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  1. Oct 2024
    1. As we just learned, the relationship between the symbols that make up our language and their referents is arbitrary, which means they have no meaning until we assign it to them.

      This is a tricky one because words in different regions of our own country have different meaning. For example when I moved to Tennessee for a couple years they use tabogins. I had to no idea what they were referring to, but turns out thats just a beanie. Moving to the south I had to basically learn a whole new vocabulary, Kinfolk which is family member or close friend. Holler, didint mean to yell but it means a valley or long road in the base of the hills where people live.

    2. a farmer might have kept a pebble in a box to represent each chicken he owned. As further advancements made keeping track of objects-representing-objects more difficult, more abstract symbols and later written words were able to stand in for an idea or object. Despite the fact that these transitions occurred many thousands of years ago, we can trace some words that we still use today back to their much more direct and much less abstract origins.

      I feel like language has become so complex that it is again becoming a thing for the pepople of power and status. Think about taxes, or Wall Street, the language they use is so complex but it boils down to such simple meanings. I think they do this to keep normal people from being able to play the game by making it so complicated that the average person just gives up. Language is being used as a form of war on the average people.

    1. Second, most of the content on research databases has gone through editorial review, which means a professional editor or a peer editor has reviewed the material to make sure it is credible and worthy of publication.

      My question would be, what expertise does the professional editor have. We have been living in a time where much of what we see has clear bias to it even from professionals. How can we determine who the experts are now a days. We have alot of comfirmation bias in our world and someone may be an expert but to someone else they are not.

    2. Do preliminary research to answer basic questions. Many people and organizations have information available publicly. Don’t waste interview time asking questions like “What year did your organization start?” when you can find that on the website.

      I used to sell real estate, and before I would go to a potential clients house I would always look them up. The amount of information that can be learned about someone just by a google search is scary. Its also not polite to take the time out of someones day, not be prepared and ask them basic questions that are readily available.

    3. oogle Scholar is a separate search engine that narrows results down to scholarly materials. This version of Google has improved much over the past few years and has served as a good resource for my research, even for this book. A strength of Google Scholar is that you can easily search for and find articles that aren’t confined to a particular library database. Basically, the pool of resources you are searching is much larger than what you would have using a library database.

      There are many issues with using google and the internet in general. We have become so divided, it is almost impossible to know what is real. Research the researchers and dig deep to see if they are a credible source.

    1. Perhaps you have a reputation for being humorous, being able to translate complicated information into more digestible parts, or being interactive with the audience and responding to questions.

      This is interesting to me because I feel that when I get up to give a speech, which I avoid like the plague, I lose my humor. I try to craft the speech as someone im not, and it adds so much more pressure to me. I try to write speeches without humor and it always felt so stiff. Reading this in the book has given me some reassurance that I can play to my strength even if it a small joke here and there.

    2. In terms of credibility, you want the audience to see you as competent, trustworthy, and engaging

      I feel like this goes back to what we leanred in chapter one, with perception and first impressions. I think it is much easier to gain credibility with a newer audience vs one who knows you. In a new audience with professionals, you have to upper hand becuse you are on stage at the same event they are at. You must have some credibility to be on that stage. The credibility becomes yours to keep or yours to lose based on the supporting information you provide.

    1. normal temperatures the oxygen and nitrogen gases do not react together. In the presence of very high temperatures nitrogen and oxygen do react together to form nitric oxide. These conditions are found in the combustion of coal and oil at electric power plants, and also during the combustion of gasoline in automobiles. Both of these sources contribute about equally to the formation of nitrogen oxides.

      This sets the stage by explaining that under typical conditions, nitrogen and oxygen are stable and do not form compounds. This explains that high temperatures are needed for the reaction to occur and are key to forming nitrogen oxides.

    1. Key Takeaways Communication models are not complex enough to truly capture all that takes place in a communication encounter, but they can help us examine the various steps in the process in order to better understand our communication and the communication of others. The transmission model of communication describes communication as a one-way, linear process in which a sender encodes a message and transmits it through a channel to a receiver who decodes it. The transmission of the message many be disrupted by environmental or semantic noise. This model is usually too simple to capture FtF interactions but can be usefully applied to computer-mediated communication. The interaction model of communication describes communication as a two-way process in which participants alternate positions as sender and receiver and generate meaning by sending and receiving feedback within physical and psychological contexts. This model captures the interactive aspects of communication but still doesn’t account for how communication constructs our realities and is influenced by social and cultural contexts. The transaction model of communication describes communication as a process in which communicators generate social realities within social, relational, and cultural contexts. This model includes participants who are simultaneously senders and receivers and accounts for how communication constructs our realities, relationships, and communities.

      .

    1. The Phillips Curve The Phillips curve shows the inverse relationship between inflation and unemployment: as unemployment decreases, inflation increases.

      use like a method to prove or explain the relationship between inflation and unemployment

    2. Đường cong PhillipsĐường cong Phillips cho thấy mối quan hệ nghịch đảo giữa lạm phát và thất nghiệp: khi tỷ lệ thất nghiệp giảm, lạm phát tăng lên.

      use like a method to prove or explain the relationship between inflation and unemployment

    1. Of the four theorists reviewed above (Freud, Erikson, Piaget, and Vygotsky) which theorist’s ideas about development most closely match your own beliefs about how people develop and why?

