Metallic chemicals of high economic value.

Batista and Silver Neto describe Chromobacterium violaceum as a soil and water organism with the ability to produce industrially important small molecules and be used as a model of an environmental opportunistic pathogen.

Violacein is a pigment that occurs naturally and has antibiotic properties.

The basic reproduction number is the average number of secondary cases that can be produced by one case in a completely susceptible population. \(R_0\) higher than 1 indicates that an epidemic will continue, and \(R_0\) lower than 1 is a sign for the epidemic to end.

Epidemiology investigates the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events concerning specific populations. The study guides the control of health problems.

Etiology is the medical study of the causes of disease. An etiological agent refers to the origin identified.

The confidence interval is a range that is likely to contain the true population parameter with a confidence level specified by the percentage.

In this case, there is a 95% probability that the confidence interval of 2.54-3.29 contains the average delay of arrival of COVID-19.

Coronaviruses are a family of viruses. This name comes from the solar corona-like characteristic appearance of these viruses under the electron microscope.

Outbreaks are the occurrence of a more-than-expected number of cases.

mhcsnsw. (n.d.). Translated COVID 19 Vaccination Glossary Launch. Retrieved August 18, 2021, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vmDVUVB2Rtk

Aromatase is an enzyme that produces estrogen, the main female sex hormone.

Differences in characteristics between males and females of the same species other than the sex cells.

Medullary describes the inside, and cords refer to the early structures that will become an organism's gonads.

A critical step in sex development of males is when medullary cord cells differentiate into Sertoli cells. If the cords degenerate, the sex cords will instead develop into an ovary - the female gonad.

Morphology is the study of the structure of an organism. This often includes observations about the size or shape of an organism.

Here the authors describe the Kdm6b-deficient embryo gonads as having a structure that looks like a developing female.

The average speed that a genome accumulates changes to the nucleotide sequence also known as mutations.

DNA and RNA are molecules that provide the code for cells to carry out their functions. They are composed of a small number nucleotides and the order of these nucleotides determines function. Sequencing allows us to determine what the order of nucleotides within a DNA or RNA molecule.

The full set of genes or heritable genetic material like DNA or RNA present in an organism.

When humans transitioned from small migrating groups of hunter gatherers to more stationary settlements that focused on farming and raising animals. This led to a significant growth in population sizes.

The point where rinderpest and measles virus became different species. Virus species are distinguished by a variety of criteria including structural factors, host range, the disease they cause, and genetic similarities.

When the identification of an illness is carried out after a patients death.

A Greek physician and surgeon who influenced the development of several medical disciplines.

A collection of medical texts from ancient Greece that are attributed to various physicians from the Alexandrian era (4th century BC).

A virus that causes fever, ulcers of the mouth, pneumonia, stomach problems, and sometimes death in goats and sheep.

A family of viruses that infect vertebrates or animals with a spine. They cause a variety of diseases including measles, mumps, and various respiratory tract infections.

Pneumonia is a type of infection causes by a variety of organisms that inflames the lungs. Bronchopneumonia is a type of pneumonia that causes inflammation of a part of the lungs called the alveoli. This inflammation makes it difficult for the lungs to get enough air.

This occurs when a nucleotide is switched at the same spot in a gene sequence multiple times. It makes it seem like the rate of sequence divergence is lower than what it actually is.

Selection refers to natural selection the process by which organisms that are better adapted for their environment survive and produce more offspring. Natural selection causes the evolution of species. Purifying selection removes harmful variations from the population by ensuring those individuals produce fewer offspring.

Chronous refers to time while hetero means different meaning that the measles genomes analyzed were from different timepoints.

A new approach to conducting chemical reactions in which reactants must react rapidly and selectively with each other under physiological conditions. Two key and relevant features of bioorthogonal reactions are high selectivity and compatibility with naturally occurring functional groups.

