guide you.
Most databases organize the articles that appear in newspapers, magazines, and journals using indexes. Like catalogs, they provide publication information about an article and often allow users to access a summary or even the full text of the article.
Helpful way to see what an article is about without having to use a lot of time
These notes will help trigger your memory about each article’s key ideas and your initial response to the information when you return to your sources during the writing process. As you read each source, take a minute to evaluate the reliability of each source you find. Table 31.1 Library Print Resources
Taking notes will help you remember the main ideas of any article you read.
Your topic and purpose determine whether you must cite both primary and secondary sources in your paper. Ask yourself which sources are most likely to provide answers your research questions.
Knowing your topic and purpose will help you determine what type of sources you are looking for.
The following are examples of secondary sources: Magazine articles Biographical books Literary and scientific reviews Television documentaries
Given information that someone else has already informed
For example, if you were writing a paper about the First Amendment right to freedom of speech, the text of the First Amendment in the Bill of Rights would be a primary source. Other primary sources include the following: Research Articles Literary Texts Historical documents such as diaries or letters Autobiographies or other personal accounts Podcasts
information given by the direct person
the content will still be presented in an objective style and formal tone. Entertaining readers with breezy comments and splashy graphics is not a priority.
Use an objective style and formal tone. Splashy graphics are not a priority.
When you search for periodicals, be sure to distinguish among different types. Mass-market publications, such as newspapers and popular magazines, differ from scholarly publications in their accessibility, audience, and purpose. Consult your instructor because they will often specify what resources you are required to use.
Distinguish among different types of periodicals. Mass market publications such as newspapers and popular magazines differ from scholarly publications. Consult your instructor to specify what resources you are required to use.
Resources Format Contents eLibrary Academic (ProQuest) Online Database that archives content from newspapers, magazines, and dissertations Psychology Collection (Gale) Online Database that archives content from journals in psychology and psychiatry Business and Company ASAP (Gale) and Business Insights Essentials Online Database that archives business-related content from magazines and journals CINAHL Complete, Health Reference Center Academic Online Databases that archive articles in medicine and health EBSCOhost Online A general database that provides access to articles on a wide variety of topics
examples of commonly used indexes and databases.
Library catalogs can help you locate book-length sources, as well as some types of non-print holdings, such as CDs, DVDs, and audio books. To locate shorter sources, such as magazine and journal articles, you will need to use an online database. CNM’s library website holds a large online database you can use to begin your research.
Library catalogs can help you locate book length sources, as well as some types of non-print holdings. For other sources such as magazine or journal articles you will use an online database.
Your sources will include both primary sources and secondary sources. As you conduct research, you will want to take detailed, careful notes about your discoveries. These notes will help trigger your memory about each article’s key ideas and your initial response to the information when you return to your sources during the writing process. As you read each source, take a minute to evaluate the reliability of each source you find.
One of the most important parts of research is taking careful notes about your discoveries. It will trigger your memory about the key points of each of the articles. Make sure to evaluate the reliability of every source you use.
The challenge here is to conduct your search efficiently, so writers use strategies to help them find the sources that are most relevant and reliable while steering clear of sources that will not be useful.
Searching efficiently you can decide what source is the most relevant. Narrowing down your options.
Your topic and purpose determine whether you must cite both primary and secondary sources in your paper. Ask yourself which sources are most likely to provide answers your research questions. If you are writing a research paper about reality television shows, you will need to use some reality shows as a primary source, but secondary sources, such as a reviewer’s critique, are also important. If you are writing about the health effects of nicotine, you will probably want to read the published results of scientific studies, but secondary sources, such as magazine or journal articles discussing the outcome of a recent study, may also be helpful.
Depending on your topic you will decide if you will use primary as well as secondary sources. Which one is more beneficial and can provide answers to my research paper?
Secondary sources discuss, interpret, analyze, consolidate, or otherwise rework information from primary sources. In researching a paper about the First Amendment, you might read articles about legal cases that involved First Amendment rights or editorials expressing commentary on the First Amendment. These sources would be considered secondary sources because they are one step removed from the primary source of information. The following are examples of secondary sources: Magazine articles Biographical books Literary and scientific reviews Television documentaries
Secondary sources as well as examples of other articles you could use.
Other primary sources include the following: Research Articles Literary Texts Historical documents such as diaries or letters Autobiographies or other personal accounts Podcasts
Other primary sources used for sourcing
the history of the clause does not support the appelles argument because the framers were mainly deciding who should appoint judges.
But more basically, I am in Birmingham because injustice is here. Just as the prophets of the eighth century B.C. left their villages and carried their "thus saith the Lord" far beyond the boundaries of their home towns, and just as the Apostle Paul left his village of Tarsus and carried the gospel of Jesus Christ to the far corners of the Greco Roman world, so am I compelled to carry the gospel of freedom beyond my own home town. Like Paul, I must constantly respond to the Macedonian call for aid.
KEY POINT OF MEANING: this correlation that he used was powerful. Dr. king dumbs it down as to how passionate he is about spreading the message of true freedom for his people. By using philosophical stories that we've heard of before, that can make us relate to his purpose.
I hope this letter finds you strong in the faith. I also hope that circumstances will soon make it possible for me to meet each of you, not as an integrationist or a civil-rights leader but as a fellow clergyman and a Christian brother. Let us all hope that the dark clouds of racial prejudice will soon pass away and the deep fog of misunderstanding will be lifted from our fear drenched communities, and in some not too distant tomorrow the radiant stars of love and brotherhood will shine over our great nation with all their scintillating beauty. Yours for the cause of Peace and Brotherhood, Martin Luther King, Jr.Published in:King, Martin Luther Jr.
