can be reorganized in a number of ways to build chemically and functionally different molecules. In this examples, all three sugars have the same chemical forumla (i.e. the same building blocks), but because those building blocks have been organized a bit differently, each sugar is a unique kind of molecule.
structure determines function
isomers
the prefix iso means same, like isotonic and isotope
1:2:1.
glucose is 1:2:1 exactly (C6H12O6), but this ratio is approximate for more complex molecules
Phospholipid are therefore amphipathic molecules,
phospholipids are lipids that contain phosphate groups, while most lipids are made up of just CHO. they have a hydrophobic part and a hydrophilic part, making them perfect to form bilayered membranes to keep things from leaving or entering the cell
butter is solid at room temperature while vegetable oil is liquid
saturated fats are 'saturated' with hydrogens forming long straight chains that can pack together tightly and efficiently, making them solid at room temperature. unsaturated fats have double bonds and thus less hydrogens. this creates kinks that prevent them from packing tightly, instead causing them to be liquid at room temperature.
are you refining your perspective on foods and diets? What have you learned so far? Do you think there is anything missing in your understanding? Are you able to better understand and evaluate certain diets, such as the aforementioned?
I think in general, a balanced combination of all macromolecules is important to sustain a healthy diet; however, I can see where certain macromolecules need to be prioritized more in diets. In a keto diet, fats are prioritized while carbs are demphasized, so the body's metabolism will shift from carbs to fats. I think its interesting how many choices we can make to fuel our bodies in certain ways to produce different outcomes/benefits.
ecause of this small difference, they differ structurally and chemically and are known as chemical isomers because of the different arrangement of functional groups around the asymmetric carbon; both of these monosaccharides have more than one asymmetric carbon
I think this is a good example of how structure affects function; even the slightest difference in their composition can change the identity of the sugar, although they both belong to the hexose group.
explain why butter is solid at room temperature while vegetable oil is liquid.
The saturated fatty acid character at room temp. consists of straight carbon chains that are packed tightly together, thus forming a more rigid and compact structure. Vegetable oil likely contains more desaturated fatty acid character, with more double bond "kinks" in the hydrocarbon thus forming a less compact and more viscous structure.
The abundance of nonpolar functional groups give lipids a degree of hydrophobic (“water fearing”) character and most lipids have low solubility in water.
Due to the hydrophobic nature of lipids/nonpolar compounds, this made me wonder about the composition of soap. I wonder how the nonpolar + polar properties interact in soap so that it still interacts with water, but not the extent of complete repulsion or dissociation in water.
Monosaccharides
CH2O
this reminds me glucose, which will help me remember how to identify carbohydrates
polar "head" group and a nonpolar
These reactions are endothermic.
Is it safe to say then for any interaction, one system will always be exothermic and the other will be endothermic (ex. air/environment would be exothermic, plan system endothermic)? **assuming energy is exchanged?
Make sure to check out what your peers are saying -- do you agree or disagree with their position and/or their rationale?
I want to refute the statement: take tumors for example. The biological definition is a clump of cells that cause tumors. Some are deadly while some are not, this in itself is already a disordered state where there isn't a set outcome for one event. And the way a tumor builds is because there is some flaw in the cell making process and is causing an extremely disordered state that there is suddenly a lot more cells in the human body than they are used to.
energy may be transferred from place to place, but it cannot be created or destroyed.
This is like the conservation of mass law in chemistry, aka the reason why equations must be balances (same amount of elements in the reactants and products).
physical system and transferred or "moved"
I learned a similar concept in physics when learning about the difference between heat and thermal energy. Heat is an energy transfer, which means its the method in which thermal energy is moved within a system or out of a system.
Do you think there is anything missing in your understanding? Are you able to better understand and evaluate certain diets, such as the aforementioned?
I think that to better understand dieting, I would need to know the averse-affects of too much lipids and carbohydrates. I agree that complete removal of carbs is not a healthy nor sustainable diet, but limiting carbs and fats could be beneficial depending on the person.
amphipathic
Aren't all lipids amphipathic because they have a polar head and nonpolar tail?
modulate membrane structure, organization, and fluidity.
In my previous bio class, I learned that cholesterol is in the plasma membrane so reinforce the structural integrity if the membrane is too "liquid-y". But also provides somewhat of a block in between phospholipids so the plasma membrane doesn't clump/freeze up.
butter is solid at room temperature while vegetable oil is liquid.
Butter has more structure at a warmer temperature, therefore I would assume it does not have a kink, which I presume would mess with the structural integrity/stability of a molecule.
Figure 2.
Most, if not all of these lipids have polar heads comprised of carboxylic groups and the rest of the bodies are just carbon chains. Is it possible to have a lipid with elements other than carbon, oxygen and hydrogen?
The first thing to do is to read the graph. What is plotted on the x-axis? What is plotted on the y-axis? For the
I know this is only a wording problem, but I don’t understand what high affinity oxygen means? For example, my guess would be that high affinity (being drawn to something) would mean a higher % saturation?
pKa and pH Comparison Chart
From previous biology classes, we mainly learned about pH in terms of denaturing proteins/structures. Are there any other instances in biology where pH is relevant?
protonated (R-COOH) and deprotonated (R-COO-) forms
When a molecule is deprotonated/protonated, is it always with a hydrogen atom? Or it doesn’t matter as long as a proton is being added/removed?
Murdering someone is generally thought of as unethical and illegal, but many instances of hurtful speech, or even what some would consider hate speech, have been protected as free speech.
I feel this comes down to the question would you kill Hitler if you could stop everything he did? And ethics come into play because murder is bad, but would you commit one to save the lives of thousands? How about hundreds? tens? one or two? it gets complicated because what is ethical to one person might not be to the next.
Whether it’s the size of the room, the temperature, or other environmental factors, it’s important to consider the role that physical context plays in our communication.
How would these concepts relate to something like an online interview? I feel like to me they can be more stressful in some aspects. I worry about lag and having parts of what I am saying being cut out. I worry about eye contact and where to look on the screen to show I am engaged. But I am also in some ways more comfortable, I can wear sweats and have a blanket wrapped around me as long as its not in the camera frame. I can have my dog in my lap to comfort me. The setting itself can be comfortable but the means of communication can be stressful.