Metabolic engineering is the production of specific target chemicals in high yield and stereoselectivity by altering the metabolic pathways. Metabolic pathways are changed via recombinant DNA technology.

aromatic compounds in which one or more ring carbon atoms are replaced by a heteroatom such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.

organic compounds that contain a -CONH2 structural feature

organic compounds that contain a -COOR functional group

organic compounds that contain a halogen connected to an alkyl group such as methyl, ethyl, etc.

organic compounds that contain a C-O-C structural feature

oxygen-free conditions

At the theoretical level, the steps needed for obtaining a recombinant protein are straightforward. Take your gene of interest, clone it, transform it into the host of choice (here it is E. coli), induce, and then the protein is ready for purification and characterization.

located at a farther distance

cells with membrane-bound organelles

branch of biology that deals with the structure and function of nucleic acids and proteins

The preference shown by an enzyme when exposed to a competitive attack on two or more substrates or two or more positions in the same substrate.

The ability of a protein's binding site to bind to only specific ligands. The fewer ligands a protein can bind to, the greater its specificity.

Solvents that contain halogens such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine. For example, methylene chloride, CH2Cl2, is a halogenated solvent.

gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium

Cytochromes are proteins that contain heme as the prosthetic group.

A type of metalloprotein that contains a heme group, which is required for the functionality of the protein

El Niño refers to a climate pattern that pushes warm water into the Pacific Ocean.

This warming of the Pacific Ocean impacts global weather patterns.

Read more here: https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/ninonina.html

The prefix "geo" means Earth.

Thus, geophysical refers to physics occurring on and near the Earth.

The troposphere is one of the five major layers of the Earth's atmosphere.

It is the layer closest to the surface of the Earth.

A sonde is an instrument that measures and transmits information about a remote location.

An ozonesonde is a device that is carried by a balloon into the atmosphere. As it travels, it transmits ozone concentration information back to a station on the ground.

Balloon ozone data is measured by instruments carried into the atmosphere by balloons.

Radiation refers to energy that travels at the speed of light.

Here, it refers to a form of heat transfer that causes atmospheric temperature changes.

Something that is anomalous differs from what is normal or typical.

Climatology is the study of climate science.

OCS is carbonyl sulfide with a molecular structure consisting of an oxygen (O), carbon (C), and sulfur (S) atom.

The CCMI project develops models that describe how atmospheric chemistry and climate interact with each other.

The primary focus of the project is understanding atmospheric ozone.

A field is a property of a physical system that can be measured.

Here, it refers to properties of the atmosphere.

TOMS and OMI are instruments used to measure the total ozone in the atmosphere.

The TOMS data set has provided a record of total atmospheric ozone since 1978. OMI was launched in 2004 to continue the collection of ozone data.

Both data sets are merged to obtain a more complete record of the ozone layer over time.

The SBUV is an instrument that measures the amount of ozone in the atmosphere.

The instrument, mounted on a weather satellite, measures the sunlight reflected back from the Earth.

Since ozone is known to reflect light at a particular wavelength, the amount of light reflected at this wavelength indicates how much ozone is present in the atmosphere.

Aerosols are solid particles or liquid droplets that are suspended in a gas.

Here, the particles are suspended in air.

Meteorological variability refers to changes in atmospheric weather conditions.

Heterogeneous chemistry is a chemical process that involves different phases of matter.

Here, it refers to gaseous chlorine and bromine reacting on the surface of condensed phase cloud particles.

Polar stratospheric clouds form under extremely cold winter conditions in the Arctic and Antarctic.

They support the destructive halogen chemistry responsible for ozone depletion.

A confounding factor impacts both variables of interest and makes it more difficult to determine the cause and effect relationship between them.

A monotonic quantity is either always increasing or always decreasing.

Polar ozone refers to the ozone layer over the Arctic and Antarctic regions.

Lidar stands for "light detection and ranging" and is a technique for measuring the distance to an object. It involves shining a laser on the object and measuring the time it takes for the light to be reflected back.

The stratosphere is one of the five major layers of the Earth's atmosphere.

It is the second closest to the surface of the Earth, and it contains the ozone layer.

Halogens are a group of elements that includes fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, astatine, and tennessine.

To deplete is to reduce the amount of something.

Here, the amount of ozone in the Earth's atmosphere has been reduced.

An epidemic is the appearance of a disease in a large number of people within a short period of time.

Geocoding is a process to transform commonly text-based descriptions of locations (e.g., addresses) to coordinates on the Earth's surface. Geocoding allows further mapping and spatial analysis using various software. In a geocoded repository, all data are attributes to spatial coordinates.

