10,000 Matching Annotations
  1. Sep 2023
    1. wo neuroanatomists, Herophilos and Erasistratos, contributed to our knowledge of the human brain. Herophilos distinguished the cerebellum (at the very base of the back of the brain) and the cerebrum (the two cerebral hemispheres). He hypothesized that since the cerebellum was denser than the other parts of the brain, it must control the muscles (a guess of impressive accuracy). And he provided the first clear description of the cavities within the brain known as ventricles (Figure 1.2.1). Erasistratos continued the work of Herphilos and proposed that human intelligence was related to the number of convolutions (ridges) in the brain; the more convolutions an individual's brain had, the more intelligent that person would be.

      explaining who founded what about the brain, explains more on how the brain controls our feelings

    1. Using this fundamental assumption of the modern scientific view of the universe, this means that the mind is entirely material, dependent upon the physical activities of an entirely material organ, the brain.

      all of our thoughts and feelings are "material" because they come from our brain

    2. We may not be using our brains as efficiently as possible at all times, but we are using the entirety of our brain as each part contributes to our daily functioning.

      Myth busted.

    3. Key areas of focus within the field include sensation and perception; motivated behavior (such as hunger, thirst, and sex); control of movement; learning and memory; sleep and biological rhythms; and emotion.

      Areas of focus for biopysch

    1. nonverbal communication

      Nonverbal communication is exactly what is sounds, It's communication without speaking to another person. I can IMMENSELY connect this to my life outside the classroom. I can easily communicate to my mom in my house without having to speak to her, for example if she asks me about something I can simply give her a thumbs up.

    2. communication

      Communication is the process of sending messages with meaning that could be received in multiple contexts. I can relate this to my life outside of the classroom. As funny as this sounds I struggle communicating with others because of my challenge with finding the right words. When I'm in a conversation sometimes I have a hard time finding the right words to go along with the conversation.

    3. Oral communication

      Oral communication is transmitted through one channel transmitting through sound and is picked up by our ears. Other people don't have a hard time understanding the information, but I do. As I said in previous annotations my brain has a hard time processing large amounts of information. So, It doesn't help my brain when there is a large amount of information that is communicated.

    4. Although we can rely on verbal communication to fill in the blanks sometimes left by nonverbal expressions, we often put more trust into what people do over what they say.

      I believe everyone thinks this way because actions speak louder than words. If someone says they like you then goes and gossips about you. You're going to think they do not like you at all.

    5. There are some instances in which we verbally communicate involuntarily.

      When people take lie detector tests, they often have body language analysis because their body is usually saying something they are not.

    1. posture

      Posture is either our natural or intentional position our body places us in. When I'm giving a speech in class or outside the classroom my legs and hips tend to move outwards and lock ( there's a name for it I just can't think of it right now!). With knowing this about myself I'm hoping that I can improve this common movement while I give a speech.

    2. Vocalics

      Vocalics are study of paralanguage in vocal qualities. When I'm giving a speech all of these specific vocal qualities can't be control because of my nervousness. For instance my rate will be a quick pace (as I want to finish the speech as quickly as possible). My vocal quality will be in the area of low to medium.

    3. I group head movements and posture together because they are often both used to acknowledge others and communicate interest or attentiveness.

      I was taught this in my avid class. The class was on how to be successful in college. My teacher taught us to sit in front, we take in more information that way, sit up straight, and nod to show that we understand to the speaker.

    1. well as filtering the lymph, lymph nodes produce the white cells known as lymphocytes. Lymphocytes are also produced by the thymus, spleen and bone marrow. There are two kinds of lymphocyte. The first attack invading micro organisms directly while others produce antibodies that circulate in the blood and attack them. The function of the lymphatic system can therefore be summarized as transport and defense. It is important for returning the fluid and proteins that have escaped from the blood capillaries to the blood system and is also responsible for picking up the products of fat digestion in the small intestine. Its other essential function is as part of the immune system, defending the body against infection

      👍🏼

    2. When tissue fluid enters the small blind-ended lymphatic capillariesthat form a network between the cells it becomes lymph. Lymph is a clear watery fluid that is very similar to blood plasma except that it contains large numbers of white blood cells, mostly lymphocytes. It also contains protein, cellular debris, foreign particles and bacteria. Lymph that comes from the intestines also contains many fat globules following the absorption of fat from the digested food into the lymphatics (lacteals) of the villi (see chapter 11 for more on these). From the lymph capillaries the lymph flows into larger tubes called lymphatic vessels.These carry the lymph back to join the blood circulation

      lymph is formed

    1. That slower rate of growth is accompanied by a reduced appetite between the ages of 2 and 6. This change can sometimes be surprising to parents and lead to the development of poor eating habits. However, children between the ages of 2 and 3 need 1,000 to 1,400 calories, while children between the ages of 4 and 8 need 1,200 to 2,000 calories (Mayo Clinic, 2016a).

      Again focusing on nutrition this week, it is important to know when children are not eating enough, especially when their appetites are changing. Their bodies are rapidly changing and because of this they deal with chemical imbalances and their taste buds are changing which means they are going to be a bit picky, so it is important to make sure they are eating enough by giving them food you know they like or introducing new foods to try. That wat they get a taste of something different as well as building their appetites and making sure they grow and development correctly.

    1. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends children be introduced to foods other than breast milk or infant formula when they are about 6 months old. Every child is different. Here are some signs that show that an infant is ready for foods other than breast milk or infant formula: Child can sit with little or no support. Child has good head control. Child opens his or her mouth and leans forward when food is offered.

      I thought I would focus on nutrition this week because it is extremely important toward child growth and development. I selected this passage to annotate because I think it is important to know when infants can eat certain foods, especially solid foods. It is important to note that in order for infants to try new foods that they know how to sit up correctly because that way they will not choke or have a hard time swallowing. Same with the head control. I didn't realize that if food is offered the child will open his or her mouth. I found that pretty interesting because it is like they have an instinct. I believe infants are a lot smarter than we think, especially when it comes to trying new things.