      All theory is a learning in the development of a child, therefore it helps us in the social, cultural, emotional, physical, cognitive growth, etc. For me, Vygolsky's theory is essential since through the cognitive we learn to develop within society also through our own experiences

    2. How does the division of chores impact or not impact your household?

      If all members of the household collaborated in household chores, it would be of great help to everyone because we are all putting in the time, effort and attitude to have a clean healthy home and work together.

    3. What is the main role you have in your family system? What boundaries do you have or wish you had?

      The main role I have in my family is to be a mother and a provider. I take care of my kids , help around the house, and bring income to the house. Some boundaries I wish I had is spending more time with my family, because communication and relationships is important to me, but I am always working, and my kids are always busy.

    1. t is likely that you have more in common with that reality TV star than you care to admit. We tend to focus on personality traits in others that we feel are important to our own personality. What we like in ourselves, we like in others, and what we dislike in ourselves, we dislike in others (McCornack, 2007). If you admire a person’s loyalty, then loyalty is probably a trait that you think you possess as well. If you work hard to be positive and motivated and suppress negative and unproductive urges within yourself, you will likely think harshly about those negative traits in someone else. After all, if you can suppress your negativity, why can’t they do the same? This way of thinking isn’t always accurate or logical, but it is common.

      To me this has never even registered in my head. I am going to focus on this the next time my girlfriend is watching reality tv. I know that I am most aware that I tend to root for the underdogs in most scenarios. I want the one who was counted out to win. I wonder how that relates to my personality. I know I always admire the extroverts, but I felt like that was because I am not very extroverted and wanted to be like them. Intersting self observation for me to try in the coming days.

    2. his simple us/them split affects subsequent interaction, including impressions and attributions. For example, we tend to view people we perceive to be like us as more trustworthy, friendly, and honest than people we perceive to be not like us (Brewer, 1999).

      I am currently working on a construction site here in Boise. I am from Tennessee and all my coworkers are from Kentucky. One day a coworker told me the superindentent didnt like me. Obviously confused since we had only been working together for 3 days, I asked, Why? My coworker told me simply for the fact that I am not from Kentucky, he did not trust me or think I was a capable worker because of where I grew up. I know its not fair but the only thing I can do is prove him wrong and help him recognize his inherant bias is not always correct.

    3. First impressions are enduring because of the primacy effect, which leads us to place more value on the first information we receive about a person. So if we interpret the first information we receive from or about a person as positive, then a positive first impression will form and influence how we respond to that person as the interaction continues.

      This bit of information reminds me of a few studies and lawsuits that have occurred in the last decade or two regarding names on job applications. The inquiries focused on the concept that someone's name being less culturally familiar to a recruiter would negatively bias an applicant's chances of getting to the interview stage. This effect was studied using identical resumes with different names associated to measure employer responses. This seems like a great example of the primacy effect making biases that are sometimes difficult to identify more obvious.

    4. Thus the self-serving bias is a perceptual error through which we attribute the cause of our successes to internal personal factors while attributing our failures to external factors beyond our control. When we look at the fundamental attribution error and the self-serving bias together, we can see that we are likely to judge ourselves more favorably than another person, or at least less personally.

      The mentality of “I hit the game winning shot because I’m the best” vs “I missed the game winning shot because you didn’t get me the ball fast enough” Fascinating to see these examples from life be put into a structured explanation.have a coworker who, if there is a mistake, will always be the last to get back to the office and then proceed put the blame on someone else. If the job is completed on time, looks good and mistake free he will be the first one in the office reporting to the boss how good he did on the job.

    5. fundamental attribution error, which refers to our tendency to explain others’ behaviors using internal rather than external attributions (Sillars, 1980).

      This fundamental attribution error seems to be a rabbit hole our society is falling down. I had always referred to it as victim culture. We as a society are unable to see how our external attribution to a situation plays a role in the outcomes in life. Everything bad that happens to us is because somebody else is bad and out to get me. It is much easier to blame someone else, for reasons your assuming, then it is to realize the mistakes that were made.

    1. Listening to people who are different from us is a key component of developing self-knowledge. This may be uncomfortable, because our taken-for-granted or deeply held beliefs and values may become less certain when we see the multiple perspectives that exist.

      Listening to the thoughts and opinions of people with differing cultures or political opinions with the intention to understand, instead of respond, is such a powerful tool. It can help dismantle prejudices, make you a better advocate for your own values, and/or help practice giving people room to communicate what they really intending to say rather than giving preloaded responses. I think most people would benefit greatly from engaging in this kind of practice on a regular basis.

    1. Self-discrepancy theory states that people have beliefs about and expectations for their actual and potential selves that do not always match up with what they actually experience (Higgins, 1987).

      I have experienced this kind expectation to reality relationship in some of my personal relationships. These people had an idea of what they could be if they could just stop being inadequate that only served to generate shame and guilt. Often, there was never any real grounding for the things they expected of themselves, but they felt the weight of those expectations as if they were an undeniable reflection of their potential. I am sure many of this is related to external social expectations that are later internalized. These expectations seem to rarely serve as drivers for someone to be more productive and more often seem to break people down and make them overall less likely to engage with life.

    2. If a man wants to get into better shape and starts an exercise routine, he may be discouraged by his difficulty keeping up with the aerobics instructor or running partner and judge himself as inferior, which could negatively affect his self-concept.

      One of our recent lectures identified the importance of an improvement mindset. Tools like these could help avoid developing unrealistic expectations that ultimately dissuade attempts at self improvement. They could provide an interpretive lens to contextualize feedback in ways that are more constructive.

    1. For something unexpected to become salient, it has to reach a certain threshold of difference. If you walked into your regular class and there were one or two more students there than normal, you may not even notice. If you walked into your class and there was someone dressed up as a wizard, you would probably notice.

