The X-ray is a form of high energy electromagnetic radiation with a short wavelength capable of penetrating solids and ionizing gases.

X-rays are capable of damaging cells and initiating changes that can lead to cance

For example, the Western notion of family changed significantly as populations moved from farm- and household-based economies to industrial factories and into cities.

Queering these relationships can certainly lead to burdens, including negative judgment and discrimination from external sources.

The U.S. census counted approximately 10.7 million adults (4.3 percent of the U.S. adult population) who identify as LGBTQ+ and 1.4 million adults (0.6 percent of the U.S. adult population) who identify as transgender.

same-sex relationships form within the culturally defined social norms that organize sexuality and pair bonding in a society

improves one’s sense of self-worth, increasing optimism and positive affect

moderate model defines family as “all households with children, including same-sex households.

occurred

Buffer solutions do not have an unlimited capacity to keep the pH relatively constant (Figure 4.1.34.1.3\PageIndex{3}). If we add so much base to a buffer that the weak acid is exhausted, no more buffering action toward the base is possible.

A solution of acetic acid (CH3COOHCH3COOH\ce{CH3COOH} and sodium acetate CH3COONaCH3COONa\ce{CH3COONa}) is an example of a buffer that consists of a weak acid and its salt.

dEtrialdζ=μe44ϵ20h(2ζ−278)=0

u

Identify the element with 35 protons and write the symbols for its isotopes with 44 and 46 neutrons.

Arjuna, this is the superconscious state of mind. Attaining this state, one is no longer deluded. Gaining this state, even at the end of one’s life, a person becomes one with the Absolute.

How has the dejection come to you at this juncture? This is not fit for a person of noble mind and deeds. It is disgraceful, and it does not lead one to heaven, O Arjuna.

He did not want to see the horrors of the war; but preferred to get the war report through his charioteer, Sanjaya. Sage Vyasa granted the power of clairvoyance to Sanjaya.

The war of Mahabharata has begun after all negotiations by Lord Krishna and others to avoid it failed.

Hippocrates (460-377 B.C.E.) , who believed that it was the brain and not the heart where the locus of the mind resided. He wrote: "It ought to be generally known that the source of our pleasure, merriment, laughter, and amusement, as of our grief, pain, anxiety, and tears is none other than the brain. It is specially the organ which enables us to think, see, and hear......It is the brain too which is the seat of madness and delirium, of the fears and frights which assail us" (Gross, 1987, p. 843-844).

Early philosophers, such as Aristotle (384-322 B.C.E.), believed that one's mind resided in the heart. He believed that since our blood started from the heart, the soul also originated there. Plato (428-347 B.C.E.) argued that the executor of reason was the heart and our animalistic desires and emotions were controlled by the liver

1949, Donald Hebb wrote his influential book, The Organization of Behavior, where he introduced the first comprehensive theory on how the brain might create and control complex psychological functioning, such as thought, memories, emotions and perceptions.

Later discoveries of neuropeptides, neuromodulators, and certain gases have added to the complexity of chemical communication in the brain.

the neuron doctrine, the hypothesis that the functional unit of the brain is the neuron, also known as a nerve cell

the identification of the specific structural unit responsible for these brain functions, the neuron

With their high level of detail, MRI and fMRI are often used to compare the brains of healthy individuals to the brains of individuals diagnosed with psychological disorders.

The first image of the brain by CT scan was in 1971 by Godfrey Hounsfield.

In 1953, Kleitman and Aserinsky discovered Rapid Eye Movement (REM) using EEG on sleeping subjects.

In 1924, Hans Berger recorded the first human brain EEG. This machine allowed researchers to study the overall electrical activity of the brain.

In 1848, John Martyn Harlow treated Phineas Gage and documented his case. Gage, who was a railroad worker, had his frontal lobe pierced by an iron tamping rod in a blasting accident. He survived the trauma but suffered extensive damage to his left prefrontal cortex (Macmillan, 2001). Through Gage's case study, Harlow showed the connection between the prefrontal cortex damage, executive functioning, and personality changes.

Free will vs. determinism is an issue that is far from being resolved and remains controversial even among scientists, including biological psychologists.

hich literally means that the mind and the functioning of the brain (assumed to be entirely physical) are two (dual) separate processes, completely independent of one another.

mind-body dualism or mind-brain dualism,

his means that the mind, our mental processes and subjective mental experiences, must also be entirely physical processes in an entirely material brain.

