• for: quote, quote - W2W, quote - inequality, quote - jane goodall
• quote
  • there's the unsustainable lifestyle of so many of us
  • and I include myself
  • I have far more than I need and
  • some people take this to excess and they have way way way more than they could ever possibly need and
  • this is something that somehow we have to change
• comment
  • this supports the need for the W2W program

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

The manuscript by Zheng et al. examined the disease-causing mechanisms of two missense mutations within the homeodomain (HD) of CRX protein. Both mutations were found in humans and can produce severe dominant retinopathy. The authors investigated the two CRX HD mutants via in vitro DNA-binding assay (Spec-seq), in vivo chromatin-binding assay (ChIP-seq), in vivo expression assay of downstream target genes (RNA-seq), and retinal histological and functional assays. They concluded that p.E80A increased the transactivation activity of CRX and resulted in precocious photoreceptor differentiation, whereas p.K88N significantly changed the binding specificity of CRX and led to defects in photoreceptor differentiation and maintenance. The authors performed a significant amount of analyses. The claims are sufficiently supported by the data. The results not only uncovered the underlying disease-causing mechanisms, but also can significantly improve our understanding of the interaction between HD-TF and DNA during development.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

Kraus et al. investigated transcriptional responses to transient exposure to infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus in the brain of adult zebrafish using single cell RNA-Seq methods. The authors discovered valuable evidence for immune responses in microglial clusters within minutes of viral exposure, and longer term changes in neuronal populations one day after viral treatment. The strength of the study is the RNA-Seq data which will act as a valuable resource for the zebrafish community. Their discoveries from the RNA-Seq studies are convincing, where they find a neuropeptide called PACAP enriched in neuronal populations a day after viral exposure, which exhibit antiviral activity. 

The authors select the 1 day time point post-infection based on initial behavioral experiments, the evidence for which is modest at best. While the experiments with larval animals are more substantiated, they use adults for their RNA-Seq experiments. The behavioral phenotype in adults is a marginal decrease in velocity 1 day after infection. The authors could have performed other tests associated with sickness behaviors, or even characterized the locomotion in the open field experiment with more in-depth analysis (for example, the larval experiments had more information regarding turning angles).

Joint Public Review:

In this manuscript, the authors challenge the fundamental concept that all neurons are derived from ectoderm. The key points of the authors argument are as follows:

1) Roughly half of the cells in the small intestinal longitudinal muscle-myenteric plexus (LM-MP) that express a pan-neuronal marker do not, by lineage tracing, appear to be derived from the neural crest.

2) Lineage tracing and marker gene imaging suggest that these non-neural crest derived neurons originate in the mesoderm, leading to their designation as mesodermal-derived enteric neurons (MENs).

3) Single-cell sequencing of LM-MP tissues confirms the mesodermal origin of MENs.

4) MENs progressively replace neural crest derived enteric neurons as mice age, eventually representing the bulk of the EN population.

There is broad agreement among the reviewers that the identification and description of this cell population is important, and that the failure of these cells to be labeled by neural crest lineage tracers is not artifactual. The work with transgenic lines is convincing that some presumptive neurons in the enteric nervous system (ENS) likely originate from an alternative source in the postnatal intestine and that this population increases in aging mice.

There is, however, ongoing disagreement between the authors and reviewers about whether the authors' provocative and potentially paradigm-changing proposal that these are neurons of mesodermal origin has been established. While the authors believe they have addressed the reviewers' concerns in multiple rounds of review (much of this prior to submission), the reviewers remain unconvinced and continue to request additional data and analyses.

A key premise of the preprint review system is that the best interests of science are not served by endlessly litigating disagreements around papers by either compelling the authors to do extensive and expensive additional experiments that they do not believe to be necessary or by treating the authors' claim as established in the face of continued skepticism. Accordingly the editor believes it is time to present this work, which everyone agrees contains important observations and valuable data, along with the following editor's synthesis of the reviewers' concerns and author responses about the question of these cells' origins. We encourage anyone interested in the details to review the already posted reviews and authors' response.

The following key issues have been raised during review:

* Is the lineage tracing and marker gene expression data definitive as to mesodermal origin?

* Are the cells analyzed in the genomic experiments the same as those identified in the lineage tracing experiments?

* Does the genomic data establish that the sub-population of cells the authors focus on are of mesodermal origin?

* Are there alternative explanations for the lineage tracing and genomic observations than a mesodermal origin?

* Is the lineage tracing and marker gene expression data definitive as to mesodermal origin? *

The proximal evidence that the authors present for a mesodermal origin of the non-NC derived cells is presented in Figure 2, which establishes the presence, via lineage tracing of Tek+ and Mesp1+ (and therefore mesoderm derived) and Hu+ (and therefore neuronal) cells. The fraction of lineage labeled cells in each case (~50%) corresponds roughly to the fraction of cells that do not appear to be NC derived.

The reviewers raise several technical questions about the lineage tracing experiments, including issues of incomplete labeling, ectopic labeling and toxicity. The authors have addressed each of these with data and/or citations, and the editor believes they have demonstrated, subject to the broader limits of lineage tracing experiments, that there are Hu+ cells in the tissue that are derived from cells that do not express NC markers and that do express mesodermal markers.

One reviewer raised the question of whether these cells are neurons. This appears to the editor to be a valid question, in that specific neuronal activity of these cells has not been established. But the authors' argument is persuasive that their Hu+ state would have led them to be designated neurons and that changing that designation based on not being derived from NC is circular. However the possibility that, despite this accepted designation, these cells are not functionally neurons should be noted by readers.

* Are the cells analyzed in the genomic experiments the same as those identified in the lineage tracing experiments, and does this data establish mesodermal origin? *

To provide orthogonal evidence for the presence of mesodermally derived enteric neurons, the authors carried out single-cell sequencing of dissociated cells from hand-dissected longitudinal muscle - myenteric plexus (LM-MP) tissue. They use standard methods to identify clusters of cells with similar transcriptomes, and designate, based on marker gene expression, two clusters to be neural crest derived enteric neurons (NENs) and mesoderm derived enteric neurons (MENs). However the reviewers raised several issues about the designation of the cells MENs, and therefore their equation with the cells identified in lineage tracing.

While the logic behind specific choices made in the single-cell analysis is not always clear in the manuscript, such as why genes not-specific to MENs were used to identify the MEN cluster and how genes were selected for subsequent analysis (although both issues are explained better in the authors' response to reviewers), they in the end identify a single large cluster that has the characteristics of MENs (it expresses both neuronal and mesodermal markers) that is (by immunohistochemistry) broadly associated with the previously described tissue MENs.

The standard methods for the delineation of clusters in single-cell sequencing data (which the authors use) are stochastic and defy statistical interpretation, and the way these data and analyses are used is often subjective. The editor shares the reviewers' confusion about aspects of the analysis, but also finds the authors' assertions that they have described a cluster of cells that express both neuronal and mesodermal genes, and that this cluster corresponds to the tissue MENs described in lineage tracing, to be broadly sound.

The biggest weakness in the single-cell data and analysis - identified by all reviewers - is the massive overrepresentation of MENs relative to NENs. The authors' explanation - that some cells are more sensitive to manipulations required to prepare cells for sequencing - is certainly well-represented in the literature and is therefore plausible. But it isn't fully satisfactory, especially because it undermines the notion that the MENs and NENs are functionally equivalent (though one could argue in response that increased fragility of NENs is why they are progressively replaced by MENs).

There are many additional questions about the single cell analysis that are difficult to resolve with the data in hand. I think everyone would agree that an ideal analysis would have more cells, deeper sequencing, and comprehensive validation of the identity of each cluster of cells. But given the time and expense required to carry out such experiments, we cannot demand them, and must take the data for what they are rather than what they could be. And in the end, it is the editors' view that these data and analyses bolster the authors' claims, without conclusively establishing them. That is, these data should neither be dismissed nor, on their own, considered definitive.

* Are there alternative explanations for the data than that they are mesodermally derived neurons? *

As discussed above, the reviewers generally agree that the lineage tracing experiments are careful and well-executed, and the authors have provided data that demonstrates that the data are highly unlikely to be due to either incomplete or ectopic lineage marking. The reviewers raise several possible alternative hypotheses, some based on the literature and some based on the genomic data. The authors discuss each in detail in their response. The editor would note that, at this stage in the history of single-cell analysis, the criteria for using single cell sequencing data to establish cell type and cell origin is are not well established, and that neither the presence nor absence of specific sets of genes in single cells should not, for both technical and biological reasons, be considered dispositive as to identity.

* Additional aspects of paper: *

There are additional intriguing aspects of the paper, especially the increase in the number of MENs relative to NENs over time, suggesting functional replacement of one population with the other, and some evidence for and speculation about what might be regulating this evolution. However these are somewhat secondary points relative to the central question at hand of whether the authors have discovered a population of mesodermally derived neurons.

* Editor's summary and comment: *

The editor believes it is a fair summary to say that the authors believe they have gone to great lengths to provide multiple lines of evidence that support their hypothesis, but that these reviewers, while appreciating the potential importance of the authors' discovery of an unusual cell type, are not yet convinced of its origin.

In an ideal world, the authors, reviewers and editor would all ultimately agree on what claims the data presented in a paper supports, and indeed this is what the traditional journal publishing system tries to achieve. But the system fails in cases like this where no consensus between authors and reviewers can be reached, as it neither makes sense to "accept" the paper and imply that it has been endorsed by the reviewers, nor to "reject" it and keep the work in peer review limbo.

There is certainly enough here to warrant the idea and the data and arguments behind it being digested and considered by people in the field. It may very well be that the authors - who have spent years working on this problem and likely know more about this population of cells than anyone on Earth - are right that they have discovered something that changes how we think about the development of the nervous system. To the extent the reviewers are representative, people are likely to need additional data to be convinced. But it is time to put that to the test.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

Summary:<br /> The study by Fang et al. reports a 3D MERFISH method that enables spatial transcriptomics for tissues up to 200um in thickness. MERFISH, as well as other spatial transcriptomics technologies, have been mainly used for thin (e.g, 10um) tissue slices, which limits the dimension of spatial transcriptomics technique. Therefore, expanding the capacity of MERFISH to thick tissues represents a major technical advance to enable 3D spatial transcriptomics. Here the authors provide detailed technical descriptions of the new method, troubleshooting, optimization, and application examples to demonstrate its technical capacity, accuracy, sensitivity, and utility. The method will likely have a major impact on future spatial transcriptomics studies to benefit diverse biomedical fields.

Strengths:<br /> The study was well-designed, executed, and presented. Extensive protocol optimization and quality assessments were carried out and conclusions are well supported by the data. The methods were sufficiently detailed and the results are solid and compelling.

Weaknesses:<br /> The biological application examples were limited to cell type/subtype classification in two brain regions. Additional examples of how the data could be used to address important biological questions will enhance the impact of the study.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

The authors explain that an action potential that reaches an axon terminal emits a small electrical field as it "annihilates". This happens even though there is no gap junction, at chemical synapses. The generated electrical field is simulated to show that it can affect a nearby, disconnected target membrane by tens of microvolts for tenths of a microsecond. Longer effects are simulated for target locations a few microns away.

To simulate action potentials (APs), the paper does not use the standard Hodgkin-Huxley formalism because it fails to explain AP collision. Instead, it uses the Tasaki and Matsumoto (TM) model which is simplified to only model APs with three parameters and as a membrane transition between two states of resting versus excited. The authors expand the strictly binary, discrete TM method to a Relaxing Tasaki Model (RTM) that models the relaxation of the membrane potential after an AP. They find that the membrane leak can be neglected in determining AP propagation and that the capacitive currents dominate the process.

The strength of the work is that the authors identified an important interaction between neurons that is neglected by the standard models. A weakness of the proposed approach is the assumptions that it makes. For instance, the external medium is modeled as a homogeneous conductive medium, which may be further explored to properly account for biological processes.

The authors provide convincing evidence by performing experiments to record action potential propagation and collision properties and then developing a theoretical framework to simulate the effect of their annihilation on nearby membranes. They provide both experimental evidence and rigorous mathematical and computer simulation findings to support their claims. The work has the potential of explaining significant electrical interaction between nerve centers that are connected via a large number of parallel fibers.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

This study provides valuable imaging evidence for the connectopic mapping of the locus coeruleus where a rostro-caudal gradient was linked to heterogeneous functional organisations of the structure. The functional gradient of the LC changes over ageing and reflects capacities of related brain functions. The gradient approach is well-established and solid results were obtained and validated using large 3T and 7T fMRI dataset. The work highlights the importance of using more specific spatial definition of the LC based on distinct connectivity patterns in future resting-state fMRI studies.

Reviewer #1:

The authors have addressed all the comments raised in the previous reviews.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

Overall, I quite enjoyed reading the manuscript and found it very well-structured and organized. I congratulate the authors for building this nice research. I do have a few major points to raise, but probably they would not affect the general message of the manuscript.

I was confused about how IUCN data were used. The IUCN predictors are not mentioned in the model equations presented in the manuscript, but their effect size is reported in Figure 2. In the manuscript Methods, it is said that IUCN data was classified into 3 categories. I believe there was a mix of mechanisms in measuring it this way since at least two processes might be underlying IUCN data. First, one can inspect whether there is an effect on "scientific/societal interest" for assessed vs non-assessed species. This would not have any relationship with the assessed status itself. Assessed species are any with LC, NT, VU, EN, CR, EW, EX statuses, whereas non-assessed species might include DD and NE. Second, one may observe an effect of threat status itself, with threatened species being more researched than non-threatened species, this would only be possible for assessed species, although there are methods out there to impute missing statuses. By inspecting Figure 2, I got the feeling that only the second option was explored, but this would need to be confirmed.

In Figure 2, I was confused about the presence of three categories of domain. In the text, it states that four categories have been used. I believe these domains are non-mutually exclusive, that's why there is a fourth category. Would it not be better to assess the influence of domain through three dummy variables (terrestrial, marine, freshwater), where multiple presences (1's) would indicate the "multiple" category?

At present, I felt that the spatial components of your data were unexplored. Since you have centroids representing species distribution, it could be interesting to explore the presence of the species within protected areas or biodiversity hotspots. That might be something triggering at least scientific interest. Also, one can derive information about the major habitat of species occurrence (either using IUCN Major Habitat classification) or extracting overlap of species centroids with WWF biomes (e.g., simplified to just forested vs non-forested habitats; https://ecoregions.appspot.com/). Another point very common to research exploring biodiversity shortfalls is the proximity to research institutions (https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.13152). And since societal interest is also being explored, what about the proximity to major cities (doi:10.1038/nature25181). Finally, other metrics derived from species centroids could inform "tropicality", if the species is tropical or not. Most often, the tropics species are neglected in comparison with those occurring in temperate regions.

I was also thinking about the influence of time on the models. Species described long ago are often more known to people and scientists and had more "time" to be researched. Although metrics of societal interest were restricted to the last decade here, that does not necessarily mean that peoples' interest is not affected by their accumulated experiences. Similar reasoning applies to scientific interests, which have a lengthier time frame (~80 years). That said, the year of description or time since description could be added to capture some metric of time.

Model residuals could be checked for phylogenetic or spatial autocorrelation. I am aware there is no phylogenetic tree used, but the hierarchical taxonomy could be used (Phylum / Class / Order / Family / Genus) as a proxy for phylogenetic relationship. Concerning the spatial autocorrelation, one could check whether model residuals and their respective coordinate centroids of each species range. It is stated that GLMM has been used to avoid these non-independence issues, but it would be interesting to check whether residuals remained free of them.

A last point, it would be interesting to provide some sort of inset plots, such as barplots or donut plots (within the current plots), showing the proportion of species with respect to major clades and biogeographical regions.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

This manuscript presents SAVEMONEY, a computational tool designed to enhance the utilization of Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) long-read sequencing for the design and analysis of plasmid sequencing experiments. In the past few years, with the improvement in both sequencing length and accuracy, ONT sequencing is being rapidly extended to almost all omics analyses which are dominated by short-read sequencing (e.g., Illumina). However, relatively higher sequencing errors of long-read sequencing techniques including PacBio and ONT is still a major obstacle for plasmid/clone-based sequencing service that aims to achieve single base/nucleotide accuracy. This work provides a guideline for sequencing multiple plasmids together using the same ONT run without molecular barcoding, followed by data deconvolution. The whole algorithm framework is well-designed, and some real data and simulation data are utilized to support the conclusions. The tool SAVEMONEY is proposed to target users who have their own ONT sequencers and perform library preparation and sequencing by themselves, rather than relying on commercial services. As we know and discussed by the authors, in the real world, to ensure accuracy, the researchers will routinely pick up multiple colonies in the same plasmid construction and submit for Sanger sequencing. However, SAVEMONEY is not able to support the simultaneous analysis of multiple colonies in the same run, as compared to the barcoding-based approaches. This is a major limitation in the significance of this work. Encouraging computational efforts in ONT data debarcoding for mixed-plasmid or even single-cell sequencing would be more valuable in the field.

1. To provide more comprehensive information for users who care about the cost, the Introduction section should include a cost comparison between Sanger and ONT, with more details, such as different ONT platforms (MinION, PromethION, FlongIe), chemistries (flow cells) and kits. This additional information will be more helpful and informative for the users who have their own sequencers and are the target audience for SAVEMONEY.

2. In "Overview of the algorithm" (Pages 3-4) under the Results section, instead of stating "However, coverage varies from ~100-1000 and is difficult to predict because each nanopore flow cell has different properties.", it will be beneficial to provide more detailed information, such as sequencing length, yield/read count per flow cell of different platforms. This information will assist users in designing their own experiments effectively.

3. While this study optimized and evaluated the tool using a total of 14 plasmids, it may not provide sufficient power to represent the diversity of the plasmid world. Consideration should be given to expanding the dataset to include a broader range of plasmids in future studies to enhance the robustness and generalizability of the tool.

4. If applicable and feasible, including a comparison or benchmark of SAVEMONEY against other similar tools would further strengthen the manuscript. This comparison would allow users to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of different tools for their specific needs.

5. The importance of pre-filtering raw sequencing reads should be emphasized as noisy reads can significantly impact the overall performance of the tool. It is essential to clarify whether any pre-filtering steps were performed in this study, such as filtering based on quality scores, read length, or other relevant factors.

6. The statement regarding the number of required reads per plasmid (20-30) and the maximum number of plasmids (up to six) that can be mixed in a single run may become outdated due to the rapid advancements in ONT technology. In the Discussion section, instead of assuming specific numbers, it would be more beneficial to provide information based on the current state of ONT sequencing, such as the number of reads per MinION flow cell that can be produced.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

This study aims to identify gene expression differences exclusively caused by cis-regulatory genetic changes by utilizing hybrid cell lines derived from human and chimpanzee. While previous attempts have focused on specific tissues, this study expands the comparison to six different tissues to investigate tissue specificity and derive insights into the evolution of gene expression.

One notable strength of this work lies in the use of composite cell lines, enabling a comparison of gene expression between human and chimpanzee within the same nucleus and shared trans factors environment. However, a potential weakness of the methodology is the use of bulk RNA-seq in diverse tissues, which limits the ability to determine cell-type-specific gene expression and chromatin accessibility regions.

Another concern is the use of two replicates derived from the same pair of individuals. While the authors produced cell lines from two pairs of individuals in a previous study (Agloglia et al., 2021), I wonder why only one pair was used in this study. Incorporating interindividual variation would enhance the robustness of the species differences identified here.

Furthermore, the study offers the opportunity to relate inter-species differences to trends in molecular evolution. The authors discovered that expression variance and haploinsufficiency score do not fully account for the enrichment of divergence in cell-type-specific genes. The reviewer suggests exploring this further by incorporating external datasets that bin genes based on interindividual transcriptomics variation as a measure of extant transcriptomics constraint (e.g., GTEx reanalysis by Garcia-Perez et al., 2023 - PMID: 36777183). Additionally, stratifying sequence conservation on ASCA regions, which exhibit similar enrichment of cell-type-specific features, using the Zoonomia data mentioned also in the text (Andrews et al., 2023 -- PMID: 37104580) could provide valuable insights.

Another potential strength of this study is the identification of specific cases of paired allele-specific expression (ASE) and allele-specific chromatin accessibility (ASCA) with biological significance. Prioritizing specific variants remains a challenge, and the authors apply a machine-learning approach to identify potential causative variants that disrupt binding sites in two examples (FABP7 and GAD1 in motor neurons). However, additional work is needed to convincingly demonstrate the functionality of these selected variants. Strengthening this section with additional validation of ASE, ASCA, and the specific putative causal variants identified would enhance the overall robustness of the paper.

Additionally, the authors support the selected ASE-ASCA pairs by examining external datasets of adult brain comparative genomics (Ma et al., 2022) and organoids (Kanton et al., 2019). While these resources are valuable for comparing observed species biases, the analysis is not systematic, even for the two selected genes. For example, it would be beneficial to investigate if FABP7 exhibits species bias in any cell type in Kanton et al.'s organoids or if GAD1 is species-biased in adult primate brains from Ma et al. Comparing these datasets with the present study, along with the Agoglia et al. reference, would provide a more comprehensive perspective.

The use of the term "human-derived" in ASE and ASCA should be avoided since there is no outgroup in the analysis to provide a reference for the observed changes.

Finally, throughout the paper, the authors refer to "hybrid cell lines." It has been suggested to use the term "composite cell lines" instead to address potential societal concerns associated with the term "hybrid," which some may associate with reproductive relationships (Pavlovic et al., 2022 -- PMID: 35082442). It would be interesting to know the authors' perspective on these concerns and recommendations presented in Pavlovic et al., given their position as pioneers in this field.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

The manuscript by Hariani et al. presents experiments designed to improve our understanding of the connectivity and computational role of Unipolar Brush Cells (UBCs) within the cerebellar cortex, primarily lobes IX and X. The authors develop and cross several genetic lines of mice that express distinct fluorophores in subsets of UBCs, combined with immunocytochemistry that also distinguishes subtypes of UBCs, and they use confocal microscopy and electrophysiology to characterize the electrical and synaptic properties of subsets of so-labelled cells, and their synaptic connectivity within the cerebellar cortex. The authors then generate a computer model to test the possible computational functions of such interconnected UBCs.

Using these approaches, the authors report that:

1) GRP-driven TDtomato is expressed exclusively in a subset (20%) of ON-UBCs, defined electrophysiologically (excited by mossy fiber afferent stimulation via activation of UBC AMPA and mGluR1 receptors) and immunocytochemically by their expression of mGluR1.

2) UBCs ID'd/tagged by mCitrine expression in Brainbow mouse line P079 are expressed in a similar minority subset of OFF-UBCs defined electrophysiologically (inhibited by mossy fiber afferent stimulation via activation of UBC mGluR2 receptors) and immunocytochemically by their expression of Calretinin. However, such mCitrine expression was also detected in some mGluR1 positive UBCs, which may not have shown up electrophysiologically because of the weaker fluorophore expression without antibody amplification.

3) Confocal analysis of crossed lines of mice (GRP X P079) stained with antibodies to mGluR1 and calretinin documented the existence of all possible permutations of interconnectivity between cells (ON-ON, ON-OFF, OFF-OFF, OFF-ON), but their overall abundance was low, and neither their absolute nor relative abundance was quantified.