      I can see this effect happen where you may not think expectation would matter very much. There are many times where someone has stopped to say something to me, but the content of the statement is outside of my current mode of thinking. A perfectly understandable statement can become completely unintelligible purely because the context of the message did not prepare the receiver to comprehend it. If something like this can happen in the case of straight forward comprehension, the effect must me exacerbated by the complexity or obscurity of the intended communication.

    2. We’ve all been in a similar situation at some point in our lives, so we know that revising our schemata can be stressful and that such revision takes effort and usually involves some mistakes, disappointments, and frustrations. But being able to adapt our schemata is a sign of cognitive complexity, which is an important part of communication competence. So, even though the process may be challenging, it can also be a time for learning and growth.

      Since I was younger I’ve known that we have beliefs that are instilled dingo us, knowingly and unknowingly. The part that is always difficult for me is how do I notice them, and how do I change them. One of the Schemata I have realized is the way I perceive money. I have always felt like I never had enough, and it was going to run out. However, after 10 years of working, I have never gone without, been homeless or starved. I recognize the schema now I am focused on changing that database.

    3. The thing attracting our attention can be abstract, like a concept, or concrete, like an object

      There is something similar in the psychology realm called Baader-Meinhoff. This is the phenomenon where you buy something, say a new silver Toyota Camery. All of a sudden it feels like every car you are seeing on the roads is a silver Toyota Camery. This happened to me when I bought my new truck, it made me think I made a good decision because of how many other people had the same truck. I wasn’t looking for the truck but it seemed like it was the only vehicle on the road that ever caught my attention.

    1. covalently link

      A covalent link (or covalent bond) occurs when two atoms share electrons, forming a stable connection between them. In DNA, covalent bonds link the deoxyribose sugar of one nucleotide to the phosphate group of the next,

    1. both have similar tendencies to attract electrons to themselves

      It’s easier for Non metals to gain electrons (become anions) to make the shell full aka octet rule

    1. A Taiwanese woman who speaks English as her second language may be praised for her competence in the English language in her home country but be viewed as less competent in the United States because of her accent.

      I have dealt with many experiences like this in my professional life. At one time I was a manager for a large, multinational bank, and part of my duties was taking calls that escalated for whatever reason above the agent that made first contact with the customer. We employed many people from the Philippines and also some from India in addition to our local American representatives. There were countless times that customers would completely pass up one of the offshore representatives and demand to speak to someone at my level because they assumed someone with their accent couldn't complete the task. There were even many American representatives that had immigrated to the United States later in life that would get the same treatment if there was any detectable foreign accent. For many of these customers, something I thought to be inconsequential, was enough to write someone off completely as a competent professional. Those calls always left me thinking about that dynamic after they were over.

    1. There are some communication patterns shared by very large numbers of people and some that are particular to a dyad—best friends, for example, who have their own inside terminology and expressions that wouldn’t make sense to anyone else. These examples aren’t on the same scale as differing languages, but they still indicate that communication is learned.

      The concept of a unique communication pattern being held within small groups, families, or communities is something I have often wondered about. How much of my communication with my wife of 10 years is functionally unintelligible to the general population? This must be an example of the way the regional dialects and, eventually, entirely new languages come to be. The continual compartmentalization of customs that is so isolated for so long that is truly does become an entirely new system.

    2. Discussions and decisions that affect our communities happen around us all the time, but it takes time and effort to become a part of that process.

      Building foundational knowledge in any specialized field you want to engage with is often necessary to being able to properly engage. What happens when the specialized field is government and people with differing levels of ability from differing backgrounds all have to be able to engage with this "specialized field". There are so many barriers to just exercise your rights and freedoms that are likely underappreciated. Tailoring communication strategies surrounding these issues to include as many different kinds of people can have massive effects on the political engagement of a population and their ability to get access to services they need and have a right to access.

    3. Poor listening skills were shown to contribute significantly to failure in a person’s first year of college.

      This specific sentence, more than anywhere in the following paragraph, brings stark attention to one of the biggest professional struggles I have personally come across. This speaks to trainability in general, which is not only useful for the aspiring student, but also critical for an effective member of a team. The ability to be receptive to information is often so much more important that the ability to send information.

    1. In fact, since the systematic study of communication began in colleges and universities a little over one hundred years ago, there have been more than 126 published definitions of communication (Dance & Larson, 1976).

      I have always found the philosophy of categories to be super interesting. It seems than no matter how hard we try, humanity is completely incapable of providing all encompassing, categorical explanations for abstract concepts. Its appears like a constant reminder of our inability to grasp the scope of our own cognition. This problem becoming a central issue of AI development seems to speak to the eternal struggle against the systemic imperfections in our communication methods.

    2. Goal-oriented communication at the group level usually focuses on a task assigned to the whole group; for example, a group of people may be tasked to figure out a plan for moving a business from one office to another.

      As someone who is returnng back to school after being in the workforce for 10+ years I see this play out all the time. Although it is a group project and a common goal is shared, there must be someone who can communicate within the group to delegate tasks. If you are not good with communication, active listening, problem solving, you will be passivley participating in the group and seen as dead weight. Being able to direct and communicate effectively can be the difference between the best group project, or a flat out nightmare.

    3. others focused on coaching the performance and delivery aspects of public speaking (Keith, 2008). Instruction in the latter stressed the importance of “oratory” or “elocution,” and this interest in reading and speaking aloud is sustained today in theatre and performance studies and also in oral interpretation classes, which are still taught in many communication departments.