QUESTION
Was MLK always for non violent action or was there ever a time that he felt like more was necessary?
I hope you are able to see the distinction I am trying to point out. In no sense do I advocate evading or defying the law, as would the rabid segregationist. That would lead to anarchy. One who breaks an unjust law must do so openly, lovingly, and with a willingness to accept the penalty. I submit that an individual who breaks a law that conscience tells him is unjust, and who willingly accepts the penalty of imprisonment in order to arouse the conscience of the community over its injustice, is in reality expressing the highest respect for law.
KEY MEANING
Dr King is cooking with this one. He explains that he knew what he doing was illegal, in the sense of the state. Yet what he was doing was for the betterment of others (due to laws like the one that he was currently breaking) and was willing to accept any form of captial punishment/ imprinsonment as long as it caused change. saying that He's respecting the law by doing so.
For instance, I have been arrested on a charge of parading without a permit.
QUESTION
This is what they chose to charge him with? they could've done better
Thomas Aquinas: An unjust law is a human law that is not rooted in eternal law and natural law. Any law that uplifts human personality is just. Any law that degrades human personality is unjust. All segregation statutes are unjust because segregation distorts the soul and damages the personality. It gives the segregator a false sense of superiority and the segregated a false sense of inferiority.
KEY MEANING Dr king uses a theorist/ philosopher to elaborate on "un just laws". There are many who have spoken the same thing, that some laws are made to control and discourage other humans. when all humans are born with the same right, to live uncontrolled but "just".
Nonviolent direct action seeks to create such a crisis and foster such a tension that a community which has constantly refused to negotiate is forced to confront the issue. It seeks so to dramatize the issue that it can no longer be ignored
MY VALUES This is where risk and reward come into play, Im not sure if i would have the strength and almost subtle ignorance as King did. This is a great idea (on paper) but even more lives are at risk. This situation went bad and could've been way worst due to the fact that not everyone is willing to play nice when it comes to event as chaotic as this one. Yet it got the job done in terms of making the whole nation guilty of the evnts taken place.
Then, last September, came the opportunity to talk with leaders of Birmingham's economic community. In the course of the negotiations, certain promises were made by the merchants--for example, to remove the stores' humiliating racial signs. On the basis of these promises, the Reverend Fred Shuttlesworth and the leaders of the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights agreed to a moratorium on all demonstrations. As the weeks and months went by, we realized that we were the victims of a broken promise. A few signs, briefly removed, returned; the others remained. As in so many past experiences, our hopes had been blasted, and the shadow of deep disappointment settled upon us. We had no alternative except to prepare for direct action, whereby we would present our very bodies as a means of laying our case before the conscience of the local and the national community. Mindful of the difficulties involved, we decided to undertake a process of self purification. We began a series of workshops on nonviolence, and we repeatedly asked ourselves: "Are you able to accept blows without retaliating?" "Are you able to endure the ordeal of jail?" We decided to schedule our direct action program for the Easter season, realizing that except for Christmas, this is the main shopping period of the year. Knowing that a strong economic-withdrawal program would be the by product of direct action, we felt that this would be the best time to bring pressure to bear on the merchants for the needed change. Then it occurred to us that Birmingham's mayoral election was coming up in March, and we speedily decided to postpone action until after election day. When we discovered that the Commissioner of Public Safety, Eugene "Bull" Connor, had piled up enough votes to be in the run off, we decided again to postpone action until the day after the run off so that the demonstrations could not be used to cloud the issues. Like many others, we waited to see Mr. Connor defeated, and to this end we endured postponement after postponement. Having aided in this community need, we felt that our direct action program could be delayed no longer.
**QUESTION
what do you do when you feel like your had is forced?
One may well ask: "How can you advocate breaking some laws and obeying others?" The answer lies in the fact that there are two types of laws: just and unjust. I would be the first to advocate obeying just laws. One has not only a legal but a moral responsibility to obey just laws. Conversely, one has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws. I would agree with St. Augustine that "an unjust law is no law at all."
KEY TO THE AMERICAN EXPERIENCE this is also a correlation to spooners theory of natural law. which distinguishes justice from injustice. He viewed natural law as the only valid law, labeling state legislation as unauthorized, immoral, and a violation of individual liberty.
In any nonviolent campaign there are four basic steps: collection of the facts to determine whether injustices exist; negotiation; self purification; and direct action. We have gone through all these steps in Birmingham. There can be no gainsaying the fact that racial injustice engulfs this community. Birmingham is probably the most thoroughly segregated city in the United States. Its ugly record of brutality is widely known. Negroes have experienced grossly unjust treatment in the courts. There have been more unsolved bombings of Negro homes and churches in Birmingham than in any other city in the nation. These are the hard, brutal facts of the case. On the basis of these conditions, Negro leaders sought to negotiate with the city fathers. But the latter consistently refused to engage in good faith negotiation.
KEY POINT OF MEANING Dr king's actions that lead him to this situation (jail) was carefully, thoroughly, and safely planned. Which is what he had to do in order for the injustice of his people to be Seen. He was fed up and disturbed, with birmingham specifically.
KEY POINT OF MEANING: this correlation that he used was powerful. Dr. king dumbs it down as to how passionate he is about spreading the message of true freedom for his people. By using philosophical stories that we've heard of before, that can make us relate to his purpose.
A region is typically considered overpopulated when it exceeds its carrying capacity, which is the number of people that that region’s resources (typically food) can support. But that estimate will depend on what those people are eating, and what they are willing to eat. It’s well known, for instance, that a vegetarian diet is easier to sustain than a carnivorous one. Sufficiency will also vary with our ever-changing ability to produce food.
carrying capacity
About half the world’s population lives on less than $3/day; they cause very little climate pollution (only 15% of the global total). Those of us in the top 10% of global income (living on more than $23/day, or about $8400/year) are responsible for 36% of global carbon emissions.
$$
Currently, higher income tends to be correlated with higher climate pollution.
