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    1. GT19

      Case#: 29 year old, female

      Disease: Glazmann's Thrombasthenia

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0000967, HP:0000978, HP:0000225, HP:0004406, HP:0006298, HP:0001892

      PlateletAgreggation: Defective response to ADP, Adrenaline, Collagen, Arachidonic acid. Normal response to Ristocetin.

      GenotypingMethod: Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood leukocytes for mutational analysis of the αIIb and β3 genes by DNA sequencing

      Allele1:

      CAID: CA399802403

      ClinVar: 1330318

      Variant: NM_000419.5:c.1622T>A

      Allele 2:

      ClinVar: 2892

      CAID: CA115834

      Variant: NM_000419.5:c.1750C>T

      GnomAD: East Asian Population 0.0002176 (4/18386)

      ExpressionEvidence: Flow Cytometry of platelet integrin: .77% B3 expression, .37% A2B expression

    2. GT6

      Case#: 13, male

      Disease: Glazmann's Thrombasthenia

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0000967, HP:0000978, HP:0004406, HP:0000225, HP:0006298, HP:0001892

      PlateletAgreggation: Defective response to ADP, Adrenaline, Collagen, Arachidonic acid. Normal response to Ristocetin.

      GenotypingMethod: Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood leukocytes for mutational analysis of the αIIb and β3 genes by DNA sequencing

      Allele 1:

      ClinVar: 1330339

      CAID: CA400024922

      Variant: NM_000212.3:c.856G>A

      GnomAD: Not Found

      Allele 2

      ClinVar: 1330314

      CAID: CA400028591

      Variant: NM_000212.3:c.1288C>T

      GnomAD: Highest in European non-Finnish population 0.000008801 (1/113622)

      ExpressionEvidence: Flow Cytometry of platelet integrin: 8.3% B3 expression, 88.8% A2B expression

    1. Multidisciplinary Clinical Management of a Localized Aggressive Periodontitis diagnosed in a Child with Glanzmann’s Thrombasthenia

      PMID: 30397380

      Gene: ITGA2B and/or ITGB3 (Proband presented with GT; therefore, these genes may involved

      HGNC: 6138 and 6156

      InsufficientEvidence: Proband with Glanzmann thrombasthenia described in this article; however, no variant is mentioned in this article

    1. Cytoplasmic regions of the β3 subunit of integrin αIIbβ3 involved in platelet adhesion on fibrinogen under flow conditions

      PMID: 12941045

      Gene: ITGA2B

      HGNC: 6138

      InsufficientEvidence: This article does not have any GT case reports; however, this article references another article-- "In an earlier report, Chen et al. [14] described a patient with a variant of Glanzmann's thrombasthenia whose platelets failed to aggregate due to a S752→P mutation"

      PreviouslyPublished: PMID: 1438206 and PMID: 8080992

    1. Critical Role of β3 Integrin in Experimental Postmenopausal Osteoporosis† Haibo Zhao Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USASearch for more papers by this author Hideki Kitaura Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USASearch for more papers by this author Mark S Sands Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USASearch for more papers by this author F Patrick Ross Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USASearch for more papers by this author Steven L Teitelbaum Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USASearch for more papers by this author Deborah Veis Novack MD, PhD Corresponding Author E-mail address: novack@wustl.edu Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USAWashington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Box 8301, St Louis, MO 63110, USASearch for more papers by this author

      PMID: 16294265

      Gene: ITGA2B

      HGNC: 6138

      InsufficientEvidence: This is a study of ITGAB variants on mice, not humans, therefore we have insufficient evidence; however, this article may be useful for experimental evidence

    1. Antiplatelet antibodies in cases of Glanzmann's thrombasthenia with and without a history of multiple platelet transfusion

      PMID: 20407646

      Gene: ITGA2B and/or ITGB3

      HGNC: 6138 and 6156

      InsufficientEvidence: This article studies the antiplatelet antibodies in 23 patients with GT who may have missense mutations; however, specific variants/mutations in ITGA2B and ITGB3 are not mentioned; therefore, we have insufficient evidence

    1. Glanzmann'sthrombastheniawithmildvonWillebrand'sdisease

      PMID: 8282841

      Gene: ITGA2B and/or ITGB3

      HGNC: 6138 and 6156

      InsufficientEvidence: This mentions a Glanzmann thrombasthenia patient; however, no variants in ITGA2B and/or ITGB3 are mentioned in this patient; therefore, we have insufficient evidence

    1. Excessive Gingival Bleeding in Two Patients WithGlanzmann Thrombasthenia

      PMID: 17539731

      Gene: ITGA2B and/or ITGB3

      HGNC: 6138 and 6156

      InsufficientEvidence: This article mentions two GT case reports of individuals with excessive gingival bleeding; however, there was no mention of variants in ITGA2B and/or ITBG3 in these two probands discussed in the article therefore we have insufficient evidene

    1. Glanzmann Thrombasthenia

      PMID: 30855858

      Gene: ITGA2B and ITGB3

      HGNC: 6138 and 6156 respectively as shown above.

      InsufficientEvidence: This is a summary and review of Glanzmann thrombasthenia. This article cites other articles which may mention GT patients/case reports.

      PreviouslyPublished: PMID: 26185478

    1. Acquired thrombasthenia due to GPIIbIIIaplatelet autoantibodies in a 4-yr-old child

      PMID: 16343278

      Gene: ITGA2B and/or ITGB3

      HGNC: 6138 and 6156

      InsufficientEvidence: This article mentions a 4 year old with acquired thrombasthenia; however, no variants in ITGA2B and/or ITGB3 are mentioned therefore there is insufficient evidence

    1. Recombinant Factor VIIa Is Effective for Bleeding and Surgery in Patients With Glanzmann Thrombasthenia

      PMID: 10572113

      Gene: ITGA2B and/or ITGB3

      HGNC: 6138 and 6156

      InsufficientEvidence: This article mentions Glanzmann thrombasthenia patients; however, there is no mention of variants in ITGA2B and/or ITGB3 within these patients; therefore, there is insufficient evidence

    1. β3-integrin–deficient mice are a model for Glanzmann thrombasthenia showing placental defects and reduced survival

      PMID: 9916135

      Gene: ITGA2B and/or ITGB3

      NoEvidence: This article does not mention GT patients with variants in ITGA2B and/or ITBG3; therefore there is no evidence. Researchers in this study generated a strain of B3 null mice, these mice will allow analysis of other suggested functions of B3 integrins.

    1. Recombinant factor VIIa restores aggregation of αIIbβ3-deficient platelets via tissue factor–independent fibrin generation

      PMID: 14592825

      Gene: ITGA2B and/or ITGB3

      HGNC: 6138 and 6156

      NoEvidence: This article does not mention GT patients with variants in ITGA2B and/or ITGB3; therefore, there is no evidence

      In this particular study, the effect of rFVIIa on the aggregation of αIIbβ3-deficient platelets was investigated in a system consisting of isolated platelets and purified coagulation factors.

    1. Involvement of GPIIb-IIIa on Human Platelets in Phosphotyrosine-Specific Dephosphorylation

      PMID: 7687438

      Gene: ITGA2B and/or ITGB3

      HGNC: 6138 and 6156

      NoEvidence: This article does not mention Glanzmann thrombasthenia patients with variants in ITGA2B and ITGB3. Rather, This article reports another aspect of relationship between GPIIIb -IIIa and protein tyrosine phosphorylation, that is, the involvement of GPIIb-IIIa in dephosphorylation of certain tyrosine phosphorylated proteins

    1. Linkage of four polymorphisms on theaIIbgene

      PMID: 9695983

      Gene: ITGA2B and ITGB3

      HGNC: 6138 and 6156

      InsufficientEvidence: This article mentions variants in ITGA2B and ITGB3; however, there is no specific details of the GT patient's blood that was drawn to study these variants; therefore, there is insufficient evidence

    1. Spontaneoushaemothorax:anuncommonpresentationofGlanzmannthrombasthenia

      PMID: 12434904

      Gene: ITGA2B and/or ITGB3

      HGNC: 6138 and 6156

      InsufficientEvidence: This article mentions a proband with GT; however, the article does not discuss this patient having variants in ITGA2B and/or ITGB3 therefore there is insufficient evidence