4) A computational model (NEURON ) indicated that the presence of an intermediary UBC (in a polysynaptic circuit from MF to UBC to UBC) could prolong bursts (MF-ON-ON), prolong pauses (MF-ON-OFF), cause a delayed burst (MF-OFF-OFF), cause a delayed pause (MF-OFF-ON) relative to solely MF to UBC synapses which would simply exhibit long bursts (MF-ON) or long pauses (MF-OFF).

The authors thus conclude that the pattern of interconnected UBCs provides an extended and more nuanced pattern of firing within the cerebellar cortex that could mediate longer-lasting sensorimotor responses.

The cerebellum's long-known role in motor skills and reflexes, and associated disorders, combined with our nascent understanding of its role in cognitive, emotional, and appetitive processing, makes understanding its circuitry and processing functions of broad interest to the neuroscience and biomedical community. The focus on UBCs, which are largely restricted to vestibular lobules of the cerebellum reduces the breadth of likely interest somewhat. The overall design of specific experiments is rigorous and the use of fluorophore expressing mouse lines is creative. The data that is presented and the writing are clear. However, the overall experimental design has issues that reduce overall interpretation (please see specific issues for details), which combined with a lack of thorough analysis of the experimental outcomes severely undermines the value of the NEURON model results and the advance in our understanding of cerebellar processing in situ (again, please see specific issues for details).

Specific issues:<br /> 1) All data gathered with inhibition blocked. All of the UBC response data (Fig. 1) was gathered in the presence of GABAAR and Glycine R blockers. While such an approach is appropriate generally for isolating glutamatergic synaptic currents, and specifically for examining and characterizing monosynaptic responses to single stimuli, it becomes problematic in the context of assaying synaptic and action potential response durations for long-lasting responses, and in particular for trains of stimuli, when feed-forward and feed-back inhibition modulates responses to afferent stimulation. That is, even for single MF stimuli, given the >500ms duration of UBC synaptic currents, there is plenty of time for feedback inhibition from Golgi cells (or feedforward, from MF to Golgi cell excitation) to interrupt AP firing driven by the direct glutamatergic synaptic excitation. This issue is compounded further for all of the experiments examining trains of MF stimuli. Beyond the impact of feedback inhibition on the AP firing of any given UBC, it would also obviously reduce/alter/interrupt that UBC's synaptic drive of downstream UBCs. This issue fundamentally undermines our ability to interpret the simulation data of Vm and AP firing of both the modeled intermediate and downstream UBC, in terms of applying it to possible cerebellar cortical processing in situ.

2) No consideration for the involvement of polysynaptic UBCs driving UBC responses to MF stimulation in electrophysiology experiments. Given the established existence (in this manuscript and Dino et al. 2000 Neurosci, Dino et al. 2000 ProgBrainRes, Nunzi and Mugnaini 2000 JCompNeurol, Nunzi et al. 2001 JCompNeurol) of polysynaptic connections from MFs to UBCs to UBCs, the MF evoked UBC responses established in this manuscript, especially responses to trains of stimuli could be mediated by direct MF inputs, or to polysynaptic UBC inputs, or possibly both (to my awareness not established either way). Thus the response durations could already include extension of duration by polysynaptic inputs, and so would overestimate the duration of monosynaptic inputs, and thus polysynaptic amplification/modulation, observed in the NEURON model.

3) Lack of quantification of subtypes of UBC interconnectivity. Given that it is already established that UBCs synapse onto other UBCs (see refs above), the main potential advance of this manuscript in terms of connectivity is the establishment and quantification of ON-ON, ON-OFF, OFF-ON, and OFF-OFF subtypes of UBC interconnections. But, the authors only establish that each type exists, showing specific examples, but no quantification of the absolute or relative density was provided, and the authors' unquantified wording explicitly or implicitly states that they are not common. This lack of quantification and likely small number makes it difficult to know how important or what impact such synapses have on cerebellar processing, in the model and in situ.

4) Lack of critical parameters in NEURON model.<br /> A) The model uses # of molecules of glutamate released as the presumed quantal content, and this factor is constant. However, no consideration of changes in # of vesicles released from single versus trains of APs from MFs or UBCs is included. At most simple synapses, two sequential APs alters release probability, either up or down, and release probability changes dynamically with trains of APs. It is therefore reasonable to imagine UBC axon release probability is at least as complicated, and given the large surface area of contact between two UBCs, the number of vesicles released for any given AP is also likely more complex.<br /> B) the model does not include desensitization of AMPA receptors, which in the case of UBCs can paradoxically reduce response magnitude as vesicle release and consequent glutamate concentration in the cleft increases (Linney et al. 1997 JNeurophysiol, Lu et al. 2017 Neuron, Balmer et al. 2021 eLIFE), as would occur with trains of stimuli at MF to ON-UBCs.

5) Lack of quantification of various electrophysiological responses. UBCs are defined (ON or OFF) based on inward or outward synaptic response, but no information is provided about the range of the key parameter of duration across cells, which seems most critical to the current considerations. There is a similar lack of quantification across cells of AP duration in response to stimulation or current injections, or during baseline. The latter lack is particularly problematic because, in agreement with previous publications, the raw data in Fig. 1 shows ON UBCs as quiescent until MF stimulation and OFF UBCs firing spontaneously until MF stimulation, but, for example, at least one ON UBC in the NEURON model is firing spontaneously until synaptically activated by an OFF UBC (Fig. 11A), and an OFF UBC is silent until stimulated by a presynaptic OFF UBC (Fig. 11C). This may be expected/explainable theoretically, but then such cells should be observed in the raw data.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

This study is one of several around the world to investigate how urban wildlife responded to changes in human activity during the lockdowns associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. Unlike several other studies on the topic that used observational data from citizen science programs, this project relied on passive acoustic monitoring to record bird vocalizations during and after stringent lockdown periods in an urban environment. The authors focused on three species that differ in their level of adaptation to human presence, providing an ecologically relevant comparison that highlights the importance of micro-habitats for species living in close proximity to humans.

Strengths:

The element that most sets this study apart from previous studies examining responses to COVID-19 lockdowns is the use of passive acoustic monitoring. As the authors describe, this method offers several advantages over other methods (though, it does come with some limitations on what questions can be addressed). Perhaps the most relevant advantage is that it offers the ability to concurrently measure anthropogenic noise in the environment, which is one of the most likely mechanisms for human activity changes effects on wildlife. To my knowledge, only one other study (Derryberry et al. Science. 2020) has used recordings of vocalizations to examine the influence of COVID-19 lockdowns on birds. (Note, while these authors do reference Derryberry et al., I thought that there could have been much more direct comparison between the results of the two approaches).

It was encouraging to see a study that focused on local-scale impacts of lockdowns, with methods that could investigate effects within microhabitats. Logistics prevented many other projects from operating at such fine scales. These data also came from a country/municipality that had very defined lockdown periods known with certainty to the day (as opposed to a gradual shift in voluntary human activity, as occurred in much of North America), making the results from this study particularly useful for the examination of rapid changes in bird behavior.

Weaknesses:

One important drawback of the approach, which potentially calls into question the authors' conclusions, is that the acoustic sampling only occurred during the pandemic: for several lockdown periods and then for a period of 10 days immediately after the end of the final lockdown period in May of 2020. Several relevant things changed from March to May of 2020, most notably the shift from spring to summer, and the accompanying shift into and through the breeding season (differing for each of the three focal species). Although the statistical methods included an attempt to address this, neither the inclusion of the "count down" variable nor the temperature variable could account for any non-linear effects of breeding phenology on vocal activity. I found the reliance on temperature particularly troubling, because despite the authors' claims that it was "a good proxy of seasonality", an examination of the temperature data revealed a considerable non-linear pattern across much of the study duration. In addition, using a period immediately after the lockdowns as a "no-lockdown" control meant that any lingering or delayed effects of human activity changes in the preceding two months could still have been relevant (not to mention the fact that despite the end of an official lockdown, the pandemic still had dramatic effects on human activity during late May 2020).

Another weakness of the current version of the manuscript is the use of a supposed "contradiction" in the existing literature to create the context for the present study. Although the various studies cited do have many differences in their results, those other papers lay out many nuanced hypotheses for those differences. Almost none of the studies cited in this manuscript actually reported blanket increases or decreases in urban birds, as suggested here, and each of those papers includes examples of species that showed different responses. To suggest that they are on opposite sides of a supposed dichotomy is a misrepresentation. Many of those other studies also included a larger number of different species, whereas this study focused on three. Finally, this study was completed at a much finer spatial scale than most others and was examining micro-habitat differences rather than patterns apparent across landscapes. I believe that highlighting differences in scale to explain nuanced differences among studies is a much better approach that more accurately adds to the body of literature.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

The manuscript is very-well written. Although the study is well-conducted the authors should be more convincing on how bacteria residing in tissues do not induce death. The association with IL-10 cytokine production appears weak and more experiments are needed to make it more robust.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

The goal of this study is to understand the allosteric mechanism of overall activity regulation in an anaerobic ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) that contains an ATP-cone domain. Through cryo-EM structural analysis of various nucleotide-bound states of the RNR, the mechanism of dATP inhibition is found to involve order-disorder transitions in the active site. These effects appear to prevent substrate binding and a radical transfer needed to initiate the reaction.

Strengths of the manuscript include the comprehensive nature of the work - including numerous structures of different forms of the RNR and detailed characterization of enzyme activity to establish the parameters of dATP inhibition. The manuscript could be improved, however, by performing additional experiments to establish that the mechanism of inhibition can be observed in other contexts and it is not an artifact of the structural approach. Additionally, some of the presentations of biochemical data could be improved to comply with standard best practices.

The work is impactful because it reports initial observations about a potentially new mode of allosteric inhibition in this enzyme class. It also sets the stage for future work to understand the molecular basis for this phenomenon in more detail.

General comments:

1) It would be ideal to perform an additional experiment of some type to confirm the order-disorder phenomena observed in the cryo-EM structures to rule out the possibility that it is an artifact of the structure determination approach. Circular dichroism might be a possibility?

2) Does the disordering phenomenon of one subunit in the ATP-bound structures have any significance - could it be related to half-of-sites activity? Does this RNR exhibit half-of-sites activity?

3) Does the disordering of the GRD with dATP bound have any long-term impact on the stability of the Gly radical? I realize that the authors tested the ability to form the Gly radical in the presence of dATP in Fig. 4 of the manuscript. But it looks like they only analyzed the samples after 20 min of incubation. Were longer time points analyzed?

4) Did the authors establish whether the effect of dATP inhibition on substrate binding is reversible? If dATP is removed, can substrates rebind?

5) In some figures (Fig. 6e, for example), the cryo-EM density map for the nucleotide component of the model is not continuous over the entire molecule. Can the authors comment on the significance of this phenomenon? Were the ligands validated in any way to ensure that the assignments were made correctly?

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

In this work, the authors have investigated the relationship between Carotenoid pigment depletion in the photosynthesis-related light harvesting complex, the assembly of the prokaryotic reaction center LH complex, and quinone exchange in Roseiflexus castenholzii, a chlorosome-less filamentous anoxygenic phototroph that forms the deepest branch of photosynthetic bacteria. By means of different biochemical and biophysical techniques, including cryo-electron microscopy of the purified RC-LH complexes with or depleted of carotenoids, the authors provide evidence of the structural basis by which Carotenoid assembly regulates the architecture and quinone exchange of bacterial RC-LH 40 complexes. Although most of the experiments described in this manuscript are structural, by analyzing Cryo-MS results, the authors also propose some predictions about the functional roles of proteins/pigments in LH complex, such as the role of the gap in the ring that persists without a canonical subunit X. Together, the results presented are important to understand the evolution and diversity of prokaryotic photosynthetic apparatus.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

A modelling study was conducted to estimate how disruption of a school-based HPV vaccination program due to COVID-19 restrictive measures might affect lifetime HPV-related cancers in women and men in Australia. The authors used the Policy 1-Cervix model, which has been validated and widely used for modelling and evaluation of interventions to prevent HPV- related disease. The study shows that a large part of the negative effect of disrupting the vaccination program (in terms of HPV-related cancers) can be overcome by a catch-up campaign, if this is undertaken rapidly. Delays in the catch-up campaign or no catch-up lead, according to the model, to a significant increase in the number of cases, of which a proportion could be prevented by cervical cancer screening, provided that this is carried out for cohorts that receive HPV 9 without alterations.

1. Strengths:<br /> Well-designed modelling study, comparing several scenarios: baseline (no interruption of vaccination), catch-up with two modalities, and no catch-up vaccination, with a comparator (no vaccination at all), aiming to predict the number of HPV-related cancers for the various scenarios. Indeed, the study investigates the potential impact of disruptions, broken down into types of cancers, in both men and women. However, as always in modelling studies, the strength of the findings depends on the appropriateness and completeness of the assumptions used.

2. Weaknesses:<br /> Although the authors claim to have considered sexual behaviour they fail to show how they exactly did this. It is very likely that restrictive measures have had an impact on sexual behaviour (i.e. transmission of HPV), but the authors did not consider this in the model. Furthermore, the baseline scenario uses a higher 2-dose vaccination uptake than the figures they present for 2020, which might have overestimated the impact of HPV vaccination in that year.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

Gosh and colleagues report on their multidisciplinary effort to improve cervical cancer screening attendance in the East Boston Neighborhood Health Center (March-August 2021). Specifically, the authors 1) identified using electronic medical records overdue follow-up visits, 2) scheduled screening appointments during regular clinic hours and weekends/evenings, and 3) surveyed patients on their experience. These objectives were clearly defined (although not consistently so throughout the manuscript) and data analyses/presentation were simple and straightforward, appropriate to the study design and methodology used.

Overall, it is unclear to what extent the overdue appointments were backlogs created by the COVID-19 pandemic or due to pre-pandemic factors that could have been exacerbated by the pandemic. In order to contextualize the current study and its findings, an elaboration is needed on whether the pandemic created the delays in cervical cancer screening or simply compounded the problem. For example, the authors report on page 8, lines 196-197 that in 30% of encounters (not clear how many of the 118 reviewed charts were overdue appointments) the healthcare provider did note the overdue appointments. A breakdown of the "time delays" (i.e., beyond x number of months) would also inform the analyses and study implications. In addition, a brief description of the cervical cancer screening program in place would be informative. Table 1 provides an effort versus value summary, however, these constructs are ill-defined, with few inconsistencies with what is reported in the text.

Comments specific to Aim 1:<br /> The methodology is missing information on key elements, mainly relating to the decision-making process of establishing and defining the "validated" patient chart list (1375 overdue patients out of 6126 reviewed charts). A chart of the 1375 approached study population is also warranted (459 patients were screened, 622 could not be reached, and 203 cancelled/missed their appointments, what about the remaining 91 patients). A description of the characteristics of the study population and a comparison of the different groups (screened, not reached, cancelled/missed appointment) along these characteristics are missing.

Comments specific to Aim 2:<br /> About 63% of the 459 scheduled screenings were done during the evening/weekend clinics, which represents a substantial gain and clearly indicates a window of opportunity to increase screening rates by pinpointing the importance of offering a convenient time to women attend screening visits. In general, and as expected, offering additional screening clinics was effective in addressing the backlog of patients, although with significant investment and resources as mentioned by the authors. How significant is significant?

Comments specific to Aim 3:<br /> A more structured and detailed presentation/description of the survey instrument, its administration, response rate, and significance of results are warranted in the manuscript, albeit the joint reporting of this in the appended material.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

Tian et al impressively record from two motor areas at once in singing birds to test if a premotor cortical area, LMAN, covaries with activity in a primary one, RA, in a way that would support learning. They find that LMAN activity covaries with RA activity at a lag consistent with driving a premotor bias and, moreover, that this covariation is significantly increased in the specific time window of the song where bias is being most strongly driven. Disruptive microstimulation of LMAN in this window reduced learning-associated bias. Though the main results in this paper are consistent with dominant models of birdsong production and learning going back decades (e.g. Kao et al, 2005; Olveczky et al, 2005; Andalman et al, 2008; Charlesworth et al, 2009; Fee and Goldberg, 2011), these results provide methodologically impressive confirmation that LMAN drives RA activity to drive adaptive bias. It's also meaningful that these covariations were strong enough to be picked up by a pair of randomly targeted LMAN and RA sites. This feature of their dataset is not emphasized by the authors but invites more attention, consideration, and discussion, as detailed below.

(1) Song is complex with many varying acoustic parameters, such as amplitude, entropy, and pitch. It is thought that pitch is controlled by only a subset of the syringeal muscles, and also that there is topography in the LMAN-RA-MN-muscle pathway. Thus, one might expect only a small fraction of neurons/sites in the LMAN-RA pathway to be associated with pitch with enough strength that one would pick it up in single unit recordings from order ~100 syllables. Indeed a past study (Sober et al, ) found that activity in a small fraction of RA neurons was weakly correlated with pitch variation. So it's really surprising that a pitch-contingent learning paradigm produced significant co-variance changes in the LMAN-RA pathway that could be picked up in the present study. Three possible explanations are with consideration. First, one wonders if they were recording specifically from pitch-associated sites. Can the authors please elaborate on what fraction of LMAN and RA recording sites in the present study exhibited significant covariance with pitch? Second, if an LMAN-RA recording site pair does not exhibit a significant correlation with pitch but nonetheless exhibits enhanced co-variation in the pre-target window in a pitch shift paradigm, this would support a different interpretation of the results. For example, it's possible that the extent by which LMAN can drive RA is gated by cholinergic inputs from VP, which might signal predicted uncertainty in the song in the precise moment preceding the target time (e.g. Chen and Goldberg, 202; Chen et al, 2019; Puzerey et al, 2018). No new experiments are required here, but these possibilities (or other considerations of the mechanisms by which LMAN-RA covariance is temporally gated) could, in the discussion or elsewhere, motivate future studies. (For example, if Ach-mediated predicted uncertainty is the key to promoting LMAN-RA covariance, then photoactivation of Ach inputs to RA at a moment in song might increase LMAN drive and, secondly, non-pitch-contingent DAF that does not drive explicitly learning associated bias would also be sufficient to promote temporally precise increases in LMAN-RA covariance. Finally, related to these questions, can the authors please check if their recording sites exhibited correlations with pitch (e.g. as in Sober et al, 2008)?

2. Multiple recording sites in both RA and LMAN provide sensible internal controls for the cross-covariance and its increase in the window before bias production in pitch-shift experiments. Can the authors analyze at LMAN-LMAN co-variance in the same way to test for LMAN-RA co-variance to examine intra-LMAN activity co-flucutations? A negative result would support the specificity of the LMAN-RA covariance but a positive result would indicate that within-LMAN dynamics also exhibit interesting learning-related changes.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

Pentz et al experimentally evolve yeast populations starting from two different strains that each differ in one locus compared to the wild-type. They show that these small differences - which result in one strain forming clonal groups, while the other forms multi-strain aggregates of different genotypes - can change the evolutionary fate of the strain under their selection regime. In their evolutionary experiment, they select for growth (an individual trait) and then sedimentation (a group trait) and show that the strain that makes clonal groups evolves a greater improvement in their group trait, while the strain that forms genetically diverse groups evolves a greater improvement in their individual trait. This provides experimental evidence for the hypothesis that clonality is key to the evolution of group traits, and potentially, multicellularity. They support their findings with genomic analysis of the mutants and use a mathematical model to explain some of the interesting observations from this analysis: that selection is stronger in genotypically mixed groups, while clonal groups suffer more from drift and bottlenecking effects. The study presents solid evidence for the findings, the methods are simple and clear, the scale of the experiment is impressive, the data analyses support the conclusions and are very complete and convincing, and the paper is very clearly written and a pleasure to read.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

In this manuscript, Yang et al. investigated the mechanisms by which a high-sugar diet induces transgenerational changes in sweet sensitivity and feeding behavior. The authors identified an epigenetic mechanism that involves H3K27me3 reprogramming. Moreover, the authors found that such transgenerational behavioural change was transmitted through maternal epigenetic mechanisms. Through sequencing, the authors identified the specific genetic target of such epigenetic modification and further revealed a key neural target that is influenced by such genetic change and is critical for sweet-sensing. Together, this manuscript provided a significant advance in understanding food-induced transgenerational changes in Drosophila. The experiments were carefully designed with proper controls and well executed. The data is convincing and the findings are novel.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

This is an interesting paper that shows disruption of thalamocortical communication in anesthesia, and enhancement under 5-MeO-DMT in an animal model, combined with a model to establish that these changes can be understood as a displacement from a critical point of a neural mass model. Overall, these results are exciting as they constitute evidence that very different brain states can be understood as two different points of a continuum of states, with a critical transition point in the middle.

These are my main detailed comments about this manuscript:

1. Psychedelic drug dosage: 5 mg/kg is possibly a low dose of 5-MeO-DMT, which exhibits nonlinear pharmacokinetics presenting a transition in drug serum concentration between 2 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg. (Shen, H. W., Jiang, X. L., & Yu, A. M. (2011). Nonlinear pharmacokinetics of 5-methoxy-N, N-dimethyltryptamine in mice. Drug Metabolism and Disposition, 39(7), 1227-1234.)

2. Novelty of the neural mass approach to establish critical dynamics. The neural mass model is interesting but it is also well established that the features of LFPs during anesthesia can be captured using these kinds of models, including phenomenology such as burst suppression, emergence of high amplitude synchronized oscillations, etc.; see for instance Kuhlmann, L., Freestone, D. R., Manton, J. H., Heyse, B., Vereecke, H. E., Lipping, T., ... & Liley, D. T. (2016). Neural mass model-based tracking of anesthetic brain states. NeuroImage, 133, 438-456.). The same applies to the modeling of wakefulness LPF using neural masses to show that alpha oscillations emerge in thalamocortical systems at the edge of a dynamic phase transition, which can be reproduced by the dynamics of a Hopf bifurcation.

3. Is it possible that some of the results in the essential tremor group were influenced by the disease and its effects on the LPF dynamics, as it is known that tremors and seizures are associated by themselves with departures from critical dynamics?

4. Table 1 and other parts of the manuscript: multiple independent tests were conducted, does this require a correction for multiple comparisons to avoid the reporting of false positive results or its control by FDR or related approaches?

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

Davies et al. examined the role of the malaria parasite's FIKK4.1 protein kinase in trafficking and host membrane insertion of key proteins that are exported by the intracellular P. falciparum parasite. FIKK4.1 is one of 18 FIKK serine/threonine kinases exported into the host erythrocyte; these kinases phosphorylate both host proteins and exported parasite proteins. FIKK4.1 has previously been implicated in rigidification of the erythrocyte cytoskeleton. It is also known to affect trafficking and insertion of PfEMP1, the parasite's primary cytoadherence ligand, on the host cell surface. In the present studies, the authors perform sophisticated gene-editing experiments that combine conditional knockout of FIKK4.1 with tagging of two kinase targets with the TurboID proximity biotin-labeling enzyme to explore phosphorylation-dependent changes in target protein localization, structure, or protein-protein interactions. Using conditional knockout of each exported FIKK kinase, they determine that FIKK4.1 is the only kinase that regulates PfEMP1 surface exposure and that it does not appear to modulate surface translocation of RIFINs, a family of parasite antigens involved in immune evasion. The combination of gene-editing, proximity labeling and mass spectrometry, and biochemical studies in the paper is to be lauded. These findings identify key targets of exported kinases and will guide future studies of host cell remodeling.