      As someone who has massive stage fright, I can attest that seperating public speaking and communication is a necessary. I do exceptionally well in a group of 2-5. I realize that being a good public speaker you have to be able to communicate, but being able to conduct small meetings and get a message across is needed in the workforce. These are two very different skill sets, but at the foundation is communication. So, thank the National Communication Association for seperating the performance aspect of communication.

    4. The evolution of communication media, from speaking to digital technology, has also influenced the field of communication studies. To better understand how this field of study developed, we must return to the “Manuscript Era,” which saw the production of the earliest writings about communication. In fact, the oldest essay and book ever found were written about communication (McCroskey, 1984)

      I find it fascinating that all history before us was done in Manuscript and here we are as a society with this new form of technology. This digital communication style has been interesting to watch unfold, but it seems we always revert back to the Manuscript era for guidance. We are living in an uncharted time as far as communication goes, and we are lucky to be on the forfront of societial changing technology. It will be interesting to see if we stay the course or revert to the old way of communicating.

    1. Almost half of the students in my latest communication research class wanted to do their final research projects on something related to social media. Many of them were interested in studying the effects of CMC on our personal lives and relationships. This desire to study and question CMC may stem from an anxiety that people have about the seeming loss or devaluing of face-to-face (FtF) communication.

      I can speak from personal experience on the issue of CMC related anxiety. About 3 years ago I decided to delete my instagram from my phone. In the first few days after I realized I was opening my phone about every 20 minutes to check my instagram, only to remember I had deleted it. This was almost a nervous habit for me. After about 3 months without the app i decided to re download it, and after opening Instagram, I had immediate anxiety. All my friends lives looked perfect, they had done so much, been so many places, good relationships, and I was immediately comparing my life to theirs. I instantly deleted it again from my phone, and have not gotten it back since.

    2. one-way process in which a sender intentionally transmits a message to a receiver (Ellis & McClintock, 1990). This model focuses on the sender and message within a communication encounter.

      I have never thought of communication as being so intentional. This simple section made me stop and reflect about how I am communicating. What message do i try and get across as I am speaking. There has not been a time I can remember where I stopped and intentionally processed what I was going to say. I have always seen myself as an “off the cuff” person but I’m starting to rethink that mentality.

    1. This piece clearly articulates the case that _____________.

      This is my favorite, I like how straightforward it is, I will probably use it on my own essay.

    2. Even if the argument is fatally flawed, it may still contain some valuable insight or move the conversation forward in another way. We might conclude that an argument is not valid, but still see ways in which this argument can help us get closer to the truth on a particular topic.

      I agree with this point of view, it's important to be open minded and consider what we can gain, even from arguments we disagree with. This reminds me of a class discussion we had about critical thinking in my last English class, where we talked about how every argument, no matter how flawed, can teach us something.

    3. Praise part of the argument

      I like how the text highlights the importance of considering different perspectives. It shows a good effort to include different views which makes a better and more balanced discussion.

    4. Why look for strengths if the argument is flawed?

      Looking for strengths in a flawed argument helps you understand it better. Even if it's flawed, there could be good points worth considering. This balanced approach makes your critique more constructive, helps you find ways to improve the argument, and shows empathy for other perspectives.

    5. Sometimes an argument points toward something worth considering even if it doesn’t convince us completely

      This does make sense since it can solve another truth to gets to the main point of the argument

    6. e might conclude that an argument is not valid, but still see ways in which this argument can help us get closer to the truth on a particular topic.

      This statement to me doesn't make sense because if we don't agree with the topic then how does it get us closer to the truth?

    7. However, even if we do find weaknesses, it’s important to recognize any contributions as well

      This doesn't make sense to me because even if I don't agree with the statement, I have to agree with some things?

    8. Sometimes an argument points toward something worth considering even if it doesn’t convince us completely.

      This statement is true because when I read argumanative essays, I consider the author's argument and decide whether I agree with certain points or not.

    9. If we are assessing an argument that is developed over the course of one or more pages, there will be many related claims and reasons.

      This statement is accurate because when I read an essay, I notice all the claims and reasons, and when I write an essay, we need to include our reasons and claims. Which helps us understand what the essay or articles are about.

    10. We may not agree with all of the reasoning but may feel that the argument frames its topic in a useful way.

      I agree, sometimes I pick a specific topic because the argument can be helpful.

    11. Even if we find the reasoning flawed, we may want to give the argument some credit for articulating that reasoning.

      This ensures we are keeping the argument fair, and helps to better convince the reader.

    12. However, even if we do find weaknesses, it’s important to recognize any contributions as well. Doing so will show readers that our assessment is fair-minded.

      This is a significant piece of information to understand because it is very powerful knowledge. Therefore, if we show the authors positives and negatives, it will help demonstrate we took all sides into consideration.

    13. Anderson’s attack on transgender identity does clearly represent the reasoning of those who object to recognizing transgender identity. Thus, it provides opportunities for transgender activitsts to clarify their own positions and correct common misconceptions.

      This article is clearly on the side of not supporting or merely recognizing transgender identity. Yet, transgender activists haven taken this article as as opportunity to shine their own light against this argument and clarify some misconceptions. This is the perfect example of taking an argument and use it to engage in more critical thinking.

    14. Even if we find the reasoning flawed, we may want to give the argument some credit for articulating that reasoning. Laying out the reasons and evidence for a claim at least facilitates critical thinking about the topic. It may lay bare the underpinnings of a common belief and enable more substantive discussion of that belief.