    1. Anti‐αIIbβ3 immunization in Glanzmann thrombasthenia: review of literature and treatment recommendations Mathieu Fiore Corresponding Author E-mail address: mathieu.fiore@chu-bordeaux.fr http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2526-8826 Laboratory of Haematology, Reference Centre for Platelet Disorders, University Hospital of Bordeaux, Pessac, France Correspondence: Dr Mathieu Fiore, Laboratoire d'hématologie, Centre de Référence des Pathologies Plaquettaires, CHU de Bordeaux, Hôpital Cardiologique, Pessac, France. E‐mail: mathieu.fiore@chu-bordeaux.frSearch for more papers by this author Roseline d'Oiron Centre for Haemophilia and Rare Congenital Disorders, University Hospital Paris‐Sud, AP‐HP, Bicêtre Hospital, Kremlin‐Bicêtre, FranceSearch for more papers by this author Xavier Pillois Laboratory of Haematology, Reference Centre for Platelet Disorders, University Hospital of Bordeaux, Pessac, France Cardiovascular Adaptation to Ischaemia, Inserm U1034, Pessac, FranceSearch for more papers by this author Marie‐Christine Alessi Laboratory of Haematology, University Hospital of La Timone, French Reference Centre for Rare Platelet Disorders, Marseille, FranceSearch for more papers by this author

      PMID:

      Gene: ITGA2B

      HGNC: 6138

      InsufficientEvidence: Article mentions French gypsy mutation (c.1544+1G>A); however, no single proband to tie information to therefore we have insufficient evidence

    1. Hereditary Disorders of Platelet Function

      PMID: 21043747

      Gene: N/A

      HGNC: N/A

      NoEvidence: This article does not mention Glanzmann thrombasthenia patients with variants in ITGA2B and/or ITGB3; therefore, there is no evidence to report. This article gives a general overview of bleeding disorders including GT, and variants that have been reported in previous papers.

    1. The αvβ3 Integrin Regulates α5β1-mediated Cell Migration toward Fibronectin

      PMID: 9361020

      Gene: ITGA2B and/or ITGB3

      HGNC: 6138 and 6156

      InsufficientEvidence: This article mentions GT variants in ITGA2B/ITGB3; however, there are no GT patients harboring these variants; therefore, there is insufficient evidence

    1. Oral Surgery in Patients With Glanzmann Thrombasthenia: A Case Series

      PMID: 28341450

      General: ITGA2B and/or ITGB3 (Not mentioned in article; however, implied due to patients having GT)

      HGNC: 6138 and 6156

      InsufficientEvidence: This article mentions probands with Glanzmann thrombasthenia; however no mention of variants in ITGA2B or ITGB3

    1. Glanzmann thrombasthenia and pregnancy: about a case, a review of the literature Glanzmann's Thrombasthenia and pregnancy: a case and a review of the literature

      PMID: 14612172

      Gene: ITGA2B and/or ITGB3

      HGNC: 6138 and 6156

      InsufficientEvidence: This article is a review of GT and pregnancy. This article mentions a GT proband; however, there is no mention of variants in ITGA2B and/or ITGB3

    1. Probing Conformational Changes in the I-like Domain and the Cysteine-rich Repeat of Human β3 Integrins following Disulfide Bond Disruption by Cysteine Mutations IDENTIFICATION OF CYSTEINE 598 INVOLVED IN αIIbβ3 ACTIVATION*

      PMID: 11507099

      Gene: ITGB3

      HGNC: 6156

      PreviouslyPublished: PMID: 3818957, (citation 29 and 46-would not open), 2428841, 2392682, 9684783, (citation 41, 52, 53, 54 would not open), 10233432

    1. Rapid and Simple Platelet Function Assay to Assess Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Receptor Blockade

      PMID: 9054743

      Gene: ITGA2B and/or ITGB3

      HGNC: 6138 and 6156

      NoEvidence: This article does not mention Glanzmann thrombasthenia patients/probands with variants in ITGA2B and/or ITGB3; therefore, there is no evidence to report

    1. FVIII inhibitor risk correlated with F8 gene variants in 296 unrelated male Chinese patients with haemophilia A Hongfei Kang, orcid.org/0000-0001-8350-9563 Genetic and Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorJingjing Li, Department of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorShengmei Chen, Department of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorBai Li, Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorYin Feng, Genetic and Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorXiangdong Kong, Corresponding Author kongxd1969@126.com Genetic and Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China Correspondence Xiangdong Kong, Genetic and Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, NO.1 Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou 450052, China. Email: kongxd1969@126.comSearch for more papers by this author

      PMID: 32897612

      Gene: F8

      HGNCID: 3546

    1. Night blindness in Sorsby's fundus dystrophy reversed by vitamin A

      PMID: 7550309

      Gene: TIMP3

      HGNC: 11822

      Disease: Sorsby fundus dystrophy (SFD), also known as Sorsby's fundus dystrophy, Sorsby pseudoinflammatory fundus dystrophy, or hemorrhagic macular dystrophy

      MONDO: 0007640

      InheritancePattern: Autosomal Dominant

      Prevalence: Estimated at 1 in 220,000 (PMID: 28847738)

      Penetrance: Fully penetrant, onset between the third and sixth decades of life

    1. Isolation and characterization of cGMP phosphodiesterase from bovine rod outer segments

      PMID: 227876

      Gene: PDE6A

      HGNC: 8785

      Disease: retinitis pigmentosa 43

      MONDO: MONDO:0013437

      InheritancePattern: autosomal recessive

      Prevalence: The overall prevalence of retinitis pigmentosa is between 1 in 3,000 and 1 in 4,000 individuals, while the proportion of retinitis pigmentosa with a recessive mode of inheritance is estimated to be 65-85% (between 1 in 3,500 and 1 in 6,200). Retinitis pigmentosa 43 is considered to be make up 2-5% of these cases, with an overall prevalence estimated between 1 in 70,000 and 1 in 310,000.

      Penetrance: Known disease-causing alleles appear to be completely penetrant.

    1. A null mutation in the photoreceptor guanylate cyclase gene causes the retinal degeneration chicken phenotype

      PMID: 9448321

      Gene: GUCY2D

      HGNC: 4689

      Disease: Leber congenital amaurosis 1

      MONDO: 0008764

      InheritancePattern: Autosomal Recessive

      Prevalence: The overall prevalence of Leber congenital amaurosis is between 1 in 33,000 and 1 in 100,000 newborns, while the proportion of Leber congenital amaurosis caused by GUCY2D variants is between 10% and 20% (PMID: 10951519). Thus, the prevalence of Leber congenital amaurosis 1 is between 1 in 165,000 and 1 in 1,000,000.

      Penetrance: Fully penetrant, with onset in neonates or in infancy

    1. Nyctalopin Expression in Retinal Bipolar Cells Restores Visual Function in a Mouse Model of Complete X-Linked Congenital Stationary Night Blindness

      PMID: 17881478

      Gene: NYX

      HGNC: 8082

      Disease: Congenital stationary night blindness 1A

      MONDO: 0010690

      InheritancePattern: X-linked recessive

      Prevalence: Congenital stationary night blindness has an estimated prevalence between 1 in 6,000 (PMID: 31427709) and 1 in 300,000 (PMID: 3487908). However, the prevalence of congenital stationary night blindness 1A specifically is unknown.

      Penetrance: Penetrance is thought to be complete.

    1. The mouse ortholog of the neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis CLN5 gene encodes a soluble lysosomal glycoprotein expressed in the developing brain

      PMID: 15207259

      Gene: CLN5

      HGNC: 2076

      Disease: Ceroid lipofuscinosis, neuronal, 5 (also known as Finnish variant late infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis late infantile Finnish variant, or Finnish vLINCL)

      MONDO: 0009745

      InheritancePattern: Autosomal Recessive

      Prevalence: Unknown, but part of a larger group of NCL disorders with a collective prevalence between 1 in 12,500 (PMID:9662406) and 1 in 100,000 (PMID:23374165)

      Penetrance: Fully penetrant, with onset often in the late infantile period but in some cases during early adulthood or even as late as in the 6th decade of life

    1. Disruption of RPGR protein interaction network is the common feature of RPGR missense variations that cause XLRP

      PMID: 30622176

      Gene: RPGR

      HGNC: 10295

      Disease: RPGR-related retinopathy

      MONDO: MONDO:0100437

      InheritancePattern: X-linked

      Prevalence: The prevalence of RPGR-related retinopathy is calculated to be approximately 1 in 214,000, based on the known incidence of retinitis pigmentosa at 1 in 3,000, the proportion of retinitis pigmentposa that is X-linked at 20%, and the proportion of X-linked retinitis pigmentosa that is RPGR-associated at 70% (PMID: 34985506).

      Penetrance: Penetrance is nearly 100% in hemizygous males but is incomplete and dependent upon the variant in heterozygous female carriers.