The speed at which mutations occur to a genome.

Refers to a branch of statistics based on Bayes' theorem. This theorem is used to update the probability or likelihood of a hypothesis or proposed explanation as more information is available. This method allows for inference or the ability to draw conclusions about a larger group based on a smaller sample.

A disease is endemic when it is found regularly in a population.

A vaccine is a substance that causes the body to recognize and stop a disease-causing agent via a type of protein called antibodies. Antibodies combine with proteins on the surface of invading pathogens and alert the immune system. A live-attenuated vaccine uses a weakened for of a virus to cause this immune response.

I like this definition of 'components'.

Capable of growing into a plant

A niche is an organism's role in its ecosystem, describing how it utilizes the resources and interacts with living and nonliving factors of its environment.

Niche broadening is when a species expands its roles in its habitat to enhance its chances of survival.

The distribution of a seed by being eaten by an animal and later excreted in its feces.

A group of living organisms that has recently moved into a new ecosystem

An order of magnitude is a comparison of size used when the item being compared is 10 times larger or smaller than the item it is being compared to. The difference between 1 and 10 is an order of magnitude, as is the difference between 10 and 100. The difference between 1 and 100 is 2 orders of magnitude, and the difference between 1 and 1000 is 3 orders of magnitude.

A MT (metric ton) is a unit of weight equal to 1000 kilograms (2205 pounds).

Population density is a measurement of how many people live in a particular area. It is often expressed as people per square mile or kilometer. A city is a location with a high population density, while a desert is a location with a low population density.

Flux is a measurement of the amount of an object that passes from one place to another. Here, flux is the total amount of litter that traveled from land to ocean in one year.

equal amounts of enantiomers (mirror images) of a chiral (asymmetric) compound

types of heme proteins

excess of one enantiomer over the other in a mixture of enantiomers

a microbial growth medium

A very large class of proteins that contain heme as the prosthetic group. Examples of heme proteins are hemoglobin, myoglobin and cytochrome c.

The Latin word ibidem means "in the same place". To save space, some authors use ibid. to refer to a reference from the same journal as the previous one.

Antigen-presenting cells. Specialized immune cells which allow T cells to be exposed to the antigens present in the body. This allows T cells to become activated so they can target those pathogens or diseased cells.

Within a living organism (as opposed to in vitro, or in cells grown in the lab).

Unmodified: that is, wild-type, 51BLim10 cells do not have the extra genes which introduce B7 or the extra modifications which silence it.

The antigen-binding fragment of antibody, i.e., the domain which binds specifically to the target of the antibody.

Latin for "in the glass." That is, experiments done in test tubes, petri dishes, flasks, or beakers, not in organisms.

This is a cell or plastic that contains pigment.

A sensor that provides simultaneous measurements in three (x, y, and z) orthogonal directions. It analyzes vibrations caused by movement to infer orientation and acceleration of the device.

Quasi-static indicates that the acceleration effect on load measuring devices is insignificant, because it is moving extremely slowly.

A term describing the viscoelastic quality of a polymer. Materials that are elastomeric have weak intermolecular forces, low Young's modulus, and high failure strain.

Chemically engineered materials have been integrated into the electronics that allow the device to self-repair even after multiple breaks.

This device utilizes a material called polyimine that repairs itself through bond exchange reactions.

The ability to rearrange it's elements.

In this case, the device can be reconfigured to serve different purposes.

A device used to study and characterize materials. A sinusoidal stress is applied to the material and the strain is measured. It is most effectively used to measure the viscoelastic behavior of polymers.

Describes an ideally elastic material which the stress-strain relationship is derived from a strain energy density function. The stress does not vary linearly with strain, so it's flexibility is very high.

A measurement of the deformation in a material in a perpendicular direction to the applied force.

The process of converting a polymer into a monomer or monomers.

This process is triggered by an increase in thermal energy in the system that cannot be used (entropy).

In essence, this is a measurement of how stiff a material is.

It can be equated as E = stress / strain.

A measure of how much a material can be elongated (strained) before it fails (breaks).

A measure of ~4% means it can be stretched to be about 4% longer before it breaks.

A method of numerically solving differential equations for mathematical modeling.