    1. As California continues to formalize and institutionalize ethnic studies, scholars and activists are contending with the boundaries of the field and its purpose for higher education and society. With the inclusion of ethnic studies in general education requirements, courses in Chicanx/Latinx studies will receive a greater amount of institutional oversight, and an increased number of students gaining from this content and pedagogy. However, this has created an incentive for faculty from outside disciplines with no training in Chicanx/Latinx studies or ongoing work in the field to enter the discipline as instructors or researchers

      A new and growing problem, how do we maintain and preserve the radical nature of ES when it becomes more heavily bureaucratized? How do we keep the democratic (the DOING democracy) nature of ES alive when it becomes further ingrained into the institution?

    1. Amnesia, a deficit in memory, can be caused by brain damage. Anterograde amnesia is the inability to store new memories; retrograde amnesia is the inability to retrieve old memories. These types of amnesia indicate that memory does have a storage process.25

      definitions of each type of amnesia that can cause issues with the process of long-term storage

    1. reveal faulty, silly, or immoral practices by the authorities

      satire can be used against people with a "higher power" to show how they're actions can be questionable and hypocritical.

    1. as the first narrative that fits modern criteria of a novel. Usually a novel is defined by its length, or, more precisely, the extension of its plot, which can span over longer time than, for example, a short story.

      A novel is a longer more complex book. Is also fictional.

    2. Firstly, the plot usually stretches over a relatively short time span, and will involve fewer characters than a novel. Secondly, a short story will have a certain structure with a turning point or climax which brings the plot in an unexpected direction.

      Important key points to distinguish a short story.

    1. Ambitious: They are competitive and have a high need for achievement. Independent: They are individualists and self-starters who prefer to lead rather than follow. Self-confident: They understand the challenges of starting and operating a business and are decisive and confident in their ability to solve problems. Risk-takers: Although they are not averse to risk, most successful entrepreneurs favor business opportunities that carry a moderate degree of risk where they can better control the outcome over highly risky ventures where luck plays a large role. Visionary: Their ability to spot trends and act on them sets entrepreneurs apart from small-business owners and managers. Creative: To compete with larger firms, entrepreneurs need to have creative product designs, bold marketing strategies, and innovative solutions to managerial problems. Energetic: Starting and operating a business takes long hours. Even so, some entrepreneurs start their companies while still employed full-time elsewhere. Passionate. Entrepreneurs love their work, as Miho Inagi demonstrated by opening a bagel shop in Tokyo despite the odds against it being a success. Committed. Because they are so committed to their companies, entrepreneurs are willing to make personal sacrifices to achieve their goals.

      Traits of Entrepreneuers

    1. These options may or may not be good ones, but the point is that the way this argument has presented the choice as an either/or is misleading.

      By this logic, the argument could have worked if the author had mentioned whether the choices we we're given were one of the few good options.

    2. Americans are faced with a choice: either we open our borders or we turn our backs on the needs of desperate people. Clearly, the only ethical course is to open our borders.

      This does give the author a negative view from the reader as there is more options, but we are only given two. We feel trapped by the author which could be a convincing decision or a damaging one.

    3. A generalization tells us that something is true for a group of cases that have something in common.

      This sentence interested me because I always viewed the word generalization as a negative definition. This is because this word is usually used in a negative context. Which is ironic for this context.

    4. Here is a sample way to point out a false dilemma

      I really like using this resource of sample sentences that help me get started by just filling in the blanks with the criteria I am looking at.

    5. Exceptions are not always so damaging to an argument.

      This is a good reminder that exceptions do not have to be totally arguing against your claims.

    1. However, where Piaget felt that children moved naturally through different stages of development, based on biological predispositions and their own individual interactions with the world, Vygotsky claimed that adult or peer intervention was a much more important part of the developmental process.

      the differences off ideas for each developmental theory(Piaget and Vygotsky)

    1. Motifs often lead us to discern a theme by drawing attention to it through repetition.

      Motifs being repeated in stories help the attention be caught by the reader more often.

    2. We can think of theme, in its most basic definition, as the message the author tries to send their readers.

      The theme gives the story life and helps the reader become more intrigued.

    3. Theme

      I remember in middle school, the class would always say "Theme is the universal idea or the heart of the story." It's a lesson on life and mankind.

    1. you should always keep your eyes open for repeated words and phrases.

      Repeated words are very common in a story especially if there are images in the story.

    2. a word can evoke the senses.

      Imagery can recall the object in detail and set the mood for the text. I sometimes, find it difficult to make a connection on imagery. But I will pay attention to some key words that evoke senses.

    3. words that serve a special function

      Authors use rhetorical devices to develop meaning in their story. The reader will discover the author's overall purpose.

    1. Tone is the attitude writing can take towards its subject or audience.

      When you can hear the tone in your head it can help you understand the story better.

    1. lturally significant environment, where traditional and modern values interact.

      Midnight's Children notes the importance of the setting for the narrator's birth.

  2. human.libretexts.org human.libretexts.org
    1. inciting incident, exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, and dénouement.

      Useful guideline to follow when writing a story. This helps analyze the structure of the story to assure it makes sense to the reader.

    2. A plot is a storyline. We can define plot as the main events of a book, short story, play, poem, etc. and the way those events connect to one another. Conflicts act as the driving forces behind a plot

      Identifying the plot is an important step to understanding the story.

    1. Keep in mind that characters aren't necessarily people. They can be animals, divine beings, personifications, etc.

      This makes it easier to understand characterization because a character can be anything.

    2. Conflict occurs between two opposing sides in a story, usually centering on characters' values, needs, or interests.

      A conflict is needed to make the story and to build up characterization.

    3. we can determine the protagonist and antagonist. The protagonist is the focal point of the conflict

      Most stories have a protagonist who is the main character of the story.

    4. For instance, they can illustrate a different side of the main conflict, or they can highlight the traits of the main characters.

      This is can be helpful to provide a different perspective.