    1. Combining a prioritization strategy and functional studies nominates 5'UTR variants underlying inherited retinal disease

      PMID: 38184646

      Gene: PRPF4

      HGNC: 17349

      Disease: retinitis pigmentosa 70

      MONDO: 0014400

      InheritancePattern: autosomal dominant

      Prevalence: The overall prevalence of retinitis pigmentosa is between 1 in 3,000 and 1 in 4,000 individuals, while the proportion of retinitis pigmentosa with a dominant mode of inheritance is estimated to be 15-35% (between 1 in 8,500 and 1 in 27,000). The proportion of that incidence made up by the specific form caused by variants in PRPF4 is not clear.

      Penetrance: Known disease-causing alleles appear to be incompletely penetrant (PMID: 25383878).

    1. The retinal pigment epithelium in Sorsby Fundus Dystrophy shows increased sensitivity to oxidative stress-induced degeneration

      PMID: 32828705

      Gene: TIMP3

      HGNC: 11822

      Disease: Sorsby fundus dystrophy (SFD), also known as Sorsby's fundus dystrophy, Sorsby pseudoinflammatory fundus dystrophy, or hemorrhagic macular dystrophy

      MONDO: 0007640

      InheritancePattern: Autosomal Dominant

      Prevalence: Estimated at 1 in 220,000 (PMID: 28847738)

      Penetrance: Fully penetrant, onset between the third and sixth decades of life

    1. Cloning of the gene for ocular albinism type 1 from the distal short arm of the X chromosome

      PMID: 7647783

      Gene: GPR143

      HGNC: 20145

      Disease: X-linked recessive ocular albinism

      MONDO: 0021019

      InheritancePattern: X-linked recessive

      Prevalence: Ocular albinism has an estimated prevalence between 1 in 111,000 and 1 in 1,000,000 live births (PMID: 35495622)

      Penetrance: Fully penetrant in males, with onset in infancy. Most female carriers appear to be unaffected.

    1. RP1L1 variants are associated with a spectrum of inherited retinal diseases including retinitis pigmentosa and occult macular dystrophy

      PMID: 23281133

      Gene: RP1L1

      HGNC: 15946

      Disease: occult macular dystrophy

      MONDO: 0013316

      InheritancePattern: autosomal dominant

      Prevalence: The prevalence of occult macular dystrophy is "significantly less than one in 10,000 or 100,000 (https://www.reviewofoptometry.com/article/the-best-is-yet-to-come-feb).

      Penetrance: The disease is known to be incompletely penetrant in family members carrying the heterozygous p.Arg45Trp variant (PMID: 20826268).

    1. Next-Generation Sequencing–Based Molecular Diagnosis of a Chinese Patient Cohort With Autosomal Recessive Retinitis Pigmentosa

      PMID: 23661369

      Gene: ADAM9

      HGNC: 216

      Disease: cone-rod dystrophy 9

      MONDO: MONDO:0013002

      InheritancePattern: autosomal recessive

      Prevalence: The prevalence of cone-rod dystrophy in general is estimated to be 1 in 40,000 (PMID: 17270046), however, the specific prevalence of cone-rod dystrophy 9 is unknown.

      Penetrance: Penetrance appears to be complete in reported families, but it is possible that incomplete penetrance may be associated with some variants.

    1. The Benign Concentric Annular Macular Dystrophy Locus Maps to 6p12.3-q16

      PMID: 14691150

      Gene: IMPG1

      HGNC: 6055

      Disease: vitelliform macular dystrophy 4

      MONDO: 0014508

      InheritancePattern: semi-dominant

      Prevalence: Vitelliform macular dystrophy in general is estimated to have a prevalence of 1 in 5,500 (PMID: 27120116).

      Penetrance: The penetrance of the phenotype among homozygous cases appears to be complete, while heterozygous carriers of deleterious variants show incomplete penetrance and variable expressivity.

    1. Eyes shut homolog (EYS) interacts with matriglycan of O-mannosyl glycans whose deficiency results in EYS mislocalization and degeneration of photoreceptors

      PMID: 32385361

      Gene: EYS

      HGNC: 21555

      Disease: Retinitis pigmentosa 25

      MONDO: MONDO:0011272

      InheritancePattern: autosomal recessive

      Prevalence: The overall prevalence of retinitis pigmentosa is between 1 in 3,000 and 1 in 4,000 individuals, while the proportion of retinitis pigmentosa caused by homozygous or compound heterozygous EYS variants is estimated to be 12% in the French population (PMID: 20333770), implying in an overall prevalence between 1 in 25,000 and 1 in 33,000.

      Penetrance: The disease appears to be completely penetrant among published families.

    1. Photoreceptor peripherin is the normal product of the gene responsible for retinal degeneration in the rds mouse

      PMID: 1992463

      Gene: PRPH2

      HGNC: 9942

      Disease: retinitis pigmentosa 7

      MONDO: 0011974

      InheritancePattern: semi-dominant

      Prevalence: The incidence of PRPH2-related cases among inherited retinal dystrophies is reported to range from 3.5% in North America to 10.3% in France (PMID: 36010202).

      Penetrance: The penetrance among biallelic cases appears to be complete, while the monoallelic cases exhibit incomplete penetrance (PMID: 36609934).

    1. Systemic splicing factor deficiency causes tissue-specific defects: a zebrafish model for retinitis pigmentosa

      PMID: 21051334

      Gene: PRPF4

      HGNC: 17349

      Disease: retinitis pigmentosa 70

      MONDO: 0014400

      InheritancePattern: autosomal dominant

      Prevalence: The overall prevalence of retinitis pigmentosa is between 1 in 3,000 and 1 in 4,000 individuals, while the proportion of retinitis pigmentosa with a dominant mode of inheritance is estimated to be 15-35% (between 1 in 8,500 and 1 in 27,000). The proportion of that incidence made up by the specific form caused by variants in PRPF4 is not clear.

      Penetrance: Known disease-causing alleles appear to be incompletely penetrant (PMID: 25383878).

    1. Interactions within the Coiled-coil Domain of RetGC-1 Guanylyl Cyclase Are Optimized for Regulation Rather than for High Affinity

      PMID: 11306565

      Gene: GUCY2D

      HGNC: 4689

      Disease: Cone-rod dystrophy 6

      MONDO: 0011143

      InheritancePattern: Autosomal Dominant

      Prevalence: The overall prevalence of cone-rod dystrophy is between 1 in 30,000 and 1 in 40,000 (PMID: 17270046), while the proportion of cone-rod dystrophy caused by GUCY2D variants is between 19% and 23% (PMID: 22183351, PMID: 25515582). Thus, the prevalence of cone-rod dystrophy 6 is between 1 in 130,000 and 1 in 215,000.

      Penetrance: Penetrance is age-dependent, with onset between the 1st and 6th decades of life.

    1. SPACR Encoded by IMPG1 Is Essential for Photoreceptor Survival by Interplaying between the Interphotoreceptor Matrix and the Retinal Pigment Epithelium

      PMID: 36140676

      Gene: IMPG1

      HGNC: 6055

      Disease: vitelliform macular dystrophy 4

      MONDO: 0014508

      InheritancePattern: semi-dominant

      Prevalence: Vitelliform macular dystrophy in general is estimated to have a prevalence of 1 in 5,500 (PMID: 27120116).

      Penetrance: The penetrance of the phenotype among homozygous cases appears to be complete, while heterozygous carriers of deleterious variants show incomplete penetrance and variable expressivity.

    1. Peripherin mutations cause a distinct form of recessive Leber congenital amaurosis and dominant phenotypes in asymptomatic parents heterozygous for the mutation

      PMID: 26061163

      Gene: PRPH2

      HGNC: 9942

      Disease: retinitis pigmentosa 7

      MONDO: 0011974

      InheritancePattern: semi-dominant

      Prevalence: The incidence of PRPH2-related cases among inherited retinal dystrophies is reported to range from 3.5% in North America to 10.3% in France (PMID: 36010202).

      Penetrance: The penetrance among biallelic cases appears to be complete, while the monoallelic cases exhibit incomplete penetrance (PMID: 36609934).