The transmission model of communication is well suited for describing the act of text messaging since the sender isn’t sure that the meaning was effectively conveyed or that the message was received at all.
I like this example to convey the transmission model. With sight of the text itself and the sound indicating its arrival, I can see the similarities with the model. I also like how the mention that abbreviation can hinder the transmission of the message as well. I feel like with texts, we lack an understanding with the message because you can't hear the tone of the message. It can be hard to understand what a person is meaning because you can say one thing sarcastically and it can be taken literally.
Even though creating the illusion of a personal connection is often a goal of those who create mass communication messages, the relational aspect of interpersonal and group communication isn’t inherent within this form of communication.
I like this sentence because it touches on an aspect of social media posts that I feel we often forget. When we interact with medias we can sometimes see ourselves in the work being created. But much of the time the post is created by someone we don't know, that does not realize their post has extended to us, and does not thus personally interact with us.
________________________________________________________
I am thinking to study 1 year more to take a PSW course. I need only one semester to finish my English course. I think final exams will be difficult. Yes, I am confident that i will be able to finish my course successful.
For example, Martin Shkreli, former CEO of Turing Pharmaceuticals, raised the price of a drug used for newborns and HIV patients by more than 5000 percent, defending the price increase as a “great business decision.”1
see Lown Institute and their "Shkreli awards" -- annual awards for the "most egregious examples of profiteering and dysfunction in healthcare". See https://lowninstitute.org/projects/2024-shkreli-awards/
The poor listener grows impatient, while the effective listener uses the extra processing time to process the speaker’s words, distinguish key points, and mentally summarize them
in couples counseling, the therapist told us to repeat, in summary, what the other person said to ensure we understood what they were trying to communicate. the original speaker would confirm or not the summarization and the convo would go from there.
We know now that attention is the fundamental difference between hearing and listening. Paying attention to what a speaker is saying requires intentional effort on your part. Nichols (1957), credited with first researching the field of listening, observed, “listening is hard work. It is characterized by faster heart action, quicker circulation of the blood, a small rise in bodily temperature” (p. 9).
similar to how your pupil dilates when you're doing mental math
Exhibit 1.6 Economics as a Circular Flow (Attribution: Copyright Rice University, OpenStax, under CC-BY 4.0 license)
Circular flow model. Be sure to understand this. Good image, some simplifications.
Revenue is the money a company receives by providing services or selling goods to customers. Costs are expenses for rent, salaries, supplies, transportation, and many other items that a company incurs from creating and selling goods and services. For example, some of the costs incurred by Microsoft in developing its software include expenses for salaries, facilities, and advertising. If Microsoft has money left over after it pays all costs, it has a profit. A company whose costs are greater than revenues shows a loss.
understand the terms revenue, costs (expenses are part of costs), and profits. Profits belong to owners of a company, so are a return on their financial investment.
6.8
6.2.3
6.1
6.2.1
support 𝐵
I believe this should read "support E," based on the above figure. There is no support at B, just a concentrated load on the cable. The "B" subscripts in equations 6.2.1-5 should also be changed to "E"
V(r12)=−e24πϵ0r12(4.11.5)
I believe the sign of this potential energy term V(r12) [eqn. 4.11.5] should be positive, not negative (the electron-electron interaction is repulsive).
Each highlighted term is a new vocab word to add to your GeoLogs.
In comparison with moods, emotions are shorter lived, stronger, and more specific forms of affect. Emotions are caused by specific events (things that make us, for instance, jealous or angry), and they are accompanied by high levels of arousal.
Affect: mood (longer) and emotions (shorter-lived).
13
To solve the expression: −2−(−4)+8+(−4)−(−7) Simplify the subtraction of negatives: −2−(−4)=−2+4=2 −(−7)=+7 The expression becomes: 2+8+(−4)+7 Combine the terms step by step: 2+8=10 10+(−4)=6 6+7=13
Miranda’s story
See here for more on Miranda's story and Miranda v. Arizona.
proprioception
How did this become a sense? Who determined this? what was the process
−
should say =
One way to figure out what type of bond a molecule has is by determining the difference of the electronegativity values of the molecules. If the difference is between 0.0-0.3, then the molecule has a non-polar bond. If the difference is between 0.3-1.7, then the molecule has a polar bond. If the difference is 1.7 or more, then the molecule has an ionic bond.
cool
6 + 2 = 8
Now I'm all set for math class😃
R1−R2→R1,R3+3R2→R3R1−R2→R1,R3+3R2→R3R_1 - R_2 \rightarrow R_1, \;\; R_3 + 3R_2 \rightarrow R_3\nonumber ⎛⎝⎜⎜1001131−1−12−1−1⎞⎠⎟⎟
Isn't R3 + 3R2 ->R3 going to give you a 6 in the R3C2 position? Someone, please help explain...
locus
a particular position or place where something occurs or is situated.
25$50∥50
25ohm in series with 50ohm in the dut which is parallel to the 50ohm termination=25+50//50=25+25=50 50i2=33.33i1
reciprocal
(of an agreement or obligation) bearing on or binding each of two parties equally.
infinitesimal
extremely small
beyond a reasonable doubt
"Beyond a reasonable doubt" can be a confusing standard because it is not as simple to conceive as the "more likely than not" or "greater than a 50% likelihood" that exists with the "preponderance of the evidence" standard.
A reasonable doubt is a doubt for which a reason can be given, based on common sense and a fair and rational consideration of the evidence. A doubt based on guesswork or speculation is not a reasonable doubt.
preponderance of the evidence
In other words, based on common sense and a rational consideration of the evidence, the weight of the credible evidence in favor of the plaintiff's claims is greater than the evidence opposed to the plaintiff's claims.
heterogeneous
eterogeneous means made up of different or dissimilar components, or having a non-uniform composition
homogeneous
"homogeneous" refers to a mixture where the composition is uniform throughout,
Curie Law magnetism with temp changes
sequential binding can occur as ordered binding or as random binding.
imp
As defined by Michael Omi and Howard Winant (2014) this is the process in which racial identity is created and experienced. Omi and Winant argue that race is never static - instead racial categories are defined, redefined, transformed, destroyed, and contested throughout society and history. Racial formation is the process by which social, economic, and political forces shape the meaning and importance of racial categories which are also influenced by racial meanings.
concept 2
60% of the world's population is offline
Knowing that 60% of people worldwide is offline, blows my mind considering how consumed society is with the internet and social media. I think this is a positive for a society due to those people living life as we all should instead of through a screen.