    5. In order to encourage us to continue reading, writers must force us to react in some way to their characters, whether it is to identify, empathise, or sympathise with them; to dislike or disapprove of them; or to pass judgement on their actions, behaviour and values.

      This is important to get the readers attention and be able to have them connect to the character or story.

    6. a physical and psychological complexity that mimics that of the real people

      I would think how the character's overall personality can be related to everyday life.

    7. represent a particular idea, human trait, or set of values,

      "Flat" characters only serve one minor purpose. They are much like static characters.

    8. ustrate a different side of the main conflict, or they can highlight the traits of the main characters.

      Minor characters can give a different perspective on the main character.

    9. ndergo some sort of significant personal change (for better or worse) as a result of their experiences.

      These are called Dynamic characters. They often grow and change a lot throughout the story.

    1. In this section we will concentrate largely on the various elements that make up a fictional narrative; the events that make up a story and how they are arranged (the plot); the perspectives from which stories can be narrated; the act of characterisation; the importance of setting, both in terms of time and place; and the actual language and style which writers adopt to tell their narratives.

      This clearly states where to focus on in fictional writing.

    2. Fiction refers to literature created from the imagination. Mysteries, science fiction, romance, fantasy, chick lit, and crime thrillers are all fiction genres.

      Fiction is clearly defined here along with the genres that fall into this category.

    1. A serious impact of excess fat is the accumulation of too much cholesterol in the arterial wall, which can thicken the walls of arteries and lead to cardiovascular disease.

      eating too much causes a lot more fat that can cause issues.

    2. The three main types of lipids are triacylglycerols, phospholipids, and sterols. Triacylglycerols (also known as triglycerides) make up more than 95 percent of lipids in the diet and are commonly found in fried foods, vegetable oil, butter, whole milk, cheese, cream cheese, and some meats. Naturally occurring triacylglycerols are found in many foods, including avocados, olives, corn, and nuts.

      triglycerides, Can not dissolve in water.

    3. . Lipids perform three primary biological functions within the body: they serve as structural components of cell membranes, function as energy storehouses, and function as important signaling molecules.

      important 3 parts in signaling moledules. they serve as structural components of cell membranes, function as energy storehouses, and function as important signaling molecules.

    4. there have been many instances when food was scarce. Our ability to store excess caloric energy as fat for future usage allowed us to continue as a species during these times of famine. So, normal fat reserves are a signal that metabolic processes are efficient and a person is healthy.

      that's a great way to say that it's okay to be be fat in times of need.

    1. Where you choose to sit can also impact perceived characteristics and leadership decisions

      As I said in one of my last comments in avid class we were taught to sit in the front row because we take in more information, and nod. This shows the speaker you are interested and understand the information given. Avid was about leadership and using the tools and techniques given to better our learning. I've been using these techniques most in college and very happy I started thinking about my education earlier on.

    2. When we become more aware of the messages we are sending, we can monitor for nonverbal signals that are incongruent with other messages or may be perceived as such.

      My sister is so shy and she tends to aim her head to the ground to avoid eye contact. I think this makes her feel more comfortable but other people probably think she doesn't want to talk to them.

    1. “in spite of you and Jane! And I’ve pulled off most of the paper, so you can’t put me back!”

      She feels a sense of freedom and relief now that the wallpaper is gone. It symbolizes her abolishing the control she felt John had over her.

    2. but it does exhaust me a good deal—

      She is contradicting herself and only proving their predictions to be right, if she is over-exhorting herself while having this disorder she will only worsen.

    3. My brother is also a physician, and also of high standing, and he says the same thing

      Two physicians agree with one another, she probably just is temporarily depressed with anxiety.

    4. s very seldom that mere ordinary people like John and myself secure ancestral halls for the summer.

      It is a rare occasion when she and John can afford a nice house for the summer.

    1. Well-structured problems (like the story problems you might often encounter in text books) are often set in an artificial context, while the ill-structured problems one faces in day-to-day life are often set in a very specific context (your life). Is it possible for multiple people to observe the same situation and perceive different problems associated with it? How does context and perception influence how one might identify a problem, its solution, or its importance?

      Multiple people can observe the same situation and perceive different problems associated it, although there is likely to be some commonly agreed upon issue that is given greater priority. Usually well-structured problems cause us to limit ourselves in thinking about what the solution is because there is likely only one or two possible correct answers. Such is the case in mathematics with algebraic questions that may only have one correct answer. However, with ill-structured problems one is forced to think more critically and thoroughly, outlining every aspect of the situation and figuring out all the possible ways to address the issue. This causes debate amongst people who are trying to solve the problem because they likely don't have the same solutions in mind. This is due to each individual's unique experience in life, whether it be with handling a similar situation to the one presented or having no experience at all with dealing with this specific problem. Having no experience may seem to bring nothing to the table, but a fresh perspective on a commonly encountered situation is often beneficial in finding a new and lasting solution to the problem because it will likely acknowledge other problems that the more experienced problem-solvers could not see. Perhaps they could not see the other problems because they weren't expecting it or because they were already hardwired into fixing the situation in a certain manner. In that sense, it's important to have both people with little and lots of experience with a certain situation in order to find an effective solution. Usually this is done through agreeing to prioritize one specific aspect of the situation because it is causing the most damage or seemingly has the biggest influence on the situation.

    2. Can you think of an example where the imprecise or incorrect use of vocabulary caused needless confusion in real life? Describe the example and discuss how the confusion could have been avoided.

      I remember telling a professor I could not see the "course materials" on their canvas website. What I meant was that I could not see the assigned readings, but other course materials were visible. This frustrated my professor greatly because they thought that none of the course materials were uploaded and accessible on their canvas website, and thus none of the students in their course could utilize them. I could have prevented a great deal of stress from falling on my professor by specifying what course materials were not visible on the site instead of speaking in broad terms and making them think that all of the course materials were not visible.

    3. Can you give an example from your previous classes where an instructor has used an anthropomorphism to describe a nonhuman thing? What were/are the trade-offs of the description (i.e. why did the description work and what were its limitations)?