$
I believe that overpopulation discourse undermines the kind of safe, voluntary family planning and reproductive health care that respects women’s autonomy. Too often it encourages coercive methods like involuntary sterilization.
KEY POINT THAT ARGUES MY THESIS WHICH IS COOL AND GREAT!!!
We need to understand that population is likely to stabilize or even go down in the future as the younger generation ages and that momentum peters out. In the meantime the real challenge facing us is how to plan for a growing population in environmentally sustainable and socially equitable ways.
what will very likely happen vs what we actually need to think about today.
But what people don’t understand is that the demographic momentum built into these numbers has a lot to do with age distribution: there are presently a large proportion of people of reproductive age in the population, especially in the global south, and even if they have only two or fewer children, it means an absolute increase in population numbers.
the real challenge of demographic momentum is said here.
the average family size now is about 2.5 children. Birth rates remain relatively high in some countries, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, but this is mainly due to lack of investment in public health services, poverty eradication, education, women’s rights, etc. Elsewhere in the world many countries are facing population decline, with birth rates falling below replacement level fertility. In the U.S. right now women are having on average less than two children.
key topics mentioned in class lecture!!
who is producing most of these CO2 emissions? And Oxfam came out with a study about four years ago that estimated the world’s richest 1% probably emit 30 times more than the poorest 50% of the planet.
C02 emissions
Since the time of Thomas Malthus, people concerned about overpopulation have been worried about whether there’s enough food to go around.
thomas malthus mention
The resources around us are elastic.
we see resources as durable
même
pentad
a group or set of five.
상태별 취소 처리 차이
임장 중개인 배정 단계에서도 사용자 임장 취소 제한
worthwhile assertions
a defensible, meaningful claim or thesis that goes beyond simple facts or opinions to provoke deeper analysis, interpretation, and exploration of a subject.
but as answers to questions or solutions to problems
for example, as meeting particular needs around communication or a purpose
Backfires
Article is balanced because it explains both negative and positive.
Gerald S. Bemstein received his Doctorate atthe University of Pennsylvania. He has been afaculty member of Brandeis University since1968 and won the Outstanding Teacher Awardin 1970. He serves as a consultant to both theNewton and Brookline Public School Systemsand on the Visitor's Committee of the BostonMuseum of Fine Arts.In this year of Orwellian hype and futurist fan-tasy, much has been written concerning BigBrother and the Anti-Utopian State. The pessi-mistic image of an omnipotent governmentoppressing the individual and creating a societyof mass conformity pervades every chapter ofOrwell's classic novel.For many the re-reading of 1984 a generationafter it had been an assigned text in some Eng-lish or Political Science course has been anunsettling experience. The obvious drift towardsa dehumanizing expansion of bureaucracies andthe seemingly unquestioning commitment to thecomputer has reinforced some of our worstfears of a totalitarian society. The disillusioningrealization is that 1984 was not a science fictionprophecy but a powerful warning of the dangerto human freedom inherent in the use of tech-nology to achieve and maintain political power.The despair and fear which surround WinstonSmith, the protagonist of Orwell's novel, ismade evident in his loss of individuality. Thissubjugation of the human spirit is manifested byOrwell in his depiction of the frightening tech-niques of mind control: from the ubiquitousposters of Big Brother with eyes that follow you,to the electronic eye of the telescreen whichinvades even the privacy of the bedroom.The negative Utopia described in 1984 is one ofthe repression supported by a complex technol-ogy in the service of the State. But in Orwell'sdehumanized world it is not only the psychicenvironment that oppresses the individual butthe physical environment as well. For the archi-tecture of Orwell's "future" function as a meta-phor of totalitarian repression.But how does Orwell conceive of the architec-ture of the built environment of Fictional Lon-don, chief city of Airstrip One? Interestingly,Orwell is quite specific in his description of thephysical environment through which his charac-ters move.Winter 1985, JAE 38/2The Architecture of Repression:The Built Environment ofGeorge Orwell's 1984mOrwell's description of this blighted area, withits cobbled streets of little two story houseswas just as depressing as Victory Mansions.Yet the experience awakened in Winston "asort of ancestral memory." Seated in an arm-chair beside an open fire, a vague feeling ofnostalgia gripped Winston. In both its humanscale and its assortment of Victorian furniture,Winston felt that this was a ". . . room meantto be lived in."15Another feature of Winston's secret room was apicture in rosewood frame which hung abovethe fireplace. It was a 19th century steel engrav-ing of an oval building with rectangular windowsand a small tower: St. Clement's Dane was thename of the building originally built as one ofWren's parish churches after the Great Fire of1666. Although Winston recognized it as a stillextant ruin not far from the Law Courts he hadno way of knowing the history of the building inthe Orwellian year of 1984.16 For since the Rev-olution, the State had systematically altered any-thing that might throw light upon the past. InOrwell's future "one could not learn historyfrom architecture any more than one could learnfrom books . . . Anything large and impressive... was automatically claimed to have beenbuilt since the Revolution, while anything thatwas obviously of an earlier date was ascribed tosome dim period called the Middle Ages. Thecenturies of capitalism were held to have pro-duced nothing of value."17Winston's discovery that the old