Only 31% of people in developing economies have access
I think that in developing countries this is a start to a new beginning of becoming a advanced country and I feel that as time goes on these developing countries will evolve rapidly.
22% Apple Computing
With Apple being a huge computing company, I am surprised by how low their profit is within the company. This company has many areas where they benefit from profit and I feel that their profit percentage could be higher
The good news is that academics, librarians, and even the government are pushing for more open access to academic material.
I think this is a positive affect, due to it benefiting students by allowing them to more sources in helping the understanding of certain materials academically.
There is a value placed on academic information (both monetary and societal value). And in academia especially, only a privileged few have access to certain types of scholarly writings.
I think there is value in academic information whether it is monetary or societal because it impacts individuals as a whole as of how we learn at a certain level.
My high school prepared me for college-level research (example: citing sources, plagiarism, finding & evaluating so
Due to taking AP classes as well as dual credit in high school, it benefited me tremendously in college because of the knowledge I gained from those classes as well as how to write a paper at college level.
idea that gender is a binary
k
Children who do not feel that they are the gender they were assigned with birth, deserve a bit of special attention in this discussion about gender as.
notes 1
PE=−kZqe/rn
missing square on charge
18.4B: Distribution of Blood Last updated Oct 5, 2024 Save as PDF 18.4A: Introduction to Blood Flow, Pressure, and Resistance 18.5: Systemic Blood Pressure picture_as_pdfFull BookPageDownloadsFull PDFImport into LMSIndividual ZIPBuy Print CopyPrint Book FilesSubmit Adoption ReportPeer ReviewDonate /*<![CDATA[*/ window.hypothesisConfig = function () { return { "showHighlights": false }; }; //localStorage.setItem('darkMode', 'false'); window.beelineEnabled = true; document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].prepend(document.getElementById('mt-screen-css'),document.getElementById('mt-print-css')); //$('head').prepend($('#mt-print-css')); //$('head').prepend($('#mt-screen-css'));/*]]>*/ Page ID7854 /*<![CDATA[*/window.addEventListener('load', ()=>LibreTexts.TOC(undefined, undefined, true));/*]]>*/ /*<![CDATA[*/ //CORS override LibreTexts.getKeys().then(()=>{ if(!$.ajaxOld){ $.ajaxOld = $.ajax; $.ajax = (url, options)=> { if(url.url && url.url.includes('.libretexts.org/@api/deki/files')) { let [subdomain, path] = LibreTexts.parseURL(); 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Learning ObjectivesList the components of blood flow distribution Key Points In humans, blood is pumped from the strong left ventricle of the heart through arteries to peripheral tissues and returns to the right atrium of the heart through veins. After blood returns to the right atrium, it enters the right ventricle and is pumped through the pulmonary artery to the lungs, then returns to the left atrium through the pulmonary veins. Blood then enters the left ventricle to be circulated through the systemic circulation again. The closing of blood vessels is termed vasoconstriction. Vasoconstriction occurs through contraction of the muscular walls of vessels and results in increased blood pressure. Vasoconstriction is important for minimizing acute blood loss in the event of hemorrhage as well as retaining body heat and regulating mean arterial pressure. Dilation, or opening of blood vessels, is termed vasodilation. Vasodilation occurs through relaxation of smooth muscle cells within vessel walls. Vasodilation increases blood flow by reducing vascular resistance. Therefore, dilation of arterial blood vessels (mainly arterioles ) causes a decrease in blood pressure. Key Terms vasoconstriction: The constriction of the blood vessels. vascular resistance: The resistance to flow that must be overcome to push blood through the circulatory system. The resistance offered by the peripheral circulation is known as the systemic vascular resistance (SVR), while the resistance offered by the vasculature of the lungs is known as the pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR). vasodilation: The dilation of the blood vessels. mean arterial pressure: The average arterial pressure during a single cardiac cycle. Humans have a closed cardiovascular system, meaning that the blood never leaves the network of arteries, veins, and capillaries. Blood is circulated through blood vessels by the pumping action of the heart, pumped from the left ventricle through arteries to peripheral tissues and returning to the right atrium through veins. It then enters the right ventricle and is pumped through the pulmonary artery to the lungs and returns to the left atrium through the pulmonary veins. Blood then enters the left ventricle to be circulated again. Pulmonary circuit: Diagram of pulmonary circulation. Oxygen-rich blood is shown in red; oxygen-depleted blood in blue. Distribution of blood can be modulated by many factors, including increasing or decreasing heart rate and dilation or constriction of blood vessels. Vasoconstriction Blood distribution: Oxygenated arterial blood (red) and deoxygenated venous blood (blue) are distributed around the body. Vasoconstriction is the narrowing of the blood vessels resulting from contraction of the muscular wall of the vessels, particularly the large arteries and small arterioles. The process is the opposite of vasodilation, the widening of blood vessels. The process is particularly important in staunching hemorrhage and acute blood loss. When blood vessels constrict, the flow of blood is restricted or decreased, thus retaining body heat or increasing vascular resistance. This makes the skin turn paler because less blood reaches the surface, reducing the radiation of heat. On a larger level, vasoconstriction is one mechanism by which the body regulates and maintains mean arterial pressure. Substances causing vasoconstriction are called vasoconstrictors or vasopressors. Generalized vasoconstriction usually results in an increase in systemic blood pressure, but it may also occur in specific tissues, causing a localized reduction in blood flow. The extent of vasoconstriction may be slight or severe depending on the substance or circumstance. Vasodilation Vasodilation refers to the widening of blood vessels resulting from relaxation of smooth muscle cells within the vessel walls, particularly in the large veins, large arteries, and smaller arterioles. The process is essentially the opposite of vasoconstriction. When blood vessels dilate, the flow of blood is increased due to a decrease in vascular resistance. Therefore, dilation of arterial blood vessels (mainly the arterioles) causes a decrease in blood pressure. The response may be intrinsic (due to local processes in the surrounding tissue) or extrinsic (due to hormones or the nervous system). Additionally, the response may be localized to a specific organ (depending on the metabolic needs of a particular tissue, as during strenuous exercise), or it may be systemic (seen throughout the entire systemic circulation). Substances that cause vasodilation are termed vasodilators. LICENSES AND ATTRIBUTIONS CC LICENSED CONTENT, SHARED PREVIOUSLY Curation and Revision. Authored by: Boundless.com. Provided by: Boundless.com. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike CC LICENSED CONTENT, SPECIFIC ATTRIBUTION Anatomy and Physiology of Animals/Cardiovascular System/Blood circulation. Provided by: Wikibooks. Located at: en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Anatomy_and_Physiology_of_Animals/Cardiovascular_System/Blood_circulation. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike Boundless. Provided by: Boundless Learning. Located at: www.boundless.com//physiology...tolic-pressure. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike Boundless. Provided by: Boundless Learning. Located at: www.boundless.com//physiology...tolic-pressure. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike hypotension. Provided by: Wiktionary. Located at: en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hypotension. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike Illu pulmonary circuit. Provided by: Wikipedia. Located at: en.Wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Il...ry_circuit.jpg. License: Public Domain: No Known Copyright Circulatory system. Provided by: Wikipedia. Located at: en.Wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike Vasodilation. Provided by: Wikipedia. Located at: en.Wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasodilation. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike Vein. Provided by: Wikipedia. Located at: en.Wikipedia.org/wiki/Vein. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike Venoconstriction. Provided by: Wikipedia. Located at: en.Wikipedia.org/wiki/Venoconstriction. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike Blood. Provided by: Wikipedia. Located at: en.Wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike vasodilation. Provided by: Wiktionary. Located at: en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vasodilation. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike mean arterial pressure. Provided by: Wikipedia. Located at: en.Wikipedia.org/wiki/mean%20...ial%20pressure. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike vascular resistance. Provided by: Wikipedia. Located at: en.Wikipedia.org/wiki/vascular%20resistance. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike Illu pulmonary circuit. Provided by: Wikipedia. Located at: en.Wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Il...ry_circuit.jpg. License: Public Domain: No Known Copyright Blutkreislauf. Provided by: Wikipedia. Located at: en.Wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blutkreislauf.png. License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike Illu pulmonary circuit. Provided by: Wikipedia. Located at: en.Wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Illu_pulmonary_circuit.jpg. 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iki/File:Il.
you osmell like a greedy goat
x(t+2πω)=Acos[ω(t+2πω)]=Acos(ωt+2π)=Acos(ωt)=x(t)
It means, the point will be at the same point at time 2(\pi)
Atkins,
once more
Conjugation of a double bond to a carbonyl group transmits the electrophilic character of the carbonyl carbon to the beta-carbon of the double bond. These conjugated carbonyl are called enones or α, β unsaturated carbonyls.
importance of alpha beta unsaturated carbonyl carbon is that its beta carbon is also electrophilic in nature scope of 14 nucleophilic addition is there (thermodynamically controlled product)
system
Interdependent or interrelated objects functioning as a whole
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The core issue is that both people work and want to start a family in a year or two. They would need to find a job where they can both have time for each other, but he would also need to find a job that can provide for both if and when she stops working.
_____________________________________________ ________________________________________________
I know both solutions would require him to wait a little bit which could be a little stressful if hes in a rush to do all of this stuff , i need to know if he has a job or is looking for one , i can find this out by just asking how did he plan on funding his family if he were to start one this year , the pros of waiting is he has a lot more time to think about if this is really who he wants to start a family with , how does he want his life to go after college , what does he want his family life to look at . I dont think there is any cons in being patient
__
The two right answers is to find a more reasonable time to start a family and focus on how will you fund the college and your family
be? __________________________________________________________________ ____________
Smaller more manageable pieces of the problem would be … 1: finding out how to fund the college he wants to attend , 2: trying to come up with a more reasonable range to start a family
issue? _______________
The core issue is the lack of time … this makes it difficult to do both a family and college , a related issue is funding both a family and his career and trying to do everything within one year one definite solution to this is to be more realistic with his goals , i cant think of any metaphor
The corresponding change in entropy of the universe is then as follows:
because entropy is an extensive property we add.
electron configuration
the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of a particular atom or molecule.
typo 5-methyl-6-octyn-3-ol
The impact of acid precipitation on aquatic ecosystems may be intensified by melting snow. When snow melts rapidly in the spring, the stream or lake may be "shocked" with an excessive amount of acid. In the spring, at the time of acid snow melting, the various aquatic organisms are reproducing and are the most sensitive increases in acid.
The organisms that are affected by acid from the snow melt off will either absorb the chemicals or die because they are too sensitive. There must be a way to tell the inedible organisms from the edible ones if they get into a food source reservoir
As a consequence acid rain derived from sulfur oxides may travel for hundreds of miles or even a thousand miles.
If acid rain travels so far, it must be able to get into our water systems. How can water plants filter out the sulfur oxides, even though they can already neutralize the acidity.
The benchmark of "natural rain" is 5.6. Acid precipitation in the range of 4.2-5.0 has been recorded in most of the Eastern United States and Canada
My question with this is if the rain reaches a certain acidity if it could actually destroy things such as cars and such.