      In a writing class my professor encouraged the use of anthropomorphism in scientific writing to help explain complex scientific subjects to the general public. He assigned a reading excerpted from American Wolf, written by Nate Blakeslee. In the book, Blakeslee constantly designates human emotions and traits to a pack of wolves that reside in Yellowstone National Park. In order to portray the idea of an alpha wolf in a pack, Blakeslee often described the alpha as having leader-like characteristics - such as being brave, smart, and caring - often those that we associate with human leaders. This helped me understand that an alpha stood out amongst its pack and took on important responsibilities. However, these descriptions can be a bit dramatic considering we have no way of knowing what wolves are actually thinking, if they think at all, or what emotions they are or aren't feeling, and therefore we should be careful when comparing animal behavior to that of humans.

    4. How do you interpret the term mental model and why do you think that it is important for learning?

      Mental models represent a foundation of knowledge to draw inspiration from in order to answer new questions or solve related problems. They can be important for learning because they demonstrate a fundamental understanding of a concept by the individual using mental models, and also help develop inspire new models when new problems present themselves.

    5. importance

      It is definitely possible that people can perceive the same situation and see different problems with it. As a person with naturally curly hair, every once in a while I decide to straighten in. People will often come up to me and say it looks much better that way and that I should wear it that way always or more often. This always kind of hurts because to them, it is like a compliment. They are calling me pretty. However, to me, it feels like they are putting down something that is an inherent part of me, literally saying I would look better if I damaged my hair every day rather than curate it. In an environment that is predominately Eurocentric features, straight hair has stereotypically been seen as the standard and so the "sleek" look over the "messy" look is preferred. Therefore, to people commenting on my hair, they see a solution, just straighten my hair. For me, I now see a problem. Do I take them as correct and start straightening my hair, see them as correct and continue as I am, or ignore their comments entirely? Depending on your background and environment the way you see the world is coded entirely differently.

    6. Is it possible for multiple people to observe the same situation and perceive different problems associated with it? How does context and perception influence how one might identify a problem, its solution, or its importance?

      I believe that multiple people can observe the same situation but with different mindsets and how to interpret it. If 2 people were to encounter someone that is hurt, one would try to help by talking to the person in pain, while the other person calls for professional help. These are 2 different ways to react towards a sitation. It is okay for people to interpret and react in different. ways as long as there is a reasonable explanation to why they reacted to it.

    7. imprecise or incorrect use of vocabulary caused needless confusion in real life?

      I think a good example of this is when people use the words affect and effect without knowing the true definition of the words. Affect is verb and is defined as, "to change something or someone." While the word effect is a noun and is defined as, "the result of change."

    8. Describe

      As a Starbucks barista, people often don't know what they are asking for. For example, someone has come through before asking for a hot green tea. Therefore, we gave them a tea bag green tea. However, quite frustrated, when we gave it to them, they said it was usually actually green. Turns out they wanted a hot matcha latte (which technically still is a hot green tea). The confusion could have been avoided if we clarified when taking the order, or if the customer took the time to actually know their order (since they clearly had had it before).

    9. energy can be transferred from the food to your muscles, teaches you about how your diet and exercise influence your health

      I'm a person who works out pretty often and It is safe for me to say that many people that I know who hit the gym don't know or understand the biology behind working out. There are certain goals that people want to meet and to achieve those goals they must eat and workout a certain way. Some need to diet for weight loss and muscle gain. Understanding how foods breakdown in our body to give us energy and protein is very important to me!

    10. anthropomorphism

      In my high school chemistry class, my teacher described how when elements became ions, anions wanted electrons and cations were trying to get rid of them. It worked because it helped explain the basic process of what makes an ion, but it was limited in how it explained how ionic compounds are formed since there is more push and pull there.

    11. model

      When I think of a mental model I think of it as a certain lens through which we see the world and function. I feel like the word model, whether or not it is, has the connotation of being a bit rigid. However, when it comes to learning I think it is important for your mental model to be flexible so that you are able to understand concepts on all scales.

    12. When I think of a mental model I think of it as a certain lens through which we see the world and function. I feel like the word model, whether or not it is, has the connotation of being a bit rigid. However, when it comes to learning I think it is important for your mental model to be flexible so that you are able to understand concepts on all scales.

    13. mental model

      My interpretation of a "mental model" is a level of understanding a subject thoroughly. To use a metaphor, rote memorization can be considered a 2D understanding of information. The knowledge is there and accessible, but in only a shallow way. Mental models facilitate a deeper, 3D understanding of a subject. This type of knowledge is complex and can be approached from different angles.

    14. Well-structured problems (like the story problems you might often encounter in text books) are often set in an artificial context, while the ill-structured problems one faces in day-to-day life are often set in a very specific context (your life). Is it possible for multiple people to observe the same situation and perceive different problems associated with it? How does context and perception influence how one might identify a problem, its solution, or its importance?

      Yes, it is possible for multiple people to see the same thing and interpret it differently. Example is I see water recurring on the bathroom floor and think "huh, water", while my mother comes and thinks "leak". It was in fact a leak. In this case, my mother had the background of many years of experience dealing with similar matters and knew what to look for. I percieved the fact that water was on the floor, but lacked the background and brainpower to connect it to a pipe. A random thought here, without well-structured problems, we cannot have well-structured solutions. And without well-structured solutions, we cannot have a universal application of this knowledge and therefore becomes a standalone concept, unable to be associated with other concepts or situations, even if the problems are virtually identical. The real world is full of ill-structured problems and I wonder what makes them ill-structured to begin with? Is it the sheer amount of variables involved? Probabilities? Or something else? If our models are advanced and comprehensive enough, can we actually make all ill-structured problems into structured? I am thinking specifically of the mathematical model created to simulate how people on the street walk and how they change their paths based on where other people are. Ok, thats enough.

    15. .