Key limitations of the study:

1. TurboID tagging of FIKK4.1 followed by proximity labeling and mass spectrometry of biotinylated proteins revealed parasite-stage dependent labeling of 101 parasite proteins and 39 human proteins that come in contact with FIKK4.1. Although TurboID is a more efficient biotin ligase produced through directed evolution, nonspecific biotinylation of proteins that do not form biologically relevant interactions remains an issue. Biotin addition for 4 hours, as used here and in most studies using this ligase, allows for labeling of proteins that undergo random collisions with the TurboID-tagged protein. While there was clear enrichment of exported proteins in the FIKK4.1-tagged parasite at mature schizont stages when FIKK4.1 is in the host cytosol, only 66% of the proteins labeled were exported, consistent with labeling and recovery of irrelevant proteins. As the authors performed appropriate controls and interpreted their findings cautiously, this limitation results primarily from finite efficiency of TurboID, trace levels of endogenous biotin within cells, and other complexities associated with the technology.

2. The production of dual-edited parasites carrying conditional knockout of FIKK4.1 and TurboID tagging of either KAHRP or PTP4 permitted examination of changes in localization of exported proteins upon their phosphorylation by FIKK4.1. KAHRP and PTP4 are excellent choices for these experiments because they are established targets of the kinase and good candidates for effectors involved in PfEMP1 membrane insertion. Some 30-40 proteins exhibited significant changes in biotinylation by these TurboID-tagged proteins, suggesting altered localization or structure upon loss of FIKK4.1 kinase activity. PfEMP1 trafficking proteins (PTPs), Maurer's cleft proteins, exported heat shock proteins, and components of PSAC, a parasite-associated nutrient uptake channel, all exhibited changes. Although FIKK4.1 is not essential for in vitro parasite propagation, altered localization could result either directly from changes in phosphorylation status of the protein itself or could reflect indirect effects on the cell from loss of FIKK4.1.

3. As a consequence of these two limitations, these experiments could not conclusively implicate either KAHRP or a specific PTP in PfEMP1 surface translocation. Whether specific Maurer's cleft proteins or the nutrient channel components contribute to PfEMP1 surface translocation could also not be addressed. The authors' Discussion section is appropriately cautious in interpreting changes in biotinylation upon FIKK4.1 disruption. Although a large amount of data has been generated in this sophisticated study, the precise mechanism of PfEPM1 trafficking and membrane insertion remains elusive.

• for: W2W, carbon inequality, carbon footprint - 1%, carbon emissions - 1%, luxury advertising, luxury advertising contracts, carbon emissions - luxury goods
• key insight
  • the elites are often the main popularizers, influencers and propagandists of the fantasy of overconsumption
  • culture of overconsumption
  • such elites have a close tie to the luxury industry via large advertising contracts
  • Media posts critical of the carbon air travel emissions of famous DJ named DJ Snake offers a prime example of a common attitude of privilege and self-righteousness found amongst a number of elites

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

The authors set out to develop an organoid model of the junction between early telecephalic and ocular tissues to model RGC development and pathfinding in a human model. The authors have succeeded in developing a robust model of optic stalk(OS) and optic disc(OD) tissue with innervating retinal ganglion cells. The OS and OD have a robust pattern with distinct developmental and functional borders that allow for a distinct pathway for pathfinding RGC neurites.

Future work targeting RGC neurite outgrowth mechanisms will be exciting.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

Summary<br /> In this study, Xu et al. provide insights into the substrate divergence of CASP3 and CASP7 for GSDME cleavage and activation during vertebrate evolution vertebrates. Using biochemical assays, domain swapping, site-directed mutagenesis, and bioinformatics tools, the authors demonstrate that the human GSDME C-terminal region and the S234 residue of human CASP7 are the key determinants that impede the cleavage of human GSDME by human CASP7.

Strengths<br /> The authors made an important contribution to the field by demonstrating how human CASP7 has functionally diverged to lose the ability to cleave GSDME and showing that reverse-mutations in CASP7 can restore GSDME cleavage. The use of multiple methods to support their conclusions strengthens the authors' findings. The unbiased mutagenesis screen performed to identify S234 in huCASP7 as the determinant of its GSDME cleavability is also a strength.

Weaknesses<br /> While the authors utilized an in-depth experimental setup to understand the CASP7-mediated GSDME cleavage across evolution, the physiological relevance of their findings are not assessed in detail. Additional methodology information should also be provided.

Specific recommendations for the authors<br /> 1. The authors should expand their evaluation of the physiological relevance by assessing GSDME cleavage by the human CASP7 S234N mutant in response to triggers such as etoposide or VSV, which are known to induce CASP3 to cleave GSDME (PMID: 28045099). The authors could also test whether the human CASP7 S234N mutation affects substrate preference beyond human GSDME by testing cleavage of mouse GSDME and other CASP3 and CASP7 substrates in this mutant.<br /> 2. It would also be interesting to examine the GSDME structure in different species to gain insight into the nature of mouse GSDME, which cannot be cleaved by either mouse or human CASP7.<br /> 3. The evolutionary analysis does not explain why mammalian CASP7 evolved independently to acquire an amino acid change (N234 to S234) in the substrate-binding motif. Since it is difficult to experimentally identify why a functional divergence occurs, it would be beneficial for the authors to speculate on how CASP7 may have acquired functional divergence in mammals; potentially this occurred because of functional redundancies in cell death pathways, for example.<br /> 4. For the recombinant proteins produced for these analyses, it would be helpful to know whether size-exclusion chromatography was used to purify these proteins and whether these purified proteins are soluble. Additionally, the SDS-PAGE in Figure S1B and C show multiple bands for recombinant mutants of TrCASP7 and HsCASP7. Performing protein ID to confirm that the detected bands belong to the respective proteins would be beneficial.<br /> 5. For Figures 3C and 4A, it would be helpful to mention what parameters or PDB files were used to attribute these secondary structural features to the proteins. In particular, in Figure 3C, residues 261-266 are displayed as a β-strand; however, the well-known α-model represents this region as a loop. Providing the parameters used for these callouts could explain this difference.<br /> 6. Were divergent sequences selected for the sequence alignment analyses (particularly in Figure 6A)? The selection of sequences can directly influence the outcome of the amino acid residues in each position, and using diverse sequences can reduce the impact of the number of sequences on the LOGO in each phylogenetic group.<br /> 7. For clarity, it would help if the authors provided additional rationale for the selection of residues for mutagenesis, such as selecting Q276, D278, and H283 as exosite residues, when the CASP7 PDB structures (4jr2, 3ibf, and 1k86) suggest that these residues are enriched with loop elements rather than the β sheets expected to facilitate substrate recognition in exosites for caspases (PMID: 32109412). It is possible that the inability to form β-sheets around these positions might indicate the absence of an exosite in CASP7, which further supports the functional effect of the exosite mutations performed.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

In the present manuscript, Abele et al use Salmonella strains modified to robustly induce one of two different types of regulated cell death, pyroptosis or apoptosis in growth phases (when SPI2 T3SS is expressed) and cell types to assess the role of pyroptosis versus apoptosis in systemic versus intestinal epithelial pathogen clearance. They demonstrate that in systemic spread, which requires growth in macrophages, pyroptosis is required to eliminate Salmonella, while in intestinal epithelial cells (IEC), extrusion of the infected cell into the intestinal lumen induced by apoptosis or pyroptosis is sufficient for early pathogen restriction. The methods used in these studies are thorough and well-controlled and lead to robust results, that mostly support the conclusions. The impact on the field is considered minor as the observations are somewhat redundant with previous observations and not generalizable due to cited evidence of different outcomes in other models of infection and a relatively artificial study system that does not permit the assessment of later time points in infection due to rapid clearance. This excludes the study of later effects of differences between pyroptosis and apoptosis in IEC such as i.e. IL-18 and eicosanoid release, which are only observed in the former and can have effects later in infection.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

Induction of beta cell regeneration is a promising approach for the treatment of diabetes. In this study, Massoz et.al., identified calcineurin (CaN) as a new potential modulator of beta cell regeneration by using zebrafish as model. They also showed that calcineurin (CaN) works together with Notch signaling calcineurin (CaN) to promote the beta cell regeneration. Overall, the paper is well organized, and technically sound. However, some evidence seems weak to get the conclusion.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

Iversen et al. performed middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats to evaluate microscopic changes in the blood flow in the ischemic region. By using measures for global (laser speckle) and local capillary blood flow (two-photon imaging), their results show that the capillary transient time/directionality is affected in this model of ischemic stroke. There are several points that need to be addressed, including what vessels authors considered as capillaries and how they controlled/compensated for the capillary blood flow heterogeneity in their analysis. The authors also proposed that the pericytes are not contributing to these functional deficits by doing morphological analysis, more functional studies are needed to confirm this conclusion.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

In this study by Yaghmaeian Salmani et al., the authors performed single-nuclei RNA sequencing of a large number of cells (>70,000) in the ventral midbrain. The authors focused on cells in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and substantia nigra (SN), which contain heterogeneous cell populations comprising dopaminergic, GABAergic, and glutamatergic neurons. Dopamine neurons are known to consist of heterogeneous subtypes, and these cells have been implicated in various neuropsychiatric diseases. Thus, identifying specific marker genes across different dopamine subpopulations may allow researchers in future studies to develop dopamine subtype-specific targeting strategies that could have substantial translational implications for developing more specific therapies for neuropsychiatric diseases.

A strength of the authors' approach compared to previous work is that a large number of cells were sequenced, which was achieved using snRNA-seq, which the authors found to be superior compared to scRNA-seq for reducing sampling bias. A weakness of the study is that relatively little new information is provided as the results are largely consistent with previous studies (e.g., Poulin et al., 2014). Nevertheless, it should be noted that the authors found some more nuanced subdivisions in several genetically identified DA subtypes.

Lastly, the authors performed molecular analysis of ventral midbrain cells in response to 6-OHDA exposure, which leads to the degeneration of SN dopamine neurons, whereas VTA dopamine neurons are largely unaffected. Based on this analysis, the authors identified several candidate genes that may be linked to neuronal vulnerability or resilience.

Overall, the authors present a comprehensive mouse brain atlas detailing gene expression profiles of ventral midbrain cell populations, which will be important to guide future studies that focus on understanding dopamine heterogeneity in health and disease.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

This manuscript from Zaman et al., investigates the role of cKit and Kit ligand in inhibitory synapse function at molecular layer interneuron (MLI) synapses onto cerebellar Purkinje cells (PC). cKit is a receptor tyrosine kinase expressed in multiple tissues, including select populations of neurons in the CNS. cKIt is activated by Kit ligand, a transmembrane protein typically expressed at the membrane of connected cells. A strength of this paper is the use of cell-specific knockouts of cKit and Kit ligand, in MLIs and PCs, respectively. In both cases, the frequency of spontaneous or miniature (in the presence of TTX) IPSCs was reduced. This suggests either a reduction in the number of functional inhibitory release sites or reduced release probability. IPSCs evoked by electrical stimulation in the molecular layer showed no change in paired-pulse ratio, indicating release probability is not changed in the cKit KO, and favoring a reduction in the number of release sites. Changes in IPSC amplitude were more subtle, with some analyses showing a decrease and others not. These data suggest that disruption of the cKit-Kit ligand complex reduces the number of functional synapses with only minor changes in synapse strength. However, immunolabelling of inhibitory synapses in cKit KO mice using VGAT and Gephyrin antibodies revealed no change in the number of puncta, but reduced size of puncta. This result is more consistent with reduced synapse strength (size) without a change in synapse number. The apparent contradiction of these results is not resolved. It would be interesting to know if immunolabeling of inhibitory synapses in Kit ligand KO mice would produce similar results.

In separate experiments, the authors used viral expression of Cre (driven by the PC-specific L7 promotor) to sparsely KO Kit ligand in PCs. In recordings from neighboring Cre+ (Kit ligand KO) and Cre - (kit ligand intact) PCs, the spontaneous IPSC frequency and amplitude were reduced. Using a similar viral approach, they also overexpressed Kit ligand in wild-type PCs. Here the results are more difficult to interpret. The frequency and amplitude of spontaneous IPSCs were significantly greater in Cre+ PCs compared to Cre- cells. However, the effect appears to be primarily due to a drastic reduction in IPSC amplitude and frequency in the control Cre- cells rather than an increase in Cre+ cells. This puzzling result is interpreted as evidence that cKit influences the proportion of synapses that are functional for neurotransmission, but not the number of release sites. Though this interpretation is not described in detail.

Overall, this paper makes great use of genetic and viral approaches to examine the function of cKit and Kit ligand at MLI-PC synapses. Measurements are generally limited to immunolabeling and spontaneous IPSC recordings, a wider variety of approaches, such as EM imaging or recording from connected MLI-PC pairs would likely provide more detail on specific pre- or postsynaptic phenotypes and more clearly determine whether the number or strength of synapses is changing.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

The authors examine the fascinating question of how T lymphocytes regulate proteome expression during the dramatic cell state change that accompanies the transition from the resting quiescent state to the activated, dividing state. Orthogonal, complementary assays for translation (RPM/RTA, metabolic labeling) are combined with polyribosome profiling and quantitative, biochemical determinations of protein and ribosome content to explore this question, primarily in the OT-I T lymphocyte model system. The authors conclude that the ratio of protein levels to ribosomes/protein synthesis capacity is insufficient to support activation-coupled T cell division and cell size expansion. The authors hint at cellular mechanisms to explain this apparent paradox, focusing on protein acquisition strategies, including emperipolesis and entosis, though these remain topic areas for future study.

The strengths of the paper include the focus on a fundamental biological question - the transcriptional/translational control mechanisms that support the rapid, dramatic cell state change that accompanies lymphocyte activation from the quiescent to activated state, the use of orthogonal approaches to validate the primary findings, and the creative proposal for how this state change is achieved.

The weakness of the work is that several cellular regulatory processes that could explain the apparent paradox are not explored, though they are accessible for experimental analysis. In the accounting narrative that the authors highlight, a thorough accounting of the cellular process inventory that could support the cell state change should be further explored before committing to the proposal, provocative as it is, that protein acquisition provides a principal mechanism for supporting lymphocyte activation cell state change.

Appraisal and Discussion:<br /> 1) relating to the points raised above, two recent review articles explore this topic area and highlight important areas of study in RNA biology and translational control that likely contribute to the paradox noted by the authors: Choi et al. 2022,<br /> doi.org/10.4110/in.2022.22.e39 ("RNA metabolism in T lymphocytes") and Turner 2023, DOI: 10.1002/bies.202200236 ("Regulation and function of poised mRNAs in lymphocytes"). These should be cited, and the broader areas of RNA biology discussed by these authors integrated into the current manuscript.

2) The authors cite the Wolf et al. study from the Geiger lab (doi.org/10.1038/s41590-020-0714-5, ref. 41) though largely to compare determined values for ribosome number. Many other elements of the Wolf paper seem quite relevant, for example, the very high abundance of glycolytic enzymes (and whose mRNAs are quite abundant as well), where (and as others have reported) there is a dramatic activation of glycolytic flux upon T cell activation that is largely independent of transcription and translation, the evidence for "pre-existing, idle ribosomes", the changes in mRNA copy number and protein synthesis rate Spearman correlation that accompanies activation, and that the efficiencies of mRNA translation are heterogeneous. These data suggest that more accounting needs to be done to establish that there is a paradox.

As one example, what if glycolytic enzyme protein levels in the resting cell are in substantial excess of what's needed to support glycolysis (likely true) and so translational upregulation can be directed to other mRNAs whose products are necessary for function of the activated cell? In this scenario, the dilution of glycolytic enzyme concentration that would come with cell division would not necessarily have a functional consequence. And the idle ribosomes could be recruited to key subsets of mRNAs (transcriptionally or post-transcriptionally upregulated) and with that a substantial remodeling of the proteome (authors ref. 44). The study of Ricciardi et al. 2018 (The translational machinery of human CD4+ T cells is poised for activation and controls the switch from quiescence to metabolic remodeling (doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2018.08.009) is consistent with this possibility. That study, and the short reviews noted above, are useful in highlighting the contributions of selective translational remodeling and the signaling pathways that contribute to the cell state change of T cell activation. From this perspective, an alternative view can be posited, where the quiescent state is biologically poised to support activation, where subsets of proteins and mRNAs are present in far higher levels than that necessary to support basal function of the quiescent lymphocyte. In such a model, the early stages of lymphocyte activation and cell division are supported by this surplus inventory, with transcriptional activation, including ribosomal genes, primarily contributing at later stages of the activation process. An obvious analogy is the developing Drosophila embryo where maternal inheritance supports early-stage development and zygotic transcriptional contributions subsequently assuming primary control (e.g. DOI 10.1002/1873-3468.13183 , DOI: 10.1126/science.abq4835). To pursue that biological logic would require quantifying individual mRNAs and their ribosome loading states, mRNA-specific elongation rates, existing individual protein levels, turnover rates of both mRNAs and proteins, ribosome levels, mean ribosome occupancy state, and how each of these parameters is altered in response to activation. Such accounting could go far to unveil the paradox. This is a considerable undertaking, though, and outside the scope of the current paper.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

The manuscript by Geurrero and colleagues introduces two new metrics that extend the concept of "druggability"- loosely speaking, the potential suitability of a particular drug, target, or drug-target interaction for pharmacological intervention-to collections of drugs and genetic variants. The study draws on previously measured growth rates across a combinatoriality complete mutational landscape involving 4 variants of the TEM-50 (beta lactamase) enzyme, which confers resistance to commonly used beta-lactam antibiotics. To quantify how growth rate - in this case, a proxy for evolutionary fitness - is distributed across allelic variants and drugs, they introduce two concepts: "variant vulnerability" and "drug applicability".

Variant vulnerability is the mean vulnerability (1-normalized growth rate) of a particular variant to a library of drugs, while drug applicability measures the mean across the collection of genetic variants for a given drug. The authors rank the drugs and variants according to these metrics. They show that the variant vulnerability of a particular mutant is uncorrelated with the vulnerability of its one-step neighbors, and analyze how higher-order combinations of single variants (SNPs) contribute to changes in growth rate in different drug environments.

The work addresses an interesting topic and underscores the need for evolution-based metrics to identify candidate pharmacological interventions for treating infections. The authors are clear about the limitations of their approach - they are not looking for immediate clinical applicability - and provide simple new measures of druggability that incorporate an evolutionary perspective, an important complement to the orthodoxy of aggressive, kill-now design principles. I think the ideas here will interest a wide range of readers, but I think the work could be improved with additional analysis - perhaps from evolutionary simulations on the measured landscapes - that tie the metrics to evolutionary outcomes.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

Papazian et al. demonstrate that human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) can be successfully and stably grafted into immunodeficient mice. They demonstrate that the adoptive transfer of PBMCs from multiple sclerosis (MS) patients is capable of inducing damage to the central nervous system (CNS). Furthermore, they demonstrate that the CNS inflammatory properties of these transferred cells are more dependent on HLA restriction rather than the disease status of the donor. Specifically, T cells restricted by HLA-DR15 (from both an MS patient and a healthy control) showed a greater propensity to induce neuroinflammation than T cells transferred from an MS patient that are restricted by a different MHC haplotype. This observation suggests that the differences in the peptide repertoire presented by this MHC haplotype biases adaptive immune responses toward encephalitogenic T cell generation. The conclusions of this paper are partially supported by their data, but the lack of important considerations and various controls limits the overall impact of this study. Major weaknesses of this study include:

1) The extent to which various immune cell quantification is performed. Two of the reasons the authors cite for the use of this model rather than a traditional EAE model are: i) the lack of involvement of CD8 T cells in the pathogenesis of EAE and ii) the marginal importance of B cells in EAE pathogenesis. However, throughout their paper, the authors never quantify the difference in CD4 vs CD8 T cell infiltration into the CNS. While repeatedly claiming that there are fewer CD4 T cells present than CD8 T cells within the CNS, this data is not included. Further, spinal cord numbers of CD4 and CD8 are not provided in lieu of CD3 T cell characterization. Given that there are far more hCD4 T cells in the periphery in these mice than CD8 T cells as well as the fact that the lack of B2m expression in this mouse model biases cells towards a CD4 fate, the omission of these data is concerning. Additionally, B cells don't make up any significant component of the cells transferred from HLA-DR15 donors. While the cells transferred from the HLA-DR13 donor are composed of a considerable number of B cells, the mice that received these cells didn't develop any signs of neurologic disease.

2) Incomplete exploration of potential experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) modeling. The authors justify the use of an extremely high amount of myelin peptide when immunizing their mice by citing that another humanized mouse model had such a requirement to induce clinical EAE. However, a demonstration of this technical requirement in their own model is not provided. Rather, they show that C57BL/6 mice get milder disease when such large doses of peptides are administered, leading to speculation that this is due to a tolerizing immune response that occurs at such high doses. Comparison of the susceptibility of B2m-NOG mice to EAE dependent on various peptide doses would be highly informative. Given that the number of hCD45+ in the periphery of NOG mice decreases following this immunization it would be prudent for the authors to determine if such a high peptide dose is truly ideal for EAE development in this mouse model.

3) The degree of myelin injury is not presented. The statement is repeatedly made that "demyelination was not observed in the brain or spinal cord" but no quantification of myelin staining is shown. A central feature of multiple sclerosis and related diseases is demyelination of the CNS. Hence, while compartmentalized inflammatory responses are detailed in this report, the utility of the humanized model for the exploration of human CNS demyelinating diseases remains unclear and in doubt.

Minor points:

- Method of quantification (e.g. cells per brain slice in figures 2E; 4E) is not very quantitative and should be justified or more appropriately updated to be more rigorous in methodology.

- Fig. 4 data should be shown from un-immunized DR15 MS and DR15 HI mice.

The premise of this work carries great potential. Namely, developing a humanized mouse system in which features of adaptive immunity that contribute to inflammatory demyelination can be interrogated will allow for traction into therapeutics currently unavailable to the field. Immediate questions stemming from the current study include the potential effect of ex vivo activation of PBMCs (or individual T and B cells) in vitro prior to transfer as well as the TCR and BCR repertoire of CNS vs peripheral lymphocytes before and after immunization. This group has been thoughtful and clever about their approach (e.g. use of subjects treated with natalizumab), which gives hope that fundamental aspects of pathogenesis will be uncovered by this form of modeling MS disease. Overall, while the current study makes several unique observations, the data collection is incomplete and the impact of this study could be greatly improved by addressing the limitations noted.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

Gehr and colleagues used an elegant method, using neuropixels probes, to study retinal input integration by mouse superior collicular cells in vivo. Compared to a previous report of the same group, they opto-tagged inhibitory neurons and defined the differential integration onto each group. Through these experiments, the author concluded that overall, there is no clear difference between the retina connectivity to excitatory and inhibitory superior colliculus neurons. The exception to that rule is that excitatory neurons might be driven slightly stronger than inhibitory ones. Technically, this work is performed at a high level, and the plots are beautifully conceived, but I have doubts if the interpretation given by the authors is solid. I will elaborate below.

Some thoughts about the interpretation of the results.

My main concern is the "survivor bias" of this work, which can lead to skewed conclusions. From the data set acquired, 305 connections were measured, 1/3 inhibitory and 2/3 excitatory. These connections arise from 83 RGC onto 124 RGC (I'm interpreting the axis of Fig.2 C). Here it is worth mentioning that different RGC types have different axonal diameters (Perge et al., 2009). Here the diameter is also related to the way cells relay information (max frequencies, for example). It is possible that thicker axons are easier to measure, given the larger potential changes would likely occur, and thus, selectively being picked up by the neuropixels probe. If this is the case, we would have a clear case of "survival bias", which should be tested and discussed. One way to determine if the response properties of axonal termini are from an unbiased sample is to make a rough functional characterization as generally performed (see Baden et al. 2006). This is fundamental since all other conclusions are based on unbiased sampling.