One faction was a group of ‘Alids who believed that ‘Ali should inherit the mantle of Islam and referred to traditions suggesting that Muhammad had proclaimed to the faithful that ‘Ali should be his successor. The amsar followed the ‘Alids and later adopted the Shi‘a appellation. The other faction, the Umayyads contended that the method of appointing successors should be by consensus, as was done with the first caliphs. Mostly based in Mecca, they later identified as Sunnis. Over time, these factional differences became increasingly difficult to bridge.
conflict over uthmans successsion
Arabs employed more aggressive tactics, making use of their mobile light cavalry against their enemies’ heavily armored armies. Once victorious, the Arabs populated garrison cities on the frontier, called amsar, with Muslims.
second Islam expansion theory
Byzantine and Persian empires had been severely weakened from near-continuous fighting, dating back decades prior to the rise of Islam, so they both suffered from the fatigue of war
theory to Islam expansion
Antioch, Aleppo, and Jerusalem fell to the Muslims not long thereafter. ‘Umar appointed Mu‘awiya, a member of the Meccan Umayyad aristocracy to govern Syria at his behest.
expanding of muslim
The majlis chose ‘Umar (634 – 644), a close friend of Abu Bakr, to be the next caliph. ‘Umar had been the military power behind Abu Bakr. A dynamic and uncompromising leader, ‘Umar recognized the necessity of expansion northward to achieve various ends. First, he sought to subdue the security threat of raiding nomads, many of which remained a law unto themselves. Second, in his struggle to contain discontent, he used the cohesive element of jihad to unite the Muslim community against unbelievers and expand God’s dominion.
Umar -leader after Abu bakr
However,
I would add that most French vowel sounds are "pure" (single) vowel, not in diphthongs, contrary to English (e.g. long a as in "fade", long i as in "ride", long o as in "flow", "ow" as in "allow").
Spelling/sounds different than English
What about these French-only vowels?: 1. /ø/ as in ceux /sø/ ('those') 2. /œ/ as in sœur /sœʁ/ ('sister')
Salt
inactivation of the kv channels and activation of navs, influx of depolarisation occurs, opening of these channels causes the positive charge to be induced
We can use Z scores to roughly identify which observations are more unusual than others. One observation 𝑥1x1x_1 is said to be more unusual than another observation 𝑥2x2x_2 if the absolute value of its Z score is larger than the absolute value of the other observation's Z score: |𝑍1|>|𝑍2||Z1|>|Z2||Z_1| > |Z_2|. This technique is especially insightful when a distribution is symmetric.
yoh, in simple term i mean like if the z-score is far from the meawn so itr mean that the observartion is more unusual
A top-down cascade is a trophic cascade where the top consumer/predator controls the primary consumer population. In turn, the primary producer population thrives. The removal of the top predator can alter the food web dynamics. In this case, the primary consumers would overpopulate and exploit the primary producers. Eventually there would not be enough primary producers to sustain the consumer population. Top-down food web stability depends on competition and predation in the higher trophic levels.
I thought learning about the top-down cascade is intriguing to learn about, especially seeing how invasive species and humans have an effect on the trophic cascades (webs). Would invasive be considered, in some sense, to be keystone species because they can alter cascades by removing or becoming a top predator?
Vkℓ=−ωkℓω(E0⋅μkl)
Wrong el
salicylic acid
2-Hydroxybenzoic Acid per IUPAC.
The enzyme is inhibited by its product, malonyl-CoA, and also the end product of fatty acid synthesis, 16:0-CoA.
add to quizlet
The proportion of solar radiation that is reflected off the Earth’s surface is called albedo,
Very useful to know
Suppose that 𝐾K K is a kernel from (𝑆,𝒮)(S,S) (S, \mathscr S) to (𝑇,𝒯)
Shouldn't it be a Kernel on a single measure space in order to talk about invariance?
For instance, \( \mu K \) is a measure in \( (T, \mathcal{T}) \), not a measure in \((S, \mathcal{S})\)
Same would happen for item 2, \(. Kf \) is a function in S, rather than a function in T.
Small proteins that seem to fit a simple two-state folding model (F ↔ U) have a characteristic melting temperature (TM) at which the 50% of the proteins in the population are unfolded. The higher the TM, the more stable the protein. The graphs of the TM for different proteins at different pH values are shown in Figure 4.9.2
?
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I know both solutions would require the speaker to deeply analyze and plan out the next years of his life. I need to know the work relationship of the speakers partner what support they have around them, etc. I could get this information by simply talking with both parties. pro for solution1 - aids with decision making in the future, con - may not be helpful if proper planning techniques aren't used or if plan is not agreed upon by both parties. pro solution 2- allows you to find other paths that you may not have though to look for prior ( new oppurtunities) con- may leave you in a dangerous spot financially or career wise opposed to sticking with a comfortable progression
_
for the first portion creating a family timeline in which you factor and work in your career will help organize and make the process smother. For the second portion exploring alternative career routes may help as if the path your on strictly confines other major portions of your life something needs to be changed or removed to make life easier
________________
one piece would be that the speaker wants to build a family but doesn't have the allotted time. Another part would be the speaker wants to progress his career but in congruence with his dreams of a family cannot fully commit to this path either.
__________________________________________________________________ ____________________________
The core issues is time management/ unstable balance between activities needed to get done and the time needed to complete them. Some related issues include; financial constraints and career advancements. In order to solve this issue the speaker needs to find balance overwhelming your schedule with so many things will never work he needs to spread out his responsiblilities by importance. I see no direct metaphor for this
____________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________
When I participated in the activity with my friends it was weird at first; I couldn't generate any ideas due to the environment in the beginning however as we began to share with each other I was able to think more and more. The quality of ideas began to also improve as we bumped ideas off each other making them stronger with different perspectives. Many of the ideas were innovative and completely unheard of to me, like for example one of my friends suggested we'd use the peanut butter to make cookies, then sharing a recipe three step recipe I had never heard of It was all a lot of fun, but the most I would have to say would be the paper clips being that we got the most longevity out of that specific conversation.
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The pros and cons are good family bonding,new job expierences and better pay the cons are the cost, the overwhlemed feeling and the rushed ideals
__________________________________________________________________
The two right answers to this problem is to wait untill after you raise the kids enough to go to school or wait to have kids and finish your education
__________________________________________________________________
The way we can break down the problem into small managable pieces is to figure out whats really important to focus on and what can help out in the long run so when you have a family you can be secure finacally and mentally
__________________________________________________________________
The core issue is trying to make a new family with a certain time. The related issue is trying to find a new job which I guess can be used to support us. The succesful solution can be to take the job but have it to where you work a certain amount of hours to still spend time with the family. And There is no metaphir that relaly fits with this problem
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Yes the qualities of the ideas improved and it wqs really fun because we came up with some funny ideas to see what other items these things can be used for
yes Because it can solve problems better
The core issue of this problem is that he wants to expand his career but also wants to explore his family. The related issue is that they both work which means they might not have time to have a baby especially if he wants to go to college for 4 years. he can maybe go to school for 4 years and once his career is in motion they can possibly have a baby.
binary ionic compound
composed of ions of two different elements - one of which is a metal, and the other a nonmetal
empirical
the chemical formula of a compound that gives the proportions (ratios) of the elements present in the compound but not the actual numbers or arrangement of atoms.