      In my life, it happens quite often. Just the other day I was chatting with someone and told them I had to leave and do some work. Later I realized that they thought I a job instead of me having to finish cleaning. This had an unintented consequence of misleading this person into thinking I was a diligent, hardworking individual, and that I had my own income. The use of vague language led to a misunderstanding as we both have different definitions of what work is.

    16. ?

      I think I remember my Chemistry class often saying that a "molecule likes to be with another molecule", or that water doesn't like oil, for example. For everyday surface level discussions, this type of language is alright because it gets the point across in a way that everyone can understand. People are humans after all, so the easiest way to describe something is to use human interactions and terms. However when one wishes to dive a little deeper, these descriptions are very vague and do not actually say much about why something is happening. Taking the water and oil example, there are a lot of details being skipped, such as the atomic structures, the polarizations, the electron configurations etc etc that are not even being mentioned in the anthropomorphic terminology. Basically, when explaining something in terms of human behavior, one must sacrifice details and levels of deeper understanding.

    17. How do you interpret the term mental model and why do you think that it is important for learning?

      I interpret "mental models" as a unique way for each individual to perceive a complex system in a more easily digestible way. Basically, a condensation of information to better break down a big idea into smaller chunks. I think it is quite important because the real world is infinitely complicated, so by visualizing little pieces of the bigger picture, can one eventually see the whole system.

    18. mental model

      Mental models are critical to deeper understanding. I am a visual learner and I have come to realize that when I am capable of visualizing what I am expected to know, I can recall the information faster. For instance, I find chirality in chemistry difficult to comprehend when looking at drawings on paper. However, as soon as I am able to take a look at that same compound using a model kit, I am able to better visualize the compound on paper. With practice, mental models help increase my learning exponentially.

    19. imprecise or incorrect use of vocabulary caused needless confusion in real life?

      Nail polish remover and rubbing alcohol or both "inflammable" liquids that are a common household item. While many people might already know that the "inflammable" and "flammable" may be interchanged, there are some who may think that "inflammable" would mean not-flammable. Hopefully, the majority would already know that nail polish remover and rubbing alcohol are flammable items. However, to ensure that the confusion does not occur, the vocabulary word flammable or ignitable could be used in the place of "inflammable".

    20. an instructor has used an anthropomorphism to describe a nonhuman thing?

      When taking the UCDFD EMT course, my instructors would use anthropomorphism to help explain type I diabetes. They explained that in type I diabetes, the body does not produce enough insulin. Insulin was the "key" and "carrier" that allowed glucose to enter the bloodstream. Insulin would "unlock" the passageway that would allow glucose to be absorbed and used throughout the body. The use of anthropomorphism to describe type I diabetes was extremely helpful as it allowed me to understand how insulin works in the body, and not just memorize what happens. A limitation to this analogy is that insulin is not technically a "key" in the body, it is a hormone which helps regulate the amount of glucose entering the bloodstream.

    1. There was no home country where their languages and customs still existed because they were still in it. Their culture was just simply being erased.

      right before them and they were shunned

    2. For Native Americans, this was cultural erasure, for the elder tribal members were continually being eradicated through warfare and the children were being forced to forget their native language.

      aka, an act of genocide

    3. O’Sullivan was clear that this “destiny” was dictated by God

      an example of Appeal to Heaven fallacy- an abandonment of logic & reason. The Will of God is not knowable, but the person arguing knows

    4. glass beads that they considered valuable, but the English viewed as meaningless. These trinkets circulated amongst the tribes as currency.

      Native Americans were determined to co-exist However the English decide to go for more and as Native Americans conformed with less the English took advantage of this

    1. The requirement of honesty comes not only from the American Sociological Association’s principles of integrity and scientific responsibility but also out of the scientific principle of replication

      Like other professional associations, places a strong emphasis on integrity and scientific responsibility. Sociologists are expected to conduct their research with honesty, transparency, and ethical rigor.

    1. Question

      Q1: Null - Tomato plant height is not positively correlated to sunlight exposure. Alt - Tomato plant height is positively correlated by the amount of sunlight they are exposed to. Q2: A shade structure is created to test the predicition that the shade contraption tomatoes will be shorter than the full sun tomatoes. I predict the shady contraption tomatoes will be shorter than the full sun tomatoes. Q3: The mirror contraption is to test the opposite of the shade contraption in order to ensure that sunlight is variable affecting height. Q4: This experiment shows that there might be a confounding variable that is affecting the tomato plant height, since the shade and mirror contraptions did not make the tomato plants shorter and taller (respectively) when compared to their full shade/sun counterparts as the alt hypothesis assumed. Q5: This scenario also does not support the alternative hypothesis because the plants under the shade structure were the same height as those in the sun. This suggests that there needs to be further trials conducted and more control variables added to reduce the amount of confounding variables that might be affecting the results. Q6: I am assuming that the plant height measurements are taken from overall plant heigh rather than stem length, as well as the shade and mirror contraptions giving the same amount of sunlight as the shade and sun areas. I am also assuming that the soil is not even being considered as a variable, hence why the results seem to not be lining up as I would expect. My prior knowledge of photosynthesis is also another assumption that is affecting my judgement, since it influences how I would assume the plants to react to sunlight.

    2. What

      It means that the experiment has leaned towards supporting the alt hypothesis rather than the null (I believe alt is like the 1 supports the stated hypo and null the opposite/nothing happened?), but hasn't proven it to be true or false. Falsifying hypotheses is an acknowledgment that even if the outcome seems to support one claim more than the other, it does not necessarily mean it is true because we don't know if it actually is. It also leaves space for people to question the seemingly supported conclusion and maybe even prove it wrong. A good example is people believing leeches were a good way to keep healthing. Now we have contradicting evidence to that claim thanks to our advancements.

    3. What does this experiment lead you to conclude?

      Since there was no difference in height between plants in the direct sunlight, regardless if they were under the shady structure, and plants in the shade (even with the extra light shined on them), we can accept our null hypothesis. We could attempt to test another variable of plant height, such as the nutrients in the soil. Tomato plants could be planted in their original spots in the shady and sunny part of the yard and a third and fourth group of plants could be planted in 2 separate plots of new soil in both the shade and sun.