For example, we now know that damage to an area of the brain known as the primary visual cortex, at the very back of your head in the occipital lobe, will result in blindness even though the rest of your visual system, including your eyes, is functioning normally.

destroyed and/or removed as much as 90% of the brain tissue of their animal subjects.  Nevertheless, these animals could still perform basic behavioral and physiological functions. Some who read these results made the incorrect assumption that this meant that animals were using only 10% of their brains.  Subsequently, this interpretation was generalized to humans (Elias and Saucer, 2006).

Studies of humans with brain damage have revealed that the effects of brain damage are correlated with where the damage is and how extensive it is.

Nevertheless, these animals could still perform basic behavioral and physiological functions. Some who read these results made the incorrect assumption that this meant that animals were using only 10% of their brains.  Subsequently, this interpretation was generalized to humans

The frequently repeated claim that humans use only 10% of their brains is false

Because all behavior is controlled by the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord), biopsychologists seek to understand how the brain functions in order to understand behavior and mental activities

With advances in research methods, more complex topics such as language, reasoning, decision making, intelligence, and consciousness are now being studied intensely by biological psychologists.

On this view, the mind is what the brain does

is the application of this principle to psychology and psychological processes

The entire universe is governed by physical laws.  This view of the universe is called materialism or physicalism--the view that everything that exists in the universe consists of matter, energy, and other physical forces and processes.

Furthermore, prominent psychologists and researchers, such as Albert Einstein, Margaret Mead, and William James, were also quoted as saying that humans are using only a small portion of their brain (Elias and Saucer, 2006), fueling the 10% myth.

Biological psychologists are interested in measuring biological, physiological, or genetic variables

Biopsychology is the study of biological mechanisms of behavior and mental processes.

the localization of function.  This principle means that specific psychological and behavioral processes are localized to specific regions and networks of the brain.

The frequently repeated claim that humans use only 10% of their brains is false

Key areas of focus within the field include sensation and perception; motivated behavior (such as hunger, thirst, and sex); control of movement; learning and memory; sleep and biological rhythms; and emotion.

LSEs

What is the group number for oxygen?

Social neuroscience uses the brain and body to understand how we think and act, with a focus on how we think about and act toward other people. It is an interdisciplinary field that uses a range of neuroscience measures to understand how other people influence our thoughts, feelings, and behavior. (We will examine this branch more in depth in Cognition and Intelligence Chapter)

Phototrophy is the process by which organisms trap light energy (photons) and store it as chemical energy in the form of ATP and/or reducing power in NADPH. There are two major types of phototrophy

northern artists such as Jan van Eyck introduced powerful and influential changes, such as the perfection of oil paint and almost impossible representation of minute detail, practices that clearly distinguish Northern art from Italian art as well as art from the preceding centuries.

polymorphisms

MENYIMPULKAN

Parenting is bidirectional.

нейромедіатор: ендогенна хімічна речовина, яка передає сигнали від нейрона до клітини-мішені через синапс. ацетилхолін: Цей нейромедіатор діє на нервово-м'язовий стик і синтезується з оцтової кислоти та холіну. Біогенні аміни: Нейромедіатори, розподілені в мозку, де вони відіграють певну роль в емоційній поведінці та допомагають регулювати біологічний годинник. глутамат: амінокислота, яка сприяє збудливим ефектам, збільшуючи ймовірність того, що клітина-мішень вистрілить потенціал дії.

___________________________

c) political scale: _________________________ (tercer párrafo)

_______________________________

___________________________

This idea is explained in the figure below.

Since on the earth, the ggg in the equation is equal to one, weight and mass are considered equal on earth. It is important to note that although ggg is equal to one in basic equations, it actually differs throughout earth by a small fraction depending on location; gravity at the equator is less than at the poles.

Ethos, logos, and pathos were Aristotle’s three forms of rhetorical proof, meaning they were primary to his theories of persuasion. Ethos refers to the credibility of a speaker and includes three dimensions: competence, trustworthiness, and dynamism. The two most researched dimensions of credibility are competence and trustworthiness (Stiff & Mongeau, 2003).

nfortunately, charisma is difficult to intentionally develop, and some people seem to have a naturally charismatic personality, while others do not. Even though everyone can’t embody the charismatic aspect of dynamism, the other component of dynamism, energy, is something that everyone can tap into.