    1. CLN5 and CLN8 protein association with ceramide synthase: biochemical and proteomic approaches

      PMID: 23160995

      Gene: CLN5

      HGNC: 2076

      Disease: Ceroid lipofuscinosis, neuronal, 5 (also known as Finnish variant late infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis late infantile Finnish variant, or Finnish vLINCL)

      MONDO: 0009745

      InheritancePattern: Autosomal Recessive

      Prevalence: Unknown, but part of a larger group of NCL disorders with a collective prevalence between 1 in 12,500 (PMID:9662406) and 1 in 100,000 (PMID:23374165)

      Penetrance: Fully penetrant, with onset often in the late infantile period but in some cases during early adulthood or even as late as in the 6th decade of life

    1. RPE65 is the isomerohydrolase in the retinoid visual cycle

      PMID: 16116091

      Gene: RPE65

      HGNC: 10294

      Disease: Leber congenital amaurosis 2

      MONDO: 0008765

      InheritancePattern: Autosomal Recessive

      Prevalence: The overall prevalence of Leber congenital amaurosis is between 1 in 33,000 and 1 in 100,000 newborns, while the proportion of Leber congenital amaurosis caused by RPE65 variants is between 1% and 16.7%. Thus, the prevalence of Leber congenital amaurosis 2 is between 1 in 200,000 and 1 in 10,000,000.

      Penetrance: Fully penetrant, with onset typically by 1 year of age

    1. Impacts of two point mutations of RPE65 from Leber's congenital amaurosis on the stability, subcellular localization and isomerohydrolase activity of RPE65

      PMID: 16828753

      Gene: RPE65

      HGNC: 10294

      Disease: Retinitis pigmentosa 20

      MONDO: 0013425

      InheritancePattern: Autosomal Recessive

      Prevalence: The overall prevalence of Retinitis pigmentosa is between 1 in 3,000 and 1 in 4,000 individuals, while the proportion of recessive Retinitis pigmentosa caused by RPE65 variants is ~2%. (PMID: 9501220) Thus, the prevalence of Retinitis pigmentosa 20 is between 1 in 150,000 and 1 in 200,000.

      Penetrance: Fully penetrant, with onset typically in childhood

    1. Analysis of the OA1 gene reveals mutations in only one-third of patients with X-linked ocular albinism

      PMID: 8634705

      Gene: GPR143

      HGNC: 20145

      Disease: X-linked recessive ocular albinism

      MONDO: 0021019

      InheritancePattern: X-linked recessive

      Prevalence: Ocular albinism has an estimated prevalence between 1 in 111,000 and 1 in 1,000,000 live births (PMID: 35495622)

      Penetrance: Fully penetrant in males, with onset in infancy. Most female carriers appear to be unaffected.

    1. Mutations in RPE65 cause autosomal recessive childhood-onset severe retinal dystrophy

      PMID: 9326941

      Gene: RPE65

      HGNC: 10294

      Disease: Retinitis pigmentosa 20

      MONDO: 0013425

      InheritancePattern: Autosomal Recessive

      Prevalence: The overall prevalence of Retinitis pigmentosa is between 1 in 3,000 and 1 in 4,000 individuals, while the proportion of recessive Retinitis pigmentosa caused by RPE65 variants is ~2%. (PMID: 9501220) Thus, the prevalence of Retinitis pigmentosa 20 is between 1 in 150,000 and 1 in 200,000.

      Penetrance: Fully penetrant, with onset typically in childhood

    1. A novel Ser156Cys mutation in the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-3 (TIMP3) in Sorsby's fundus dystrophy with unusual clinical features

      PMID: 8634721

      Gene: TIMP3

      HGNC: 11822

      Disease: Sorsby fundus dystrophy (SFD), also known as Sorsby's fundus dystrophy, Sorsby pseudoinflammatory fundus dystrophy, or hemorrhagic macular dystrophy

      MONDO: 0007640

      InheritancePattern: Autosomal Dominant

      Prevalence: Estimated at 1 in 220,000 (PMID: 28847738)

      Penetrance: Fully penetrant, onset between the third and sixth decades of life

    1. Identification of GUCY2D gene mutations in CORD5 families and evidence of incomplete penetrance

      PMID: 12552567

      Gene: GUCY2D

      HGNC: 4689

      Disease: Cone-rod dystrophy 6

      MONDO: 0011143

      InheritancePattern: Autosomal Dominant

      Prevalence: The overall prevalence of cone-rod dystrophy is between 1 in 30,000 and 1 in 40,000 (PMID: 17270046), while the proportion of cone-rod dystrophy caused by GUCY2D variants is between 19% and 23% (PMID: 22183351, PMID: 25515582). Thus, the prevalence of cone-rod dystrophy 6 is between 1 in 130,000 and 1 in 215,000.

      Penetrance: Penetrance is age-dependent, with onset between the 1st and 6th decades of life.

    1. The rhodopsin cycle is preserved in IRBP "knockout" mice despite abnormalities in retinal structure and function

      PMID: 10750831

      Gene: RBP3

      HGNC: 9921

      Disease: retinitis pigmentosa 66

      MONDO: 0014093

      InheritancePattern: autosomal recessive

      Prevalence: RBP3-related cases are believed to be very rare (possibly with estimated prevalence of less than 1 in 1,000,000), however, it is believed that there may be under-diagnosis (PMID: 37806543).

      Penetrance: RBP3 disease-causing variants appear to have complete penetrance.

    1. MDC-9 (ADAM-9/Meltrin gamma) functions as an adhesion molecule by binding the alpha(v)beta(5) integrin

      PMID: 11162558

      Gene: ADAM9

      HGNC: 216

      Disease: cone-rod dystrophy 9

      MONDO: MONDO:0013002

      InheritancePattern: autosomal recessive

      Prevalence: The prevalence of cone-rod dystrophy in general is estimated to be 1 in 40,000 (PMID: 17270046), however, the specific prevalence of cone-rod dystrophy 9 is unknown.

      Penetrance: Penetrance appears to be complete in reported families, but it is possible that incomplete penetrance may be associated with some variants.

    1. Presentation of TRPM1-Associated Congenital Stationary Night Blindness in Children

      PMID: 29522070

      Gene: TRPM1

      HGNC: 7146

      Disease: congenital stationary night blindness 1C

      MONDO: MONDO:0013183

      InheritancePattern: autosomal recessive

      Prevalence: Congenital stationary night blindness has an estimated prevalence between 1 in 6,000 (PMID: 31427709) and 1 in 300,000 (PMID: 3487908). However, the prevalence of congenital stationary night blindness 1C specifically is unknown.

      Penetrance: Penetrance is thought to be complete.

    1. Targeted multi-gene panel testing for the diagnosis of Bardet Biedl syndrome: Identification of nine novel mutations across BBS1, BBS2, BBS4, BBS7, BBS9, BBS10 genes

      PMID: 26518167

      Gene: BBS7

      HGNC: 18758

      Disease: Bardet-Biedl syndrome 7

      MONDO: 0014435

      InheritancePattern: autosomal recessive

      Prevalence: The prevalence of BBS7 variants among Bardet-Biedl syndrome cohorts has been reported at 4.2% (PMID: 19402160), while the prevalence of Bardet-Biedl syndrome overall has been estimated between 1 in 13,500 and 1 in 160,000 live births, depending on the population (PMID: 22713813).

      Penetrance: The penetrance of the phenotype among homozygous cases appears to be complete.

    1. Identification of a 2 Mb Human Ortholog of Drosophila eyes shut/spacemaker that Is Mutated in Patients with Retinitis Pigmentosa

      PMID: 18976725

      Gene: EYS

      HGNC: 21555

      Disease: Retinitis pigmentosa 25

      MONDO: MONDO:0011272

      InheritancePattern: autosomal recessive

      Prevalence: The overall prevalence of retinitis pigmentosa is between 1 in 3,000 and 1 in 4,000 individuals, while the proportion of retinitis pigmentosa caused by homozygous or compound heterozygous EYS variants is estimated to be 12% in the French population (PMID: 20333770), implying in an overall prevalence between 1 in 25,000 and 1 in 33,000.

      Penetrance: The disease appears to be completely penetrant among published families.

    1. Decreased catalytic activity and altered activation properties of PDE6C mutants associated with autosomal recessive achromatopsia

      PMID: 21127010

      Gene: PDE6C

      HGNC: 8787

      Disease: cone dystrophy 4

      MONDO: 0013129

      InheritancePattern: recessive

      Prevalence: cone dystrophy in general is estimated to have a prevalence of 1 in 40,000 (PMID: 30578485).

      Penetrance: The penetrance of the phenotype among homozygous cases appears to be complete.