7. 2x2−3x−20
can i see steps
According to recent figures from the waste industry, incinerator plants emit more sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and carbon dioxide per unit of electricity generated than power plants burning natural gas.
Well duh natural gas is a consistent substance and can be refined for filters and all at (moot probably leave out)
Upgrades, such as installing new pollution control equipment, can cost tens of millions of dollars, and sometimes more than US$100 million.
HUZZAH! PROOF!
inability to afford required upgrades.
But.. That means there are required upgrades like the safety ones.
Incineration plants’ average life expectancy is 30 years.
maybe
educe incentives to adopt more sustainable waste practices.
It.. is sustainable.
worsen environmental inequalities
Nuh UH!
understanding and embracing your opposition not only enhances your overall argument but shows your willingness to engage in empathy and consequential communication with various stakeholders involved in the issue.
I once again agree with the highlighted statement, because in my opinion, in order to eliminate bias within our own minds, we must understand others thoughts and be very open minded to learn and appreciate other peoples viewpoints because this ultimately improves our writing as a whole.
we need to be aware of our own biases
I couldn't agree more with this highlighted statement. The first step to identifying bias in writing is determining and becoming more aware on what our personal biases and opinions may be, and how they influence our thoughts when reading.
audience, tone, open-mindedness, considering multiple viewpoints and stakeholders, identifying and addressing bias, and reaching out to your opposition.
This list, includes many different variables when reading that may influence bias on our minds. By identifying these, we become more open minded and aware of the context authors use that tend to show more bias.
It’s easy to align with those who think similarly or support the same positions as you; it’s much harder to embrace the opposition, those who hold differing positions from you
I agree with the highlighted statement because from personal experience, I think as humans, we are so blind to bias and tend to side with things that agree with our views, no matter the context. We just don't tend to realize the bias right in front of us.
Unmarried! I do not deny that is a serious blow. But after all, who has the right to cast a stone against one who has suffered? Cannot repentance wipe out an act of folly? Why should there be one law for men, and another for women? Mother, I forgive you.
Showing his character; forgiving and loving. He always just wanted a family, a mother.
then λλ\lambda is not an eigenvector of AAA.
then v is not an eigenvector of A.
r. “Can’t you behave?”
The nurse was afraid John's emotions would decondition the children.
indignation
Indignation is anger or annoyance at what is perceived as unfair treatment.
“I feel,” he said, after a silence, as though I were just beginning to have something to write about.
"I feel" is not as common
This time I thought I’d give them one I’d just written myself.
wrote it himself
“Well, I’d rather be unhappy than have the sort of false, lying happiness you were having here.”
Better to feel something real unlike the falsehood of fake happiness
Lenina alone said nothing. Pale, her blue eyes clouded with an unwonted melancholy, she sat in a corner, cut off from those who surrounded her by an emotion which they did not share. She had come to the party filled with a strange feeling of anxious exultation. “In a few minutes,” she had said to herself, as she entered the room, “I shall be seeing him, talking to him, telling him” (for she had come with her mind made up) “that I like him—more than anybody I’ve ever known. And then perhaps he’ll say …”
She is extremely anxious, she want to tell him. that she likes him
ionization energy is the opposite of electronegativity
Spectrophotometers are also calibrated by using a “blank” solution that we prepare containing all of the components of the solution to be analyzed except for the one compound we are testing for so that the instrument can zero out these background readings and only report values for the compound of interest.
.
partial pressure
it should be total pressure, not partial
. Since an alkene protonation step is endergonic, the stability of the more highly substituted carbocation is reflected in the stability of the transition state leading to its formation.
Alkene Protonation Step: In this context, "alkene protonation" means adding a proton (H⁺) to an alkene (a molecule with a carbon-carbon double bond). This addition creates a carbocation (a positively charged carbon atom) as an intermediate.
Endergonic Reaction: An endergonic reaction is one that requires energy input to proceed; it’s not energetically favorable on its own. When an alkene is protonated, forming a carbocation intermediate, energy is required to reach this unstable, high-energy state.
Carbocation Stability and Transition State: When forming a carbocation, the reaction passes through a transition state, which is a high-energy state that comes just before the carbocation actually forms. The energy level of this transition state largely depends on how stable the resulting carbocation will be.
More Substituted Carbocations: A carbocation is more stable when it's more substituted (i.e., when the positively charged carbon is bonded to more alkyl groups). This is because alkyl groups help stabilize the positive charge through electron-donating effects.
Linking Stability to Transition State: Because a more substituted carbocation is more stable, the transition state leading to its formation is also more stable. This means it requires slightly less energy to reach this transition state compared to forming a less substituted, less stable carbocation.
So, in summary: Protonating an alkene to form a carbocation is an energy-requiring (endergonic) step. However, if the carbocation formed is highly substituted and stable, the transition state (which precedes the carbocation) will also be relatively stable, making it easier for the reaction to proceed in that direction.
Note that a stiff bond with a large force constant is not necessarily a strong bond with a large dissociation energy.
Contohnya : ikatan C=C memiliki frekuensi vibrasi (berdasarkan IR) lebih kecil dari pada N-H. Padahal, kekuatan ikatan C=C lebih kuat dari N-H.
_______
leido
_______
inscribido
_______
ocupado
_______
averiar
_______
establido
_______
llamado
_______
olvidado
_______
escribido
_______
abrido
_______
cerrado
_______
abrido
_______
sentado
_______
servido
_______
cubrido
A thermometer initially reading 212∘212∘212^\circF is placed in a room where the temperature is 70∘70∘70^\circF. After 2 minutes the thermometer reads 125∘125∘125^\circF. What does the thermometer read after 444 minutes? When will the thermometer read 72∘72∘72^\circF? When will the thermometer read 69∘69∘69^\circF?