Inductive reasoning reaches conclusions through the citation of examples and is the most frequently used form of logical reasoning (Walter, 1966). While introductory speakers are initially attracted to inductive reasoning because it seems easy, it can be difficult to employ well. Inductive reasoning, unlike deductive reasoning, doesn’t result in true or false conclusions. Instead, since conclusions are generalized based on observations or examples, conclusions are “more likely” or “less likely.” Despite the fact that this type of reasoning isn’t definitive, it can still be valid and persuasive.

Inductive reasoning reaches conclusions through the citation of examples and is the most frequently used form of logical reasoning (Walter, 1966).

Remember that speakers have ethical obligations to the audience and should take the opportunity to speak seriously.

The warrant is the underlying justification that connects the claim and the evidence.

The warrant is the underlying justification that connects the claim and the evidence.

Most people won’t be bored by a brief review, but many people become lost and give up listening if they can’t connect to the information right away or feel it’s over their heads.

Having sharp research skills is a fundamental part of being a good informative speaker.

even fields like science and medicine relied on argumentative reasoning instead of factual claims.

The very high pH required to remove the last acidic proton from arginine reflects the exceptionally high basicity of the guanidine moiety at the end of the side chain.

1963 by activists who had trained with the Black Panther Party and SNCC (Rojas, 2010). The organization supported the small minority of Black students at SFSC at the time and sought to increase enrollment

1954 in the Brown v. Board of Education

Instead, you need to adequately support your claim by finding

(2022, April 30). 7.8: Northern Europe in the 15th century- Northern Renaissance. Libretexts. https://human.libretexts.org/@go/page/147798.

Renaissance

Being cute can have important survival benefits for a baby

“I’ve got out at last,”

There’s sister on the stairs!

they suddenly commit suicide

secure ancestral halls for the summer.

Nonverbal communication helps maintain relationships once they have moved beyond the initial stages by helping us communicate emotions and seek and provide social and emotional support.

Nonverbal communication helps maintain relationships once they have moved beyond the initial stages by helping us communicate emotions and seek and provide social and emotional support.

Nonverbal cues account for much of the content from which we form initial impressions, so it’s important to know that people make judgments about our identities and skills after only brief exposure. Our competence regarding and awareness of nonverbal communication can help determine how an interaction will proceed and, in fact, whether it will take place at all.

As is stressed in the chapter titled “Communication and Perception”, first impressions matter.

Promptness and the amount of time that is socially acceptable for lateness and waiting varies among individuals and contexts.

Eye contact serves several communicative functions ranging from regulating interaction to monitoring interaction, to conveying information, to establishing interpersonal connections.

The involuntary nature of much nonverbal communication makes it more difficult to control or “fake.”

As we learned earlier, we often perceive nonverbal communication to be more credible than verbal communication.

Poker players, therapists, police officers, doctors, teachers, and actors are also in professions that often require them to have more awareness of and control over their nonverbal communication.

You’ve probably heard that more meaning is generated from nonverbal communication than from verbal. Some studies have claimed that 90 percent of our meaning is derived from nonverbal signals, but more recent and reliable findings claim that it is closer to 65 percent

But if you are in a position to do so, politely ask corporate spokespeople how the tonnage they take credit for recycling fed back into their operations last year, in a specific country, and how it in turn measurably reduced virgin extraction. Be specific. Ask them where and when it led to a reduced material throughput in their company or industry. Query them on the documented, not speculative, environmental protection afforded by, say, making cheap picture frames made out of spent polystyrene packaging. Reject the notion that cheap picture frames are a social good that would have needed to be manufactured with fracked natural gas, had polystyrene recycling not yielded up secondary inputs. In the meantime, sit for a while to contemplate the fact that recycling, as it exists today, does not in fact save ecosystems in a way that matters on the whole ecologically or socially. How would recycling need to be practiced to achieve this desired end? In a different context of extraction, production, and growth – with different politics, knowledge structures, and ideologies. I realize this is an unsatisfying conclusion, but I believe in the importance of critique as a precondition to developing collaborative solutions. I have presented this information as part of a process of thinking through short-, medium- and long-term characteristics of this different context. This is an ongoing project to which I invite responses, as well as empirical contributions that would refine or refute what I have presented here.