    4. null and alternative hypothesis?

      The null hypothesis would be that the height of tomato plants are not affected by whether or not they are in the shade or direct sunlight. The alternative hypothesis is that tomato plants in direct sunlight will grow taller than tomato plants growing in the shade.

    1. In order to set a positive tone before you start speaking, briefly look at the audience and smile. A smile is a simple but powerful facial expression that can communicate friendliness, openness, and confidence.

      Smiling while talking is a huge point in speaking, even when the audience can't see you. At my call center job, we're instructed to answer the phone with a smile on our faces, because even though the customer can't see us, they can hear the expression in our voice when we answer the phone. I think it would be even more important in a speech where the audience can see you, because not only can they see your enthusism in your topic, they can hear it as well.

    1. Vocal Variety

      I feel like this is important in any speaking situation, because if you speak in a monotone voice or don't adjust your vocals at all, you can sound like a droning recording or a robot, which is not what you want when speaking to a group of people. Another thing is sounding like you are just reading a script, rather than speaking naturally.

    1. Manuscript Delivery

      I remember a time I had to give a presentation/speech to our a group of adults after a trp in 8th grade. We were told to give a speech about something we learned on our trip. I'd typed up my speech on my iPad and practiced a few times with my dad, trying to memorize what I could in the short amount of time I had. When I gave my presentation, I'd look down to remember my points and relay my speech to the audience. Using a manuscript delivery method was benefcial for my situation, and my speech went really well.

    2. fluency hiccups

      Fluency hiccups are pause within the speech. I can HEAVILY connect this into my life outside the classroom. Just in general while I would give presentations I would sometimes pause for sometime (highschool). Then I realized after I was done with presenting that I had a pause in the speech that I didn't intend to have.

    1. Practice and get feedback from a trusted source. (Don’t just practice for your cat.)

      reflecting on a point I made earlier, practicing your speech can be very beneficial for several reasons. One, you can get a feel for what your speech will be like when you give it, helping to reduce speaking anxiety. Another reason is solidifying your talking points and making sure your word flow is consistent. Another benefit would be finding weak points or flaws in your speech.

    2. Communication apprehension (CA) is fear or anxiety experienced by a person due to real or perceived communication with another person or persons

      I've always understood fear as a lack of control. Peopple don't like things that they can't control, and the fear with public speaking is that you can't control the opinions of other people. The best way I overcome my fear of public speaking is mentally reminding myself that other people's opinions are their own and don't directly effect me. While in the case of a persuasive speech, its important to get a feel for your audience's opinions, you shouldn't let them get the best of your emotions.

    3. Vocal warm-up exercises

      Vocal warm-up exercises is exactly what it sounds like, these exercises help prepare the mouth for a presentation. I can connect to this in my life outside the classroom. Almost everybody uses this exercise before a presentation. In this class I will be using this as a tool before I have to present our speech.

    4. Physical Relaxation Exercises

      Physical relaxation exercises help to reduce the anxiety of public speaking by breathing and stretching. I can connect this into my life outside the classroom. I don't often use these exercises before a presentation. But for this class i'm going to be more aware and use this tool.

    5. Skills training

      Skills training is a way to help ease the anxiety of public speaking. I can connect this to my life outside of the classroom. Like I said before Public speaking is the one thing that I fear the most because of talking in front of others I don't know making me nervous. I'm hoping that this will be able to help with my fear of public speaking.

    6. Public Speaking Anxiety

      Public speaking anxiety is reactions when one is faced with a presentation. Me and several other people have this particular anxiety. This can be GREATLY connected to my life outside the classroom. In my case public speaking anxiety is the one thing that I fear the most, because I have to talk in front of people that I don't know, which makes me nervous.

    1. While sponges (excluding the Hexactinellids) do not exhibit tissue-layer organization, they do have different cell types that perform distinct functions. Pinacocytes, which are epithelial-like cells, form the outermost layer of sponges, enclosing a jelly-like substance called mesohyl. Mesohyl is an extracellular matrix consisting of a collagen -like gel with suspended cells that perform various functions. The gel-like consistency of mesohyl acts as an endoskeleton, maintaining the tubular morphology of sponges.

      They have an outer layer of skin one cell long.

    1. that low amount

      NO, this is again ambiguity. Their is no low amount of DNA that account for "race" difference. Their is low amount of DNA that account for physical traits, but these little amounts are not distributed within a "race". - please watch "The power of an Illusion!"

    2. The reasons for doubting the biological basis for racial categories suggest that race is more of a social category than a biological one.

      It is not doubting the biological basis... it their is no biological basis... please be more clear! It is ok, we know that science is also context based, it uses scientific method but what is studied, how it is questioned, framed, funded is context dependent. The goal of science is to have theories, and constantly question them... it is a social construct to think of science as the proved truth, it is not the purpose of science... So it is not saying science is not worth to say that the "theory of race" was a fraud and that current research have proven with many means it is not based on facts and evidences. People that say that if we question the biological base of racism it means we have que question science are, to my mind, misunderstanding what science is.

    3. human race began thousands and thousands of years ago in sub-Saharan Africa

      OK it is written here.... but the previous paragraphs, to my, are hiding this last paragraph in euphemism about the concept of race. There is NO scientific evidence that it is based on biology - let's be more clear about that!

    1. Emphasis.

      highlighting the subject, making it appears to be outstanding in the sentence. Through adverb and adjectives lying placed before it, it becomes very clear and concise.

      Furthermore, it makes the sentence much more pleasing, or rather, interesting to hold readers' attention onto the lines.

    1. Words that are placed at the beginning or end of a sentence generally receive the greatest emphasis.

      The first and the last word of the sentence are the ones that stand out to the reader more

    2. connect ideas across several sentences in order to increase sentence variety and improve writing.

      Connecting sentences can make the writing easier to read / flows better.

    3. If you read the two sentences aloud, you will notice that moving the adverb changes the rhythm of the sentence and slightly alters its meaning.