    1. Rpe65 is necessary for production of 11-cis-vitamin A in the retinal visual cycle

      PMID: 9843205

      Gene: RPE65

      HGNC: 10294

      Disease: Leber congenital amaurosis 2

      MONDO: 0008765

      InheritancePattern: Autosomal Recessive

      Prevalence: The overall prevalence of Leber congenital amaurosis is between 1 in 33,000 and 1 in 100,000 newborns, while the proportion of Leber congenital amaurosis caused by RPE65 variants is between 1% and 16.7%. Thus, the prevalence of Leber congenital amaurosis 2 is between 1 in 200,000 and 1 in 10,000,000.

      Penetrance: Fully penetrant, with onset typically by 1 year of age

    1. Genetics and phenotypes of RPE65 mutations in inherited retinal degeneration

      PMID: 11095629

      Gene: RPE65

      HGNC: 10294

      Disease: Retinitis pigmentosa 20

      MONDO: 0013425

      InheritancePattern: Autosomal Recessive

      Prevalence: The overall prevalence of Retinitis pigmentosa is between 1 in 3,000 and 1 in 4,000 individuals, while the proportion of recessive Retinitis pigmentosa caused by RPE65 variants is ~2%. (PMID: 9501220) Thus, the prevalence of Retinitis pigmentosa 20 is between 1 in 150,000 and 1 in 200,000.

      Penetrance: Fully penetrant, with onset typically in childhood

    1. Primate Retinal Signaling Pathways: Suppressing ON-Pathway Activity in Monkey With Glutamate Analogues Mimics Human CSNB1-NYX Genetic Night Blindness

      PMID: 15331616

      Gene: NYX

      HGNC: 8082

      Disease: Congenital stationary night blindness 1A

      MONDO: 0010690

      InheritancePattern: X-linked recessive

      Prevalence: Congenital stationary night blindness has an estimated prevalence between 1 in 6,000 (PMID: 31427709) and 1 in 300,000 (PMID: 3487908). However, the prevalence of congenital stationary night blindness 1A specifically is unknown.

      Penetrance: Penetrance is thought to be complete.

    1. Characterization of a canine model of autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa due to a PDE6A mutation

      PMID: 18775863

      Gene: PDE6A

      HGNC: 8785

      Disease: retinitis pigmentosa 43

      MONDO: MONDO:0013437

      InheritancePattern: autosomal recessive

      Prevalence: The overall prevalence of retinitis pigmentosa is between 1 in 3,000 and 1 in 4,000 individuals, while the proportion of retinitis pigmentosa with a recessive mode of inheritance is estimated to be 65-85% (between 1 in 3,500 and 1 in 6,200). Retinitis pigmentosa 43 is considered to be make up 2-5% of these cases, with an overall prevalence estimated between 1 in 70,000 and 1 in 310,000.

      Penetrance: Known disease-causing alleles appear to be completely penetrant.

    1. Frequency and Clinical Pattern of Vitelliform Macular Dystrophy Caused by Mutations of Interphotoreceptor Matrix IMPG1 and IMPG2 Genes

      PMID: 25085631

      Gene: IMPG2

      HGNC: 18362

      Disease: retinitis pigmentosa 56

      MONDO: 0013314

      InheritancePattern: semi-dominant

      Prevalence: Vitelliform macular dystrophy in general is estimated to have a prevalence of 1 in 5,500 (PMID: 27120116).

      Penetrance: The penetrance of the phenotype among homozygous cases appears to be complete, while heterozygous carriers of deleterious variants show incomplete penetrance and variable expressivity.

    1. A Complex of BBS1 and NPHP7 Is Required for Cilia Motility in Zebrafish

      PMID: 24069149

      Gene: BBS1

      HGNC: 966

      Disease: Bardet-Biedl syndrome 1

      MONDO: 0008854

      InheritancePattern: autosomal recessive

      Prevalence: The prevalence of BBS1 variants among Bardet-Biedl syndrome cohorts has been reported as at least 20% (PMID: 19402160), while the prevalence of Bardet-Biedl syndrome overall has been estimated between 1 in 13,500 and 1 in 160,000 live births, depending on the population (PMID: 22713813).

      Penetrance: The penetrance of the phenotype among homozygous cases appears to be complete.

    1. Clinical and biochemical effects of the E139K missense mutation in the TIMP3 gene, associated with Sorsby fundus dystrophy

      PMID: 19536307

      Gene: TIMP3

      HGNC: 11822

      Disease: Sorsby fundus dystrophy (SFD), also known as Sorsby's fundus dystrophy, Sorsby pseudoinflammatory fundus dystrophy, or hemorrhagic macular dystrophy

      MONDO: 0007640

      InheritancePattern: Autosomal Dominant

      Prevalence: Estimated at 1 in 220,000 (PMID: 28847738)

      Penetrance: Fully penetrant, onset between the third and sixth decades of life

    1. X-linked retinitis pigmentosa in two families with a missense mutation in the RPGR gene and putative change of glycine to valine at codon 60

      PMID: 9855162

      Gene: RPGR

      HGNC: 10295

      Disease: RPGR-related retinopathy

      MONDO: MONDO:0100437

      InheritancePattern: X-linked

      Prevalence: The prevalence of RPGR-related retinopathy is calculated to be approximately 1 in 214,000, based on the known incidence of retinitis pigmentosa at 1 in 3,000, the proportion of retinitis pigmentposa that is X-linked at 20%, and the proportion of X-linked retinitis pigmentosa that is RPGR-associated at 70% (PMID: 34985506).

      Penetrance: Penetrance is nearly 100% in hemizygous males but is incomplete and dependent upon the variant in heterozygous female carriers.

    1. Photoreceptor Guanylate Cyclase (GUCY2D) Mutations Cause Retinal Dystrophies by Severe Malfunction of Ca2+-Dependent Cyclic GMP Synthesis

      PMID: 30319355

      Gene: GUCY2D

      HGNC: 4689

      Disease: Cone-rod dystrophy 6

      MONDO: 0011143

      InheritancePattern: Autosomal Dominant

      Prevalence: The overall prevalence of cone-rod dystrophy is between 1 in 30,000 and 1 in 40,000 (PMID: 17270046), while the proportion of cone-rod dystrophy caused by GUCY2D variants is between 19% and 23% (PMID: 22183351, PMID: 25515582). Thus, the prevalence of cone-rod dystrophy 6 is between 1 in 130,000 and 1 in 215,000.

      Penetrance: Penetrance is age-dependent, with onset between the 1st and 6th decades of life.

    1. Identification of the Gene and the Mutation Responsible for the Mouse nob Phenotype

      PMID: 12506099

      Gene: NYX

      HGNC: 8082

      Disease: Congenital stationary night blindness 1A

      MONDO: 0010690

      InheritancePattern: X-linked recessive

      Prevalence: Congenital stationary night blindness has an estimated prevalence between 1 in 6,000 (PMID: 31427709) and 1 in 300,000 (PMID: 3487908). However, the prevalence of congenital stationary night blindness 1A specifically is unknown.

      Penetrance: Penetrance is thought to be complete.

    1. Mutations in KCNJ13 Cause Autosomal-Dominant Snowflake Vitreoretinal Degeneration

      PMID: 18179896

      Gene: KCNJ13

      HGNC: 6259

      Disease: snowflake vitreoretinal degeneration

      MONDO: 0008663

      InheritancePattern: autosomal dominant

      Prevalence: The overall prevalence of snowflake vitreoretinal degeneration is ~1 in 1,000,000 (https://www.orpha.net/en/disease/detail/91496).

      Penetrance: Known disease-causing alleles appear to be completely penetrant (PMID: 14644728).

    1. Leber congenital amaurosis

      PMID: 9501220

      Gene: RPE65

      HGNC: 10294

      Disease: Leber congenital amaurosis 2

      MONDO: 0008765

      InheritancePattern: Autosomal Recessive

      Prevalence: The overall prevalence of Leber congenital amaurosis is between 1 in 33,000 and 1 in 100,000 newborns, while the proportion of Leber congenital amaurosis caused by RPE65 variants is between 1% and 16.7%. Thus, the prevalence of Leber congenital amaurosis 2 is between 1 in 200,000 and 1 in 10,000,000.

      Penetrance: Fully penetrant, with onset typically by 1 year of age

    1. Identification of the gene (BBS1) most commonly involved in Bardet-Biedl syndrome, a complex human obesity syndrome

      PMID: 12118255

      Gene: BBS1

      HGNC: 966

      Disease: Bardet-Biedl syndrome 1

      MONDO: 0008854

      InheritancePattern: autosomal recessive

      Prevalence: The prevalence of BBS1 variants among Bardet-Biedl syndrome cohorts has been reported as at least 20% (PMID: 19402160), while the prevalence of Bardet-Biedl syndrome overall has been estimated between 1 in 13,500 and 1 in 160,000 live births, depending on the population (PMID: 22713813).