IM having problem on "when will the thermometer read on 69 fahrenheit
_________________
antigens.
_________________
antigens.
many school districts require high school students to attend classes at an earlier time than middle and elementary school students.
we don't think about this
we too are surrounded by our own realities, many of which have become so naturalized that we don’t even see them, much less question them.
definition
There is no such thing as not worshipping. Everybody worships. The only choice we get is what to worship.”
Worship defines on who or what people believe in
Ch 4 Notes: -Bernard and Lenina have plans to go to New Mexico because Lenina seems to have interest in Bernard and likewise. -Bernard as an insecure man shares the same mindset with his counter part Helmholtz Watson as they both believe to be individuals and having the feeling of being separate. -Bernard's insecurities translate to his work he speaks with an unconfident tone that people can easily make fun of and brush away. - Watson questions reality at times and feels limited to what he can say. he has the power to say anything but can't seem to put into perspective.
They’ll grow up with what the psychologists used to call an ‘instinctive’ hatred of books and flowers. Reflexes unalterably conditioned. They’ll be safe from books and botany all their lives.” The Director turned to his nurses. “Take them away again.”
Their using some sort of way to make them hate books and flowers on purpose
Ch2 Page Notes: - Tour has led the students to the Infant Nurseries where the delta caste is being conditioned - The delta caste was once conditioned to like flowers to ensure them to like exploring the countryside. -the condition failed the Centre because of the fact that the delta's did like exploring the world but simultaneously really enjoyed nature and flowers leading to a decline to factories ending this condition. -The new condition was to hate the countryside but love country sports ensuring transportation use but also boosting factories economically. - Director tells the kids a story about a boy named Reuben who learned to understand and speak English through watching tv which led to the discovery of hypnopedia. - Words like viviparous are used to reference the times of human reproduction which is considered unpleasant. -Hypnopedia failed as well as a way of education -The higher up caste looked down upon the lower caste for the low intelligence
Ch 3 Notes: - The students are now in the garden as a part of the tour. -During the tour a boy seems to not enjoy the sexual play that the other children seem to be fine doing. The boy is sent to the psychologist. -Reassuring the students he begins to explain the children about history and the old ways of reproduction in a dramatic manner. -The kids seemed confused on history. - Mustapha Mond (one of the ten world controllers) walks into the room and frightens the director due to his knowledge on history said to own bibles and other knowledgeable pieces of information of history. -Mustapha Mods does inform the students a tiny bit about history but in a bad light. He informs them that pre-modern times were unstable and miserable. - Mustapha Mond also explains the strong emotions of family relationships in a bad light as well. - Continuously he informs the defense of the former government and the beginning of the Nine Year war where all history then vanished using examples such as Christianity, liberalism, Shakespeare, and Democracy. - Mustapha uses chants to engrave the terrible though of history onto the children such as " Ending is better than mending" and "the more stitches the less riches" -Soma is a drug that apparently is "the perfect drug" its said to provide all of the good of the past without any defects ending Mustapha's lecture that the students should be glad they were born in the present.
The electricity is transmitted as moving electrons through a series of wires to homes and business.
I think it is amazing how electrons can travel through wires to assist with the generation of energy in so many important aspects of human life. Positive innovation.
The tallest stack was built to cut down on the local air pollution, where the sulfur oxides are emitted higher into the atmosphere.
This statement indicates to me that the designers of this operation was thinking about the hazards of careless machining and indicated that their thoughts were about reducing the bad actor chemical compounds being sent back into the Earth's atmosphere.
Turbine-Generator: The super heated steam is used to spin the blades of a turbine, which in turn is used in the generator to turn a coil of wires within a circular arrangements of magnets
I think that it is amazing how a device was created that can use steam to help generate a sustainable energy source. The need for more innovation and for the protection of the rights of inventors and that they receive cooperation from places that are supposed to help inventors protect their works such as the USPTO is vital for the continued growth & success for American inventors. Great technology.
If a magnetic field can create a current then we have a means of generating electricity. Experiments showed that a magnetic just sitting next to a wire produced no current flow through that wire. However, if the magnet is moving, a current is induced in the wire.
It’s interesting how the movement of the magnet is the key here. Makes you appreciate how much we rely on this principle for generating electricity. I wonder how fast the magnet needs to move to get a good current flow. Does anyone know how this plays out in real-world applications, like wind turbines or hydroelectric power?
In a nuclear power plant, the fission chain reaction of splitting nuclei provides the source of heat.
Nuclear sounds wonderful but the risks involved especially during a wartime would be catastrophic.
If a magnetic field can create a current then we have a means of generating electricity. Experiments showed that a magnetic just sitting next to a wire produced no current flow through that wire. However, if the magnet is moving, a current is induced in the wire. The faster the magnet moves, the greater the induced current. This is the principal behind simple electric generators in which a wire loop is rotated between to stationary magnetics. This produces a continuously varying voltage which in turn produces an alternating current .
Just shows the significant focal points of combating acid rain due the large-scale emissions of pollutants that cause our environmental issues.
In the Los Angeles area, the main source of acid rain is from automobiles. I
This statement was very interesting because the amount of traffic and people that are in the la area really affects our environment. We should be doing everything we can to support our environment and make it better for our future.
At normal temperatures the oxygen and nitrogen gases do not react together. In the presence of very high temperatures nitrogen and oxygen do react together to form nitric oxide. These conditions are found in the combustion of coal and oil at electric power plants, and also during the combustion of gasoline in automobiles. Both of these sources contribute about equally to the formation of nitrogen oxides.
It’s wild to think that our everyday activities, like driving or using electricity, are contributing to the formation of nitrogen oxides. This makes me wonder about the balance between energy production and air quality. Are there better ways to generate power that reduce these emissions?
When snow melts rapidly in the spring, the stream or lake may be "shocked" with an excessive amount of acid.
I found this statement to be very interesting because I knew snow was dirty and contained many things but there are still some people who eat it. When kids play in the snow they sometimes eat it and it’s super harmful for our bodies.