engravingdepicted a church led to an even more startlingrevelation that there existed in London many for-mer churches, which had ". . . been put toother uses."18 Among the most dramatic exam-ples was the great St. Martin's in-the-Fieldswhich had been converted by the party into". .. a museum ... of propaganda," displayingsuch objects as "scale models of rocket bombs... and waxwork tableaux illustrating theenemy atrocities . . .".19 Again, Orwell's depic-tion of the recycling of churches into Museumsof the State is not a futuristic fantasy, but aclear reference to a contemporary campaign ofthe late 1940's being carried out by the govern-ment of the Soviet Union for the conversion ofEastern orthodox churches into Statemuseums.20The world of London in 1984 was one in which"the past had ... been abolished. Every recordhas been destroyed or falsified, every book hasbeen rewritten, every picture has beenrepainted, every statue and street and buildingrenamed, every date has been altered. Anythingthat might throw light on the past has beenrepressed. History has stopped. Nothing existsexcept the endless present."21 Atop the enor-mous fluted column in what was once Trafalgarand had become Victory Square, Big Brotherreplaced Lord Nelson and a telescreen filled thepediment of the converted St. Martin's in-the-Field.Late in the novel Winston's visit to the dwellingplace of O'Brien offers a jarring contrastbetween the delapidated condition of VictoryMansion and the smoothly functioning struc-tures of the Inner Party. Located in their ownquarter of the city, the elite of the Party lived inhuge blocks of spacious flats. The softly car-peted passageways with their cream paperedwalls and white wainscoating were exquisitelyclean. The symbolic contrast between the faultyelevators of Winston's building and the". . . silent and incredibly rapid lifts sliding upand down,"22 in the towers of the Inner Partysuggest that it was more than the color of one'soveralls that distinguished one's position in thehierarchical society of 1984.In Winston Smith's desperate grasp for free-dom, he was betrayed by the very man hethought shared his hatred for Big Brother. For itwas the Inner Party member O'Brien who hadgiven him Goldstein's subversive book. Orwell'sdevice of a book within a book allowed theauthor to create an historical context for 1984. Itis Goldstein's words that describe the chaoticpre-Revolutionary period before the establish-ment of the State. It is also through Goldsteinthat we learn "that the imaginary future to whichpeople . . . (of) the early 20th century aspir dwas a vision of a society unbelievably rich, lei-sured, orderly and efficient. Set in an architec-tural ambience of ... glittering antiseptic(structures) ... of glass and steel and snowwhite concrete and predicated on the continuingdevelopment of science and technology."23 The". .. dwarf, the surrounding architecture" justas Big Brother towers above the Party and thepeople.9Victory Mansion, the apartment house complexwhere Winston lived, seems remarkably similarto the worker housing projects built between thetwo World Wars. From the elevator which". .. even in the best of times was seldomworking," to the "heating system which wasusually running at half steam,"10 the utopiandream associated with Bauhaus designedWorker Housing has been transformed into anightmare. Winston's lament of flaking plasterand burst pipes and the need to have even thesimplest of repairs sanctioned by committee is arecurring echo of the failures associated withpublic housing projects.1If there is one constant in the life of WinstonSmith it is that of surveillance. From morninguntil night the "eyes" of Big Brother watchedhim. The instrument for this procedure was thetelescreen, which Orwell described as "anoblong metal plaque like a dull mirror whichformed part of the surface of the ... wall.""2The telescreen received and transmitted simulta-neously, giving out Party information as well asobserving every move of the individual. Thisfearsome invasion of personal privacy was not ascience fiction fantasy that Orwell invented, forby the late 1940's the technology for such aninstrument was already more than a decade old.One of the most startling exhibits at the NewYork World's Fair of 1939, "World of Tomor-row," was a video telephone which allowed fortwo-way visual communication.13 The Orwelliantwist was that technology in the service of theState created an instrument that could not beturned off.Winston's desire to escape the spying eyes ofBig Brother led him to take a dangerous risk.And once again Orwell uses an architectural set-ting to symbolize an aspect of the oppressiveState. When Winston enters the London districtinhabited by the Prols, a subculture of Oceaniansociety, we find ourselves catapulted into thesqualid condition of Victorian London tene-ments. It is here that Winston finds some relieffrom the constant surveillance of Big Brother. Ina rented room ". . . in the vague, brown col-ored slum to the north and east of what hadonce been St. Pancras Station . . ."14 Winstonfound a refuge from the automaton existence ofthe Party.Winter 1985, JAE 38/2ElNotes1 Orwell, George 1984 New American Library (New York) 1981.2 Ibid, p. 21 Orwell's description of Victory Mansions as amulti-level housing complex built in the thirties strongly sug-gests "the 'water-down' version of modern architecture"which was constructed in England before the outbreak ofWorld War II. Lubetkin and Tecton's High Point I flats, High-gate (1933-35), an eight story concrete apartment buildingderived "from both LeCorbusier and Soviet collective housingof the twenties," may have been Orwell's model. See Curtis,William J. R. Modem Architecture Since 1980 Prentice-HallInc. (Englewood Cliffs) 1983, p. 225.3 Orwell, op.cit., p. 7. The pyramid-like buildings that housedthe Ministries are reminiscent of the projects of the so-calledVisionary Architects of the late 18th century. Drr: Vogt. A,M"Orweil's Nineteen Eighty-Four and Etienne Louis Boullee'sDafts of 1784" Journal of the Society of Architectural Histori-ans, Vol. XLIII, No. 1, (March) 1984, pp. 60-64.4 Ibid, p. 26.5 Orwell, op.cit. p. 7.6 Ibid, p. 38.7 Orwell, op.cit., p. 7.8 Ibid, p. 