One aspect that is not clear to me is to measure of connectivity strength in Figure 2. Here it seems that connectivity strength is directly correlated with the baseline firing rate of the SC neuron (see example plots). If this is a general case, the synaptic strength can be assumed but would only differ in strength due to the excitability of the postsynaptic cell. This should be tested by plotting the correlation coefficient analysis against the baseline firing rate.

My third concern is the assessment of functional similarity in Fig. 3. It is not clear to me why the similarity value was taken by the arithmetic mean. For example, even if the responses are identical for one connected pair that exclusively responds either to the ON or OFF sparse noise, the maximal value can only be 0.67. Perhaps I misunderstood something. Secondly, correlations in natural(istic) movies can differ dramatically depending on the frame rate that the movie was acquired and the way it is displayed to the animal. What looks natural to us will elicit several artifacts at a retinal level, e.g., due to big jumps between frames (no direction-selective response) or overall little modulation (large spatial correlations). I would rather opt for uniform stimuli, as suggested previously. Of course, these are also approximations but can be easily reproduced by different labs and are not subjected to the intricacies of the detailed naturalistic stimulus used.

Fourth. It is important to control the proportion of inhibitory cells activated optogenetically across the recording probe. Currently, it is not possible to assess if there are false negatives. One way of controlling for this would be to show that the number of inhibitory interneurons doesn't vary across the probe.

Fifth. In Fig. 4, the ISI had a minimal bound of 5 ms. Why? This would cap the firing rate at 200Hz, but we know that RGC in explants can fire at higher frequencies for evoked responses. I would set a lower bound since it should come naturally from the after-depolarization block. Another aspect that remains unclear is to what extent the paired-spike ratio depends on the baseline firing rate. This would change the interpretation from the particular synaptic connection to the intrinsic properties of the cell and is plausible since the bassline firing rate varies tremendously. One related analysis would be to plot the change of PSR depending on the ISI. It would be intuitive to make a scatter plot for all paired spikes of all recorded neurons (separated into inhibitory and excitatory) of ISI vs. PSR.

Panel 4E is confusing to me. Here what is plotted is efficacy 1st against PSR (which is efficacy 2nd/efficacy 1st). Given that you have a linear relation between efficacy 1st and efficacy 2nd (panel 4C), you are essentially re-plotting the same information, which should necessarily have a hyperbolic relationship: [ f(x) = y/x ]. Thus, fitting this with a linear function makes no sense and it has to be decaying if efficacy 2nd > efficacy1st as shown in 4C.

Finally, in Figure 5, the perspective is inverted, and the spike correlations are seen from the perspective of SC neurons. Here it would also be good to plot the cumulative histograms and not look at the averages. Regarding the similarity index and use of natural stats, please see my previous comments. Also, would it be possible to plot the contribution v/s the firing rate with the baseline firing rate with no stimulation or full-field stimulation? This is important since naturalistic movies have too many correlations and dependencies that make this plot difficult to interpret.

Overall, the paper only speaks from excitatory and inhibitory differences in the introduction and results. However, it is known that there are three clear morphologically distinct classes of excitatory neurons (wide-field, narrow-field, and stellate). This topic is touched in the discussion but not directly in the context of these results. Smaller cells might likely be driven much stronger. Wide-field cells would likely not be driven by one RGC input only and will probably integrate from many more cells than 6.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

In the manuscript entitled "A theory of hippocampal theta correlations", the authors propose a new mechanism for phase precession and theta-time scale generation, as well as their interpretation in terms of navigation and neural coding. The authors propose the existence of extrinsic and intrinsic sequences during exploration, which may have complementary functions. These two types of sequences depend on external input and network interactions, but differ on the extent to which they depend on movement direction. Moreover, the authors propose a novel interpretation for intrinsic sequences, namely to signal a landmark cue that is independent of direction of traversal. Finally, a readout neuron can be trained to distinguish extrinsic from intrinsic sequences.

The study puts forward novel computational ideas related to neural coding, partly based on previous work from the authors, including published (Leibold, 2020, Yiu et al., 2022) and unpublished (Ahmedi et al., 2022. bioRxiv) work. The manuscript will contribute to the understanding of the mechanisms behind phase precession, as well as to how we interpret hippocampal temporal coding for navigation and memory.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

This well written and designed study by Broca-Brisson et al describes the generation of a new in vitro model for creatine transporter deficiency (CTD), making use of human brain organoid cultures derived from CTD patients. This new model will certainly prove itself very useful to better understand this genetic disease essentially affecting CNS. As CTD has no satisfactory treatment so far (despite more than 20 years of research), this new model will also be very useful to design and develop new treatments.

In particular, through the use of immunohistochemistry, real time PCR, and proteomics combined with integrative bioinformatic and statistical analysis, authors provide very interesting new information on the brain pathways affected in CTD (e.g. neurogenesis with down-regulation of SOX2 and PAX6 but up-regulation of GSK3b; and proteins involved in autistic spectrum, epilepsies or intellectual disabilities).

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

The authors were seeking to improve understanding of how wind and wave action affect the use of energetically demanding wing flapping and running by albatross engaged in takeoff flight. To accomplish this in the complex and challenging environment in which albatross live, the authors sought to use accelerometry and geographic positioning to infer patterns of locomotion, flight orientation relative to the prevailing wind, and wave height during takeoff.

The major strength of the methods and results is that the use of accelerometry and novel interpretations of data from a geographic positioning system provides new insight into the use of waves by albatross and how the effects of wave magnitude interact with the wind to modulate energy demands during takeoff. Weaknesses of the approach are due to the challenging environmental conditions in which albatross live. The interpretation of accelerometry data was not validated using a subset of the sample synchronized with video (prior validation was cited for shearwaters). The interpretation of wind direction relative to flight path is based on the behavior of the bird without concurrent measures of local wind velocity.

The authors achieved their aims, and their results support their conclusions.

Although it is generally understood that albatross and many other birds choose to takeoff into the wind to reduce energetic costs, the authors provide novel quantitative data on this behavior. Their results on the effects of wave height and the interactions between wave height and wind provide novel insight into how albatross harvest energy from their complicated and dynamic environment to reduce the energy they must output to get into the air. In particular, the new insight into the effects of wave height should revise understanding among ornithologists, ocean ecologists and those who study the mechanics of animal locomotion. The use of accelerometry and geographic positioning systems to measure flight behavior and ocean ecology should inspire other researchers to adopt similar methods.

Albatross live in a complex and poorly understood environment that is likely to be threatened by climate change. This research provides worthwhile new insight into how wind and wave action affect takeoff in albatross, and can therefore improve insight into how changes in these variables with climate change may affect the distribution of albatross populations.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

This article is interested in how butterfly, or more precisely, butterfly wing scale precursor cells, each make precisely patterned ultrastructures made of chitin.

To do this, the authors sought to use the butterfly Parides eurimedes, a papilionid swallowtail, that carries interesting, unusual structures made of 1) vertical ridges, that lack a typical layered stacking arrangement; and 2) deep honeycomb-like pores. These two features make the organism chosen a good point of comparison with previous studies, including classic papers that relied on electronic microscopy (SEM/TEM), and more recent confocal microscopy studies.

The article shows good microscopy data, including detailed, dense developmental series of staining in the Parides eurimedes model. The mix of cell membrane staining, chitin precursor, and F-actin staining is well utilized and appropriately documented with the help of 3D-SIM, a microscopy technique considered to provide super-resolution (here needed to visualize sub-cellular processes).

The key message from this article is that F-actin filaments are later repurposed, in papilionid butterflies, to finish the patterning of the inter-ridge space, elaborating new structures (this was not observed so far in other studies and organisms). The model proposed in Figure 6 summarized these findings well, with F-actin reshaping it itself into a tulip that likely pulls down a chitin disk to form honeycombs. These interpretations of the microscopy data are interesting and novel.

There are two other points of interest, that deserve future investigation:<br /> 1) The authors performed immunolocalizations of Arp2 and pharmacological inhibitions of Arp2/3, and found some possible effect on honeycomb lattice development. The inter-ridge region of the butterfly Papilio polytes, which lacks these structures, did not seem to be affected by drug treatments. Effects where time-dependent, which makes sense. These data provide circumstantial evidence that Arp2/3 is involved in the late role of F-actin formation or re-organisation.<br /> 2) The authors perform a comparative study in additional papilionids (Fig. 6 in particular). I find these data to be quite limited without a dense sampling, but they are nonetheless interesting and support a second-phase role of F-actin re-organisation.

The article is dense, well produced and succinctly written. I believe this is an interesting and insightful study on a complex process of cell biology, that inspires us to look at basic phenomena in a broader set of organisms.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

Sekulovski et al present an interesting and timely manuscript describing the temporal transition from epiblast to amnion. The manuscript builds on their previous work describing this process using stem cell models.

They suggest a multi-step process initiated by BMP induction of GATA3, followed by expression of TFAP2A, followed by ISL1/HAND1 in parallel with loss of pluripotency markers. This transition was reproduced through IF analysis of CS6/7 NHP embryo.

There are significant similarities in the expression of trophectoderm and the amnion. There are also ample manuscripts showing trophoblast induction following BMP stimulation of primed pluripotent stem cells. The authors should ensure that the amnion indeed is only amnion and not trophectoderm (or the amount of contribution to trophectoderm). As an extension, does the amnion character remain after the 48h BMP4 treatment, and is a trophectoderm-like state adopted as suggested by Ohgushi et al 2022?

The functional data does not support a direct function of GATA3 prior to TFAP2A and the authors suggest compensatory mechanisms from other GATAs. If so, which GATAs are expressed in this system, with and without GATA3 targeting? Would it not be equally likely that the other early genes could be the key drivers of amnion initiation, such as ID2?

The targeting of TFAP2A displays a very interesting phenotype which suggests that amnion and streak share an initial trajectory but where TFAP2A is necessary to adopt amnion fate. It would again be important to ensure that this alternative fate is indeed in streak and not misannotated alternative lineages, including trophoblast.

Is TBXT induced in this setting as well as in the wt situation during amnion induction? This should be displayed as in Figure 3D and would be nice to be complimented by NHP IF analysis.

The authors should address why they get different results from Castillo-Venzor et al 2023 DOI 10.26508/lsa.202201706

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

In this manuscript, Kipfer et al describe a method for a fast and accurate SARS-CoV2 rescue and mutagenesis. This work is based on a published method termed ISA (infectious subgenomic amplicons), in which partially overlapping DNA fragments covering the entire viral genome and additional 5' and 3' sequences are transfected into mammalian cell lines. These DNA fragments recombine in the cells, express the full length viral genomic RNA and launch replication and rescue of infectious virus.

CLEVER, the method described here significantly improves on the ISA method to generate infectious SARS-CoV2, making it widely useful to the virology community.

Specifically, the strengths of this method are:<br /> 1) The successful use of various cell lines and transfection methods.<br /> 2) Generation of a four-fragment system, which significantly improves the method efficiency due to lower number of required recombination events.<br /> 3) Flexibility in choice of overlapping sequences, making this system more versatile.<br /> 4) The authors demonstrated how this system can be used to introduce point mutations as well as insertion of a tag and deletion of a viral gene.<br /> 5) Fast-tracking generation of infectious virus directly from RNA of clinical isolates by RT-PCR, without the need for cloning the fragments or using synthetic sequences.<br /> One weakness of the latter point, which is also pointed out by the authors, is that the direct rescue of clinical isolates was not tested for sequence fidelity.

The manuscript clearly presents the findings, and the proof-of-concept experiments are well designed.

Overall, this is a very useful method for SARS-CoV2 research. Importantly, it can be applicable to many other viruses, speeding up the response to newly emerging viruses than threaten the public health.

Joint Public Review:

Using computational modeling, this manuscript explores the effect of growth feedback on the performance of gene networks capable of adaptation. The authors selected 425 hypothetical synthetic circuits that were shown to achieve nearly perfect adaptation in two earlier computational studies (see Ma et al. 2009, and Shi et al. 2017). They examined the effects of cell growth feedback by introducing additional terms to the ordinary differential equation-based models, and performed numerical simulations to check the retainment and the loss of the adaptation responses of the circuits in the presence of growth feedback. The authors show that growth feedback can disrupt the gene network adaptation dynamics in different ways, and report some exceptional core motifs which allow for robust performance in the presence of growth feedback. They also used a metric to establish a scaling law between a circuit robustness measure and the strength of growth feedback. These results have important implications in the field of synthetic biology, where unforeseen interactions between designed gene circuits and the host often disrupt the desired behavior. The paper's conclusions are supported by their simulation results, although these are presented in their summary formats and it would be useful for the community if the detailed results for each topology were available as a supplementary file or through the authors' GitHub repository.

Strengths<br /> - This work included a detailed investigation of the reasons for adaptation failure upon introducing cell growth to the systems. The comprehensiveness of the analysis makes the work stand out among studies of functional screening of network topologies of gene regulation.

- The authors' approaches for assessment of robustness, such as the survival ratio Q, can be useful for a wide range of topologies beyond adaptation. The scaling law obtained with those approaches is interesting.

Weaknesses<br /> - The title suggests that the work investigates the 'effects of growth feedback on gene circuits'. However, the performance of 'nearly perfect adaptation' was chosen for the majority of the work, leaving the question of whether the authors' conclusion regarding the effects of growth feedback is applicable to other functional networks.

- This work relies extensively on an earlier study, evaluating only a selected set of 425 topologies that were shown to give adaptive responses (Shi et al., 2017). This limited selection has two potential issues. First, as the authors mentioned in the introduction, growth feedback can also induce emerging dynamics even without existing function-enabling gene circuits, as an example of the "effects of growth feedback on gene circuits". Limiting the investigation to only successful circuits for adaptation makes it unclear whether growth feedback can turn the circuits that failed to produce adaptation by themselves into adaptation-enabling circuits. Secondly, as the Shi et al. (2017) study also used numerical experiments to achieve their conclusions about successful topologies, it is unclear whether the numerical experiments in the present study are compatible with the earlier work regarding the choice of equation forms and ranges of parameter values. The authors also assumed that all readers have sufficient understanding of the 425 topologies and their derivation before reading this paper.

- The authors' model does not describe the impact of growth via a biological mechanism: they model growth as an additional dilution rate and calculate growth rate based on a phenomenological description with growth rate occurring at a maximum (k_g) scaled by the circuit 'burden' b(t). Therefore, the authors' model does not capture potential growth rate changes in parameter values (e.g., synthetic protein production falls with increasing growth rate; see Scott & Hwa, 2023).

- The authors made several claims about the bifurcations (infinite-period, saddle-node, etc) underlying the abrupt changes leading to failures of adaptations. There is a lack of evidence supporting these claims. Both local and global bifurcations can be demonstrated with semi-analytic approaches such as numerical continuation along with investigations of eigenvalues of the Jacobian matrix. The claims based on ODE solutions alone are not sound.

- The impact of biochemical noise is not evaluated in this work; the author's analysis is only carried out in a deterministic regime.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

This paper describes RNA-sensing guide RNAs for controlled activation of CRISPR modification. This works by having an extended guide RNA with a sequence that folds back onto the targeting sequence such that the guide RNA cannot hybridise to its genomic target. The CRISPR is "activated" by the introduction of another RNA, referred to as a trigger, that competes with this "back folding" to make the guide RNA available for genome targeting. The authors first confirm the efficacy of the approach using several RNA triggers and a GFP reporter that is activated by dCas9 fused to transcriptional activators. A major potential application of this technique is the activation of CRISPR in response to endogenous biomarkers. As these will typically be longer than the first generation triggers employed by the authors they test some extended triggers, which also work though not always to the same extent. They then introduce MODesign which may enable the design of bespoke or improved triggers. After that, they determine that the mode of activation by the RNA trigger involves cleavage of the RNA complexes. Finally, they test the potential for their system to work in a developmental setting - specifically zebrafish embryos. There is some encouraging evidence, though the effects appear more subtle than those originally obtained in cell culture.

Overall, the potential of a CRISPR system that can be activated upon sensing an RNA is high and there are a myriad of opportunities and applications for it. This paper represents a reasonable starting point having developed such a system in principle.

The weakness of the study is that it does not demonstrate that the system can be used in a completely natural setting. This would require an endogenous transcript as the RNA trigger with a clear readout. Such an experiment would clearly strengthen the paper and provide strong confidence that the method could be employed for one of the major applications discussed by the authors. The zebrafish data relied on exogenous RNA triggers whereas the major applications (as I understood them) would use endogenous triggers.

Related, most endogenous RNAs are longer than the various triggers tested and may require extensive modification of the system to be detected or utilised effectively.<br /> While additional data would clearly be beneficial, there should nevertheless be a more detailed discussion of these caveats and/or the strengths and applications of the system as it is presented (i.e. utility with synthetic triggers).

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

In this manuscript, the authors investigate whether enhancers use a common regulatory paradigm to modulate transcriptional bursting in both endogenous and ectopic domains using cis-regulatory mutant reporters of the eve transcriptional locus in early Drosophila embryogenesis.

The authors create a series of cis-regulatory BAC mutants of the eve stripe 1 and 2 enhancers by mutating the binding sites for the transcriptional repressor Giant in the stripe 2 minimal response element (MRE) independently or in combination with deletion of the stripe 1 enhancer sequence. With these enhancer mutations, they are able to generate conditions in which eve is ectopically expressed. Next, the authors investigate if nuclei in these "ectopic" regions have similar transcriptional kinetics to the "endogenous"-expressing eve+ nuclei. They show that bursting parameters are unchanged when comparing endogenous and ectopic gene expression regions. Under a scheme of a 2-state model, the eveS1Δ-EveS2Gt- reporter modulates transcription by increasing the active state switching rate (kon) and the initiation rate (r) while maintaining a constant inactive state switching rate.

Based on these results, the authors support a model whereby kinetic regimes are encoded in the cis-regulatory sequences of a gene instead of imposed by an evolving trans-regulatory environment.

The question asked in this manuscript is important and the eve locus represents an ideal paradigm to address it in a quantitative manner. Most of the results are correctly interpreted and well-presented. However, the main conclusion pointing towards a potential "unified theory" of burst regulation during Drosophila embryogenesis should be nuanced or cross-validated.

In addition to the lack of novelty (some results concerning the fact that koff does not change along the A/P axis/the idea of a 'unified regime' were already obtained in Berrocal et al 2020), Note i) the limited manipulation of TF environment; ii) the simplicity with which bursting is analyzed (only a two-state model is considered, and not cross-validated with an alternative approach than cpHMM) and iii) the lack of comparisons with published work.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

Strengths:

The innovative method is the biggest strength of this article. Moreover, the method can be implemented across fields and disciplines. I myself would like to see this method implemented in a grander scale. The author invested a lot of effort in data collection and I especially commend that ChatGPT assessed the reviews twice, to ensure greater objectivity.

Weaknesses:

I have several concerns regarding the methodology of the article. The first relates to the fact that the sample is not random. The selection of journal and inclusion and exclusion criteria do not contribute well to the strength of the evidence.

An important methodological fact is that the correlation between the two assessments of peer reviews was actually lower than we would expect (around 0.72 and 0.3 for the different linguistic characteristics). If the ChatGPT gave such different scores based on two assessments, should it not be sound to do even more assessments and then take the average?

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

Summary<br /> This manuscript reports preliminary evidence of successful optogenetic activation of single retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) through the eye of a living monkey using adaptive optics (AO).

Strengths<br /> The eventual goals of this line of research have enormous potential impact in that they will probe the perceptual impact of activating single RGCs. While I think more data should be included, the four examples shown look quite convincing.

Weaknesses<br /> While this is undoubtedly a technical achievement and an important step along this group's stated goal to measure the perceptual consequences of single-RGC activations, the presentation lacks the rigor that I would expect from what is really a methods paper. In my view, it is perfectly reasonable to publish the details of a method before it has yielded any new biological insights, but in those publications, there is a higher burden to report the methodological details, full data sets, calibrations, and limitations of the method. There is considerable room for improvement in reporting those aspects. Specifically, more raw data should be shown for activations of neighboring RGCs to pinpoint the actual resolution of the technique, and more than two cells (one from each field of view) should be tested. Some information about the density of labeled RGCs in these animals would also be helpful to provide context for how many well-isolated target cells exist per animal.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

Summary:<br /> Ahn and Amrein characterize the expression of members of the Gr28 family of gustatory receptors in taste neurons in the Drosophila melanogaster larva, define the behaviorally-relevant ligands for these receptors, and use chemogenetic experiments to show, strikingly, that different neurons have opposite behavioral responses to the chemogenetic ligand. They go on to show what neurons need to be silenced to lose responses to bitters, and very nicely show what subunits of the Gr28 bitter receptors are necessary and sufficient for responses to bitters. This is a nice piece of work, rigorously carried out, that tackles the neurons and receptors that drive innate responses to tastants in Drosophila larvae.

Strengths:<br /> 1. The chemogenetic experiments in Figure 2 are cleanly done with very clear results, and the subsetting in Figure 2B further clarifies the cellular requirements for the behavior.<br /> 2. The rescue experiments with different Gr28 subunits in the Gr28 mutant are creative and clear.

Weaknesses:<br /> 1. The authors should define early and clearly that expression of Gr28 genes studied in this paper relies not on looking at the endogenous gene but at the expression of Gal4 under the control of enhancers from these loci. The Gal4 drivers are useful and important tools, but the possibility exists that their expression is not 100% congruent with the endogenous expression of these receptors. I would not require a comprehensive validation of the lines by RNA in situ hybridization compared to the Gal4 driver lines but would recommend the disclaimer be made and that the authors are more precise in talking about the expression of the marker rather than the expression of the specific receptor gene.

2. The important chemogenetic behavioral data would benefit from a clearer presentation including a cartoon to explain what the behavior is and how it is scored. Figure 2 is the key figure in this paper and it would be helpful if the figure were re-organized to guide the non-expert reader to the key result. I recommend labeling the positive controls Gr43a as "sweet" and Gr66a as "bitter" and perhaps organize the presentation to have the negative control at the left, then Gr28ba that had no effect, then group Gr28a with Gr43a for positive valence and Gr28bc with Gr66a for negative valence. I'm not sure what the value is of showing both 0.1 mM and 0.5 mM capsaicin, the text does not explain. The experiment in Figure 2B is important but non-experts will not understand what is being done here - can the authors please provide a cartoon like those in Figure 1 showing what cells are being subjected to chemogenetics and how this differs from Figure 2A?