Your success at work entails more than simply earning money and promotions.

It establishes the levels of honesty, empathy, trustworthiness, and other virtues that identify your personal behavior and your public reputation.

In order to build a business relationship of trust, consumers rely on the reputation and identity a company projects.

_______________

hat is meant by the term “90% confident” when constructing a confidence interval for a mean?

________

________

________

Calculate the error bound.

Sketch the graph.

State the confidence interval.

Explain your choice.

What will happen to the error bound obtained if 1,000 male Swedes are surveyed instead of 48? Why?

Calculate the error bound.

Sketch the graph.

State the confidence interval.

________

________

________

genies and lecherous sheikhs

Magical

historically stereotyped the Middle East to justify exerting

Bacillus subtilis and Clostridium sporogenes

Mycobacterium smegmatis and Staphylococcus aureus

panic attack

The end over the means

five senses

metaphors and similes.

You can think of the denotation of a word as its dictionary definition.

conversation between two or more people in a movie.

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

Dimensional analysis uses conversion factors to change the unit in an amount into an equivalent quantity expressed with a different unit.

The "given" unit in the problem, which will be associated with a number, must be determined.  In the example above, the given number is 3.55, and its unit is meters.   The "desired" unit, which is the unit that the given quantity should be changed "to" or "into," must be determined.  In the example above, the given quantity should be changed to centimeters.   Determine which equality or equalities relate the given and desired units.  In the simplest dimensional analysis problems, only a single equality is needed.  However, more complex problems will require multiple equalities.  This step, which can also be referred to as "unit tracking," is generally the most challenging step in the dimensional analysis process.  Meters and centimeters can be related by the prefix modifier equality 100 cm=m100 cm=m { \text{100 cm}} = { \text{m}}.   Use the appropriate conversion factor derived from this equality to achieve unit cancelation.  Remember that the equality given above can be represented as two conversion factors: 100 cmm100 cmm \dfrac{ \text{100 cm}}{\text{m}} and m100 cmm100 cm \dfrac{ \text{m}}{\text{100 cm}} However, only one of these conversion factors will allow for the cancelation of the given unit.  Specifically, the unit to be canceled must be written in the denominator of the conversion factor.  This will cause the given unit, which appears in a numerator, to be divided by itself, since the same unit appears in the denominator of the conversion factor.  Since any quantity that is divided by itself "cancels," orienting the conversation factor in this way results in the elimination of the undesirable unit.  Therefore, since the intent of this problem is to eliminate the unit "meters," the conversion factor on the left must be used. 3.55m×100cmm3.55m×100cmm {3.55 \; \cancel{\rm{m}}} \times \dfrac{100 \; \rm{cm}}{\cancel{\rm{m}}} Why does this process work?  In the example above, 100 cm equals (1) m, so equivalent quantities appear in both the numerator and the denominator of the fraction, even though those quantities are expressed in different units.  Since the quantities in the numerator and denominator are equivalent, this conversion factor effectively divides a value by itself, and the entire process is equivalent to multiplying the given number by 1.  Therefore, while the given quantity does not change, the unit does.   Perform the calculation that remains once the units have been canceled.  The given number should be multiplied by the value in each numerator and then divided by the value in each denominator.  When using a calculator, each conversion factor should be entered in parentheses, or the "=" key should be used after each division.  In this case,  3.55×100 cm=355 cm3.55×100 cm=355 cm {3.55} \times {\text {100 cm}} = {\text {355 cm}} Note that the unit that remains uncanceled becomes the unit on the calculated quantity.   Apply the correct number of significant figures to the calculated quantity.  Since the math involved in dimensional analysis is multiplication and division, the number of significant figures in each number being multiplied or divided must be counted, and the answer must be limited to the lesser count of significant figures.  Remember that the equalities developed in the previous section are exact values, meaning that they are considered to have infinitely-many significant figures and will never limit the number of significant figures in a calculated answer.

internalized setting.

The frame of reference in which the story occurs is known as setting

A plot has several main elements: inciting incident, exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, and dénouement.

a carbon atom has a total of six electrons it's Lewis symbol has four unpaired electrons

sit with open posture and lean in with good eye contact in a relaxed manner

𝑦1

ACTING FOR CINEMA

crane shot

BLACK & WHITE VERSUS COLOR

screen

Because all of this happens so fast, faster than our optic nerves and synaptic responses can perceive

an archetype.