7. The shanty town squatter settlements of Brazil arecalled favelas. Rapid growth of the favelas occurred in thethirties with a sudden influx of low income people into urbancenters. The dwellings of the favelas are often primitive one-room hovels and are often shared by pigs, goats and chick-ens. See Evenson, Norma Two Brazilian Capitols Yale Univer-sity (New Haven and London) 1973, p. 20-23.9 Ibid, p. 8. The massive fortress-like appearance of the Minis-tries seem associated with the monumental architectureemployed by totalitarian regimes between the two WorldWars. In Italy, Germany and Russia the architecture of theState was meant to be a reinforcement of nationalist senti-ment. Both in its overwhelming scale and disciplined repeti-tion of motifs government architecture became a symbol ofthe power of the State. See Curtis op.cit., p. 211.10 Ibid, p. 21.11 Blake, Peter Form Follows Fiasco Little Brown and Company(Boston/Toronto) 1977, p. 121-132. In Blake's polemicalchapter entitled "The Fantasy of Housing" he links the con-cept of worker housing to the company towns of the Indus-trial Revolution which he contends were designed to keep theresidents under company control. He goes on to suggest thatthe mass worker housing settlements (Siedlungen) designedin the twenties and thirties had a similar controlling effect andbecame most popular in the Soviet Union, Germany and Italy.12 Orwell, op.cit., p. 6.13 The communication section of the 1939 New York World'sFair "dealt with effects of modern communication ... as asocializing force." One of the exhibits was an experimental"television-telephone" which had been developed in the1930's. The perfection of the cathod ray tube which madepossible electronic visual transmission was first utilized by theBritish Broadcasting Corporation in November of 1936. Thepicture was viewed by reflection in a mirror placed above themechanical console. See Harrison, Helen Dawn of a New DayThe New York World's Fair, 1939-1940 New York UniversityPress (New York, London) 1980, p. 82-83.failure of this Utopian dream and the substitu-tion of the nightmare of the repressive State wassaid to be partly due to the impoverishmentcaused by wars and revolutions. But an evenmore significant factor was the inability of. . . scientific and technological progress,(which) depended on the empirical habit ofthought . .. (to) survive in a strictly regimentedsociety."24The control of the State depended on the falsifi-cation of the past and the subjugation of thehuman spirit. In a world in which "nothing wasyour own except the few centimeters inside yourskull "... individuality had to be abolished.25The architecture of such a world, whether thesurviving relics of the 1930's or the pristinetowers of the Inner Party, shared the commoncharacteristics of sterile banality. They rejected adistinctive expression of style in favor of a rigidright angle conformity. It would seem thatOrwell's model for the built environment of 1984was not a flight of science-fiction, but a percep-tive recognition of the anti-historical characteris-tics of the contemporary International Style. Foras Philip Johnson has said "a glass box may beof our time but it has no history."26At the end of the novel, Winston, and his loverJulia are arrested in their secret hiding place bythe Thought Police who have been observingthem from a hidden telescreen, ironically placedbehind the rosewood framed engraving of theWrenian church. Brought to the ominous for-tress of the Ministry of Love, Winston begins along period of personal humiliation. Imprisonedwithin the windowless labyrinth Winston isunable to tell if he was high up near the roof ormany meters underground.27 It is within thishermetically sealed interior, as repressive anddegrading as any of the techniques of brain-washing, that Winston finally breaks down.However, even at the moment of the Party'striumph over the individual we are aware of afatal flaw in the State's attempt to destroy thepast. For Winston had already realized that onlyin "a solid object with no words attached"28could history survive. For there exists in archi-tecture a linkage to the past. To Winston the. . . "pale-colored pleasure of identifying St.Martin's church"29. . . meant that history wasnot stopped and although the church had beenrecycled for the use of the repressive State thecontinuity of architectural style as a document ofhistory continued to exist. -14 Orwell, op.cit., p. 70.15 Ibid, p. 82.16 Ibid, p. 83.17 Ibid, p. 83.18 Ibid, p. 84.19 Ibid, p. 84.20 The campaign against religion had been resumed in Russia asearly as 1944. The propoganda attacked religious superstitionand focused on the achievements of science and technology.Not only were many churches closed and sometimes demol-ished but converted to other uses. See Conquest, RobertReligion in the U.S.S.R. Frederick A. Praeger (New York andWashington) 1968, p. 21.21 Orwell, op.cit, p. 128.The calculated rejection of the past and of all historical asso-ciation in architecture is strongly reminiscent of the writing ofthe Italian Futurist Antonio Sant'Elia. In his Messaggio of1914 Sant'Elia asserted that the architecture of the futuremust abolish ". .. the discipline of historical styles" andsubstitute designs created for a ". . . scientific and techno-logical culture. See Curtis, op.cit., p. 73.22 Ibid, p. 138.23 Ibid, pp. 155-156.24 Ibid, p. 156.25 Orwell, op.cit., p. 2626 Eisenman, Peter Philip Johnson Writings Oxford UniversityPress (New York) 1979, p. 23. Statement concerning the1962 project for the Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial.27 Orwell, op.cit., p. 188.28 Orwell, op.cit., p. 128.29 Orwell, op.cit., p. 95.
allegory is "a representation of an abstract or spiritual meaning through concrete or material forms; figurative treatment of one subject under the guise of another."
Allegory definition
Symbolism is a practice of using symbols, or anything that represents something larger than itself.
Symbolism explained
repeated words and phrases
Repetition: self explanatory
metaphor compares two things by saying they are the same, while a simile uses the words “like” or “as.”
Difference between metaphor and simile
convey a meaning to the reader.