      This whole article seems to trickle down to this overall main point. No matter how subjectively flawed an argument may seem, they serve the purpose of creating critical thinking and discussion even if it's to refute the original argument.

    15. Sometimes an argument points toward something worth considering even if it doesn’t convince us completely

      This shows us that an argument doesn't necessarily need to be convincing or even relevant but that it sheds validity on the topic itself. It can lead to more conversations of the main ideas or opposing the argument itself.

    16. A fresh way to think about something could lead to other insights in other arguments.

      This line of thinking can prove useful in analyzing upcoming essays in this class. It could also help us see gaps in asn argument.

    17. Sometimes an argument’s value lies in its particular approach to an issue.

      I think this means that an arguments value can be derived from the way it goes about addressing a particular issue.

    18. Even if the argument is fatally flawed, it may still contain some valuable insight

      Sometimes the argument of a topic may be completely incoherent but it is possible that there is something of value that we can take away from the argument.

    19. how can doctors and therapists collaborate to learn more about the links between physical and mental health?”

      With this example being used in the reading, I can see know how an argument can point towards an idea worth considering.

    20. inductive arguments

      I think inductive arguments is a key phrase to remember because if readers are able to recognize these arguments, might help them understand the whole concept of what the author is trying to say.

    21. However, even if we do find weaknesses, it’s important to recognize any contributions as well. Doing so will show readers that our assessment is fair-minded.

      Based on this statement, I think this is one of the main ideas from the author. Finding weaknesses in a argument can be both good and bad for the reader. By the reader being able to apply this to essay writing can help influence their argument more.

    22. It may raise an important question for further discussion or study.

      I think that this is another main idea that the author is sharing. This is saying that if we ask questions or praise arguments into questions, it keeps the conversation going. It keeps the conversation rolling by opening up the topic for more ideas and things that need further studies.

    23. f we are assessing an argument that is developed over the course of one or more pages, there will be many related claims and reasons.

      It is important to hear out what the opposing side has to say by going through their claims and reasons. Even if we do not agree with it we should listen to what is being said.

    24. it’s important to recognize any contributions as well. Doing so will show readers that our assessment is fair-minded.

      I believe that this is one of the main ideas the author has to share. The author is saying that if we see what the opposite argument says and assess that, our readers will see that we are staying open minded while sharing our argument.

    25. This proposal draws attention to the terrifying consequences of the lack of social support for people with mental illness.  Yet the decision to focus gun control legislation on this population only stigmatizes it further.”

      Even though they do not present a compelling argument with relevant data to back up their argument about gun control with mental ill people. We see that some light is shown on getting mental ill people help so in a way this was insightful.

    26. However, even if we do find weaknesses, it’s important to recognize any contributions as well. Doing so will show readers that our assessment is fair-minded

      So even if we do not agree with the authors argument we need to point out sone good points they made ?

    1. asks a question with an obvious answer, a question phrased in such a way that it pushes us to agree with the author without examining the real range of possibilities. This loaded question implies that there are only two options, one of them very bad.

      I highly agree with this statement, as I have experienced it being used. some individuals rather win the argument by making a statement or question that baits the listener onto agreeing with the individual, it can be seen as a form of manipulation.

    2. The First Amendment guarantees the right of free speech to all Americans. Therefore, teachers have the right to express themselves freely in the classroom.

      it guarantees the right of free speech but it doesn't free the person from the potential of consequences. an example of this could be yelling fire at a theater.

    3. In order to make a point that is worth making, we may need facts or evidence, but we will also need ways to connect those specifics to bigger points or other related specifics.

      I highly agree with this statement, strong arguments need well researched facts. recently I saw a lot of arguments that are not backed up by facts are often misleading, I see a lot of arguments that obtain personal bias rather than facts.

    4. There we observed that changing the claim from  "this country's teachers" to "many of this country’s teachers" would account for the exceptions, teachers who did not fit the generalization.

      I like that it points out, here and above, phrases good to be used for exceptions. This is because in the past while writing I have felt like I'm being too wordy, vague, or that my statement just isn't true when I change the claim. If I wrote something like "some teachers" or "most LGBT people" I felt like I wasn't writing the most efficiently.

    5. asks a question with an obvious answer, a question phrased in such a way that it pushes us to agree with the author without examining the real range of possibilities. This loaded question implies that there are only two options, one of them very ba

      It's crazy how people think they can hide their intentions in writing, as if writing isn't completely about putting your thoughts and opinions on paper. It's deceitful that writers try to use these kinds of statements, you should win someone over to your side of an argument fairly rather than manipulating them into thinking it's the best and only option.

    6. If we see a general statement, we should ask ourselves whether it is always true or whether we can identify any case that doesn’t fit the pattern.

      I think people need to do this more in general, especially when making generalizations about people. A lot of the disrespect or microaggressions towards people include false assumptions about their group of people. You should take a moment to think about how it is possible that someone may not fit a generalization.