      Penetrance: The penetrance of the phenotype among homozygous cases appears to be complete.

    1. Mainzer-Saldino Syndrome Is a Ciliopathy Caused by IFT140 Mutations

      PMID: 22503633

      Gene: IFT140

      HGNC: 29077

      Disease: Short-rib thoracic dysplasia 9 with or without polydactyly

      MONDO: 0009964

      InheritancePattern: autosomal recessive

      Prevalence: Within the lumped disease entity for this curation, the most prevalent form may be retinitis pigmentosa. The prevalence of Saldino-Mainzer syndrome (one of the synonyms of Short-rib thoracic dysplasia 9) is less than 1 in 1,000,000. The prevalence of Leber congenital amaurosis cases caused by IFT140 variants (PMID: 26216056) is calculated to be less than 1 in 3,000,000. Although IFT140 variants are estimated to be responsible for less than 2% of RP, the prevalence of the overall disorder at 1 in 3,000 or 1 in 4,000 means the frequency of these cases could potentially be higher than 1 in 1,000,000.

      Penetrance: Known variants for this lumped disease entity appear to be completely penetrant, with highly variable phenotypes and age of onset. On the other hand, the split disease entity caused by monoallelic IFT140 variants appears to have incomplete penetrance.

    1. Autosomal recessive Sorsby fundus dystrophy revisited: molecular evidence for dominant inheritance.

      PMID: 8981947

      Gene: TIMP3

      HGNC: 11822

      Disease: Sorsby fundus dystrophy (SFD), also known as Sorsby's fundus dystrophy, Sorsby pseudoinflammatory fundus dystrophy, or hemorrhagic macular dystrophy

      MONDO: 0007640

      InheritancePattern: Autosomal Dominant

      Prevalence: Estimated at 1 in 220,000 (PMID: 28847738)

      Penetrance: Fully penetrant, onset between the third and sixth decades of life

    1. Pigmented paravenous chorioretinal atrophy is associated with a mutation within the crumbs homolog 1 (CRB1) gene

      PMID: 15623792

      Gene: CRB1

      HGNC: 2343

      Disease: pigmented paravenous retinochoroidal atrophy

      MONDO: 0008246

      InheritancePattern: autosomal dominant

      Prevalence: Orphanet defines pigmented paravenous retinochoroidal atrophy as a rare disorder with incidence lower than 1 in 1,000,000. However, the incidence is not well-reported in published papers and may be more common than this.

      Penetrance: The paper reporting affected family members shows 6 affected genotype-positive individuals and 1 unaffected genotype-negative individual. On the other hand, the high frequency of the variant in gnomAD would be consistent with incomplete penetrance or low rate of diagnosis.

    1. A Homozygosity-Based Search for Mutations in Patients with Autosomal Recessive Retinitis Pigmentosa, Using Microsatellite Markers

      PMID: 15557452

      Gene: RPE65

      HGNC: 10294

      Disease: Retinitis pigmentosa 20

      MONDO: 0013425

      InheritancePattern: Autosomal Recessive

      Prevalence: The overall prevalence of Retinitis pigmentosa is between 1 in 3,000 and 1 in 4,000 individuals, while the proportion of recessive Retinitis pigmentosa caused by RPE65 variants is ~2%. (PMID: 9501220) Thus, the prevalence of Retinitis pigmentosa 20 is between 1 in 150,000 and 1 in 200,000.

      Penetrance: Fully penetrant, with onset typically in childhood

    1. A novel splice site mutation in the tissue inhibitor of the metalloproteinases-3 gene in Sorsby’s fundus dystrophy with unusual clinical features

      PMID: 9760202

      Gene: TIMP3

      HGNC: 11822

      Disease: Sorsby fundus dystrophy (SFD), also known as Sorsby's fundus dystrophy, Sorsby pseudoinflammatory fundus dystrophy, or hemorrhagic macular dystrophy

      MONDO: 0007640

      InheritancePattern: Autosomal Dominant

      Prevalence: Estimated at 1 in 220,000 (PMID: 28847738)

      Penetrance: Fully penetrant, onset between the third and sixth decades of life

    1. Spectrum of retGC1 mutations in Leber's congenital amaurosis

      PMID: 10951519

      Gene: GUCY2D

      HGNC: 4689

      Disease: Leber congenital amaurosis 1

      MONDO: 0008764

      InheritancePattern: Autosomal Recessive

      Prevalence: The overall prevalence of Leber congenital amaurosis is between 1 in 33,000 and 1 in 100,000 newborns, while the proportion of Leber congenital amaurosis caused by GUCY2D variants is between 10% and 20% (PMID: 10951519). Thus, the prevalence of Leber congenital amaurosis 1 is between 1 in 165,000 and 1 in 1,000,000.

      Penetrance: Fully penetrant, with onset in neonates or in infancy

    1. A Mouse Model for Sorsby Fundus Dystrophy

      PMID: 12147610

      Gene: TIMP3

      HGNC: 11822

      Disease: Sorsby fundus dystrophy (SFD), also known as Sorsby's fundus dystrophy, Sorsby pseudoinflammatory fundus dystrophy, or hemorrhagic macular dystrophy

      MONDO: 0007640

      InheritancePattern: Autosomal Dominant

      Prevalence: Estimated at 1 in 220,000 (PMID: 28847738)

      Penetrance: Fully penetrant, onset between the third and sixth decades of life

    1. The clinical features of retinal disease due to a dominant mutation in RPE65

      PMID: 27307694

      Gene: RPE65

      HGNC: 10294

      Disease: Retinitis pigmentosa 87 with choroidal involvement

      MONDO: 0032873

      InheritancePattern: Autosomal Dominant

      Prevalence: The overall prevalence of Retinitis pigmentosa is between 1 in 3,000 and 1 in 4,000 individuals, while the proportion of Retinitis pigmentosa with a dominant mode of inheritance is estimated to be 15-35% (between 1 in 8,000 and 1 in 27,000). The prevalence of Retinitis pigmentosa 87 with choroidal involvement is considered to be much lower.

      Penetrance: Incomplete penetrance, estimated at 80%

    1. SOST Is a Ligand for LRP5/LRP6 and a Wnt Signaling Inhibitor

      PMID: 15908424

      Gene: LRP5

      HGNC: 6697

      Disease: osteoporosis-pseudoglioma syndrome

      MONDO: 0009820

      InheritancePattern: autosomal recessive

      Prevalence: osteoporosis-pseudoglioma syndrome is estimated to occur in 1 out of every 2,000,000 live births.

      Penetrance: The penetrance of the phenotype among homozygous or compound heterozygous cases appears to be complete, while heterozygous carriers of deleterious variants appear to be mildly affected.

    1. Loss of the Metalloprotease ADAM9 Leads to Cone-Rod Dystrophy in Humans and Retinal Degeneration in Mice

      PMID: 19409519

      Gene: ADAM9

      HGNC: 216

      Disease: cone-rod dystrophy 9

      MONDO: MONDO:0013002

      InheritancePattern: autosomal recessive

      Prevalence: The prevalence of cone-rod dystrophy in general is estimated to be 1 in 40,000 (PMID: 17270046), however, the specific prevalence of cone-rod dystrophy 9 is unknown.

      Penetrance: Penetrance appears to be complete in reported families, but it is possible that incomplete penetrance may be associated with some variants.

    1. Deficiency of rds/peripherin causes photoreceptor death in mouse models of digenic and dominant retinitis pigmentosa

      PMID: 11427722

      Gene: PRPH2

      HGNC: 9942

      Disease: retinitis pigmentosa 7

      MONDO: 0011974

      InheritancePattern: semi-dominant

      Prevalence: The incidence of PRPH2-related cases among inherited retinal dystrophies is reported to range from 3.5% in North America to 10.3% in France (PMID: 36010202).

      Penetrance: The penetrance among biallelic cases appears to be complete, while the monoallelic cases exhibit incomplete penetrance (PMID: 36609934).

    1. A retGC-1 Mutation in Autosomal Dominant Cone-Rod Dystrophy

      PMID: 9683616

      Gene: GUCY2D

      HGNC: 4689

      Disease: Cone-rod dystrophy 6

      MONDO: 0011143

      InheritancePattern: Autosomal Dominant

      Prevalence: The overall prevalence of cone-rod dystrophy is between 1 in 30,000 and 1 in 40,000 (PMID: 17270046), while the proportion of cone-rod dystrophy caused by GUCY2D variants is between 19% and 23% (PMID: 22183351, PMID: 25515582). Thus, the prevalence of cone-rod dystrophy 6 is between 1 in 130,000 and 1 in 215,000.