      Adverbs will add variety in the sentence and the text wont be repetitive and will be more interesting to the reader

    4. She slowly turned the corner and peered into the murky basement. Slowly, she turned the corner and peered into the murky basement.

      You DON'T have to always start the sentence with the subject. Sometimes it is more effective to start with an adverb, prepositional phrase, or verb.

    5. I have achieved several goals. I have helped increase funding for local schools. I have reduced crime rates in the neighborhood. I have encouraged young people to get involved in their community.

      Avoid choppy, repetitive sentences in your writing.

    1. For example, a standard problem- solution speech should have a thesis statement that clearly states the problem and the need for a solution. So right now let’s see how dependence on fossil fuels costs you money and how use of ethanol as a supplement will save you money and save the world from energy dependence.

      thesis example for a standard problem

    1. any real number is always positive

      Should be "The absolute value of any non-zero real number is positive" OR: "The absolute value of any real number is non-negative".

    1. Dissolved oxygen in a solution increases the intensity of the fluorescence by photochemically inducing oxidation of the fluorescing species.Quenching results from the paramagnetic properties of molecular oxygen that promotes intersystem crossing and converts the excited molecules to triplet state.Paramagnetic species and dissolved oxygen tend to quench fluorescence and quench the triplet state.

      Dissolved oxygen in a solution DECREASES the intensity of the fluorescence by photochemically inducing oxidation of the fluorescing species. Quenching also results from the paramagnetic properties of molecular oxygen which promotes intersystem crossing and converts the excited molecules to triplet state. Paramagnetic species and dissolved oxygen tend to quench fluorescence and phosphorescence.

    1. The observations or even fears of digital technology-driven or -facilitated error patterns are merely the latest in

      these observations on technology are merely the latest form of a long history of critics of errors being looked for

    2. First, the assertion that new forms of communication signal the end of the world is nothing new.

      the main idea, the idea that new form of writing or information gathering system will damge the current one.

    1. Lastly, scientists make a conclusion regarding whether the data support the hypothesis. In the case of Agent Orange, the data, that mice exposed to TCDD and 2,4,5-T had higher frequencies of cleft palate, matches the prediction. Additionally, veterans exposed to Agent Orange had higher rates of certain diseases, further supporting the hypothesis. We can thus accept the hypothesis that Agent Orange increases the incidence of birth defects and disease.

      The final part in in the scientific method is the conclusion. In this part you see if your hypothesis and prediction was correct and if they were wrong you should run the experiment again.

    2. Finally, the data are collected and the results are analyzed. As described in the Math Blast chapter, statistics can be used to describe the data and summarize data. They also provide a criterion for deciding whether the pattern in the data is strong enough to support the hypothesis.

      One of the last parts in the scientific method is measuring all of your data. You take all of your statistics together and analyze if your experiment has changed anything.

    3. In an observational study, scientists examine multiple samples with and without the presumed cause. An example would be monitoring the health of veterans who had varying levels of exposure to Agent Orange. Scientific studies contain many replicates. Multiple samples ensure that any observed pattern is due to the treatment rather than naturally occurring differences between individuals. A scientific study should also be repeatable, meaning that if it is conducted again, following the same procedure, it should reproduce the same general results. Additionally, multiple studies will ultimately test the same hypothesis.

      An Observational study means that you examine multiple samples without the presumed cause. A repeatable study’s ensures that any observed pattern is due to treatment rather than naturally occurring differences between individuals.

    4. In a manipulative experiment, the independent variable is altered by the scientists, who then observe the response. In other words, the scientists apply a treatment. An example would be exposing developing mice to TCDD and comparing the rate of birth defects to a control group. The control group is group of test subjects that are as similar as possible to all other test subjects, with the exception that they don’t receive the experimental treatment (those that do receive it are known as the experimental, treatment, or test group). The purpose of the control group is to establish what the dependent variable would be under normal conditions, in the absence of the experimental treatment. It serves as a baseline to which the test group can be compared. In this example, the control group would contain mice that were not exposed to TCDD but were otherwise handled the same way as the other mice

      A manipulative experiment is when the scientists can manipulate the independent variable. Basically, the scientists apply treatments to the subject to see what happens. They then compare that data with a control group which doesn’t get any treatment.

    5. Next, a scientific study (experiment) is planned to test the hypothesis and determine whether the results match the predictions. Each experiment will have one or more variables. The independent variable is what scientists hypothesize might be causing something else. In a manipulative experiment (see below), the independent variable is manipulated by the scientist. The dependent variable is the response, the variable ultimately measured in the study. Controlled variables (confounding factors) might affect the dependent variable, but they are not the focus of the study. Scientist attempt to standardize the controlled variables so that they do not influence the results. In our previous example, exposure to Agent Orange is the independent variable. It is hypothesized to cause a change in health (likelihood of having children with birth defects or developing a disease), the dependent variable. Many other things could affect health, including diet, exercise, and family history. These are the controlled variables. There are two main types of scientific studies: experimental studies (manipulative experiments) and observational studies.

      The next step in the scientific method is designing an experiment. This involves figuring out the independent variable which can be manipulated by the scientist. But the dependent variable is the response to the independent variable. The controlled variables are used to compare the dependent to see the results of the experiment.

    6. Hypotheses are tentative explanations and are different from scientific theories. A scientific theory is a widely-accepted, thoroughly tested and confirmed explanation for a set of observations or phenomena. Scientific theory is the foundation of scientific knowledge. In addition, in many scientific disciplines (less so in biology) there are scientific laws, often expressed in mathematical formulas, which describe how elements of nature will behave under certain specific conditions, but they do not offer explanations for why they occur.

      Hypotheses are tentative explanations and are different from scientific theories. It is widely accepted and have an explanation for a set of observations and describes elements of nature. But it does not explain why they occur.