Purpose of rhetorical devices
In the richer industrial countries women and their partners had long made choices about family size.These personal choices had serendipitous national effects, not least on economic development and the environment. In developing countries, millions of poor women are still waiting
the richer countires were able to create a form of (im just calling it) crowd control but poorer countries still waited to reap benefits of family planning, contraceptives, and women's health
In this era of climate change, the real challenge is to fundamentally transform inefficient, inequitable, and environmentally harmful systems of resource production, consumption, and distribution in order to sustainably accommodate a population of over 9 billion in 2050.
and i've always said that
Today, the biggest barrier to an effective international climate policy is the failure of the Global North, in particular the U.S., to agree to a significant reduction in carbon emissions. Pinning the blame on overpopulation in the Global South plays into the politics of climate denial.
global north are ignoring their part of the issue
Focusing on women's fertility diverts our attention from the role of industrial agriculture, extractive industries, luxury consumption, and militarism in causing environmental degradation
help people not industries
Population alarmism threatens to erode the progress made since the 1994 Cairo conference in moving the family planning field away from top-down and coercive population control programs toward a focus on reproductive health and rights. In many countries, programs are still biased against poor women, who often receive disrespectful, bad quality services and are denied real contraceptive choice. When the message that controlling fertility is not only a demographic but an environmental mandate filters down to already prejudiced providers, it will only make services worse. A troubling sign is that the U.S. Agency for International Development is considering re-introducing incentives, including compensation payments for sterilization, into family planning programs
incentives and gender discrimination
The main reason why global population is projected to increase to 9 billion by 2050, and possibly 10 billion by 2100 (a high projection that is disputed by demographers), is that currently there exists a large cohort of young people of reproductive age.
a large cohort (sub saharan africa, india, china, brazil) of young ppl of reproductive age
Women's rights are key. Fertility rates remain high where women's status is low. Less than one fifth of the world's countries will account for nearly all of the world's population growth this century. Not coincidentally, those countries—the least developed nations in sub-Saharan Africa, south Asia, and elsewhere—are also where girls are less likely to attend school, where child marriage is common, and where women lack basic rights.
issues of womens rights
Over the last half century, we've learned that the best way to slow growth is not through coercive "population control," but by ensuring that all people are able to make real choices about childbearing.
this this htjis this
In the world's most "water poor" countries, population is expected to double by 2050.Slower growth is not a panacea for the world's water problems, but it could ease pressure on scarce resources and buy time to craft solutions.
waterrrr
In the UN's low projection, our numbers peak at 8 billion by mid-century, then decline to 6 billion by 2100. By contrast, the medium and high projections envision continued growth for the foreseeable future. According to the medium projection, the world's population would reach 10 billion by 2100; according to the high projection, nearly 16 billion.
facts of pop projection
As human numbers approach 7 billion, the question is, "where do where we go from here?"
my main question
Unintended pregnancies occur when women don't want to get pregnant but are not using contraception. Among the reasons for this unmet need for contraception are a lack of knowledge about contraception, difficult access to supplies and services, the cost of contraception, fear of side effects, and opposition from spouses and other family members. Family planning programs reduce these obstacles, thus reducing unintended pregnancies and birth rates.
notes on equal access to healthcare, education and womens reproductive health
This approach permitted women and men to control their reproductive lives and avoid unwanted childbearing.
natal issues, eugenics, racism, coersion, forced sterilization
If we ever succeed in eliminating the gross disparities that today characterize per-capita consumption levels, our success will make even more obvious the eventual necessity of a non-growing population for true sustainability.
kill all men!
There are roughly a thousand times more people on the planet today than at the dawn of agriculture.
people are consuming and swallowing the space
Two main human forces have multiplied the scale of our interactions so that they are now beginning to overwhelm natural systems
industrial revolutution and generalized consumption
population growth
technology can be mentioned as a third factor but is a fluxuating subject of interest to be further analyzed.
Since the essence of sustainability is assuring that the activities of current generations do not threaten the well-being of future ones
this is their intention
Scale and change are fundamental determinants of environmental sustainability, and demographic trends are fundamental to human scale and change. If we ignore these trends or insist that there is no ethical way to affect their speed and direction, true sustainability will be as hard to reach as the end of a rainbow.
scale and change effect outcome of sustainability
Tone is the attitude writing can take towards its subject or audience.
Ton definition
If a piece of software I am working with creates a core dump, my first approach to finding the bug is usually to use gdb.
Cuando tenemos un core dumped tenemos que ir al gdb
Se necesita entrenamiento para pensar en las cosas en múltiples niveles de abstracción simultáneamente, y ese tipo de pensamiento es justo lo que se necesita para diseñar una excelente arquitectura de software.
¿Qué alternativas propone (explícita o implícitamente) el autor para mejorar la enseñanza?
Todos los chicos que se destacaron en el instituto escribiendo partidas de pong en BASIC para su Apple II llegaban a la universidad, cursaban Ciencias de la Computación 101, un curso de estructuras de datos, y cuando se les ocurría el tema de los punteros, su cerebro explotaba por completo, y de repente, se especializaban en Ciencias Políticas porque la facultad de Derecho les parecía una mejor idea. He visto todo tipo de cifras sobre las tasas de abandono en Ciencias de la Computación, y suelen estar entre el 40% y el 70%
¿Qué argumentos utiliza el autor para respaldar su postura?
Solías empezar la universidad con un curso de estructuras de datos, con listas enlazadas, tablas hash y demás, con un uso extensivo de punteros. Esos cursos solían usarse como descarte: eran tan difíciles que cualquiera que no pudiera afrontar el reto mental de una licenciatura en Ciencias de la Computación lo abandonaba, lo cual era bueno, porque si pensabas que los punteros son difíciles, espera a intentar demostrar algo sobre la teoría del punto fijo.
¿Qué crítica realiza sobre la forma en que se enseña programación?
Java no es, en general, un lenguaje de programación lo suficientemente complejo como para distinguir entre buenos y malos programadores.