External conflict occurs when two individuals or groups of individuals clash.

Internal conflict takes place within an individual

In order to encourage us to continue reading, writers must force us to react in some way to their characters, whether it is to identify, empathise, or sympathise with them

∑

Facial expressions can help bring a speech to life when used by a speaker to communicate emotions and demonstrate enthusiasm for the speech. As with vocal variety, we tend to use facial expressions naturally and without conscious effort when engaging in day-to-day conversations. Yet I see many speakers’ expressive faces turn “deadpan” when they stand in front of an audience. Some people naturally have more expressive faces than others—think about the actor Jim Carey’s ability to contort his face as an example.

Emphatic gestures are the most common hand gestures we use, and they function to emphasize our verbal communication and often relate to the emotions we verbally communicate.

Some people naturally speak faster than others, which is fine, but we can all alter our rate of speaking with practice. If you find that you are a naturally fast speaker, make sure that you do not “speed talk” through your speech when practicing it.

a flat or monotone vocal delivery can be sedating or even annoying.

Extemporaneous Delivery

It is typically the most anxiety-inducing delivery method, since speakers do not have time to prepare or practice the speech. Speakers may get off topic or ramble if they did not set up some structure to guide them.

Students sometimes question the power of positive visualization, thinking that it sounds corny.

Whether CA is a personal trait or not, we all occasionally experience state CA. Think about the jitters you get before a first date, a job interview, or the first day of school. The novelty or uncertainty of some situations is a common trigger for communication anxiety, and public speaking is a situation that is novel and uncertain for many.

Imagine yourself going through the process of preparing and practicing a speech, then delivering the speech, then returning to your seat, which concludes the scenario. Aside from this imagined exposure to speaking situations, taking a communication course like this one is a great way to directly engage in systematic desensitization. Almost all my students report that they have less speaking anxiety at the end of a semester than when they started, which is at least partially due to the fact they were forced to engage with speaking more than they would have done if they weren’t taking the class

Whether CA is a personal trait or not, we all occasionally experience state CA. Think about the jitters you get before a first date, a job interview, or the first day of school. The novelty or uncertainty of some situations is a common trigger for communication anxiety, and public speaking is a situation that is novel and uncertain for many.

Some breathing and stretching exercises release endorphins, which are your body’s natural antidote to stress hormones. Deep breathing is a proven way to release endorphins.

The fight or flight instinct helped early humans survive threatening situations. When faced with a ferocious saber-toothed tiger, for example, the body released adrenaline, cortisol, and other hormones that increased heart rate and blood pressure to get more energy to the brain, organs, and muscles in order to respond to the threat. We can be thankful for this evolutionary advantage, but our physiology hasn’t caught up with our new ways of life. Our body doesn’t distinguish between the causes of stressful situations, so facing down an audience releases the same hormones as facing down a wild beast.

making it a good leaving group.

A note of caution

result

contrasting idea

examples

daunting

implications

conceptualizing

trans fatty acid

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

bacterial smear, staining all cells

fortune telling

overgeneralization

“all or nothing”

glossophobia

Oral histories of Irish Catholic immigrants recall signs stating “No Irish Need Apply” in employment offices.

When an atom loses an electron it gains a positive charge and is called a cation.

Some atoms can gain additional electrons. When these atoms gain electrons, they acquire a negative charge because they now possess more electrons than protons. Negatively charged ions are called anions. Most nonmetals become anions when they make ionic compounds.

leap from one to the other depends on assumptions

coupling an exergonic redox reaction to an energy-requiring reaction in the cell

The danger with this situation, according to Fromm, is that when an entire society is suffering from feelings of isolation and disconnection with the natural order (from nature itself, in Fromm’s view), the members of that society may seek connection with a societal structure that destroys their freedom and, thus, integrates their self into the whole (albeit in a dysfunctional way).

0.00602 g

How can science communicators share their messages in a way that leads people to change their beliefs and actions about important science issues, given our natural cognitive biases?

But to insist on only these negative stories is to flatten my experience and to overlook the many other stories that formed me. The single story creates stereotypes, and the problem with stereotypes is not that they are untrue, but that they are incomplete. They make one story become the only story