    1. 初级转录本(也称为 pre-mRNA)首先涂有 RNA 稳定蛋白,以保护其在处理和输出到细胞核外时免受降解。 第一种处理在初级转录本仍在合成过程中开始;在生长转录本的5'末端添加一种特殊的7-甲基鸟苷核苷酸,称为5'上限。 除了防止降解外,后续蛋白质合成所涉及的因素还可以识别上限,这有助于启动核糖体的翻译。 伸长完成后,另一种加工酶会在 3' 末端添加一串大约 200 个腺嘌呤核苷酸,称为 Poly-A 尾巴。 这种修饰进一步保护 pre-mRNA 免受降解,并向细胞因子发出信号,表明转录本需要输出到细胞质中。

      真核生物保护mRNA不被降解手段,RNA稳定蛋白,5’加帽,3’添尾

    2. 原核生物和真核生物之间最重要的区别是后者的膜结合核,这影响了使用RNA分子进行蛋白质合成的便捷性。 当基因结合在细胞核中后,真核细胞必须将编码蛋白质的 RNA 分子运送到要翻译的细胞质。 编码蛋白质的初级转录本,即由RNA聚合酶直接合成的RNA分子,必须经过多个处理步骤,以保护这些RNA分子在从细胞核转移到细胞质并转化为蛋白质期间免受降解。 例如,真核生物 mRNA 可能持续几个小时,而典型的原核生物 mRNA 的持续时间不超过 5 秒。

      mRNA维持时间

    3. 在大肠杆菌中,RNA聚合酶包含六个多肽亚基,其中五个构成聚合酶核心酶,负责向生长链中添加RNA核苷酸。 第六个亚单位被称为西格玛 (α)。 α 因子使 RNA 聚合酶能够与特定的启动子结合,从而允许转录各种基因。 有多种α因子允许转录各种基因。

      细菌RNA聚合酶组成

  2. Sep 2024
    1. Often, inductive arguments might present evidence that is suggestive, intriguing or compelling

      Inductive arguments are described as strong or weak not good or bad. Somewhat like looking at a balance between the two in the examples provided.

    2. how can doctors and therapists collaborate to learn more about the links between physical and mental health?”

      Very interesting topic! This is something that I would enjoy furthering my knowledge about.

    3. Sometimes we see value not in the content of the argument but in the focus it brings to a topic.

      This is what makes an argument more intriguing and interests the reader, because when we genuinely are interested about the topic we willingly read. We usually pick up more information on the topic and more likely to remember it.

    4. We might conclude that an argument is not valid, but still see ways in which this argument can help us get closer to the truth on a particular topic.

      This is the answer to the main topic question, "why look for strengths if the argument is flawed?" This can be useful for general conversations and keeps it going rather than shutting it down.

    1. 当单链 RNA 分子氢键中的互补碱基相互暴露时,成熟的 tRNA 呈现出三维结构(图33\PageIndex{3})。 这种形状将氨基酸结合位点定位在 tRNA 的 3' 末端,称为 CCA 氨基酸结合端,这是胞嘧啶-胞嘧啶-腺嘌呤序列,另一端是抗密码子。 抗密码子是一种三核苷酸序列,通过互补碱基配对与 mRNA 密码子结合。

      tRNA氨基酸及mRNA结合位点

    2. 在细菌和古细菌中,在转录终止之前,每个蛋白质编码转录本已经被用来开始合成大量编码多肽拷贝,因为转录和翻译过程可以同时发生,形成多核糖体(图22\PageIndex{2})。 转录和翻译之所以可以同时发生,是因为这两个过程都发生在相同的 5' 到 3' 方向上,它们都发生在细胞的细胞质中,也因为 RNA 转录一经转录就不会被处理。 这使原核细胞能够非常迅速地对需要新蛋白质的环境信号做出反应。 相比之下,在真核细胞中,不可能同时转录和翻译。 尽管多核糖体也会在真核生物中形成,但在 RNA 合成完成、RNA 分子被修饰并运出细胞核之前,它们无法生成。

      细菌顾君可以边转录边翻译,真核生物不行,这使特定的蛋白质可以在细菌细胞中迅速达到高浓度

    3. 每个 mRNA 分子都由许多核糖体同时翻译,所有核糖体都朝着相同的方向合成蛋白质:从 5' 读取 mRNA 到 3',然后将多肽从 N 末端合成到 C 末端。 包含 mRNA 和多个相关核糖体的完整结构称为多核糖体(或多体)。

      蛋白合成方向

    4. 在大肠杆菌中,小亚基被描述为30S(包含16S rRNA亚基),大亚基为50S(包含5S和23S rRNA亚基),总共为70S(Svedberg单位不是累加单位)。 真核生物核糖体有一个小的40S亚单位(包含18S rRNA亚基)和一个大型的60S亚单位(包含5S、5.8S和28S rRNA亚基),总共为80年代。 小亚基负责结合 mRNA 模板,而大亚基结合 tRNA(将在下一小节中讨论)。

      细菌和真核生物核糖体组成

    1. Sometimes an argument asserts that there are only two or three options, when in fact there may be others.

      Sometimes, when I read arguments, I find out that there are more than three, and I don't always notice it. I might get confused thinking there's only one argument being made.

    2. If we see a general statement, we should ask ourselves whether it is always true or whether we can identify any case that doesn’t fit the pattern.

      We should definitely be cautious, as not all statements are always true. You can verify to see if it is true or not by looking at the details and patterns.

    3. The First Amendment guarantees the right of free speech to all Americans. Therefore, teachers have the right to express themselves freely in the classroom.

      I believe this statement is true because teachers should be able to express themselves, but to an extent. At the end of the day, they are teaching children.

    4. In order to make a point that is worth making, we may need facts or evidence, but we will also need ways to connect those specifics to bigger points or other related specifics.

      Super true! Nowadays people will begin their argument based off of whatever they see on the internet. No research prior. Facts, evidence, and connecting the dots are very important when it comes to arguing.

    5. The First Amendment guarantees the right of free speech to all Americans. Therefore, teachers have the right to express themselves freely in the classroom.