¿Cuál es la idea principal que plantea el autor en el artículo?
https://www.facebook.com/groups/705152958470148/posts/1204076431911129/
Mr. and Mrs. Vintage Typewriters<br /> Rex Cates <br /> Roly D'Mech
specialize in rice and could easily export it on boats
Different places specialized in different things showing the need for trade and exchanging goods. This way the food that was eaten in a place does not limit to the food that is specialized to that place.
worked by African slaves
This shows how much labor and force were on the slaves. Slavery was the backbone of a lot of trade and that is what fueled the slave owners to be so stern on them and force them to labor on.
working families spent 60 to 80 percent of their earnings on food
One thing has always stayed the same throughout history, working helps families and individuals feed and care for themselves. Working is not for just luxury goods, but about maintaining basic health too.
The use of coal-fired steam to power machines was a major breakthrough, launching human society out of the biological old regime and into a new one no longer limited by annual solar energy flows
This shows the breakthroughs that happen in history due to discovery. Learning how to manipulate natural products can benefit societies and advance living that impacts history from then on.
that a single shelf of a good European library was worth the whole native literature of India and Arabia.
This statement doesn't acknowledge non-European knowledge.
It would be, on the most selfish view of the case, far better for us that the people of India were well governed and independent of us, than ill governed and subject to us
Macaulay frames British interest as compatible with Indian independence, his is reasoning is economic (better trading partners).
OK: I went to the University of Washington and [then] I got hired by this company called Geoworks, doing assembly-language programming, and I did it for five years. To us, the Geoworkers, we wrote a whole operating system, the libraries, drivers, apps, you know: a desktop operating system in assembly. 8086 assembly! It wasn't even good assembly! We had four registers! [Plus the] si [register] if you counted, you know, if you counted 386, right? It was horrible.I mean, actually we kind of liked it. It was Object-Oriented Assembly. It's amazing what you can talk yourself into liking, which is the real irony of all this. And to us, C++ was the ultimate in Roman decadence. I mean, it was equivalent to going and vomiting so you could eat more. They had IF! We had jump CX zero! Right? They had "Objects". Well we did too, but I mean they had syntax for it, right? I mean it was all just such weeniness. And we knew that we could outperform any compiler out there because at the time, we could!So what happened? Well, they went bankrupt. Why? Now I'm probably disagreeing – I know for a fact that I'm disagreeing with every Geoworker out there. I'm the only one that holds this belief. But it's because we wrote fifteen million lines of 8086 assembly language. We had really good tools, world class tools: trust me, you need 'em. But at some point, man...The problem is, picture an ant walking across your garage floor, trying to make a straight line of it. It ain't gonna make a straight line. And you know this because you have perspective. You can see the ant walking around, going hee hee hee, look at him locally optimize for that rock, and now he's going off this way, right?This is what we were, when we were writing this giant assembly-language system. Because what happened was, Microsoft eventually released a platform for mobile devices that was much faster than ours. OK? And I started going in with my debugger, going, what? What is up with this? This rendering is just really slow, it's like sluggish, you know. And I went in and found out that some title bar was getting rendered 140 times every time you refreshed the screen. It wasn't just the title bar. Everything was getting called multiple times.Because we couldn't see how the system worked anymore!
This is a well-known passage by Yegge explaining why GeoWorks didn't attain success with their object-oriented assembly, and why their object-oriented assembly is the reason for not doing so.
A pithier and more succinct analogy of the bigger picture that Yegge is trying to communicate here—something like what Engelbart struggled to get people to understand resulted in his metaphor of a pencil taped to a brick—would be, "There's a reason why programmers aren't writing code on punch cards anymore (and it's not just because the market for the equipment and, accordingly, the equipment itself, all but vanished and is no longer available)."
In what ways do you think you’ve participated in any crowdsourcing online?
I think I was a more active participant of crowdsourcing online when I was younger, but am now a lurker on essentially website I do use. When I was younger I was an active member of my communities, raising awareness, and even doing small events for designers which got donations. Now, I just scroll on my own private accounts ranging from 0-70 followers and like what I enjoy. I sometimes still donate money (crowdfunding), and I buy merch from posts in my fandom communities.
Emergent and self-sustaining: Communities creating and spreading their own rumors or own conspiracy narratives.
Can this be harmful even if it is framed as a joke? One example that instantly came to my mind is a running joke that women shed their skin once a month as well, to make fun of people (predominantly men) who are unaware of how the female body actually works and functions. Typically videos like this go viral, and most people in the comments section are in on the joke, with the occasional reply being someone unaware asking if everyone is being serious. I never found this harmful, but I'm wondering if it is because I always understood that it is a joke poking at unawareness. Can this cause people to feel inferior for not understanding?
connected with their coworkers via social media platforms
this stat is presented as if "connecting with coworkers on social media" = "social media presence in a professional context."
Student Insights: Stereotypes of the perfect man
if you relate, please see: "oh wow, two cakes!" https://www.tumblr.com/sqbr/92103436228/the-artist-putting-a-simple-cake-next-to-a-much
Testing
first-person narration, third-person limited narration, and third-person omniscient narration.
Different types of point of view
The argument is narrated in direct speech, suggesting an authentic recreation of the actual incident, but is followed by a piece of narration by Stevens that immediately undermines our trust in his version of events:
They become unreliable when they rethink
can be a character in the story, or he or she might not appear in the story at all.