3. The AlphaFold ligand docking in Figure 8 is conducted with Gr28bc monomers, which are unlikely to be the in vivo relevant structure, given that the related OR/ORCO ancestor structures are tetramers. I recommend that this component of the paper either be removed entirely or that the authors redo the in silico work using the AlphaFold-Multimer package reported by Hassabis and Jumper in 2022 https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.04.463034v2. It will be interesting to see what a tetramer structure looks like with the ligand.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

In this manuscript, Yao et al. explored the transcriptomic characteristics of neural stem cells (NSCs) in the human hippocampus and their changes under different conditions using single-nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq). They generated single-nucleus transcriptomic profiles of human hippocampal cells from neonatal, adult, and aging individuals, as well as from stroke patients. They focused on the cell groups related to neurogenesis, such as neural stem cells and their progeny. They revealed genes enriched in different NSC states and performed trajectory analysis to trace the transitions among NSC states and towards astroglial and neuronal lineages in silico. They also examined how NSCs are affected by aging and injury using their datasets and found differences in NSC numbers and gene expression patterns across age groups and injury conditions. One major issue of the manuscript is questionable cell type identification. For example, in Figure 2C, more than 50% of the cells in the astroglial lineage clusters are NSCs, which is extremely high and inconsistent with classic histology studies.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

This remarkable and creative study from the Asbury lab examines the extent to which mechanical coupling can coordinate the growth of two microtubules attached to isolated kinetochores. The concept of mechanical coupling in kinetochores was proposed in the mid-1990s and makes sense intuitively (as shown in Fig. 1B). But intuitive concepts still need experimental validation, which this study at long last provides. The experiments described in this paper will serve as a foundation for the transition of an intuitive concept into a robust, quantitative, and validated model.

The introduction cites at least 5 papers that proposed mechanical coupling in kinetochores, as well as 5 theoretical studies on mechanical coupling within microtubule bundles, so it's clear that this manuscript will be of considerable interest to the field. The intro is very well written (as is the manuscript in general), but I recommend that the authors include a brief review of the variable size of k-fibers across species, to help the reader contextualize the problem. For example, budding yeast kinetochores are built around a single microtubule (Winey 1995), so mechanical coupling is not relevant for this species.

Indeed, the use of yeast kinetochores to study mechanical coupling is an odd fit, because these structures did not evolve to support such coupling. There is no doubt that yeast kinetochores are useful for demonstrating mechanical coupling and for measuring the stiffnesses necessary to achieve coupling, but I recommend that the authors include a caveat somewhere in the manuscript, perhaps in the place where they discuss their use of simple elastic coupling as compared to viscoelastic coupling or strain-stiffening. It's easy to imagine that kinetochores with large k-fibers might require complex coupling mechanisms, for example. And is mechanical coupling relevant for holocentric kinetochores like those found in C. elegans?

The paper shows considerable rigour in terms of experimental design, statistical analysis, and presentation of results. My only comment on this topic relates to the bandwidth of the dual-trap assay, which I recommend describing in the main text in addition to the methods. For example, the authors note that the stage position is updated at 50 Hz. The authors should clearly explain that this bandwidth is sufficiently fast relative to microtubule growth speeds.

After describing their measurements, the authors use Monte Carlo simulations to show that pauses are essential to a quantitative explanation of their coupling data. Apparently, there is a history of theoretical approaches to coupling, as the introduction cites 5 theoretical studies. I would have appreciated it if the authors had engaged with this literature in the Results section, e.g. by describing which previous study most closely resembles their own and/or comparing and contrasting their approach with the previous work.

Overall, this paper is rigorous, creative, and thought-provoking. The unique experimental approach developed by the Asbury lab shows great promise, and I very much look forward to future iterations.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

The authors succeeded in establishing experimental and mathematical models for the formation of new blood vessels. The experimental model relies on temporal imaging of multilcellular projections and lumen formation from a single blood vessel embedded in an engineered extracellular matrix. The mathematical model combines both discrete and continuum elements. It would be helpful to understand how the authors came up with phenotypic classes for analyzing their live imaging data. On the modeling side, it would be useful to see whether the claims about Turing patterns could be supported by either a mean-field model or a more thorough parametric analysis of the discreet continuum model. The authors did a good job in comparing their VEGF/Notch mechanism to the EGF/Notch vulval patterning mechanism in C. elegans. The authors might want to look into the literature from studies of the tracheal patterning system in Drosophila when the combined actions of the FGF and Notch signaling specify tip and stalk cells. The similarities are quite striking and are worth noting.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

This study investigates the role of microtubules in regulating insulin secretion from pancreatic islet beta cells. This is of great importance considering that controlled secretion of insulin is essential to prevent diabetes. Previously, it has been shown that KIF5B plays an essential role in insulin secretion by transporting insulin granules to the plasma membrane. High glucose activates KIF5B to increase insulin secretion resulting in the cellular uptake of glucose. In order to prevent hypoglycemia, insulin secretion needs to be tightly controlled. Notably, it is known that KIF5B plays a role in microtubule sliding. This is important, as the authors described previously that beta cells establish a peripheral sub-membrane microtubule array, which is critical for the withdrawal of excessive insulin granules from the secretion sites. At high glucose, the sub-membrane microtubule array is destabilized to allow for robust insulin secretion. Here the authors aim to answer the question of how the peripheral array is formed. Based on the previously published data the authors hypothesize that KIF5B organizes the sub-membrane microtubule array via microtubule sliding.

General comment:<br /> This manuscript provides data that indicate that KIF5B, like in many other cells, mediates microtubule sliding in beta cells. This study is limited to in vitro assays and one cell line. Furthermore, the authors provide no link to insulin secretion and glucose uptake and the overall effects described are moderate. Finally, the overall effect of microtubule sliding upon glucose stimulation is surprisingly low considering the tight regulation of insulin secretion. Moreover, the authors state "the amount of MT polymer on every glucose stimulation changes only slightly, often undetectable.....In fact, we observe a prominent effect of peripheral MT loss only after a long-term kinesin depletion (three-four days)". This challenges the view that a KIF5B-dependent mechanism regulating microtubule sliding plays a major role in controlling insulin secretion.

Specific comments:<br /> 1) Notably, the authors have previously reported that high glucose-induced remodeling of microtubule networks facilitates robust glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. This remodeling involves the disassembly of old microtubules and the nucleation of new microtubules. Using real-time imaging of photoconverted microtubules, they report that high levels of glucose induce rapid microtubule disassembly preferentially in the periphery of individual β-cells, and this process is mediated by the phosphorylation of microtubule-associated protein tau. Here, they state that the sub-membrane microtubule array is destabilized via microtubule sliding. What is the relevance of the different processes?

2) On one hand the authors describe how KIF5B depletion prevents sliding and the transport of microtubules to the plasma membrane to form the sub-membrane microtubule array. This indicates KIF5B is required to form this structure. On the other hand, they describe that at high glucose concentration, KIF5B promotes microtubule sliding to destabilize the sub-membrane microtubule array to allow robust insulin secretion. This appears contradictory.

3) Previously, it has been shown that KIF5B induces tubulin incorporation along the microtubule shaft in a concentration-dependent manner. Moreover, running KIF5B increases microtubule rescue frequency and unlimited growth of microtubules. Notably, KIF5B regulates microtubule network mass and organization in cells (PMID: 34883065). Consequently, it appears possible that the here observed phenomena of changes in the microtubule network might be due to alterations in these processes.

4) The authors provide data that indicate that microtubule sliding is enhanced upon glucose stimulation. They conclude that these data indicate that microtubule sliding is an integral part of glucose-triggered microtubule remodeling. Yet, the authors fail to provide any evidence that this process plays a role in insulin secretion or glucose uptake.

5) The authors speculate that the sub-membrane microtubule array prevents the over-secretion of insulin. Would one not expect in this case a change in the distribution of insulin granules at the plasma membrane when this array is affected? Or after glucose stimulation? Notably, it has been reported that "the defects of β-cell function in KIF5B mutant mice were not coupled with observable changes in islet morphology, islet cell composition, or β-cell size" and "the subcellular localization of insulin vesicles was found to not be affected significantly by the decreased Kif5b level. The cytoplasm of both wild-type and mutant β-cells was filled with insulin vesicles. Insulin vesicle numbers per square μm were determined by counting all insulin vesicles in randomly photographed β-cells. More insulin granules were found in Kif5b knockout β-cells compared with control cells. This phenomenon is consistent with the observation that insulin secretion by β-cells is affected" whereby "Insulin vesicles (arrowheads) were distributed evenly in both mutant and control cells" (PMID: 20870970).

6) Does the sub-membrane microtubule array exist in primary beta cells (in vitro and/or in vivo) and how it is affected in KIF5B knockout mice?

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

Recently discovered extrachromosomal DNA (ecDNA) provides an alternative non-chromosomal means for oncogene amplification and a potent substrate for selective evolution of tumors. The current work aims to identify key genes whose expression distinguishes ecDNA+ and ecDNA- tumors and the associated processes to shed light on the biological mechanisms underlying ecDNA genesis and their oncogenic effects. While this is clearly an important question, the analysis and the evidence supporting the claims are weak. The specific machine learning approach seems unnecessarily convoluted, insufficiently justified and explained, and the language used by the authors conflates correlation with causality. This work points to specific GO processes associated (up and down) with ecDNA+ tumors, many of which are expected but some seem intriguing, such as association with DSB pathways. My specific comments are listed below.

A. The claim of identifying genes required to 'maintain' ecDNA+ status is not justified - predictive features are not necessarily causal.<br /> B. The methods and procedures to identify the key genes is hyperparameterized and convoluted and casts doubt on the robustness of the findings given the size and heterogeneity of the data.<br /> a. In the first two paragraphs of Boruta Analysis Methods section, authors describe an iterative procedure where in each iteration, a binomial p-value is computed for each gene based on number of iterations thus far in which the gene was selected (higher GINI index than max of shadow features). But then in the third paragraph they simply perform Random Forest in 200 random 80% of samples and pick a gene if it is selected in at least 10/200. It is ultimately not clear what was done. Why 10/200? Also "the probability that a gene is a "hit" or "non-hit" in each iteration is 0.5" is unclear. That probability is of a gene achieving GINI index higher than the max of shadow features. How can it be 0.5?<br /> b. The approach of combining genes with clusters is arbitrary. Why not start with clusters and evaluate each cluster (using some gene set summary score) for their ability to discriminate? Ultimately, one needs additional information to disambiguate correlated genes (i.e. in a co-expression cluster) in terms of causality.<br /> c. The cross-validation procedure is not clear at all. There is a mention of 80-20 split but exactly how/if the evaluation is done on the 20% is muddled. The way precision-recall procedure is also a bit convoluted - why not simply use the area under the PR curve?<br /> d. The claim is that Boruta genes are different from differentially expressed genes but the differential expression seems to be estimated without regards to cancer type, which would certainly be highly biased and misleading. Why not do a simple regression of gene expression by ecDNA status, cancer type and select the genes that show significant coefficient for ecDNA status?<br /> C. After identifying key features (which the authors inappropriate imply to be causal) they perform a series of enrichment/correlative analysis.<br /> a. It is known that ecDNA status associates with poor survival, and so are cell cycle related signal. Then the association between Boruta genes and those processes is entirely expected. Is it not? The same goes for downregulation of immune processes.<br /> b. The association with DSB specifically is interesting. Further analysis or discussion of why this should be would strengthen the work.<br /> c. On page 15, second paragraph, when providing the up versus down CorEx genes, please also provide up versus down for non-CorEx genes as well to get a sense of magnitude.<br /> d. The finding that Boruta genes are associated with high mutation burden is intriguing because in general mutation burden is associated with better survival and immunotherapy response. This counter-intuitive result should be scrutinized more to strengthen the work.<br /> e. On page 17 "12 of the 47 genes not specifically enriching any known GO biological Process" is confusing. How can individual gene enrich for a GO process?

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

Summary:<br /> In this study, the authors generate a Drosophila model to assess disease-linked allelic variants in the UBA5 gene. In humans, variants in UBA5 have been associated with DEE44, characterized by developmental delay, seizures, and encephalopathy. Here, the authors set out to characterize the relationship between 12 disease-linked variants in UBA5 using a variety of assays in their Drosophila Uba5 model. They first show that human UBA5 can substitute all essential functions of the Drosophila Uba5 ortholog, and then assess phenotypes in flies expressing the various disease variants. Using these assays, the authors classify the alleles into mild, intermediate, and severe loss-of-function alleles. Further, the authors establish several important in vitro assays to determine the impacts of the disease alleles on Uba5 stability and function. Together, they find a relatively close correlation between in vivo and in vitro relationships between Uba5 alleles and establish a new Drosophila model to probe the etiology of Uba5-related disorders.

Strengths:<br /> Overall, this is a convincing and well-executed study. There is clearly a need to assess disease-associated allelic variants to better understand human disorders, particularly for rare diseases, and this humanized fly model of Uba5 is a powerful system to rapidly evaluate variants and relationships to various phenotypes. The manuscript is well written, and the experiments are appropriately controlled.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

This work describes the induction of SIV-specific NAb responses in rhesus macaques infected with SIVmac239, a neutralization-resistant virus. Typically, host NAb responses are not detected in animals infected with SIVmac239. In this work, seventy SIVmac239-infected macaques were retrospectively screened for NAb responses and a subset of nine animals were identified as NAb-inducers. The viral genomes from 7/9 animals that induced NAb responses were found to encode nonsynonymous mutation in the Nef gene (amino acid G63E). In contrast, Nef G63E mutation was found only in 2/19 NAb non-inducers - implicating that the Nef G63E mutation is selected in NAb inducers. Measurement of Nef G63E frequencies in plasma viruses suggested that Nef G63E selection preceded NAb induction. Nef G63E mutation was found to mediate escape from Nef-specific CD8+ T-cell responses. To examine the functional phenotype of Nef G63E mutant, its effect on downmodulation of Nef-interacting host proteins was examined. Infection of rhesus and cynomolgus macaque CD4+ T cell lines with WT or Nef G63E mutant SIV suggested that Nef mutant reduces S473 phosphorylation of AKT. Using flow cytometry-based proximity ligation assay, it was shown that Nef G63E mutation reduced binding of Nef to PI3K p85/p110 and mTORC2 GβL/mLST8 and MTOR components - kinase complex responsible AKT-S473 phosphorylation. In vitro B-cell Nef invasion and in vivo imaging/flow cytometry-based assays were employed to suggest that Nef from infected cells can target Env-specific B cells. Lastly, it was determined that NAb inducers have significantly higher Env-specific B-cells responses after Nef G63E selection when compared to NAb non-inducers. Finally, a corollary was drawn between the Nef G63E-associated B-cell/NAb induction phenotype and activated PI3K delta syndrome (APDS), which is caused by activating GOF mutations in PI3K, to suggest that Nef G63E-meidated induction of NAb response is reciprocal to APDS.

Strengths:<br /> This study aims to understand the viral-host interaction that governs NAb induction in SIVmac239-infected macaques - this could enable identification of determinants important for induction of NAb responses against hard-to-neutralize tier-2/3 HIV variants. The finding that SIV-specific B-cell responses are induced following Nef G63E CD8+ T-cell escape mutant selection argue for an evolutionary trade-off between CTL escape and NAb induction. Exploitation of such a cellular-humoral immune axis could be important for HIV/AIDS vaccine efforts.

Although more validation and mechanistic basis are needed, the corollary between PI3K hyperactive signaling during autoimmune disorders and Nef-mediated abrogated PI3K signaling could help identify novel targets and modalities for targeting immune disorders and viral infections.

Weaknesses:<br /> Although the paper does have strengths in principle, the weaknesses of the paper are that the mechanistic basis of Nef-mediated induction of NAb responses are not directly examined. For example, it remains unclear whether SIVmac239 with engineered G63E mutation in Nef would induce faster and potent NAb responses. A macaque challenge study is needed to address this point.

As presented, the central premise of the paper involves infected cell-generated Nef (WT or G63E mutant) being targeted to adjacent Env-specific B cells. However, it remains unclear how this is transfer takes place. A direct evidence demonstrating CD4+ T cell-associated and/or cell-free Nef being transferred to B-cell is needed to address this concern.

The interaction between Nef and PI3K signaling components (p85, p110, GβL/mLST8, and MTOR) has been explored using PLA assay, however, this requires validation using additional biochemical and/or immunoprecipitation-based approaches. For example, is Nef (WT or mutant form) sufficient to affect PI3K-induced phosphorylation of Akt in an in vitro kinase assay? Moreover, the details regarding the binding events of WT vs mutant Nef with PI3K signaling components is lacking in this study. Lastly, it is unclear whether the interaction of Nef with PI3K signaling components is a conserved function of all primate lentiviruses or is this SIV-specific phenotype.

It has been previously reported that the region of Nef encoding glycine at position 63 is not conserved in HIV-1 (Schindler et al, Journal of Virology 2004). Thus, does HIV-1 Nef also function in induction of NAb responses in humans? or the observed phenotype specific to SIV?

Joint Public Review

In this manuscript, Karl et al. explore mechanisms underlying the activation of the receptor tyrosine kinase FGFR1 and stimulation of intracellular signaling pathways in response to FGF4, FGF8, or FGF9 binding to the extracellular domain of FGFR1. Quantitative binding experiments presented in the manuscript demonstrate that FGF4, FGF8, and FGF9 exhibit distinct binding affinities towards FGFRs. It is also proposed that FGF8 exhibits "biased ligand" characteristics that is manifested via binding and activation FGFR1 mediated by "structural differences in the FGF- FGFR1 dimers, which impact the interactions of the FGFR1 trans membrane helices, leading to differential recruitment and activation of the downstream signaling adapter FRS2".

In the absence of any structural experimental data of different forms of FGFR dimers stimulated by FGF ligands the model presents in the manuscript is speculative and misleading.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

The present study examined the physiological mechanisms through which impaired TG storage capacity in adipose tissues affects systemic energy homeostasis in mice. To accomplish this, the authors deleted DGAT1 and DGAT2, crucial enzymes for TG synthesis, in an adipocyte-specific manner. The authors found that ADGAT DKO mice substantially lost the adipose tissues and developed hypothermia when fasted; however, surprisingly, ADGAT KO mice were metabolically healthy on a high-fat diet. The authors found that it was accompanied by elevated energy expenditure, enhanced glucose uptake by the BAT, and enhanced browning of white adipose tissues. This unique animal model provided exciting opportunities to identify new mechanisms to maintain systemic energy homeostasis even in a compromised energy storage capacity. Overall, the data are compelling and support the conclusions of the paper. The manuscript is also clearly written.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

The manuscript presents a framework for studying biomechanical principles and their links to morphology and provides interesting insights into a particular question regarding terrestrial locomotion and speed. The goal of the paper is to derive general principles of directed terrestrial locomotion, speed, and symmetry.

Major strengths:<br /> The manuscript is a unique and creative work that explores performance spaces of a complicated question through computational modeling. Overall, the paper is well written and well crafted and was a pleasure to read.

The methods presented here (variable agents used to represent ultra-simplified body configurations that are not inherently constrained) are interesting and there's significant potential in them for a properly constrained question. For the data that is present here their hypotheses (while they can be anticipated from first principles) are very well validated and serve as a robust validation of these expectations and can help.

Of particular interest was the discussion of the transferability of morphologies designed under one system and moving to another. From a deep-time perspective, of particular interest is the transition from subaqueous to terrestrial locomotion which we know was a major earth life transition. The results of this study show that the best-suited morphologies for subaqueous movement are ill-suited (from a locomotor speed standpoint at least) to fully terrestrial locomotion which begs the question of if there are a suite of forms that have balanced performance in both and how that would differ from aquatic morphologies.

Major weaknesses:<br /> 1. There is a major disagreement between the target and parameters.

From a biomechanics perspective the target of this study, Directed Locomotion, is a fairly broad behavioral mode. However, what the authors are ultimately evaluating their model organisms on is a single performance parameter (speed, or distance traveled after 30s). Statements such as "bilateral symmetry showed to be a law-like pattern in animal evolution for efficient directed locomotion purposes" (p 12 line 365-366) are problematic for this reason.

Attaining the highest possible speed is a relevant but limited subset of ways one might interpret performance for directed locomotion. Efficiency, power generation, and limb loading/strain are equally relevant components.

The focus on speed coupled with selection for only the highest performing morphologies, rather than setting a minimum performance threshold, fundamentally restricts the dynamics of the system in a way that is not representative of their specified target and pulls the simulations toward a specific, anticipatable, result.

Locomotor efficiency is alluded to later in the manuscript as one of the observed outcomes, but speed is not equivalent to locomotor efficiency (in much the same way that it is not the sole metric for describing performance with respect to directed locomotion). Energy/work/power have not been accounted for in the manuscript so this is not a parameter this study weighs in on.

The data and analyses the others present do show an interesting validation of these methods in assessing first-order questions relating the shape of a single performance surface to a theoretical morphology, which has significant potential value.

2. There is a significant population and/or sample size and biasing.

Thirty simulations of a population of 101 morphologies seems small for a study of this kind, particularly looking to investigate such a broad question at an abstract level. Particularly when the top 50% of morphologies are chosen to mutate. It would be very easy for artificial biases to rapidly propagate through this system depending on the parameters bounding the formation of the initial generation.

This strong selection choosing the best 50 morphologies and mutating them enforces an aggressive effect that simulates an even more potent phylogenetic inertia than one might anticipate for an actual evolutionary history (it's no surprise then that all of the simulations were able to successfully retrieve a suite of morphotypes that recovered the performance peak for this system within 1500 generations).

Similarly, why is it that a 4^3 voxel limit was chosen? One can imagine that an increase in this voxel limit would allow for the development of more extreme geometries, which might be successful. It is likely that there might be computational resource constraints involved in this, it would be useful for the authors to add additional context here.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

Tomasi et al. performed a combination of bioinformatic, next-generation tRNA sequencing experiments to predict the set of tRNA modifications and their corresponding genes in the tRNAs of the pathogenic bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Long known to be important for translation accuracy and efficiency, tRNA modifications are now emerging as having regulatory roles. However, the basic knowledge of the position and nature of the modifications present in a given organism is very sparse beyond a handful of model organisms. Studies that can generate the tRNA modification maps in different organisms along the tree of life are good starting points for further studies. The focus here on a major human pathogen that is studied by a large community raises the general interest of the study. Finally, deletion of the gene mnmA responsible for the insertion of s2U at position 34 revealed defects in growth in macrophage but in test tubes suggesting regulatory roles that will warrant further studies. The conclusions of the paper are mostly supported by the data but the partial nature of the bioinformatic analysis and absence of Mass-Spectrometry data make it incomplete. The authors do not take advantage of the Mass spec data that is published for Mycobacterium bovis (PMID: 27834374) to discuss what they find.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

This manuscript represents an elegant bioinformatics approach to addressing causal pathways in vascular and liver tissue related to atherosclerosis/coronary artery disease, including those shared by humans and mice and those that are specific to only one of these species. The authors constructed co-expression networks using bulk transcriptome data from human (aorta, coronary) and mouse (aorta) vascular and liver tissue. They mapped human CAD GWAS data onto these modules, mapped GWAS SNPs to putatively causal genes, identified pathways and modules enriched in CAD GWAS hits, assessed those shared between vascular and liver tissues and between humans and mice, determined key driver genes in CAD-associated supersets, and used mouse single-cell transcriptome data to infer the roles of specific vascular and liver cell types. The overall approach used by the authors is rigorous and provides new insights into potentially causal pathways in vascular tissue and liver involved in atherosclerosis/CAD that are shared between humans and mice as well as those that are species-specific. This approach could be applied to a variety of other common complex conditions.