The problem is broken into smaller, finite elements that can be expressed as algebraic equations. These equations can then be assembled into a larger system of equations that models the entire problem.

A twisting force that tends to cause rocation

The mucus layer that is present on the lining of the organs in the GI tract

Less toxic metal that does not contain lead or cadmium. Instead, Field's metal contains indium.

https://socratic.org/questions/what-are-the-layers-of-the-gastrointestinal-tract-what-are-their-functions

https://fineartamerica.com/featured/3-stomach-wall-asklepios-medical-atlas.html

This is a set of things working together but existing and functioning independently.

This is a substance or compound added to a system to cause a chemical reaction, or added to test if a reaction occurs.

Something that relates to heat

This is the measurement of a material's ability to conduct heat.

This is an approximate representation of the distribution of numerical data

the emission of light during a chemical reaction which does not produce significant quantities of heat.

This is the characterization of something under constant change, activity, or progress.

Investigation of the spectral make-up of surface-reflected radiation with respect to its angularly dependent intensity and the composition of the incident primary radiation.

This is a separation of disconnection between ideas, objects, etc.

Tying with a rope or chain to restrict movement of that which is being connected to. This often refers to two things being connect to one another.

An act or the power of moving from place to place.

made up of exactly similar parts facing each other or around an axis.

This is something that carries characteristics of exhibiting vigorous strength and health.

Allowing light, but not detailed shapes, to pass through; semitransparent.

This is a blend of recycled polymers and wood byproducts that exhibits the best characteristics of both the polymers and wood.

a measure of elasticity, equal to the ratio of the stress acting on a substance to the strain produced.

Essentially modifying and tweaking the colors and temperatures of the fluids based on the electromagnetic spectrum.

This is a object that produces electricity by a difference of temperatures. This can also be described as an object that involves the relation between temperature and electrical condition

This is something that is of or containing water, that is typically used as a solvent or medium. A substance could be dissolved in water, making it an aqueous solution.

is a colored material that is completely or nearly insoluble in water.

a tube with a nozzle and piston or bulb for sucking in and ejecting liquid in a thin stream, used for cleaning wounds or body cavities, or fitted with a hollow needle for injecting or withdrawing fluids.

This refers to being four-footed, where all four feet are used for walking and running. This can be seen in animals such as a dog or cat.

This is the modification of the wetting properties of a surface, typically hydrophobic, with an applied electric field.

Uses for electrowetting include applications on lenses, electronic displays, and separating oil-water mixtures.

Is a versatile principle that can be used for high speed actuation of liquid interfaces.

This is the ability to be extended or stretched.

Is a channel with a hydraulic (contains liquid) diameter below 1 mm.

This is something that is operated by or contains air or gas under pressure.

An example of this would be container holding pressurized air or gas.

the action of causing a machine or device to operate.

This comes from the electromagnetic spectrum, the range of wavelengths or frequencies over which electromagnetic radiation extends, of visible light, which ranges from approximately 400nm to 700nm.

A solid substance that has a conductivity between that of an insulator and that of most metals, either due to the addition of an impurity or because of temperature effects. One common semiconductor are silicon chips used in electronics.

Organisms that have a segmented body and jointed appendages, a usually chitinous exoskeleton molted at intervals, and a brain connected to a spinal cord.

Is a form of electromagnetic radiation with wavelength from 10nm to 400 nm, shorter than that of visible light, but longer than X-rays. UV radiation is present in sunlight, and constitutes about 10% of the total electromagnetic radiation output from the Sun.

This is the layers of feathers that cover a bird and the pattern, color, and arrangement of the feathers.

These are iridescent chromatophores, and chromatophores are cells that produce color, of which many types are pigment-containing cells, or groups of cells, found in a wide range of animals including amphibians, fish, reptiles, crustaceans and cephalopods.

This is a polymer, either natural or synthetic, that has elastic properties.

An example of this would be rubbers.

This is an artificial device that replaces a missing body part. The reason for why this part my be missing may be a result of many different reasons, but these devices are utilized with the intention to restore the normal functions of the missing body part.

Is the image of a person, animal, object or scene represented as a solid shape of a single colour, usually black, with its edges matching the outline of the subject.