The pH levels in Little Moose lake are normally about 7.0. During the snow melting, in early March, the lake pH dropped to 6.0. An outlet stream from the lake reached a low pH of 4.8. A small brook nearby hit a low pH of 4.6 during the snow melt period. The average pH in this brook during the rest of the year is about 5.4.
The fact that the pH levels just continued to decrease but in a dramatic way. Especially how it effected the aluminum concentrations.
Normal" rainfall is slightly acidic because of the presence of dissolved carbonic acid. Carbonic acid is the same as that found in soda pop.
This statement was kind of crazy to me because the same acid that is in rainfall is the same as what we drink on a daily basis. This acid does a lot of harm to our ecosystem and it was an eye opener of how bad it is for our bodies as well to consume it.
The sulfuric and nitric acids formed from gaseous pollutants can easily make their way into the tiny cloud water droplets. These sulfuric acid droplets are one component of the summertime haze in the eastern United States. Some sulfuric acid is formed directly in the water droplets from the reaction of sulfur dioxide and hydrogen peroxide. Some of these sulfuric acid particles drop to the earth as "dry" acid deposition.
This part about sulfuric and nitric acids mixing into cloud droplets is pretty wild! It’s crazy to think that these pollutants can just hang out in the air and then turn into acid rain. The bit about sulfuric acid forming from sulfur dioxide and hydrogen peroxide is interesting—who knew that was happening up there?
Also, the idea of "dry" acid deposition is a bit concerning. It sounds like pollution can affect the environment even when it’s not raining. I wonder how that impacts soil and plants over time.
What do you all think? Is dry deposition as big of a deal as wet deposition?
n large numbers, and sometimes more than one kind occur in a single gall
Interesting how this isn't noted as affecting the other species. I feel like there is a fine line between parasitism and inquilinism.
Models of virulence
What about organisms that aren't microbes? I feel like anything small and plentiful enough that lingers around a large host for a lot of generations could do the same thing.
What is a value you have?
One of my biggest values in life, is family. To me family bonds are important, supporting each other no matter what through easy and hard times
However, in common with many mutualisms, there is more than one aspect to it: in the anemonefish-anemone mutualism, waste ammonia from the fish feeds the symbiotic algae that are found in the anemone's tentacles (Porat & Chadwick-Furman, 2004; Porat & Chadwick-Furman, 2005). Therefore, what appears to be a service-service mutualism in fact has a service-resource component.
I wonder if there are there more examples of multiple types of mutualistic relationships existing between species? and which specific types of mutualistic relationships are more commonly seen together?
Mutualistic relationships can be thought of as a form of "biological barter" (Ollerton, 2016). For example, in mycorrhizal associations between plant roots and fungi, with the plant providing food resources (ie, carbohydrates) to the fungus in return for other important nutrients (eg, nitrogen and phosphorous). Other examples include rhizobia bacteria that fix nitrogen for leguminous plants (family Fabaceae) in return for energy-containing carbohydrates (Denison & Kiers, 2004).
I found it really interesting that mutualistic relationships can exist between things that aren't animals, like plants and fungi, and I was surprised at the complexity of mycorrhizal connections and the relationship between rhizobia and leguminous plants.
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i hate niggers
Quite an odd choice of words
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Blue arrow shows the upper winds that travel from the west to the east or northeast. Winds travel from the mid-west to the northeast. In addition, a copper-nickel smelter in Sudbury, Ontario, just north of Lake Huron is the most significant sulfur oxide source in Canada. The winds may also carry the sulfur oxide clouds to the Northeast in the U.S. where it may be converted to acid rain.
Interesting how acid rain transportation travels long distances through wind and eventually break down as acid precipitation. Though it leads to cross-border environmental damage, it proves to not only be a local issue but a regional and international concern that requires environmental policies and regulations to mitigate its widespread ecological and economic effects.
Managers engage in many different types of planning. In this section you’ll learn about the differences between strategic, tactical, operational, and contingency plans and how these plans relate to organizational goals.
There are 4 common types of plans. strategic, tactical, operational, and contingency plans.
layers of sediment initially extend laterally in all directions
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Neurology reports that people over age sixty-five who adhered to diets that consisted of higher intakes of nuts, fish, poultry, tomatoes, cruciferous vegetables, fruits, salad dressing, and dark green, and leafy vegetables, as well as a lower intake of high-fat dairy products, red meat, organ meat, and butter, had a much reduced risk for Alzheimer’s disease.
Save for me
motions and distractions can also interfere with our clarity. Being aware of the varying levels of abstraction within language can help us create clearer and more “whole” messages.
Since I travel alot for work, I am always meeting new people. Speaking up clearly and loudly is something I've noticed I do not do very well. It seems the nerves get the best of me and I am unable to speak how I normally would. I will be focusing on this more as I grow in my communication journey
exam, that retains the same meaning. And last, we can form new words by blending old ones together. Words like breakfast and lunch blend letters and meaning to form a new word—brunch.
The language the kids are using now a days is just insane. "Skibity rizz' means you have charisma or charm. These are not just words used around friends, kids are saying these words in social context where there should be some level of respect. Language seems to be changing for the worst. Maybe I am just getting old but there seems to be a dumbing down of language with the younger generation.
“queer” movement of the 1980s and ’90s that reclaimed queer as a positive identity marker for some gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender people. Even though some people embrace reclaimed words, they still carry their negative connotations and are not openly accepted by everyone.
Situations like this have always peaked some curiosity inside me. I've thought about this quite a bit, the LGBT community reclaimed this word and put a positive spin on, however referring to someone as queer if your not in that community is seen as derogitory. Even when just describing it. Why does language seem to get captured in different groups and only able to be used by those groups? Does society just generally agree that this is the case and we all accept it?
Some people are generally not good at or comfortable with receiving and processing other people’s feelings. Even those with good empathetic listening skills can be positively or negatively affected by others’ emotions. Expressions of anger can be especially difficult to manage because they represent a threat to the face and self-esteem of others
I remember being in a relationship where I was unable to express my emotions. If something bothered me it was an attack on the other person. I also see this alot in the workplace, they preach safety culture but as soon as you speak up about the unsafe practices you are attacking the company and the management. It is not healthy to live like that but unfortunatley thats the reality. Hopefully this course will teach me how to properly recieve the response and rebuttle it.