The conclusions are largely supported by the analyses. Some specific comments:

1. It appears that GWAS SNPs were mapped to genes solely through the use of eQTLs. Current methods involve a number of other complementary approaches to map GWAS SNPs to effector genes/transcripts and there is the thought that eQTLs may not necessarily be the best way to map causal genes.<br /> 2. Given the critical causal role of circulating apoB lipoproteins in atherosclerosis in both mice and humans and the central role of the liver in regulating their levels, perhaps the authors could use the 'metabolism of lipids and lipoproteins' network in Fig 3B as a kind of 'positive control' to illustrate the overlap between mice and humans and the driver genes for this network.<br /> 3. Is it possible to infer the directionality of effect of key driver genes and pathways from these analyses? For example, ACADM was found to be a KD gene for a human-specific liver CAD superset pathway involving BCAA degradation. Are the authors able to determine or predict the effect of genetically increased expression of ACADM on BCAA metabolism and on CAD? Or the directionality of the effect of the hepatic KD gene OIT3 on hepatic and plasma lipids and atherosclerosis.<br /> 4. While likely beyond the scope of this manuscript, the substantial amount of publicly available plasma proteomic and metabolomic data could be incorporated into this multiomic bioinformatic analysis. Many of the pathways involve secreted proteins or metabolites that would further inform the biology and the understanding of how these pathways relate to atherosclerosis.

The findings here will motivate the community of atherosclerosis investigators to pursue additional potential causal genes and pathways through computational and experimental approaches. It will also influence the approach around the use of the mouse model to test specific pathways and therapeutic approaches in atherosclerosis. In addition, the computational approach is robust and could (and likely will) be applied to a variety of other common complex conditions.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

First, I agree with the authors of this manuscript that conformational changes in the XFEL structures with 2.8 A resolution are not reliable enough for demonstrating the subtle changes in the electron transfer events in this bacterial photosynthesis system. Actually, the data statistics in the paper by Dods et al. showed that the high-resolution range of some of the XFEL datasets may include pretty high noise (low CC1/2 and high Rsplit) so the comparison of the subtle conformational changes of the structures is problematic.

The manuscript by Gai Nishikawa investigated time-dependent changes in the energetics of the electron transfer pathway based on the structures by Dods et al. by calculating redox potential of the active and inactive branches in the structures and found no clear link between the time-dependent structural changes and the electron transfer events in the XFEL structures published by Dods, R.et al. (2021). This study provided validation for the interpretation of the structures of those electron-transferring proteins.

The paper was well prepared.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

In this manuscript, Kubori and colleagues characterized the manipulation of the host cell GTPase Rab10 by several Legionella effector proteins, specifically members of the SidE and SidC family. They show that Rab10 undergoes both conventional ubiquitination and noncanonical phosphoribose-ubiquitination, and that this posttranslational modification contributes to the retention of Rab10 around Legionella vacuoles.

Strengths<br /> Legionella is an emerging pathogen of increasing importance, and dissecting its virulence mechanisms allows us to better prevent and treat infections with this organism. How Legionella and related pathogens exploit the function of host cell vesicle transport GTPases of the Rab family is a topic of great interest to the microbial pathogenesis field. This manuscript investigates the molecular processes underlying Rab10 GTPase manipulation by several Legionella effector proteins, most notably members of the SidE and SidC families. The finding that MavC conjugates ubiquitin to SdcB to regulate its function is novel, and sheds further light into the complex network of ubiquitin-related effectors from Lp. The manuscript is well written, and the experiments were performed carefully and examined meticulously.

Weaknesses<br /> Unfortunately, in its current form this manuscript offers only little additional insight into the role of effector-mediated ubiquitination during Lp infection beyond what has already been published. The enzymatic activities of the SidC and SidE family members were already known prior to this study, as was the importance of Rab10 for optimal Lp virulence. Likewise, it had previously been shown that SidE and SidC family members ubiquitinate various host Rab GTPases, like Rab33 and Rab1. The main contribution of this study is to show that Rab10 is also a substrate of the SidE and SidC family of effectors. What remains unclear is if Rab10 is indeed the main biological target of SdcB (not just 'a' target), and how exactly Rab10 modification with ubiquitin benefits Lp infection.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

This manuscript describes the transient proteolysis of several Nups during myogenesis due to activation of caspase 3, and how this "trimming" leads to defects in nuclear export. The authors show the NPC-related course of events during cellular differentiation and suggest mechanistic insights into exactly why this limited proteolysis is needed for myogenesis. In addition, the authors introduce a novel concept for caspase cellular function that might be worth investigating in the future. Overall, the authors present an elegant and interesting piece of work, performed at the usual superb quality of this group, and indeed the figures throughout the manuscript clearly show a very high level of experimental expertise.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

The authors revealed that spermatogonia-related genes (e.g., Plzf, Id4, Setdb1, Stra8, Tial1/Tiar, Bcas2, Ddx5, Srsf10, Uhrf1, and Bud31) were bound by SRSF1 in the mouse testes by Crosslinking immunoprecipitation and sequencing (CLIP-seq). Using Vasa-cre mouse line, the authors successfully evidenced that SRSF1 in the testis is essential for homing and self-renewal in mouse spermatogonial stem cells. Further evidence showed that SRSF1 directly binds and regulates the expression of Tial1/Tiar via AS to implement SSC homing and self-renewal. Immunoprecipitation mass spectrometry (IP-MS) data showed that the AS of SSC is regulated by SRSF1 coordinated with other RNA splicing-related proteins (e.g., SRSF10, SART1, RBM15, SRRM2, SF3B6, and SF3A2). The authors revealed the critical role of SRSF1-mediated AS in SSC homing and self-renewal, which may provide a framework to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of the posttranscriptional network underlying the formation of SSC pools and the establishment of niches. The experiments are well-designed and conducted, the overall conclusions are convincing. This work will be of interest to stem cell and reproductive biologists.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

The authors assess the accuracy of AlphaFold2 (AF2) structures for small molecule ligand pose prediction versus the accuracy with traditional template-based homology models and experimental crystal structures (with a different ligand). They take a careful, rigorous approach leveraging the wealth of structural data around the GPCR protein family and using state-of-the-art docking methods. They find that binding sites are significantly more accurately modeled by AF2 compared to traditional template-based approaches, but this does not translate to greater accuracy in small-molecule docking pose prediction. The important findings around this conclusion have broad implications for the use of AF2 models in ligand binding pose prediction for proteins and drug design.

Strengths:<br /> The strength of the work is the rigor and careful, thoughtful comparison that cleverly leverages the cut-off date of April 30th, 2018 used in the training of AF2. While the authors list their limited number of docking methods as a caveat, the fact that they use three state-of-the-art ligand docking methods is a strength of the work; many studies use just one. The rigorous analysis of the binding site RMSD and docked ligand pose RMSD is novel to my knowledge and is particularly insightful.

Weaknesses:<br /> The authors are rigorous in their approach by using state-of-the-art workflows that are high-throughput in nature. However, human expert-refined models and expert selection from multiple models could improve the results of ligand pose prediction when using protein models. The authors alluded to this for traditional models but this can also be true when starting from AF2 models. This is difficult to test systematically and rigorously, however. One possible experiment is to explore whether using multiple AF2 models (there are five by default) would have an effect on pose accuracy, perhaps for selected examples such as NK1R, 5HT2A, and DRD1 to help build out the discussion further. Another possible weakness is that the authors focus only on GPCRs for reasons they state but make a good argument as to why the conclusions are likely to extend to other protein classes.

Context:<br /> One of the most common and impactful uses of protein structures is in small molecule therapeutic chemical tool design. When no experimental structure is available, models are frequently used and such models include traditional template-based homology models and, more recently, AF2 models. AF2 is widely recognized as an inflection point in protein structure prediction due to the unprecedented accuracy of the protein structure models produced automatically. However, understanding whether this unprecedented accuracy translates to better small molecule ligand pose prediction has been an open question, and this study directly addresses the question in a systematic, rigorous approach.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

In this work, the authors set out to ask whether the MYRF family of transcription factors, represented by myrf-1 and myrf-2 in C. elegans, have a role in the temporally controlled expression of the miRNA lin-4. The precisely timed onset of lin-4 expression in the late L1 stage is known to be a critical step in the developmental timing ("heterochronic") pathway, allowing worms to move from the L1 to the L2 stage of development. Despite the importance of this step of the pathway, the mechanisms that control the onset of lin-4 expression are not well understood.

Overall, the paper provides convincing evidence that MYRF factors have a role in the regulation of lin-4 expression. However, some of the details of this role remain speculative, and some of the authors' conclusions are not fully supported by the studies shown. These limitations arise from three concerns. First, the authors rely heavily on a transcriptional reporter (maIs134) that is known not to contain all of the regulatory elements relevant for lin-4 expression. Second, the authors use mutant alleles with unusual properties that have not been completely characterized, making a definitive interpretation of the results difficult. Third, some conclusions are drawn from circumstantial or indirect evidence that does not use field-standard methods.

The authors convincingly demonstrate that the cytoplasmic-to-nuclear translocation of MYRF-1 coincides with the activation of lin-4 expression, making MYRF-1 a good candidate for mediating this activation. However, the evidence that MYRF-1 is required for the activation of lin-4 is somewhat incomplete. The authors provide convincing evidence that lin-4 activation fails in animals carrying the unusual mutation myrf-1(ju1121), which the authors describe as disrupting both myrf-1 and myrf-2 activity. The concern here is that it is difficult to rule out that ju1121 is not also disrupting the activity of other factors, and it does not disentangle the roles of myrf-1 and myrf-2. Partially alleviating this issue, they also find that expression from the maIs134 reporter is disrupted in putative myrf-1 null alleles, but making inferences from maIs134 about the regulation of endogenous lin-4 is problematic. Helpfully, an endogenous Crispr-generated lin-4 reporter allele is used in some studies, but only using the ju1121 allele. Together, these findings provide solid evidence that MYRF factors probably do have a role in lin-4 activation, but the exact roles of myrf-1 and myrf-2 remain unclear because of limitations of the unusual ju1121 allele and the use of the maIs134 reporter. The creative use of a conditional myrf-1 alleles (floxed and using the AID system) partially overcomes these concerns, providing strong evidence that myrf-1 acts cell-autonomously to regulate lin-4, though again, these key experiments are only carried out with the maIs134 transgene.

A second important question asked by the authors is whether MYRF activity is sufficient to activate lin-4 expression. The authors provide evidence that supports this idea, but this support is somewhat incomplete, because the authors rely partially on the maIs104 array and, more importantly, on mutant alleles of MYRF-1 that they propose are constitutively active but are not completely characterized here.

The authors also approach the question of whether MYRF-1 regulates lin-4 via direct interaction with its promoter. The evidence presented here is consistent with this idea, but it relies on indirect evidence involving genetic interactions between myrf-1 and the presence of multiple copies of the lin-4 promoter, as well as the detection of nuclear foci of MYRF-1::GFP in the presence of multiple copies of the lin-4 promoter. This is not the field-standard approach for testing this kind of hypothesis, and the positive control presented (using the TetR/TetO interaction) is unconvincing. Thus, the evidence here is consistent with the authors' hypothesis, but the studies shown are incomplete and do not represent a rigorous test of this possibility.

Finally, the authors ask whether MYRF factors have a role in the regulation of other miRNAs. The evidence provided (RNAseq experiments, validated by several reporter transgenes) solidly supports this idea, with the provision that it is not completely clear that ju1121 is disrupting only the activity of myrf-1 and myrf-2.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

In this paper, the authors investigated the localization and function of the protein Kelch 13 (K13) in Plasmodium falciparum. Mutations of K13 confer parasite resistance to artemisinin derivatives, the first-line treatment for malaria. Previous studies have shown that K13 is located at the cytostome - a structure that the parasite uses to take up hemoglobin - and that K13 mutations confer artemisinin resistance by dampening hemoglobin endocytosis. Digestion of host hemoglobin is thought to be essential for artemisinin activation through the production of haem. However, the exact function of K13 is currently unknown, and direct evidence for a role of K13 in the production of haem (and artemisinin activation) is missing.

The authors used fluorescent dextran to visualize endocytosis, and show an accumulation of dextran-positive structures colocalizing with GFP-tagged K13. They confirm the localization of K13 to cytostomes by immune-electron microscopy, showing that the protein is localized to the cytostomal collar. Using a genetic knock-sideways strategy, the authors show that mislocalization of K13 results in defects in cytostome formation and morphology, with the disappearance of the electron-dense cytostomal collar, as evidenced by serial block face scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron tomography. Finally, they provide direct evidence that K13 mislocalization leads to a decrease in haemoglobin digestion products, haem and hemozoin.

The paper is very well written and the work is very well performed, relying on a validated genetic approach and high-quality imaging. While conceptually the study does not bring many novel insights, the confirmation of K13 localization and, most importantly, the demonstration that K13 is required for cytostome formation and function constitute important pieces that consolidate the current model of artemisinin resistance. However, the exact role of K13 at the cytostomal collar remains undefined. Whether other proteins of the K13 compartments also play a role in cytostome formation remains to be determined. In addition, the study does not address whether the formation of abnormal cytostomes is also seen in artemisinin-resistant K13 mutant field isolates and is a general mechanism underlying resistance to artemisinin.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

This is a clear and rigorous study of intracranial EEG signals in the prefrontal cortex during a visual awareness task. The results are convincing and worthwhile, and strengths include the use of several complementary analysis methods and clear results. The only methodological weakness is the relatively small sample size of only 6 participants compared to other studies in the field. Interpretation weaknesses that can easily be addressed are claims that their task removes the confound of report (it does not), and claims of primacy in showing early prefrontal cortical involvement in visual perception using intracranial EEG (several studies already have shown this). Also the shorter reaction times for perceived vs not perceived stimuli (confident vs not confident responses) has been described many times previously and is not a new result.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

During the Covid19 pandemic, most cervical cancer screening programs were temporarily put on hold. The authors describe how Swedish health authorities dealt with this situation by implementing primary self-sampling and by launching a campaign with concomitant vaccination and screening. Besides, they show that the coverage of the screening program was one year after the start of the pandemic at pre-pandemic levels.

Strengths of the paper are the clear presentation of the steps taken by the Swedish health authorities and the high quality of the presented screening coverage data which could be obtained directly from the screening registry. However, the paper would benefit from more in-depth analyses because the presented data raise questions. The number of invitations was >30 percent lower in the first year of the pandemic (Figure 1), but the screening coverage was only 4-5 percent lower. In the second year of the pandemic (year 2021), coverage was back at pre-pandemic levels, but the role of primary self-sampling in restoring screening coverage is a bit unclear. It is obvious that primary self-sampling made it possible to invite women again for screening during the pandemic, but there is no data on acceptance of primary self-sampling. Besides, the increase in coverage in year 2021 was only 4% and it is not clear whether such a modest increase could also have been achieved without primary self-sampling. In addition to self-sampling, the authors describe the launch of a concomitant vaccination and screening campaign. This is an interesting initiative but the authors do not show data on the coverage of this campaign in the target age range.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

The study by Ramesh et al identifies key components that support presynaptic plasticity (PHP) at Drosophila glutamatergic synapses: an accepted model for their mammalian equivalents. Specifically, they identify that PHP relies on the antagonism between Spinophilin (Spn) and Syd-1 (a Rho GTPase activating protein) to dynamically alter F-actin (de)polymerisation to facilitate increased synaptic vesicle release, thus supporting PHP. A pull-down of Spn identifies additional proteins including Mical, the over-expression of which is sufficient to rescue the excessive actin stabilisation present in an Spn loss-of-function mutant. The studies relate the mechanistic understanding of Spn to aversive mid-term olfactory memory formation formed in the mushroom bodies.

Collectively, this study represents an important addition to the understanding of PHP and its involvement in the formation of memory. The experiments presented are carefully done and the conclusions drawn are appropriate. A potential criticism is that the study spans two big areas (PHP and memory) and that each may have been better considered as separate studies. However, this is a stylistic concern and not one that influences the insights presented by this study.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

Moises and Harel develop an impressive set of novel molecular tools in African turquoise killifish, which include hormone tagging by a self-cleavable fluorescent reporter, intramuscular electroporation for ectopic transgene expression and a doxycycline-inducible system. All these tools are per se fundamental technological innovations in killifish. The authors apply their advanced techniques to modulate growth and gonad development in killifish, showing that the methods work and that it is possible to modulate these fundamental developmental milestones through the use of their molecular tools.

Strengths:

The tools developed are effective, convincing and will likely be adopted as a reference for future work, beyond the field of peptide hormones. I congratulate the authors for their ingenuity and resourcefulness. The figures are clear and of high standard.

Weaknesses:

The manuscript does not obviously follow a question-driven flow and the authors do not make a compelling case about the necessity of developing such platform.<br /> The manuscript should be framed as a tool/resource, showcasing the interventions with gh and fshb to support the tool.

The manuscript is not thoroughly edited and the authors should check and review extensively for improvements to the use of English. Overall, I find a disconnect between the way in which the manuscript is written and the quality of the figures. While the figures have a very high quality standard, the Abstract, Introduction and Discussion are not doing justice to the work done.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

The usual strategy to combat antimicrobial drug resistance is to administer a combination of two drugs with distinct mechanisms. An alternative, however, would be to use two drugs that attack the same target, if resistance to one is incompatible with resistance to the other. The authors previously studied parasites resistant to the dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) inhibitor DSM265 through an E182D mutation and found that resistance to another inhibitor, IDI-6273, resulted in a reversion to wild-type. Here, they screened various other inhibitors and found that TCMDC-125334 is more active on DSM265-resistant parasites than the wild-type. In this case, however, it was possible for the parasites to become resistant to both inhibitors, either by increasing the copy number of DSM-265-resistant DHODH genes (with a C276Y mutation) or by the emergence of a different mutation. The selection of wild-type parasites with both compounds resulted in resistance but this took considerably longer than for either compound alone. (The actual frequency of double resistance emergence was not measured.)

Overall the results suggest that for DHODH, when pre-existing resistant parasites are selected with another inhibitor, the results will depend on both the initial mutation and the new inhibitor. The data are solid and convincing and suggest that DHODH has considerable scope for resistance development. The observations do have relevance for other inhibitors and/or enzyme drug targets. However from the data so far, the sweeping statements that the authors make concerning double resistance, in general, are not supported.

The formatting of the Figures requires some improvement and in some cases, more details of the statistical analyses are needed.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

This study applies state-of-the-art single-cell transcriptome analysis to investigate the nature of drug tolerance, a phenomenon distinct from drug resistance, and a problem of considerable importance in the treatment of C. albicans infections. The authors first show that their transcriptomics platform can reveal sub-populations of untreated cells that display distinct transcription profiles related to metabolic and stress responses that are coupled with cell cycle regulation. They note the consistency of these findings with previous work indicating connections between cell cycle phase and expression of genes related to stress responses and metabolism and argue that this validates their experimental approach, which relies on a complex statistical analysis of sparse data from a relatively small number of single cells. They then proceed to analyze drug-treated cells, mostly focusing on fluconazole (FCZ; which targets ERG11, thus disrupting sphingolipid biosynthesis and membrane integrity) and examining individual cells at 2-, 3-, and 6-days following treatment. Their primary finding is the identification of two major classes of cells, one of which they call the α response, characterized by high ribosomal protein (RP) gene expression and the absence of either heat shock or hyperosmotic stress gene expression as well as low expression of glycolytic, carbohydrate reserve pathway, and histone genes. The second survival state on day 2 (called the β response) instead displays low RP gene expression and high heat-shock stress response. Interestingly, the proportion of β cells clearly increases on day 3. In addition, responses to caspofungin (CSP) and rapamycin (RAPA) are examined and compared to FCZ or untreated cells. The main conclusion that the authors draw from their data is that the initial α response transitions to the β response, which is similar to a recently characterized ribosome assembly stress response (RASTR) in the budding yeast S. cerevisiae. They argue that the transcriptional state in α cells provokes the transition to the β state.

This manuscript presents an enormous amount of complex data whose significance will be difficult to evaluate for those (e.g., this reviewer) not immersed in the specialized analytical techniques used here. Taken at face value, however, the experimental findings are consistent with the authors' main conclusions. Nevertheless, and consistent with the complexity of the responses observed, there are many findings that remain to be explored in mechanistic detail and for which conclusions are less precise.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

The authors first show in simulated data that differences in the speed of the HRF are reflected in the power spectra of the BOLD signal obtained during oscillatory stimulation at different frequencies. They then identified voxels that were fast or slow responders in data obtained from the primary visual cortex and LGN during visual stimulation and found that the fast and slow groups exhibited the same differences in power spectra observed in the simulations. Moreover, resting state data obtained separately from the same areas also exhibited these spectral differences. In contrast, the onset time of a response to a breath hold was less able to differentiate between fast and slow voxels.

The combination of simulations and experiments in this work provides evidence that power spectra from rs-fMRI can provide information about the HRF in different locations across the brain. However, the simulated HRFs differ in amplitude and duration as well as latency, and all of these features can affect the power spectrum. The authors show that differences remain in the power spectra for amplitude-normalized HRFs, which strengthens their work. However, the entire premise of the work is that the actual HRFs in the brain can be modeled using the range of shapes that were simulated. As the authors point out, we know little about the actual HRF in much of the brain, and it may be that this model does not adequately represent HRFs in other regions. At a minimum, it would be useful to disentangle the effects of latency and duration of the response, in addition to amplitude, because with the current model early onset voxels also have shorter response durations. It is not hard to imagine that a brain area might have a rapid onset but a long duration of HRF, and the power spectrum in this case may look more like that of a slow responder. The current approach was validated in the visual system, which has been the basis for much of what we know about HRFs, and it may not be as accurate in other areas of the brain. This is admittedly a difficult issue to address, but merits consideration as a limitation.

Despite my skepticism of the general applicability of the technique, it remains a significant advance in understanding the variability of HRFs in the brain. The authors make a strong case that cerebrovascular reactivity as measured in response to a breath hold does not accurately capture all of the aspects of neurovascular coupling, an important finding. The work also clearly shows that differences in fALFF or other power-based metrics can reflect differences in neurovascular coupling rather than neural activity, something that is widely suspected but commonly ignored in the interpretation of fALFF data. We still have far to go to fully understand neurovascular coupling throughout the brain and under various conditions, and this manuscript contributes to our knowledge of how two investigative tools perform at the task.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

This careful study reports the importance of Rab12 for Parkinson's disease associated LRRK2 kinase activity in cells. The authors carried out a targeted siRNA screen of Rab substrates and found lower pRab10 levels in cells depleted of Rab12. It has previously been reported that LLOME treatment of cells breaks lysosomes and with time, leads to major activation of LRRK2 kinase. Here they show that LLOME-induced kinase activation requires Rab12 and does not require Rab12 phosphorylation to show the effect.

1. Throughout the text, the authors claim that "Rab12 is required for LRRK2 dependent phosphorylation" (Page 4 line 78; Page 9 line 153; Page 22 line 421). This is not correct according to Figure 1 Figure Supp 1B - there is still pRab10. It is correct only in relation to the LLOME activation. Please correct this error.

2. The authors conclude that Rab12 recruitment precedes that of LRRK2 but the rate of recruitment (slopes of curves in 3F and G) is actually faster for LRRK2 than for Rab12 with no proof that Rab12 is faster-please modify the text-it looks more like coordinated recruitment.