Anyone can be a narrator
Some online platforms are specifically created for crowdsourcing. For example: Wikipedia: Is an online encyclopedia whose content is crowdsourced. Anyone can contribute, just go to an unlocked Wikipedia page and press the edit button. Institutions don’t get special permissions (e.g., it was a scandal when US congressional staff edited Wikipedia pages), and the expectation that editors do not have outside institutional support is intended to encourage more people to contribute. Quora: An crowdsourced question and answer site. Stack Overflow: A crowdsourced question-and-answer site specifically for programming questions. Amazon Mechanical Turk: A site where you can pay for crowdsourcing small tasks (e.g., pay a small amount for each task, and then let a crowd of people choose to do the tasks and get paid). Upwork: A site that lets people find and contract work with freelancers (generally larger and more specialized tasks than Amazon Mechanical Turk. Project Sidewalk: Crowdsourcing sidewalk information for mobility needs (e.g., wheelchair users). 16.2.2. Example Crowdsourcing Tasks# You probably already have some ideas of how crowds can work together on things like editing articles on a site like Wikipedia or answer questions on a site like Quora, but let’s look at some other examples of how crowds can work together. Fold-It is a game that lets players attempt to fold proteins. At the time, researchers were having trouble getting computers to do this task for complex proteins, so they made a game for humans to try it. Researchers analyzed the best players’ results for their research and were able to publish scientific discoveries based on the contributions of players.
These examples show that crowdsourcing can be used for a wide range of work, from knowledge-sharing and freelancing to scientific research and accessibility projects. They also show that crowdsourcing is most powerful when platforms are designed well so many small contributions can be organized into something genuinely useful.
When looking at who contributes in crowdsourcing systems, or with social media in generally, we almost always find that we can split the users into a small group of power users who do the majority of the contributions, and a very large group of lurkers who contribute little to nothing. For example, Nearly All of Wikipedia Is Written By Just 1 Percent of Its Editors, and on StackOverflow “A 2013 study has found that 75% of users only ask one question, 65% only answer one question, and only 8% of users answer more than 5 questions..” We see the same phenomenon on Twitter: Fig. 16.3 Summary of Twitter use by Pew Research Center# This small percentage of people doing most of the work in some areas is not a new phenomenon. In many aspects of our lives, some tasks have been done by a small group of people with specialization or resources. Their work is then shared with others. This goes back many thousands of years with activities such as collecting obsidian and making jewelry, to more modern activities like writing books, building cars, reporting on news, and making movies.
This shows that social media participation is very uneven, with a small group producing most of the content while most users mostly read or watch. That pattern is not unique to the internet, but on social media it matters because the views and behavior of power users can shape what everyone else sees.
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OED itself states that non-inclusion in their unparalleled work must not be taken as proof of non-wordness
first sighting: "non-wordness"
(Note: Be careful not to mix up mood and tone, as they are not the same thing. Mood is the feeling we get from a story; tone is a way of getting that feeling across.)
Important distinction
Since numerous tumors have been shown to originate from tissue stem cells (Visvader, 2011), it has been proposed that CACs are the cell of origin for PanINs and PDA (Miyamoto et al., 2003; Stanger et al., 2005). However, this contention has not been directly tested, largely because genetic tools to target ductal and CACs have only recently been generated (Kopp et al., 2011; Solar et al., 2009).
CAC's are cells that promote tissue regeneration and stem cells. These CAC's are proposed to be the cell origin for PanINs and PDA. This would make sense as these cells have increased proliferation in mice that lack the tumor suppressor gene (Pten). It is stated that not a lot of research has been done on that hypothesis, but it seems promising for understanding this cancer's origin.
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Interestingly, these tumors did not manifest mutations in any of the other TSG pathways noted above. This raises the question of whether other TSG mutations alter the biology of the disease. For example, additional mutations may be required to develop a significant metastatic burden.
Noting that none of the other TSG pathways were mutated in these tumors shows how little we actually can prove about PDA. This cancer can have many mutations that accelerate the disease and we aren't truly sure what mutation combinations are the cause of this cancer's aggressiveness.
But if this is so, the contractees will certainly not decide upon a strategysuch as "no advantage to me is acceptable unless it is to the advantage of thoseworse off." For, while this may be reasonable in a situation of uncertainty, itis not reasonable in a situation with information. In the latter case, a rationalegoist will adopt a new strategy that will maximize his interests alo
lity. An egoist will not bind himself toa policy which does not promise to maximize his future expectations; so it isodd for Rawls to suggest that "they understand further that the principles pro-posed and acknowledged on this occasion are to be binding on future occasions.... They will be bound by it in future cases the circumstances of which areunknown.
The 'difference' principle is not sufficient either, since it gives no specifi-cation of the size of the inequality allowed in comparison with the amount ofthe advantage provided. Any inequality, no matter how great, would be justi-fied by any advantage, no matter how slight, to the badly off. Rawls does notcall this perfectly just, but he considers it 'just' all the sam
"Given the circumstances of the original position, it isrational for a man to choose as if he were designing a society in which hisenemy is to assign him his place. Thus, in particular, given the complete lackof knowledge . . . it is rational to be conservative and so to choose in accor-dance with an analogue of the maximin principle.... Moreover, it seems clearhow the principle of utility can be interpreted: it is the analogue of the La-placean principle for choice uncert
Static websites are simple to generate
If you are a developer WordPress isn't a huge barrier.
why content management systems were adopted on the Web. What you need is a way of getting to the HTML typing something easier to read and type. You need a simple way to manage the website structure for what you have written. Again there are programs that do this today. Unfortunately many are complex and come with their own steep learning curve.
So document the process for updating the site in an SOP, making sure they're written in sufficient detail to be executable (by an agent—a user agent—sans LLMs), and then host the documents that detail those procedures on your site, as first-class content.
"Updating the site" then entails 1. consulting the SOP, and 2. carrying out the procedure there (either manually, or having your agent do it).
This is all achievable on a static site, provided there are Web-accessible (and, ideally, CORS-enabled) endpoints to control what content appears there (like the GitHub API, to name one example).
Requires active engagement from the reader.