    7. Hypotheses and predictions must be testable to ensure that it is valid. For example, a hypothesis that depends on what a bear thinks is not testable, because it can never be known what a bear thinks. It should also be falsifiable, meaning that they have the capacity to be tested and demonstrated to be untrue. An example of an unfalsifiable hypothesis is “Botticelli’s Birth of Venus is beautiful.” There is no experiment that might show this statement to be false. To test a hypothesis, a researcher will conduct one or more experiments designed to eliminate one or more of the hypotheses. This is important. A hypothesis can be disproven, or eliminated, but it can never be proven. Science does not deal in proofs like mathematics. If an experiment fails to disprove a hypothesis, then we find support for that explanation, but this is not to say that down the road a better explanation will not be found, or a more carefully designed experiment will be found to falsify the hypothesis.

      Hypothesis and predictions must be able to be tested and be able for it to be proven false. For example “The sun gives off light” will be impossible for it to be proven false. Also, an hypothesis can be proven false but I can never be proven. IF the experiment proves that the hypothesis fails to e false then we find support for the explanation.

    8. Predictions stem from the hypothesis. The prediction explains what results would support hypothesis. The prediction is more specific than the hypothesis because it references the details of the experiment. For example, "If Agent Orange causes health problems, then mice experimentally exposed to TCDD, a contaminant of Agent Orange, during development will have more frequent birth defects than control mice"

      “Predictions stem from the hypothesis” the prediction is going to explain what would happen and would support the hypothesis. The prediction is more specific than the hypothesis.

    9. The hypothesis is the expected answer to the question. The best hypotheses state the proposed direction of the effect (increases, decreases, etc.) and explain why the hypothesis could be true. OK hypothesis: Agent Orange influences rates of birth defects and disease. Better hypothesis: Agent Orange increases the incidence of birth defects and disease. Best hypothesis: Agent Orange increases the incidence of birth defects and disease because these health problems have been frequently reported by individuals exposed to this herbicide. If two or more hypotheses meet this standard, the simpler one is preferred.

      The Hypothesis is what you expect the answer is going to be. A good hypothesis explains what you think the cause of the experiment is and then explaining it a bit. If you have two or more hypotheses that meet the standard, the simpler one is preferred.

    10. The question step of the scientific method is simply asking, what explains the observed pattern? Multiple questions can stem from a single observation. Scientists and the public began to ask, what is causing the birth defects in Vietnam and diseases in Vietnam veterans? Could it be associated with the widespread military use of the herbicide Agent Orange to clear the forests (figure 2.2.b−c2.2.b−c\PageIndex{b-c}), which helped identify enemies more easily?

      The question step in the scientific method is the stage of asking questions about your experiment. You begin to question what you are about to experiment and what is the cause of you doing the experiment.

    11. Scientific advances begin with observations. This involves noticing a pattern, either directly or indirectly from the literature. An example of a direct observation is noticing that there have been a lot of toads in your yard ever since you turned on the sprinklers, where as an indirect observation would be reading a scientific study reporting high densities of toads in urban areas with watered lawns

      Observations start with “noticing a pattern, either directly or indirectly from the literature”. Finding something directly could be like finding a leak in your roof because a pipe broke. And an indirect observation could be like finding 3 bee hives in your backyard.

    12. During the Vietnam War (figure 2.2.a2.2.a\PageIndex{a}), press reports from North Vietnam documented an increasing rate of birth defects. While this credibility of this information was initially questioned by the U.S., it evoked questions about what could be causing these birth defects. Furthermore, increased incidence of certain cancers and other diseases later emerged in Vietnam veterans who had returned to the U.S. This leads us to the next step of the scientific method, the question.

      An increase in birth defects located in North Vietnam was an indirect observation which lead to the U.S. questioning this data. When someone notices this it brings us to the next stage in the Scientific process, the question.

    1. Conversely, recent research suggests that many college students perceive the cell phone primarily as a leisure device, and most commonly use cell phones for social networking, surfing the Internet, watching videos, and playing games (Lepp, Li, & Barkley, 2015; Lepp, Barkley, Sanders, Rebold, & Gates, 2013). If typically utilized for leisure rather than education, then cell phones may disrupt learning within academic settings (Levine, Waite, & Bowman, 2007).

      negative poins of using cell phone

    2. Popular activities such as playing video games, surfing the Internet, and monitoring social media sites are now all easily accomplished with most cell phones. Researchers have linked each of these activities, independent of cell phone use, to academic performance. For example, heavy video game playing has been associated with lower GPAs (Jackson, von Eye, Fitzgerald, Witt, & Zhao, 2011; Jackson, von Eye, Witt, Zhao, & Fitzgerald, 2011). Also, low levels of Internet use have been associated with improved academic performance (Chen & Peng, 2008).Chen and Tzeng (2010) found that among heavy Internet users information seeking was associated with better academic performance, while video game playing was associated with lower levels of academic performance.

      positif pain of using cell phone

    1. Test Yourself

      I am having trouble with Question 7, 8, 9, and 10 on "Test Yourself." I don't seem to know how to wright out the equation for the answer. So if you could help me with the steps that would be helpful.

    1. Amyloplasts(Statoliths) is a way where plants actually kow its direction to grow. For example plants are usually gwoing horizontally right? however when you put the plant vertically the amyloplast that was accumulated downward will be accumulated in the side of plasmids which will grow downwards

    1. Fast-releasing carbohydrates are also known more simply as “sugars.” Fast-releasing carbohydrates are grouped as either monosaccharides

      Fast-releasing carbohydrates are also known more simply as “sugars.” Fast-releasing carbohydrates are grouped as either monosaccharides

    2. dissacharides. Monosaccharides include glucose, fructose, and galactose, and the dissacharides include, lactose, maltose, and sucrose.

      dissacharides: dissacharides. Monosaccharides include glucose, fructose, and galactose, and the dissacharides include, lactose, maltose, and sucrose.

    3. The chemical formula for glucose is written as C6H12O6C6H12O6C_6H_{12}O_6. Synonymous with the term carbohydrate is the Greek word “saccharide,” which means sugar.

      Greek word “saccharide,” which means sugar.