3. The title is misleading because the authors do not show that Rab12 promotes LRRK2 membrane association. This would require Rab12 to be sufficient to localize LRRK2 to a mislocalized Rab12. The authors DO show that Rab12 is needed for the massive LLOME activation at lysosomes. Please re-word the title.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

This manuscript provides novel and intriguing experiments that aim to elucidate the mechanical properties of the Reissner fiber (RF) and to probe its interactions with the motile cilia in the central canal of the spinal cord. Using in vivo imaging in larval zebrafish, the authors show that the RF is under tension and oscillates dorsoventrally. Importantly, ablation of the RF triggered retraction and relaxation of the fiber cut ends. The retraction speed depends on where the fiber was ablated, with fastest retraction in the rostral side, indicating that tension in the RF builds up rostrally. The authors, based on observations from live imaging of intact and ablated RF and central canal, conjecture that numerous ependymal motile monocilia, that are tilted caudally and interact frequently with the RF, contribute to RF heterogenous tension via weak interactions.

The work is important. The experiments are thorough and intricate. The findings are fascinating and open up the prospect for future investigations and models. I'm particularly curious as to what future experiments can be used to test the hypothesis put forward by the authors about the role of cilia-fiber interactions in the RF mechanical properties and function.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

The potential role of the CaMKII holoenzyme in synaptic information processing, storage, and spread has fascinated neuroscientists ever since it has been described that self-phosphorylation of CaMKII at T286 (pT286) can maintain the kinase in an activated state beyond the initial Ca2+ stimulus that induced kinase activation and pT286. The current study by Lučić et al utilizes biochemical and biophysical methods to re-examine two pT286 mechanisms and finds:<br /> (1) that a previously proposed activation-induced subunit exchange within the holoenzyme can not provide pT286 maintenance or propagation; and<br /> (2) that pT286 can occur not only within a holoenzyme but also between two holoenzymes, at least at sufficiently high concentrations.

For the observation regarding the subunit exchange, the authors go above and beyond to demonstrate that a previously proposed activation-induced subunit exchange does not actually occur in their hands and that the previous appearance of such a subunit exchange may instead be due to activation-induced interactions between the kinase domains of separate holoenzymes. This provides important clarification, as the imagination about the possible functions of this subunit exchange has been running wild in the literature.

By contrast, pT286 between holoenzymes at sufficiently high concentrations was largely predicted by the previously reported concentration-dependence of pT286 between monomeric truncated CaMKII (although these previous experiments did not rule out that such pT286 could have been excluded for intact full-length holoenzymes). Notably, the reaction rate reported here for pT286 between two holoenzymes is more than two orders of magnitude slower compared to the previously described rate of the pT286 reaction within a holoenzyme.

In summary, this study contains two somewhat disparate parts: (1) one technical tour-de-force to provide evidence that argues against activation-induced subunit exchange, which was a tremendous effort that provides influential novel information, and (2) another set of experiments showing the somewhat predictable potential for pT286 between holoenzymes, but without indication for the functional relevance of this rather slow reaction. Unfortunately, in the current/initial title of the manuscript, the authors chose to emphasize the weaker part of their findings.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

During NonREM sleep, two major oscillations, the slow oscillation (SO) and the sleep spindle, have been shown to interact, putatively to support memory consolidation. These oscillations and their interrelation have been shown to change during development. The authors reanalyse two datasets in children and adolescents. One is longitudinal, assessed at 8-11 years and 14-18 years, the other is cross-sectional, assessed at 5-6 years. The manuscript reports several interesting findings. They identify three types of spindles, canonical slow and fast spindles as well as "age adjusted" fast spindles. They show that fast spindles are modulated by the slow oscillation more in the older children and relate this improved modulation to a sleep-spindle maturation index. The authors use many highly complex data analysis tools and apply them to different transformations of the data, which they explain in great detail. The manuscript is written clearly although it is at times very technical. The findings could be highly interesting to the field of sleep research, as they nicely examine the developmental trajectory of spindles and their coupling to the SO. Although the manuscript makes use of two adequate samples of children and adolescents, they do not compare their findings to adults. In addition, the maturation index is not well justified and the authors could do more to show that the "age adjusted" fast spindles actually develop into fast spindles. The analysis also does not take sex into account, which could be affecting findings in puberty. In general, there are some analyses that could be added to make the findings clearer. For example, it would be great to show averages of the detected spindles to show how they may or may not differ. More descriptive data in form of figures would also help readers understand the complex analyses that are reported (i.e., spectrogram and SO phase locked activity in the spindle bands). Finally, children have been reported to have superior declarative memory consolidation, which itself has been closely linked to spindle-SO coupling. It would be great to have a more broad discussion, how the current findings are related to other developmental changes in the field of sleep (and memory).

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

The authors used pan-cancer Standardized Incidence Ratio analyses and Mendelian Randomization analysis to reach the causal relationships between first primary cancers and second primary cancers, proving that a primary cancer may cause another type of primary cancer. The results supported that pharynx cancer, ovary cancer, kidney cancer may cause non-Hodgkin lymphoma, soft tissue cancer, lung cancer and myeloma, respectively. This research provides a useful direction for further elucidation of profound mechanisms of secondary primary tumors, and guide the community to attach importance to the prevention of secondary primary tumors. According to previous researches, the number of patients with multiple primary cancers is growing rapidly and second solid tumors are a leading cause of mortality among several populations of long-term survivors, which shed light on the significance of this work.

The methods of the work are logically rigorous, which revealed the incidence relationship among numerous types of cancers using SEER database analyses and further confirmed the causal relationship between first primary cancers and second primary cancers through MR analysis utilizing GWAS as an exposure database and UK Biobank as an outcome database. Then, 2 outlier-detected methods were used and validate the harmonization between SIR and MR analyses, making the results more solid.

Nonetheless, SEER SIR analyses might be affected by confounding factors of screening and did not represent the whole population. In addition, too few SNPs were included in part of cancer types mentioned in the research, such as larynx, stomach and male breast cancer.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

For a gaseous therapeutic agent such as NO, delivery to the site and release to the injured area are both required for efficacy. Previous work has focused on hydrogels for delivery. The authors engineered a combined gene/cell therapy plus a pharmaceutical approach to NO delivery. Engineered MSC produced a mutant beta-galactosidase (B-GALH363A) that when a prodrug is administered, will release NO locally.

One can imagine applications involving such a novel concept for gaseous signaling molecule delivery to include other kinds of cells, other prodrugs, other gaseous agents, and other injury types. In this elegant study, the concept has been explored deeply in one potential application, making it a landmark contribution to the field of regenerative medicine.

Limitations of the current study are that the mice utilized were C57/Bl6 females, the most resistant sex and strain to kidney injury. Another limitation is the use of human placental MSCs only; as such we do not know if other MSCs will perform equally well.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

The Authors of this study have investigated the consequence of knocking out protein 4.1B on hippocampal interneurons. They observed that in 4.1B KO mice, the myelinization of axons of PV and SST interneurons was altered. In addition, the molecular organization of the nodal, heminodal, and juxtaparanodal parts of the interneuron axons was disrupted in 4.1B KO mice. Further, the authors found some changes in spiking features of SST, but not PV interneurons as well as synaptic inhibition recorded in CA1 pyramidal cells. Lastly, 4.1B KO mice showed some impairment in spatial memory.

Strengths<br /> One of the strengths of this MS is the multilevel approach to the question of how myelinization of interneuron axons can contribute to hippocampal functions. Further, the cell biological results support the claim of the reorganization of channel distributions at axonal nodes.

Weaknesses<br /> 1. Although the authors acknowledge that SST is expressed in different GABAergic cell types in the hippocampus, they claim that OLM cells, which express SST are subject to changes in 4.1B KO mice. However, this claim is not supported by data. Both OLM cells and GABAergic projection cells expressing SST have many long-running axons in the stratum radiatum, where the investigations have been conducted (e.g. Gulyas et al., 2003; Jinno et al., 2007). Thus, the SST axons can originate from any of these cell types. In addition, both these GABAergic cells have a sag in their voltage responses upon negative current injections (e.g. Zemankovics et al., 2010), making it hard to separate these two SST inhibitory cell types based on the single-cell features. In summary, it would be more appropriate to name the sampled interneurons as SST interneurons. Alternatively, the authors may want to label intracellularly individual interneurons to visualize their dendrites and axons, which would allow them to verify that the de-myelinization occurs along the axons of OLM cells, but not SST GABAergic projection neurons.

2. Although both the cellular part and the behavioral part are interesting, there is no link between them at present. The changes observed in spatial memory tests may not be caused by the changes in the axonal de-myelinization of hippocampal interneurons. Such a claim can be made only using rescue experiments, since changes in 4.1B KO mice leading to behavioral alterations may occur i) in other cell types and ii) in other regions, which have not been investigated.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

Summary:<br /> In this manuscript, the authors use ATAC-seq to find regions of the genome of rat embryonic striatal neurons in culture that show changes in regulatory element accessibility following stimulation by KCl-mediated membrane depolarization. The authors compare 1hr and 4hr transcriptomes to see both rapid and late response genes. When they look at ATAC-seq data they see no changes in accessibility at 1hr but strong changes at 4hr. The differentially accessible sites were enriched for the AP-1 site, suggesting regulation by Fos-Jun family members, and consistent with the requirement for IEG expression, anisomycin blocked the increase in accessibility. To test the functional importance of this regulation the authors focus on a putative enhancer 45kb upstream of the activity-induced gene encoding the neuromodulator dynorphin (Pdyn). To test the function of this region, the authors recruited CRISPRi to the site, which blocked KCL-dependent Pdyn induction, or CRISPRa, which selectively increased Pdyn expression in the absence of KCl. Finally, the authors reanalyze other human and rat datasets to show cell-type specific function of this enhancer correlated to Pdyn expression.

Strengths:<br /> The idea that stimuli that induce expression of Fos in neurons can change the accessibility of regulatory elements bound from Fos has been shown before, but almost all the data are from hippocampal neurons so it is nice to see the different cell type used here. The most interesting part of the study is the identification of the Pdyn enhancer because of the importance of this gene product in the function of striatal neurons. Overall the conclusions appear to be well supported by the data.

Weaknesses:<br /> The timing and the location of the accessibility changes are meaningfully different from other similar studies, which should be discussed. The authors provide good data for the function of a single enhancer near Pdyn, but could contextualize this with respect to other regulatory elements nearby.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

Midbrain dopamine neurons have attracted attention as a part of the brain's reward system. A different line of research, on the other hand, has shown that these neurons are also involved in higher cognitive functions such as short-term memory. However, these neurons are thought not to encode short-term memory itself because they just exhibit a phasic response in short-term memory tasks, which cannot seem to maintain information during the memory period. To understand the role of dopamine neurons in short-term memory, the present study investigated the electrophysiological property of these neurons in rodents performing a T-maze version of short-term memory task, in which a visual cue indicated which arm (left or right) of the T-maze was associated with a reward. The animal needed to maintain this information while they were located between the cue presentation position and the selection position of the T-maze. The authors found that the activity of some dopamine neurons changed depending on the information while the animals were located in the memory position. This dopamine neuron modulation was unable to explain the motivation or motor component of the task. The authors concluded that this modulation reflected the information stored as short-term memory.

I was simply surprised by their finding because these dopamine neurons are similar to neurons in the prefrontal cortex that store memory information with a sustained activity. Dopamine neurons are an evolutionally conserved structure, which is seen even in insects, whereas the prefrontal cortex is developed mainly in the primate. I feel that their findings are novel and would attract much attention from readers in the field. But the authors need to conduct additional analyses to consolidate their conclusion.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

Main contributions / strengths

The authors propose a process to improve the ground truth segmentation of fetal brain MRI via a semi-supervised approach based on several iterations of manual refinement of atlas label propagations. This procedure represents an impressive amount of work, likely resulting in a very high-quality ground truth dataset. The corrected labels (obtained from multiple different datasets) are then used to train the final model which performs the brain extraction and tissue segmentation tasks. We also acknowledge the caution paid by the authors regarding the future application of their pipeline to unseen datasets.

The conclusions of this paper are mostly well supported by data, but some aspects of the analysis and validation procedure need to be clarified and extended. In addition, the article would greatly benefit from providing further descriptions of crucial aspects of the study.

Main limitations and potential improvements

1) New nomenclature/atlas not sufficiently described/justified.

The proposed nomenclature and atlas are one of the main contributions of this work. We clearly acknowledge the importance for the community of such a contribution. The definition of any nomenclature implies that decisions were taken regarding the acceptable level of ambiguity in the identification of the boundary between neighboring anatomical structures with respect to the gradient in the intensities in the MRI. It is acceptable (and probably inevitable) to set relatively arbitrary criteria in ambiguous regions, providing that these criteria are explicitly stated. The explicit statement of the decisions taken is essential in particular for better interpretation of residual segmentation inaccuracies in application studies.

As a matter of comparison, the postnatal atlas and nomenclature were based on the Albert protocol, which is described in extensive detail. While such a complete description might fall beyond the scope of this work, we believe that an additional description of the nomenclature and protocol, allowing reproduction the manual segmentation on external datasets is required, at least for most ambiguous junctions between structures. For instance, the boundaries across substructures within the DGM are difficult to visualize on the exemplar subjects shown in Fig. 5 and Fig. 6.

Please provide additional precision on how the following were defined: boundaries between lateral ventricles and cavum; between cavum and CSF; the delineation of 3rd and 4th ventricles; the definition of the vermis, especially its junctions with the cerebellum and the brainstem.<br /> How are these boundaries impacted by the changes in the image intensities related to tissue maturation?

We would also greatly appreciate an extension of the qualitative comparison with the two most commonly used protocols (Albert and FETA), for instance, why didn't the authors isolate the hippocampus/amygdala structure? And then how is the boundary between gray and white matter defined in this region?

2) More detailed comparison with FETA for some structures would be informative despite obvious limitations.

More specifically, the GM should have a very similar definition. In the "Impact of anomalies' section (page 7) the authors compare their results with the dice score from the FETA challenge and conclude that the difference "highlights the advantages of using high-quality consistent ground truth labels for training". The better performances (from ~0.78 to ~0.88) might be mostly due to the improvement of the ground truth (of the test set). This could be confirmed by observing the ground truth from FETA of the GM for a few cases for which the dice shows a strong increase in performance with respect to FETA. Note that the gain in performance is appreciable even if it is due to a better ground truth.

3) Improvement of the ground truth labels is an important contribution of this work, thus we would appreciate a more quantitative description of the impact of the manual correction, such as reporting the change in the dice score induced by the correction.

Quantification of the refinement process would help to better evaluate the relevance of the proposed approach in future studies e.g. introducing a different nomenclature. More specifically, a marked change would be expected after the first training when there is a switch (and refinement) from the registration-propagated labels to the ones predicted by the DL model (as shown in Fig. 5, the changes are quite strong). Again a dice score indicating quantitatively how much improvement results from each iteration would be informative. In the same line, is the last iteration of this process needed or did the authors observe a 'stabilization' (i.e. less manual editing needing to be performed)?

4) The testing / training data-splitting strategy is not sufficiently detailed and difficult to follow. The following points deserve clarification:

a) Why did the authors select only four sites for the test set (out of six studies presented in the 3.1 section)?

b) Data used for training: in the first step the authors selected 200 for label propagation and selected only the best 100. In the second stage, the predictions are computed for all training/validation sets (380) and only 200 are selected. When the process was iterated, why did the authors select only 200 out of the 380? Are the same subjects selected across iterations?<br /> Were the acquisition parameters / gestational age controlled for each selection? If yes please specify the distributions precisely.

Did the authors control the potential imbalanced proportion that is present in the dataset (more subjects from dHCP for instance)? (line 316, 100 subjects were selected from only three centers. Why only three? Did the authors keep the same sub-site for other stages?)

c) "The testing dataset includes 40 randomly selected images from four different acquisition protocols" which shows that attention was paid to variations in the scanning parameters, which is of crucial importance. However, no precision is provided regarding the gestational age of this dataset, which impedes the interpretation since a potential influence of age on the accuracy of the segmentation would be problematic. Indeed, the authors mention that the manual correction deserved special attention for late GA (>34 weeks). Please specify precisely the age distribution across the 10 subjects of each of the four acquisition protocols. In addition, the qualitative results shown in Fig.6 and subsection "Impact of GA at scan" are not sufficient and an additional result table reporting the same population and metrics as in Table 2, but dissociating younger versus older fetuses, would be much more informative to rule out potential bias related to gestational age.

d) The definition of the ground truth labels for the test set is not described.

We understand (from the result) that the ground truth for the test set is defined by manual refinement of the atlas label propagated. This should be explicitly described on page 5 after the "Preparation of training datasets" section.

5) The validation of segmentation accuracy based on the volumetry growth chart is invalid.

In Section "4.3. Growth charts of normal fetal brain development", since manual corrections were involved, the reported results cannot be considered as a validation of the segmentation pipeline. Regarding the validation of the segmentation pipeline, the quantitative and qualitative results provided in Table 2 and the corresponding text and figures seem sufficient to us (providing our concerns above are addressed, especially regarding the impact of the gestational age).

The growth charts are still valuable to support the validity of the nomenclature and segmentation protocol, but then why are the growth charts computed only for some structures? Reporting the growth chart and statistical evaluation of the impact of acquisition settings using ANCOVA for all the substructures from the proposed protocol would be expected here, in particular for the structures for which the delineation might be ambiguous such as the cavum, the vermis, and DGM substructures such as the thalamus.

Finally, please provide further details on the type and amount of manual correction needed for computing the growth charts.

6) MRI data was acquired only on Phillips scanners.

We acknowledge the efforts to maximize heterogeneity in the MRIs,e.g. with both 1.5T and 3T scanners, variations in TE and image resolution, but still, all MRIs included in this study were acquired using the SSTSE sequence on Phillips scanners. The study does not include any MRI acquired on Siemens nor GE scanners, and no image was acquired using the balance-FFE/TRUFISP/FIESTA type sequence. This might limit generalizability.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

While there are many models for sequence retrieval, it has been difficult to find models that vary the speed of sequence retrieval dynamically via simple external inputs. While recent works [1,2] have proposed some mechanisms, the authors here propose a different one based on heterogeneous plasticity rules. Temporally symmetric plasticity kernels (that do not distinguish between the order of pre and post spikes, but only their time difference) are expected to give rise to attractor states, asymmetric ones to sequence transitions. The authors incorporate a rate-based, discrete-time analog of these spike-based plasticity rules to learn the connections between neurons (leading to connections similar to Hopfield networks for attractors and sequences). They use either a parametric combination of symmetric and asymmetric learning rules for connections into each neuron, or separate subpopulations having only symmetric or asymmetric learning rules on incoming connections. They find that the latter is conducive to enabling external inputs to control the speed of sequence retrieval.

Strengths:<br /> The authors have expertly characterised the system dynamics using both simulations and theory. How the speed and quality of retrieval varies across phases space has been well-studied. The authors are also able to vary the external inputs to reproduce a preparatory followed by an execution phase of sequence retrieval as seen experimentally in motor control. They also propose a simple reinforcement learning scheme for learning to map the two external inputs to the desired retrieval speed.

Weaknesses:<br /> 1. The authors translate spike-based synaptic plasticity rules to a way to learn/set connections for rate units operating in discrete time, similar to their earlier work in [5]. The bio-plausibility issues of learning in [5] carry over here, for e.g. the authors ignore any input due to the recurrent connectivity during learning and effectively fix the pre and post rates to the desired ones. While the learning itself is not fully bio-plausible, it does lend itself to writing the final connectivity matrix in a manner that is easier to analyze theoretically.

2. While the authors learn to map the set of two external input strengths to speed of retrieval, they still hand-wire one external input to the subpopulation of neurons with temporally symmetric plasticity and the other external input to the other subpopulation with temporally asymmetric plasticity. The authors suggest that these subpopulations might arise due to differences in the parameters of Ca dynamics as in their earlier work [29]. How these two external inputs would connect to neurons differentially based on the plasticity kernel / Ca dynamics parameters of the recurrent connections is still an open question which the authors have not touched upon.

3. The authors require that temporally symmetric and asymmetric learning rules be present in the recurrent connections between subpopulations of neurons in the same brain region, i.e. some neurons in the same brain region should have temporally symmetric kernels, while others should have temporally asymmetric ones. The evidence for this seems thin. Though, in the discussion, the authors clarify 'While this heterogeneity has been found so far across structures or across different regions in the same structure, this heterogeneity could also be present within local networks, as current experimental methods for probing plasticity only have access to a single delay between pre and post-synaptic spikes in each recorded neuron, and would therefore miss this heterogeneity'.

4. An aspect which the authors have not connected to is one of the author's earlier work:<br /> Brunel, N. (2016). Is cortical connectivity optimized for storing information? Nature Neuroscience, 19(5), 749-755. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.4286<br /> which suggests that the experimentally observed over-representation of symmetric synapses suggests that cortical networks are optimized for attractors rather than sequences.

Despite the above weaknesses, the work is a solid advance in proposing an alternate model for modulating speed of sequence retrieval and extends the use of well-established theoretical tools. This work is expected to spawn further works like extending to a spiking neural network with Dale's law, more realistic learning taking into account recurrent connections during learning, and experimental follow-ups. Thus, I expect this to be an important contribution to the field.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

This study explores whether the extreme polygenicity of common traits can be explained in part by competition among genes for limiting molecular resources (such as RNA polymerases) involved in gene regulation. The authors hypothesise that such competition would cause the expression levels of all genes that utilise the same molecular resource to be correlated and could thus, in principle, partly explain weak trans-regulatory effects and the observation of highly polygenic architectures of gene expression. They study this hypothesis under a very simple model where the same molecule binds to regulatory elements of a large number m of genes, and conclude that this gives rise to trans-regulatory effects that scale as 1/m, and which may thus be negligible for large m.

The main limitation of this study lies in the details of the mathematical analysis, which does not adequately account for various small effects, whose magnitude scales inversely with the number m of genes that compete for the limiting molecular resource. In particular, the fraction of "free" molecule (which is unbound to any of the genes) also scales as 1/m, but is not accounted for in the analysis, making it difficult to assess whether the quantitative conclusions are indeed correct. Second, the questions raised in this study are better analysed in the framework of a sensitivity or perturbation analysis, i.e., by asking how *changes* in expression level or binding affinity at one gene (rather than the total expression level or total binding affinity) affect expression level at other genes.

Thus, while the qualitative conclusion that resource competition in itself is unlikely to mediate trans-regulatory effects and explain highly polygenic architectures of gene expression traits probably holds, the mathematical reasoning used to arrive at this conclusion requires more care.

In my opinion, the potential impact of this kind of analysis rests at least partly on the plausibility of the initial hypothesis- namely whether most molecular resources involved in gene regulation are indeed "limiting resources". This is not obvious, and may require a careful assessment of existing evidence, e..g., what is the concentration of bound vs. unbound molecular species (such as RNA polymerases) in various cell types?

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

This study presents a genetic and molecular analysis of the role of the cytoplasmic ub ligase Deltex (Dx) in regulating the Drosophila Wingless (Wg) pathway in the larval wing disc. The study exploits the strength of the fly system to uncover a series of genetic interactions between dx and wg and fz allele that support a role for Dx upstream of the Wg pathway. These are paired with molecular evidence that dx lof alleles lower Wg protein in 'source' cells at the DV margin, and that Dx associates with Arm and lowers its levels in a manner that can be rescued by pharmacological inhibition of the proteasome. The genetic data are solid but subject to alternative explanations based on the authors' model that Dx both inhibits and activates the pathway, and the published link between Dx and its target Notch, which regulates wg transcription. The molecular data are suggestive but need follow-up tests of the model to prove that Dx mediates poly-ub of Arm, and the degree to which Dx shares this role with the validated Arm E3 ligase Slmb. Overall, the story is very interesting but has mechanistic gaps that lead to speculative models that require more rigorous study to clarify the mechanism. Dx sharing a role in Arm degradation with the Slmb/APC destruction would have important implications for the many Wg/Wnt regulated processes in development and disease.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

Wang et al have constructed a comprehensive single nucleus atlas for the gills of the deep sea Bathymodioline mussels, which possess intracellular symbionts that provide a key source of carbon and allow them to live in these extreme environments. They provide annotations of the different cell states within the gills, shedding light on how multiple cell types cooperate to give rise to the emergent functions of the composite tissues and the gills as a whole. They pay special attention to characterizing the bacteriocyte cell populations and identifying sets of genes that may play a role in their interaction with the symbiotes.