      Penetrance: Penetrance is age-dependent, with onset between the 1st and 6th decades of life.

    1. CLN5, a novel gene encoding a putative transmembrane protein mutated in Finnish variant late infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis

      PMID: 9662406

      Gene: CLN5

      HGNC: 2076

      Disease: Ceroid lipofuscinosis, neuronal, 5 (also known as Finnish variant late infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis late infantile Finnish variant, or Finnish vLINCL)

      MONDO: 0009745

      InheritancePattern: Autosomal Recessive

      Prevalence: Unknown, but part of a larger group of NCL disorders with a collective prevalence between 1 in 12,500 (PMID:9662406) and 1 in 100,000 (PMID:23374165)

      Penetrance: Fully penetrant, with onset often in the late infantile period but in some cases during early adulthood or even as late as in the 6th decade of life

    1. X-linked recessive atrophic macular degeneration from RPGR mutation

      PMID: 12160730

      Gene: RPGR

      HGNC: 10295

      Disease: RPGR-related retinopathy

      MONDO: MONDO:0100437

      InheritancePattern: X-linked

      Prevalence: The prevalence of RPGR-related retinopathy is calculated to be approximately 1 in 214,000, based on the known incidence of retinitis pigmentosa at 1 in 3,000, the proportion of retinitis pigmentposa that is X-linked at 20%, and the proportion of X-linked retinitis pigmentosa that is RPGR-associated at 70% (PMID: 34985506).

      Penetrance: Penetrance is nearly 100% in hemizygous males but is incomplete and dependent upon the variant in heterozygous female carriers.

    1. Biochemical analysis of a dimerization domain mutation in RetGC-1 associated with dominant cone–rod dystrophy

      PMID: 10430891

      Gene: GUCY2D

      HGNC: 4689

      Disease: Cone-rod dystrophy 6

      MONDO: 0011143

      InheritancePattern: Autosomal Dominant

      Prevalence: The overall prevalence of cone-rod dystrophy is between 1 in 30,000 and 1 in 40,000 (PMID: 17270046), while the proportion of cone-rod dystrophy caused by GUCY2D variants is between 19% and 23% (PMID: 22183351, PMID: 25515582). Thus, the prevalence of cone-rod dystrophy 6 is between 1 in 130,000 and 1 in 215,000.

      Penetrance: Penetrance is age-dependent, with onset between the 1st and 6th decades of life.

    1. The photoreceptor cell-specific nuclear receptor gene (PNR) accounts for retinitis pigmentosa in the Crypto-Jews from Portugal (Marranos), survivors from the Spanish Inquisition

      PMID: 11071390

      Gene: NR2E3

      HGNC: 7974

      Disease: enhanced S-cone syndrome

      MONDO: 0100288

      InheritancePattern: autosomal recessive

      Prevalence: The overall prevalence of enhanced S cone syndrome is <1 in 1,000,000 (PMID: 30900587).

      Penetrance: The penetrance of enhanced S-cone syndrome has been difficult to determine accurately given the rarity of the condition.

    1. Clinical Course and Visual Function in a Family With Mutations in the RPE65 Gene

      PMID: 11786058

      Gene: RPE65

      HGNC: 10294

      Disease: Leber congenital amaurosis 2

      MONDO: 0008765

      InheritancePattern: Autosomal Recessive

      Prevalence: The overall prevalence of Leber congenital amaurosis is between 1 in 33,000 and 1 in 100,000 newborns, while the proportion of Leber congenital amaurosis caused by RPE65 variants is between 1% and 16.7%. Thus, the prevalence of Leber congenital amaurosis 2 is between 1 in 200,000 and 1 in 10,000,000.

      Penetrance: Fully penetrant, with onset typically by 1 year of age

    1. Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein-5 Binds to Axin and Regulates the Canonical Wnt Signaling Pathway

      PMID: 11336703

      Gene: LRP5

      HGNC: 6697

      Disease: osteoporosis-pseudoglioma syndrome

      MONDO: 0009820

      InheritancePattern: autosomal recessive

      Prevalence: osteoporosis-pseudoglioma syndrome is estimated to occur in 1 out of every 2,000,000 live births.

      Penetrance: The penetrance of the phenotype among homozygous or compound heterozygous cases appears to be complete, while heterozygous carriers of deleterious variants appear to be mildly affected.

    1. Retinitis pigmentosa: impact of different Pde6a point mutations on the disease phenotype

      PMID: 26188004

      Gene: PDE6A

      HGNC: 8785

      Disease: retinitis pigmentosa 43

      MONDO: MONDO:0013437

      InheritancePattern: autosomal recessive

      Prevalence: The overall prevalence of retinitis pigmentosa is between 1 in 3,000 and 1 in 4,000 individuals, while the proportion of retinitis pigmentosa with a recessive mode of inheritance is estimated to be 65-85% (between 1 in 3,500 and 1 in 6,200). Retinitis pigmentosa 43 is considered to be make up 2-5% of these cases, with an overall prevalence estimated between 1 in 70,000 and 1 in 310,000.

      Penetrance: Known disease-causing alleles appear to be completely penetrant.

    1. Phenotypic expression of the complete type of X-linked congenital stationary night blindness in patients with different mutations in the NYX gene

      PMID: 12397430

      Gene: NYX

      HGNC: 8082

      Disease: Congenital stationary night blindness 1A

      MONDO: 0010690

      InheritancePattern: X-linked recessive

      Prevalence: Congenital stationary night blindness has an estimated prevalence between 1 in 6,000 (PMID: 31427709) and 1 in 300,000 (PMID: 3487908). However, the prevalence of congenital stationary night blindness 1A specifically is unknown.

      Penetrance: Penetrance is thought to be complete.

    1. A new autosomal dominant eye and lung syndrome linked to mutations in TIMP3 gene

      PMID: 27601084

      Gene: TIMP3

      HGNC: 11822

      Disease: Sorsby fundus dystrophy (SFD), also known as Sorsby's fundus dystrophy, Sorsby pseudoinflammatory fundus dystrophy, or hemorrhagic macular dystrophy

      MONDO: 0007640

      InheritancePattern: Autosomal Dominant

      Prevalence: Estimated at 1 in 220,000 (PMID: 28847738)

      Penetrance: Fully penetrant, onset between the third and sixth decades of life

    1. PMID: 20333770

      PMID: 20333770

      Gene: EYS

      HGNC: 21555

      Disease: Retinitis pigmentosa 25

      MONDO: MONDO:0011272

      InheritancePattern: autosomal recessive

      Prevalence: The overall prevalence of retinitis pigmentosa is between 1 in 3,000 and 1 in 4,000 individuals, while the proportion of retinitis pigmentosa caused by homozygous or compound heterozygous EYS variants is estimated to be 12% in the French population (PMID: 20333770), implying in an overall prevalence between 1 in 25,000 and 1 in 33,000.

      Penetrance: The disease appears to be completely penetrant among published families.

    1. A null mutation in the human peripherin/RDS gene in a family with autosomal dominant retinitis punctata albescens

      PMID: 8485575

      Gene: PRPH2

      HGNC: 9942

      Disease: retinitis pigmentosa 7

      MONDO: 0011974

      InheritancePattern: semi-dominant

      Prevalence: The incidence of PRPH2-related cases among inherited retinal dystrophies is reported to range from 3.5% in North America to 10.3% in France (PMID: 36010202).

      Penetrance: The penetrance among biallelic cases appears to be complete, while the monoallelic cases exhibit incomplete penetrance (PMID: 36609934).

    1. Evidence of genetic heterogeneity of Leber's congenital amaurosis (LCA) and mapping of LCA1 to chromosome 17p13

      PMID: 8641699

      Gene: GUCY2D

      HGNC: 4689

      Disease: Leber congenital amaurosis 1

      MONDO: 0008764

      InheritancePattern: Autosomal Recessive

      Prevalence: The overall prevalence of Leber congenital amaurosis is between 1 in 33,000 and 1 in 100,000 newborns, while the proportion of Leber congenital amaurosis caused by GUCY2D variants is between 10% and 20% (PMID: 10951519). Thus, the prevalence of Leber congenital amaurosis 1 is between 1 in 165,000 and 1 in 1,000,000.