To render invisible or unreadable, as by erasing or marking over

A form of light that is slightly above our visible light spectrum. Since it is not within our visible light spectrum, it is invisible to the naked eye, but it still provides useful applications in nature and everyday life such as remote controls for your television.

This is the use of any combination of materials, coloration, or illumination for concealment, either by making animals or objects hard to see, or disguising them as something else.

A group or system that deals with the behavior, manipulation, and precise control of fluids that are constrained to a small scale. This often deals with objects that are measured to be in the tens to hundreds of micrometers.

A set of things working together that uses two or more steps to create a product. This is also chemically created to imitate an existing and natural set.

Materials belonging to this category include things made up by smaller units called monomers. However, this category contains many monomers arranged in a way that keeps the overall object flexible and non rigid.

The property of a material to be compatible with living tissue. Materials that trigger a toxic or immune response when exposed to the body are NOT biocompatible.

One of the most common methods of spectroscopy. The sample is exposed to infrared light and data is collected to determine how much light is absorbed or released by the sample.

To convert the raw data into an actual spectrum, a Fourier transform must be performed.

Thermoset: applying heat to harden or cure the material. This creates the matrix encapsulating the device.

Thanks to the healing ability of the polyimine and the liquid nature of the eutectic LM circuitry, bonds can be reformed and reshaped throughout the device.

Upon thermosetting, dynamic covalent bonds are formed between the atoms that can readily assemble and disassemble. This gives the polyimines their unique healing ability.

An electrocardiogram sensor records the pathway of electrical impulses throughout the heart. This data can be used to monitor the heart's condition and response to physical exertion.

A reaction that converts an -imine compound into smaller monomers/oligomers. The researchers discovered this reaction to be useful for separating the chip components and LM from the matrix by solubilizing the these monomers/oligomers in methanol.

Eutectic: a mixture of substances that melts and solidifies totally at the same temperature, which is lower than the melting points of the individual constituents.

Eutectic LM: A mixture of liquid metals.

ReconfigBehSci. (2021, February 8). RT @lakens: @BrianNosek @SLLancaster @siminevazire @hardsci Very cool—And it already has a list of glossaries to build on https://t.co/c9… [Tweet]. @SciBeh. https://twitter.com/SciBeh/status/1359042653539741696

in a test tube, culture dish, or elsewhere outside a living organism

https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/61NWKipSclL._AC_SX450_.jpg

Non-fermentable semi-synthetic dietary fibre, based on cellulose.

Cone shaped structure.

Biomaterial with a high molecular weight.

The ratio of the average mass of one molecule of an element to one twelfth of the mass of an atom of carbon.

A protective tube used during endoscopy.

A procedure used to look inside the body and examine the interior of a hollow organ or body cavity.

Experimentation done on tissue from an organism in an external environment with minimal alteration of natural conditions.

The inner lining of organs and body cavities such as the stomach.

A thin, clear, acidic fluid secreted by the stomach glands.

The state of being thick and semifluid in consistency.

A deviation from a regular pattern, path, or level of operation.

A twisting force that causes rotation.

Oral subchronic toxicity refers to adverse effects occurring after repeated administration of a test sample.

Involuntary movements of the longitudinal and circular muscles, primarily in the digestive tract but occasionally in other hollow tubes of the body, that occur in progressive wavelike contractions

Acute oral toxicity refers to adverse effects following oral administration of a single dose of a substance.

An object which has only one unstable point of balance.

Any substance or mixture of substances intended to be used in the manufacture of a drug product and that, when used in the production of a drug, becomes a functional ingredient in the drug product

The open space within a tube-shaped body part

An early sample, model, or release of a product built to test a concept or process.

The action of causing a machine or device to operate.

Second most common marine grade stainless steel.

Connections between cells that prevent the passage of molecules and ions through the space between membranes of touching cells

An enzyme (a biological catalyst) which breaks down proteins and peptides

Biodegradable polyester with a low melting point of around 60°C.

The ability of a drug or other substance to be absorbed and used by the body

millimeter scale pillars

Situated or applied under the skin

Plasma is a yellowish liquid component of blood that holds the blood cells of whole blood in suspension. It is the liquid part of the blood that carries cells and proteins throughout the body.