Wang et al sample mussels from 3 different environments: animals from their native methane-rich environment, animals transplanted to a methane-poor environment to induce starvation, and animals that have been starved in the methane-poor environment and then moved back to the methane-rich environment. They demonstrated that starvation had the biggest impact on bacteriocyte transcriptomes. They hypothesize that the upregulation of genes associated with lysosomal digestion leads to the digestion of the intracellular symbiont during starvation, while the non-starved and reacclimated groups more readily harvest the nutrients from symbiotes without destroying them.

Strengths:<br /> This paper makes available a high-quality dataset that is of interest to many disciplines of biology. The unique qualities of this non-model organism and the collection of conditions sampled make it of special interest to those studying deep sea adaptation, the impact of environmental perturbation on Bathymodioline mussels populations, and intracellular symbiotes. The authors do an excellent job of making all their data and analysis available, making this not only an important dataset but a readily accessible and understandable one.

The authors also use a diverse array of tools to explore their data. For example, the quality of the data is augmented by the use of in situ hybridizations to validate cluster identity and KEGG analysis provides key insights into how the transcriptomes of bacteriocytes change.

The authors also do a great job of providing diagrams and schematics to help orient non-mussel experts, thereby widening the audience of the paper.

Weaknesses:<br /> One of the main weaknesses of this paper is the lack of coherence between the images and the text, with some parts of the figures never being referenced in the body of the text. This makes it difficult for the reader to interpret how they fit in with the author's discussion and assess confidence in their analysis and interpretation of data. This is especially apparent in the cluster annotation section of the paper.

Another concern is the linking of the transcriptomic shifts associated with starvation with changes in interactions with the symbiotes. Without examining and comparing the symbiote population between the different samples, it cannot be concluded that the transcriptomic shifts correlate with a shift to the 'milking' pathway and not other environmental factors. Without comparing the symbiote abundance between samples, it is difficult to disentangle changes in cell state that are due to their changing interactions with the symbiotes from other environmental factors.

Additionally, conclusions in this area are further complicated by using only snRNA-seq to study intracellular processes. This is limiting since cytoplasmic mRNA is excluded and only nuclear reads are sequenced after the organisms have had several days to acclimate to their environment and major transcriptomic shifts have occurred.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

This paper looks at nutrient-responsive Ca++ flux in islet cells of eight genetically diverse mouse strains. The investigators correlate Ca++ flux with insulin secretory capacity, demonstrating that calcium parameters in response to different nutrients are a better predictor of insulin secretory capacity than average calcium. They also correlate Ca++ flux with previously collected islet protein abundance followed by integration with human genome-wide association studies. This integration allows them to identify a sub-set of proteins that are both relevant to human islet function and that may play a causal role in regulating islet Ca++ oscillations. All data have been deposited in a searchable public database. There are many strengths to this paper. To my knowledge, this is the first work to assess the genetics of nutrient-responsive Ca++ flux in islets. Given the importance of Ca++ for beta cell insulin secretion, this work is of high importance. Investigators also use the founders of two powerful genetic mouse models: the diversity outbred and collaborative cross, opening up several avenues of future research into the genetics of Ca++ flux. By looking at multiple parameters of Ca++ flux, investigators are able to start to understand which parameters may be driving low or high insulin secretion. Integration with protein abundance and human GWAS has allowed identification of proteins with known roles in insulin secretory capacity, as well as several novel regulators, again opening up several avenues of future research. Finally, the public database is likely to be useful to multiple investigators interested in following up specific protein targets or in conducting future genetic studies.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

This work aims to evaluate the use of pressure insoles for measurements that are traditionally done using force platforms in the assessment of people with knee osteoarthritis and other arthropathies. This is vital for providing an affordable assessment that does not require a fully equipped gait lab as well as utilizing wearable technology for personalized healthcare.

Towards these aims, the authors were able to demonstrate that individual subjects can be identified with high precision using raw sensor data from the insoles and a convolutional neural network model. The authors have done a great job creating the models and combining an already available public dataset of force platform signals and utilizing them for training models with transferable ability to be used with data from pressure insoles. However, there are a few concerns, regarding substantiating some of the goals that this manuscript is trying to achieve.

In addressing these concerns, if the results are further corroborated using the suggestions provided to the authors, this provides an exciting tool for identifying an individual's gait patterns out of a cluster of data, which is extremely useful for providing identifiable labels for personalized healthcare using wearable technologies.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

This is a well-written manuscript addressing a fundamental question regarding the functional organization of spinal circuits controlling the execution of locomotor movements. The authors take advantage of the power of mouse genetics to exploit the expression of Hes2 to study the function of the whole population of V2 interneurons. Previous studies could only focus on either the excitatory V2a or inhibitory V2b subpopulations. Here, by combining two different genetic manipulations based on either silencing or acute ablation of V2 interneurons with rigorous functional analysis the authors showed that V2 interneurons can act together to control interlimb coordination and antagonistically to regulate joint movements. The data are convincing and properly analyzed, the conclusions are in line with the results, and the limitations of the study are appropriately addressed. The discussion nicely frames the work in a conceptual framework that takes into account the current literature on the mode of operation of spinal motor circuits. There are a few weaknesses that should be addressed and would further improve what is already a very nice study.

1) While previous work from the authors has consistently shown the validity and reliability of these neuronal silencing and ablation approaches, the study presents no data showing the efficiency and specificity of these genetic manipulations. These are critical parameters for interpreting the results and should be presented, especially considering that the strategies employed are susceptible to the limitations of a lineage-tracing approach. These data would also be important for the discussion section to interpret the differences between the two genetic models and could address some of the options proposed by the authors, as well as the possibility of incomplete and/or unexpected recombination.

2) The authors suggest that the changes in interlimb coordination are "consistent with mice keeping the limbs closer to the body, limiting forward movements in the attempt to preserve body stability". A common reaction to body instability in quadrupeds is a widening of the limbs to lower the center of gravity: limbs are positioned further away from the body. Not quite sure whether I would be so certain of the interpretation that the observed phenotypes are due to body/postural instability. It is possible that the changes in gait are just a direct consequence of the inactivation of V2 interneurons. To clarify this issue, it could be useful to test whether other features of postural control are affected by perturbation of V2 neurons, for example, swimming and rearing analyses would provide interesting insights.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

In this manuscript, Gruber et al perform serial EM sections of the antennal lobe and reconstruct the neurites innervating two types of glomeruli - one that is narrowly tuned to geosmin and one that is broadly tuned to other odours. They quantify and describe various aspects of the innervations of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs), uniglomerlular projection neurons (uPNs), and the multiglomerular Local interneurons (LNs) and PNs (mPNs). They find that narrowly tuned glomeruli had stronger connectivity from OSNs to PNs and LNs, and considerably more connections between sister OSNs and sister PNs than the broadly tuned glomeruli. They also had less connectivity with the contralateral glomerluli. These observations are suggestive of strong feed-forward information flow with minimal presynaptic inhibition in narrowly tuned gomeruli, which might be ecologically relevant, for example, while making quick decisions such as avoiding a geosmin-laden landing site. In contrast, information flow in more broadly tuned glomeruli show much more lateralisation of connectivity to the contralateral glomerulus, as well as to other ipsilateral glomeruli.

The data are well presented, the manuscript clearly written, and the results will be useful to the olfaction community. I wonder, given the hemibrain and FAFB datasets exist, whether the authors have considered verifying whether the trends they observe in connectivity hold across three brains? Is it stereotypic?

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

This paper aims to explain recent experimental results that showed deactivating the PPC in rats reduced both the contraction bias and the recent history bias during working memory tasks. The authors propose a two-component attractor model, with a slow PPC area and a faster WM area (perhaps mPFC, but unspecified). Crucially, the PPC memory has slow adaptation that causes it to eventually decay and then suddenly jump to the value of the last stimulus. These discrete jumps lead to an effective sampling of the distribution of stimuli, as opposed to a gradual drift towards the mean that was proposed by other models. Because these jumps are single-trial events, and behavior on single events is binary, various statistical measures are proposed to support this model. To facilitate this comparison, the authors derive a simple probabilistic model that is consistent with both the mechanistic model and behavioral data from humans and rats. The authors show data consistent with model predictions: longer interstimulus intervals (ISIs) increase biases due to a longer effect over the WM, while longer intertrial intervals (ITIs) reduce biases. Finally, they perform new experiments using skewed or bimodal stimulus distributions, in which the new model better fits the data compared to Bayesian models.

The mechanistic proposed model is simple and elegant, and it captures both biases that were previously observed in behavior, and how these are affected by the ISI and ITI (as explained above). Their findings help rethink whether our understanding of contraction bias is correct.

On the other hand, the main proposal - discrete jumps in PPC - is only indirectly verified.

The model predicts a systematic change in bias with inter-trial-interval. Unless I missed it, this is not shown in the experimental data. Perhaps the self-paced nature of the experiments allows to test this?

The data in some of the figures in the paper are hard to read. For instance, Figure 3B might be easier to understand if only the first 20 trials or so are shown with larger spacing. Likewise, Figure 5C contains many overlapping curves that are hard to make out.

There is a gap between the values of tau_PPC and tau_WM. First - is this consistent with reports of slower timescales in PFC compared to other areas? Second - is it important for the model, or is it mostly the adaptation timescale in PPC that matters?<br /> Regarding the relation to other models, the model by Hachen et al (Ref 43) also has two interacting memory systems. It could be useful to better state the connection, if it exists.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

In their study, Aman et al. utilized single cell transcriptome analysis to investigate wild-type and mutant zebrafish skin tissues during the post-embryonic growth period. They identified new epidermal cell types, such as ameloblasts, and shed light on the effects of TH on skin morphogenesis. Additionally, they revealed the important role of the hypodermis in supporting pigment cells and adult stripe formation. Overall, I find their figures to be of high quality, their analyses to be appropriate and compelling, and their major claims to be well-supported by additional experiments. Therefore, this study will be an important contribution to the field of vertebrate skin research.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

In this manuscript entitled "Hexokinase regulates Mondo-mediated longevity via the PPP and organellar dynamics", Laboy and colleagues investigated upstream regulators of MML-1/Mondo, a key transcription factor that regulates aging and metabolism, using the nematode C. elegans and cultured mammalian cells. By performing a targeted RNAi screen for genes encoding enzymes in glucose metabolism, the authors found that two hexokinases, HXK-1 and HXK-2, regulate nuclear localization of MML-1 in C. elegans. The authors showed that knockdown of hxk-1 and hxk-2 suppressed longevity caused by germline-deficient glp-1 mutations. The authors demonstrated that genetic or pharmacological inhibition of hexokinases decreased nuclear localization of MML-1, via promoting mitochondrial β-oxidation of fatty acids. They found that genetic inhibition of hxk-2 changed the localization of MML-1 from the nucleus to mitochondria and lipid droplets by activating pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). The authors further showed that the inhibition of PPP increased the nuclear localization of mammalian MondoA in cultured human cells under starvation conditions, suggesting the underlying mechanism is evolutionarily conserved. This paper provides compelling evidence for the mechanisms by which novel upstream metabolic pathways regulate MML-1/Mondo, a key transcription factor for longevity and glucose homeostasis, through altering organelle communications, using two different experimental systems, C. elegans and mammalian cells. This paper will be of interest to a broad range of biologists who work on aging, metabolism, and transcriptional regulation.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

The main objective of this study is to achieve the development of a synthetic autotroph using adaptive laboratory evolution. To accomplish this, the authors conducted chemostat cultivation of engineered E. coli strains under xylose-limiting conditions and identified autotrophic growth and the causative mutations. Additionally, the mutational mechanisms underlying these causative mutations were also explored with drill down assays. Overall, the authors demonstrated that only a small number of genetic changes were sufficient (i.e., 3) to construct an autotrophic E. coli when additional heterologous genes were added. While natural autotrophic microorganisms typically exhibit low genetic tractability, numerous studies have focused on constructing synthetic autotrophs using platform microorganisms such as E. coli. Consequently, this research will be of interest to synthetic biologists and systems biologists working on the development of synthetic autotrophic microorganisms. The conclusions of this paper are mostly well supported by appropriate experimental methods and logical reasoning. However, further experimental validation of the mutational mechanisms involving rpoB and crp would enhance readers' understanding and provide clearer insights, despite acknowledgement that these genes impact a broad set of additional genes. Additionally, a similar study, 10.1371/journal.pgen.1001186, where pgi was deleted from the E. coli genome and evolved to reveal an rpoB mutation is relevant to this work and should be placed in the context of the presented findings.

The authors addressed rpoB and crp as one unit and performed validation. They cultivated the mutant strain and wild type in a minimal xylose medium with or without formate, comparing their growth and NADH levels. The authors argued that the increased NADH level in the mutant strain might facilitate autotrophic growth. Although these phenotypes appear to be closely related, their relationship cannot be definitively concluded based on the findings presented in this paper alone. Therefore, one recommendation is to explore investigating transcriptomic changes induced by the rpoB and crp mutations. Otherwise, conducting experimental verification to determine whether the NADH level directly causes autotrophic growth would provide further support for the authors' claim.

• for: carbon inequality, w2w, leverage point - climate change, 1%, inequality, wealth tax
• title
  • The role of high-socioeconomic-status people in locking in or rapidly reducing energy-driven greenhouse gas emissions
• authors
  • Kristian S. Nielsen
  • Kimberly A. Nicholas
  • Felix Creutzig
  • Thomas Dietz
  • Paul C. Stern
• date
  • Sept 30, 2021 -source
  • https://www.nature.com/articles/s41560-021-00900-y
• abstract
  • People with high socioeconomic status disproportionally affect energy-driven greenhouse gas emissions directly
    • through their consumption and
    • indirectly through their financial and social resources.
  • However, few climate change mitigation initiatives have targeted this population segment,
    • and the potential of such initiatives remains insufficiently researched.
  • In this Perspective, we analyse key characteristics of high-socioeconomic-status people and explore five roles through which they have a disproportionate impact on energy-driven greenhouse gas emissions and potentially on climate change mitigation, namely as:
    • consumers,
    • investors,
    • role models,
    • organizational participants and
    • citizens.
  • We examine what is known about their disproportionate impact via consumption and
    • explore their potential influence on greenhouse gas emissions through all five roles.
  • We suggest that future research should focus on strategies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by high-socioeconomic-status people and to align their
    • investments,
    • organizational choices and
    • actions as social and political change agents
  • with climate change mitigation goals.

• for: inequality, carbon inequality, 1%, wealth tax

• for: inequality, 1%, carbon inequality private jets, carbon emissions, patriotic millionaires
• title
  • He’s a millionaire with a private jet. But now he’s selling it for the sake of the environment
• source
  • https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/millionaire-selling-private-jet/index.html
• date
  • July 13, 2023
• Stephen Prince, vice-chair of the Patriotic Millionaires – a group of wealthy Americans pushing for higher taxes which also contributed to the report – is giving up his Cessna 650 Citation III.

• for: inequality, 1%, elites, carbon inequality, leverage point, leverage point - climate change, oxfam
• quote
  • Richest 1% Took 2/3rds of Global Wealth Since 2020
  • Richest 1% increased wealth in 2020 and 2021 twice as much as 99% of Population Earned

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

This is an interesting study, covering a future direction for the diagnosis of osteoporosis.

Strength: well validated cohorts, authors are more than experts in the field, use of technology.

Weakness: the approach is still very experimental and far away to be clinically relevant.

The authors have performed a very interesting analysis combining data from different, well designed, cohorts.<br /> Authors are leaders in the field. The topic is of interest, the statistical analysis well designed, and the paper is well written and easy to read even for not experts.

I have a few comments<br /> 1) Although authors are very optimistic about HRpQCT, they should recognize (and acknowledge in the discussion) that their data have a very low clinical impact for the majority of the population. The cost of the machine is still prohibitive for the majority of clinical centers, technology needs more validations out of the reference centers, a lot of controversy on the methodology for cortical porosity. Basically, after 20 years since its introduction, it remains more a research tool than a clinical opportunity. This comment is of course not against the scientific hypothesis or the conduction of the study which remain brilliant<br /> 2) How authors have managed the role of possible secondary causes of osteoporosis? Did they excluded patients with GIOP for example? Are all study subjects treatment naïve?<br /> 3) It would be worth to better describe the role of cortical porosity and the predictive value of this parameter which has been extensively studied by Dr Seeman.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

Weinberger et al. use different fate-mapping models, the FIRE model and PLX-diet to follow and target different macrophage populations and combine them with single-cell data to understand their contribution to heart regeneration after I/R injury. This question has already been addressed by other groups in the field using different models. However, the major strength of this manuscript is the usage of the FIRE mouse model that, for the first time, allows specific targeting of only fetal-derived macrophages.<br /> The data show that the absence of resident macrophages is not influencing infarct size but instead is altering the immune cell crosstalk in response to injury, which is in line with the current idea in the field that macrophages of different origins have distinct functions in tissues, especially after an injury.<br /> To fully support the claims of the study, specific targeting of monocyte-derived macrophages or the inhibition of their influx at different stages after injury would be of high interest.<br /> In summary, the study is well done and important for the field of cardiac injury. But it also provides a novel model (FIRE mice + RANK-Cre fate-mapping) for other tissues to study the function of fetal-derived macrophages while monocyte-derived macrophages remain intact.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

Privitera et al., provide a comprehensive and rigorous assessment of how noradrenaline (NA) inputs from the locus coeruleus (LC) to the hippocampus regulate stress-induced acute changes in gene expression. They utilize RNA-sequencing with selective activation/inhibition of LC-NA activity using pharmacological, chemogenetic and optogenetic manipulations to identify a great number of reproducible sets of genes impacted by LC activation. It is noteworthy that this study compares transcriptomic changes in the hippocampus induced by stress alone, as compared with selective circuit activation/inhibition. This reveals a small set of genes that were found to be highly reproducible. Further, the publicly available data will be highly useful to the scientific community.

A major strength of the study is the inclusion of both males and females. However, with this aspect of the study also lies the biggest weakness. While the experiments tested males and females, they were not powered for identifying sex differences. There are vast amounts of literature documenting the inherent sex differences, both under resting and stress-evoked conditions, in the LC-NA system and this is a major missed opportunity to better understand if there is an impact of these sex-specific differences at the genetic level in a major LC projection region. There are many instances whereby sex effects are apparent, but do not pass multiple testing correction due to low n's. The authors highlight one of them (Ctla2b) in supplemental figure 6. This gene is only upregulated by stress in females. It is appreciated that the manuscript provides an incredible amount of novel data, making the investigation of sex differences ambitious. Data are publicly available for others to conduct follow up work, and therefore it may be useful if a list of those genes that were different based on targeted interrogation of the dataset be provided with a clear statement that multiple testing corrections failed. This will aid further investigations that are powered to evaluate sex effects.

A major finding of the present study is the involvement of noradrenergic transcriptomic changes occurring in astrocytic genes in the hippocampus. Given the stated importance of this finding within the discussion, it seems that some additional dialogue integrating this with current literature about the role of astrocytes in the hippocampus during stress or fear memory would be important.

The comparison of the candidate genes activated by the LC in the present study (swim) with datasets published by Floriou-Servou et al., 2018 (Novelty, swim, restraint, and footshock) is an interesting and important comparison. Were there other stressors identified in this paper or other publications that do not regulate these candidate genes? Further, can references be added to clarify to the reader, that prior studies have identified that novelty, restraint and footshock all activate LC-NA neurons.

Comparisons are made between chemogenetic studies and yohimbine, stating that fewer genes were activated by chemogenetic activation of LC neurons. There is clear justification for why this may occur, but a caveat may need to be mentioned, that evidence of neuronal activation in the LC by each of these methods were conducted at 90 (yohimbine) versus 45 (hM3Dq) minutes, and therefore it cannot be ruled out that differences in LC-NA activity levels might also contribute.<br /> Please add information about how virus or cannula placement was confirmed in these studies. Were missed placements also analyzed separately?

Time of day for tissue collection used in genetic analysis should be reported for all studies conducted or reanalyzed.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

This study uses single-cell genomics and gene pathway analysis to characterize the transcriptional effects of influenza H1N1 infection on hypothalamic cell types. The authors use droplet-based single-nuclei RNA-seq to profile genome-wide RNA expression in adult mouse hypothalamic cells at 3, 7, and 23 days after intranasal infection with the H1N1 influenza virus. Through state-of-the-art and rigorous computational methods, the authors find that many hypothalamic cell types, glia, and especially neurons, are transcriptionally altered by respiratory infection with a non-neurotropic influenza virus and that these alterations can persist for weeks and potentially affect cell type interactions that disrupt function. For instance, microglia shift towards a pro-inflammatory molecular phenotype at 3 days post-infection, while astrocytes and oligodendrocytes significantly alter their expression of oxidoreductase activity genes and transport genes, respectively, at 7 days post-infection. In addition, POMC neurons of the arcuate hypothalamus, which suppress appetite and increase metabolism, appear to be unusually sensitive to H1N1 infection, upregulating more genes than other hypothalamic neurons. The authors' thorough discussion of the findings raises interesting questions and hypotheses about the functional implications of the molecular changes they observed, including the physiological changes that can persist long after acute viral infection. Given the role of the hypothalamus in homeostasis, this work sheds light on potential mechanisms by which the H1N1 virus can disrupt cell function and organismal homeostasis beyond the cells that it directly infects.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

The study isolated extracellular vesicles (EV) from healthy controls (HCs) and Parkinson patients (PwP), using plasma from the venous blood of non-fasting people. Such EVs were characterized and validated by the presence of markers, their size, and their morphology. The main aim of the manuscript is to correlate the presence of synaptic proteins, namely SNAP-25, GAP-43, and SYNAPTOTAGMIN-1, normalized with HSP70, with the clinical progression of PwP. Changes in synaptic proteins have been documented in the CSF of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's patients. The demographics of participants are adequately presented. One important limiting, as well as puzzling aspect, is the fact that authors did not find differences between groups at the beginning of the study nor after one year, after age and sex adjustment. Tables in general are hard to follow. Specifically, Table 2 does not convey a clear message nor in the text of the Table itself, and the per 100% of change needs to be explained in the corresponding legend. It is only when PwP were classified as a first quartile that a significantly greater deterioration was found. However, in the case of tremor, the top 25% had values going from 0.46-0.47 to 0.32-0.35, whereas the lower three quarters went from 0.33-0.34 to 0.27-0.28 depending on the protein analyzed. This needs to be clarified in the text. Table 3 is hard to read and some of the values seem repetitive, especially for tremor, AR, and PIGD. It looks as if Figure 2 represents the same information as Table 3. The text and figure legends are not helpful in guiding the reader to understand the presented information.