      Although the First Amendment still exists, I feel as if it isn't really implemented into society til this day. Even in the classroom, some opinions/beliefs are limited.

    6. In order to make a point that is worth making, we may need facts or evidence

      I believe that if we trying to make a point to an audience we need to have facts and evidence to validate our claims. Otherwise, the reader will not feel as if they have sufficient evidence to side with us.

    7. The First Amendment guarantees the right of free speech to all Americans. Therefore, teachers have the right to express themselves freely in the classroom.

      I believe this is right as long as they are not trying to impose their beliefs on the students who may have different ones. For example, if a teacher believes in God, she is able to speak about them; however, what she can't do is force a student to believe in God when they don't.

    8. the First Amendment does not apply when a person is working for an employer. Unless there is a local law protecting employee speech, an employer can tell workers what they are and are not allowed to say on the job.

      I have never given it that much thought about how our employers do this to us. I've only really considered my first amendment when I am told that I can't speak Spanish at the work place but never about anything else. Definitely food for thought.

    9. Can we justify turning our backs on the needs of desperate people? There is no justification for such selfishness. The time has come to open our borders.

      This impacts the readers right away with their opinion on the author’s claim

    10. There we observed that changing the claim from  "this country's teachers" to "many of this country’s teachers" would account for the exceptions, teachers who did not fit the generalization.

      Very important

    11. Does the First Amendment really guarantee absolute freedom to say whatever we want in any situation?  U.S. courts have recognized many exceptions to this freedom. For example, doctors are not allowed to discuss confidential patient information without permission.

      Freedom to what extent? This is why this a generalized statement. It’s true to a certain extent.

    1. Academic writing is not wholly utilitarian. An elegant and apt turn of phrase is satisfying both to write and to read. While you can’t often summon elegance out of nowhere, you can learn a few structures that are often pleasing to the reader’s ear because they harmonize what you’re saying with how you’re saying it. Here are two rhetorical tricks that you can use to reinforce your points.

      Academic writing is supposed to be satisfying both to read and write.

    1. Interference microscopy uses a prism to split light into two slightly diverging beams that then pass through the specimen. It is thus based on measuring the differences in refractive index upon recombining the two beams.

      thus phase contrast can be obtained

  3. Aug 2024
    1. A catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy without itself being consumed by the reaction. Activation energy is the minimum amount of energy required for a chemical reaction to proceed in the forward direction. A catalyst increases the reaction rate by providing an alternative pathway or mechanism for the reaction to follow (Figure \(\PageIndex{3}\)). Catalysis will be discussed in greater detail later in this chapter as it relates to mechanisms of reactions.

      Hi this is Arleth Lucero,

      I have a question regarding the catalyst, since its a substance that simply increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself being consumed by the reaction. Would it appear in the products?

    1. Because 1.00 to any power is 1, [1.00 M]m = 1.00 M. We can cancel like terms to give 0.25 = [0.50]m, which can also be written as 1/4 = [1/2]m. Thus we can conclude that m = 2 and that the reaction is second order in A. By selecting two experiments in which the concentration of B is the same, we were able to solve for m.

      The only thing I was confused about in thsi part of the calculation was the answer is m=2 or is it the second order from A. If so why would it be the second order in A

    1. 人类神经系统能够处理无休止的信息流。 感官充当心灵和外部环境之间的界面,接受刺激并将其转化为传递到大脑的神经冲动。 然后,大脑处理这些信息并使用相关的片段来创造思想,然后这些思想可以通过语言表达或存储在记忆中以备将来使用。

      这可不就是 RAG的处理过程么。 而 xfeel 可以再进一步,对情绪进行提取。

  4. Jul 2024
    1. The solution, and the reason the idea of shell structure in nuclei is such a counter-intuitive notion, is both elegant and simple. Consider a single nucleon in a nucleus. Within this nuclear fluid we can consider the interactions of each of the nucleons with the one we have singled out. All of these nucleons move rather quickly through this fluid, leading to the fact that our nucleons only sees the average effects of the attraction of all the other ones. This leads to us replacing, to first approximation, this effect by an average nuclear potential, as sketched in Figure 4.1.1\PageIndex{1}. Figure 4.1.1\PageIndex{1}: A sketch of the averaging approximation Thus the idea is that the shell structure is caused by the average field of all the other nucleons, a very elegant but rather surprising notion!
      • "average" potential
      • hint: nucleons "move fast" inside the nucleus zone
      • Not the "static" image from the textbooks!!!

      • Ideal Fermi gas model: free nucleons, without potential

      • QM: Nucleons cannot be "static"
    1. The self-identified status of an individual, including married, single, open, divorced. May include children.

      Self-identified; family does not require children.

  5. Jun 2024
    1. the iron sky Mexican children kick their soccer ball across,

      BORDERLANDS CONCEPT IS THAT SHE IS SUFFERING LEAVING EVERYTHING BEHIND JUST TO JUMP THAT BARBE WIRE FENCE SHE IS GIVING DETAIL AND VISION SO ONE CAN INVISION.

    1. Nixon looked away from the camera at the reporters asking him questions, he was sweating and pale, he had facial hair stubble, and he wore a grey suit that faded into the set background.

      Even your appearance can send an unintentional message to the audience.