      Penetrance: Fully penetrant, with onset in neonates or in infancy

    1. The network of protein–protein interactions within the human U4/U6.U5 tri-snRNP

      PMID: 16723661

      Gene: PRPF4

      HGNC: 17349

      Disease: retinitis pigmentosa 70

      MONDO: 0014400

      InheritancePattern: autosomal dominant

      Prevalence: The overall prevalence of retinitis pigmentosa is between 1 in 3,000 and 1 in 4,000 individuals, while the proportion of retinitis pigmentosa with a dominant mode of inheritance is estimated to be 15-35% (between 1 in 8,500 and 1 in 27,000). The proportion of that incidence made up by the specific form caused by variants in PRPF4 is not clear.

      Penetrance: Known disease-causing alleles appear to be incompletely penetrant (PMID: 25383878).

    1. Mutations in CABP4, the gene encoding the Ca2+-binding protein 4, cause autosomal recessive night blindness

      PMID: 16960802

      Gene: CABP4

      HGNC: 1386

      Disease: cone-rod synaptic disorder, congenital nonprogressive

      MONDO: 0012490

      InheritancePattern: autosomal recessive

      Prevalence: The prevalence of the Åland eye disease or incomplete congenital stationary night blindness phenotype was estimated at 1 in 22,000 based on a Danish male cohort, with CABP4 variants specifically responsible for 1 out of 35 cases (PMID: 28002560).

      Penetrance: Penetrance appears to be 100% among the reported individuals harboring biallelic disease-causing CABP4 variants.

    1. Molecular characterization of peripherin-2 and rom-1 mutants responsible for digenic retinitis pigmentosa

      PMID: 11297544

      Gene: PRPH2

      HGNC: 9942

      Disease: retinitis pigmentosa 7

      MONDO: 0011974

      InheritancePattern: semi-dominant

      Prevalence: The incidence of PRPH2-related cases among inherited retinal dystrophies is reported to range from 3.5% in North America to 10.3% in France (PMID: 36010202).

      Penetrance: The penetrance among biallelic cases appears to be complete, while the monoallelic cases exhibit incomplete penetrance (PMID: 36609934).

    1. Phenotype-genotype correlation in eight patients with Finnish variant late infantile NCL (CLN5)

      PMID: 10953198

      Gene: CLN5

      HGNC: 2076

      Disease: Ceroid lipofuscinosis, neuronal, 5 (also known as Finnish variant late infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis late infantile Finnish variant, or Finnish vLINCL)

      MONDO: 0009745

      InheritancePattern: Autosomal Recessive

      Prevalence: Unknown, but part of a larger group of NCL disorders with a collective prevalence between 1 in 12,500 (PMID:9662406) and 1 in 100,000 (PMID:23374165)

      Penetrance: Fully penetrant, with onset often in the late infantile period but in some cases during early adulthood or even as late as in the 6th decade of life

    1. Identification and characterization of human genes encoding Hprp3p and Hprp4p, interacting components of the spliceosome

      PMID: 9328476

      Gene: PRPF4

      HGNC: 17349

      Disease: retinitis pigmentosa 70

      MONDO: 0014400

      InheritancePattern: autosomal dominant

      Prevalence: The overall prevalence of retinitis pigmentosa is between 1 in 3,000 and 1 in 4,000 individuals, while the proportion of retinitis pigmentosa with a dominant mode of inheritance is estimated to be 15-35% (between 1 in 8,500 and 1 in 27,000). The proportion of that incidence made up by the specific form caused by variants in PRPF4 is not clear.

      Penetrance: Known disease-causing alleles appear to be incompletely penetrant (PMID: 25383878).

    1. Homozygous type 2N R854W von Willebrand factor is poorly secreted and causes a severe von Willebrand disease phenotype

      PMID: 20586924

      Gene: VWF

      HGNC: 12726

      Disease: von Willebrand Disease Type 2N

      MONDO: 0015631

      InheritancePattern: Autosomal Recessive

      Prevalence: Various sources (PMID: 28847738, PMID:19809303, PMID:29115006) can be combined to estimate the prevalence of VWD Type 2N between 1:15,000 and 1:80,000.

      Penetrance: VWD type 2 is fully penetrant / nearly fully penetrant for most pathogenic variants.

    1. Alloantibodies in von Willebrand disease

      PMID: 29165738

      Gene: VWF

      HGNC: 12726 (type 1)

      Note: Insufficient Evidence due to lack of variant information. This paper designates variants as only "missense, deletion, etc" and lacks specific neucleotide changes. All probands with identifiable variants in this paper were from other PMIDs, which were confirmed to be previously curated or added to the list to be curated.

  2. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
    1. A diagnosis of von Willebrand disease despite normal test results for factor VIII and von Willebrand factor antigen and activity Penelope Motum,  Penelope Motum Haematology, NSW Health Pathology, Liverpool Hospital, New South Wales, AustraliaSearch for more papers by this authorSarah Just,  Sarah Just Haematology, NSW Health Pathology, Liverpool Hospital, New South Wales, AustraliaSearch for more papers by this authorDiane Zebeljan,  Diane Zebeljan Haematology, NSW Health Pathology, Liverpool Hospital, New South Wales, AustraliaSearch for more papers by this authorCatherine Nicholls,  Catherine Nicholls Department of Genetic Pathology, SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, AustraliaSearch for more papers by this authorGeoffrey Kershaw,  Geoffrey Kershaw Haematology, NSW Health Pathology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, New South Wales, AustraliaSearch for more papers by this authorSusan Oliver,  Susan Oliver Department of Haematology, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research (ICPMR), NSW Health Pathology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, AustraliaSearch for more papers by this authorSoma Mohammed,  Soma Mohammed Department of Haematology, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research (ICPMR), NSW Health Pathology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, AustraliaSearch for more papers by this authorEmmanuel J. Favaloro,  Corresponding Author Emmanuel J. Favaloro emmanuel.favaloro@health.nsw.gov.au orcid.org/0000-0002-2103-1661 Department of Haematology, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research (ICPMR), NSW Health Pathology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia Department of Haematology, Sydney Centres for Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia Correspondence Emmanuel J. Favaloro, Department of Haematology, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research (ICPMR), Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, 2145, Australia. Email: emmanuel.favaloro@health.nsw.gov.auSearch for more papers by this author

      PMID: 31423628

      Gene: VWF

      HGNC: 12726

    1. Classification and Characterization of Hereditary Types 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2M, 2N, and 2U (Unclassifiable) von Willebrand Disease

      PMID: 17000885

      Gene: VWF

      HGNC: 12726

      Disease: von Willebrand disease type 2M

      MONDO: 0015630

      InheritancePattern: Autosomal Dominant

      Prevalence: Overall VWD prevalence is estimated to be as high as 1 in 100 in the general population, with 1 in 10,000 pursuing tertiary care referral (PMID: 28847738).

      Penetrance: Fully penetrant / nearly fully penetrant for most pathogenic type 2 variants

    1. Purification of botrocetin from Bothrops jararaca venom. Analysis of the botrocetin-mediated interaction between von Willebrand factor and the human platelet membrane glycoprotein Ib-IX complex

      PMID: 2557900

      Gene: VWF

      HGNC: 12726

      Disease: von Willebrand disease type 2M

      MONDO: 0015630

      InheritancePattern: Autosomal Dominant

      Prevalence: Overall VWD prevalence is estimated to be as high as 1 in 100 in the general population, with 1 in 10,000 pursuing tertiary care referral ((PMID: 28847738).

      Penetrance: Fully penetrant / nearly fully penetrant for most pathogenic type 2 variants

    1. Characterisation of mutations and molecular studies of type 2 von Willebrand disease

      PMID: 23179108

      Gene: VWF

      HGNC: 12726

      Disease: von Willebrand disease type 2B

      MONDO: 0015629

      InheritancePattern: Autosomal Dominant

      Prevalence: Overall VWD prevalence is estimated to be as high as 1 in 100 in the general population, with 1 in 10,000 pursuing tertiary care referral ((PMID: 28847738).

      Penetrance: Fully penetrant / nearly fully penetrant for most pathogenic type 2 variants

    1. von Willebrand disease type B: a missense mutation selectively abolishes ristocetin-induced von Willebrand factor binding to platelet glycoprotein Ib.

      PMID: 1409710

      Gene: VWF

      HGNC: 12726

      Disease: von Willebrand disease type 2M

      MONDO: 0015630

      InheritancePattern: Autosomal Dominant

      Prevalence: Overall VWD prevalence is estimated to be as high as 1 in 100 in the general population, with 1 in 10,000 pursuing tertiary care referral ((PMID: 28847738).

      Penetrance: Fully penetrant / nearly fully penetrant for most pathogenic type 2 variants