    1. A function fff consists of a set of inputs, a set of outputs, and a rule for assigning each input to exactly one output. The set of inputs is called the domain of the function. The set of outputs is called the range of the function.

      function domain & range definition

    1. __________________________________________________________________

      1.Preparing 2.Reading 3.Capturing the key ideas 4.Reviewing. I think that reading will take the most time

    2. ________________________________________________________________________________

      Typically, I feel more prepared for an assignment of reading when I know what I am looking for.

    3. __________________________________________________________________

      My living room, the foyer at my school, and my kitchen table are all great. The foyer at school is the best because it has the least distractions.

    4. _________________________________________________________________

      Preparing, reading, capturing key ideas, and reviewing. Reading will take the most time because it is the most tedious.

    5. ___________________________________________

      I feel more prepared to read this assignment because I am aware of what to be looking for. I feel more confident, less overwhelmed, and more focused.

    1. The categories and labels assigned by these various entities may be at odds with or even contradict a person’s self-identification.

      Since we have been growing up we have seen categories that now as we progress in society people find new catories to identify to.

    1. __________________________________________________________________

      Tell yourself that is the most important thing right now. Put away all distractions and address what could be prohibiting you from studying. Eliminate anything that restricts you.

    2. __________________________________________________________________

      Sachito should have the sister come babysit monthly so that they get time together. She should talk to her husband about not leaving daily for his friends to that she can actually get some studying done at home.

    3. __________________________________________________________________

      James should ask someone to hold on to his computer so that he doesn't become distracted by it.

    4. __________________________________________________________________

      Becky needs to decide where to put her time and what would help her the most in the long run. She could also reschedule the service project or talk to her professor and see if he'll adjust the due date for her.

    5. __________________________________________________________________

      Juan needs to talk about the situation with his mother. They need to develop a schedule to prioritize certain aspects of his life.

    6. Think about your friends in college or other students you have observed in one of your classes. Choose one who usually seems positive and upbeat and one who sometimes or frequently shows a negative attitude about college. Visualize both their faces—side by side—as if you are talking to both of them. Now imagine yourself sitting down to study with one of them for a final exam. Describe how you would imagine that study session going.

      If I sat down with the positive one, he would not goof off and ensure that we studied enough to pass the exam. For the other one, however, he would just listen to music and encourage us not to study, as he thinks that he can make it in life without doing anything.

    7. List ways in which a negative attitude can prevent students from being successful in college.

      They can be careless towards their work and think that college is just a waste of time.

    8. __________________________________________________________________

      Long-term goals: After college, I want to become a lawyer, I'd like to get a wife, and I want to maintain good fitness. I would also like to start a family.

    9. _________________________________________________________________

      Midterm goals: This year, I want to be able to bench press 130 pounds, write a short book and attempt to publish it, and be a better football player. During high school, I want to be valedictorian. While in college, I want to get a degree in law.

    10. __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________

      Short-term goals: Today, I want to eat healthy, protein rich meals. This week, I want to work out daily, finish week three of this class, and get better at throwing a football. This month, I would like to finish reading Psalms, finish this course, and win the state Civics Bee.

    1. You are not less of a person when you abandon your original position and accept another's. It is fine to lose an argument because that is when you learn and grow as a person.

      you learn through growth in debates

    1. __________________________________________________________________

      Ask the instructor if there are any other sections of the class that you can review, use the online notes posted (if there are any), and ask another classmate for possible notes they have.

    2. __________________________________________________________________

      The problems with using an online device is that it is very easy to get distracted and surf the web; also, if you cannot type fast it is much harder to keep up. However, it also has lots of tools and benefits to help you like blank documents that can be used for notes

    3. ________________________________________________________________________________

      The listing method and cornell method help me better understand and keep track of what I am learning and help me better retain information given.

    4. _________________________________________________________________

      Three ways to make up for notes is to ask a friend who takes notes, research the topic online using reliable sources, or ask the teacher if the topic is going to be on the test because if not, you may not even need notes.

    5. __________________________________________________________________

      The benefit of a laptop is that it has many tools and features to make note taking easier. The problems are that you have the potential to accidentally lose the notes and it is much easier to become distracted on a computer.

    6. __________________________________________________________________

      The Cornell method lets you write more information and it is a better way to memorize the important things.

    7. ________________________________________________________________________________

      Using the Cornell method, I can retain information more efficiently and focus much better.

    1. __________________________________________________________________

      Most professors will signal important material by repeating things, raising ad lowering their voice and emphasizing things written on the board.

    2. __________________________________________________________________

      In the front row in order to make the professor that you take the class with serious intentions

    3. I would consider my friend to be an excellent listener. If something is going on in my life, he cares and shows it in his body language by doing things like making eye contact. A poor listener would be my grandmother, as when I start talking, she won't pay attention and makes it clear that she'd rather be the one talking.

      I have good eye contact, but sometimes I zone out a little bit.

    1. __________________________________________________________________

      My toughest course is probably personal finance. I would include my friends that care about the class and won't goof off at inappropriate times.

    2. __________________________________________________________________

      I would like to get better at not studying the night before a test, as this is something that I do regularly. I can develop a study schedule the week of a test or quiz to assist be in remembering.

    3. __________________________________________________________________

      Find all of your resources over a topic such as notes and homework. These are great tools for studying.

    1. Even though it is summer, I was reading about simple machines in physics before school ended. Many of my questions are similar, and the author was able to answer most of my questions. My textbook is better written, as it is intended to go very in depth.

    1. the economy was not thought of as a distinct sphere separated from politics but instead as a tool of statecraft which the state could manipulate to serve its own ends

      interesting

    1. __________________________________________________________________

      I am a traditional student and one advantage is that I am used to staying up and finishing work