• a little more detailed introduction
• add attribution for the photograph
• introduce your three claims at the beginning
• introduce your thesis too

• on the first slide, i suggest including an explanation of the word "do-good"
• explain the different types of research further
• create another slide to compare and contrast each researchers studies and their different impacts
• slide 3, include photo attributions

• Include Photo Attributions
• I did not understand the purpose of this slideshow, because I did not understand its' relation with your claim.

• I liked the arrangement of your slides, because it helped convey a specific message
• Great Slide
• Include Photo Attributions

• on the first slide, you need to list the quote's author to establish credibility.
• on the third slide, i suggest increasing the size of the two photographs to help fill in empty space

This word choice is very clear and helps continue to make the claim that interpreting and analyzing architecture is not easy to accomplish and that there is a method to this "madness".

This portion made a great point and that is how time plays into environments and how it affects buildings and the interpretation of architecture.

It's cool how this data is used to not only analyze a building or environment, but to also build an environment. For instance when they were building the new Marta development it took a lot of information , statistics, and analyze to figure out what was best and how and who they would be serving.

I love the aspect of finding other things in an attempt to discover and analyze the true meaning and accurate interpretations of any building or environment.

I think this is an important thing to realize when attempting to analyze a space, especially a space in which you may not live. Alot of times its hard to understand a space fully when you have never had to function within or experience that particular space.Its possible but as the article said its not just something you can do. This also goes back to the mention of how oral history and culture goes into forming a "Built Environment".

FInding meaning in architecture and interpreting it can be hard at times however it is filled with great irony because its right in front of your face. I also attempted to find the meaning of the new space discussed in the Marta Breaks ground article and I found much harder to find meaning in it , without seeing how people use it and interact within it. Shamma, Tasnim. "MARTA Breaks Ground On First Transit-Development Project." WABE 90.1 FM. WABE, 23 Aug. 2016. Web. 03 Feb. 2017.

The mention of culturally dictated plan drew a parallel between the Marta Breaks ground article. Within that article they were literally doing just that by laying out the plan of the future development and sharing with the reader what they "deem" the place to be.That was interesting and accurate because it was a modern day example showing the thought process behind what goes into creating a built environment.

This definition of Material culture sounds very similar to the definition of a built environment being that both are consciously planned and designed to serve (and not serve) certain purposes.

This was an interesting fact about the strategy and thought process of our environments.This relates to the Place Making article being that they are discussing some of the reasons behind there built environments such as : historical accurateness, economical impact and how it will affect the community.

I like this particular sentence due to the fact that, I believe that you need a space a private space where you can put words on paper. A space that makes you feel like your out of this world. It's your space, no one else's. Since we are talking about the vernacular I find it cool how the author incorporated this sentence into his piece. ATLSPRs17

Overall, I was very impressed an interested throughout your analysis. It really makes me want to visit Cabbage town just to see it first hand. There were a few grammatical errors, but nothing that cant be a quick fixed. Great use of sources and citing them. Great job! Very impressive.

Nice way of re-instating your thesis statement.

How exactly did they do this ? For instance, did they ever protest on reconstructions near by or that were to happen in that area?

Great! I was going to as you to be more specific but you let me know it was what you were speaking about next.

Great observation and proof of it.

Great attention grabber!

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Nice way of referencing your source and smoothly fitting it into the paragraph.

Nice interpretation of the space and situation.. Small little grammatical errors here and there, of which I have highlighted for you.

Nice interrogation of an example to help your argument. Great use of a visual image as well.

Great way of introducing specific example and topics that you are planning touching upon.

I love the little history in your introduction. Your claim here seemed to be very straight forward and to the point. You defined exactly what you were talking about, defined it and connected it to your built environment experience.

You did a great job at using subtitles throughout your analysis, which helped identify and see exactly what you were talking about in each section.

This ability is needed but it is very difficult for some to focus on only one thing because many of us like myself have constant things on our minds and its a difficult process. Some are able to do it freely while others have to train their minds to focus.For myself, I have a real bad time trying to empty my mind. I cannot do it at all.

http://www.drodd.com/html7/nature.html A picture of nature When I think of nature, I think of trees and waterfalls in a dense forest with sunshine coming through the leaves of the trees. I think of dirt trails that are curvy and lead all over the place. I think of animals such as rabbits, squirrels, and foxes.

This statement talks about how natural scenery enters the mind with out tiring it out but it exercises it. It also gives the mind a refreshing feel. This is why nature is beneficial to all humans because it did not only state college students, it said the mind and every human has a mind, it is implied that all humans benefit from nature. Nature is very powerful for us humans. Nature can give us positive emotions and positive energy to offset the negative energy all around us. Being in tune with nature and positive energy can unlock our chakras, which are spiraling pools of energy that can give us power and health benefits. Nature is a good way to get in tune with our spiritual side.

This very interesting to see this constantly through history. I remember my father telling me after he was out of the navy he went back to school for his masters degree and it is ironic how I read that after war, many people actually go back to school. I am curious as to why do people return to school after war? Maybe because people are trying to embrace the life they have and realize how precious it truly is. We take it for granted so much and we need to embrace all of the time we have for life because it is really short.

This statement conflicts with my earlier post about how I imagine colleges and universities to look. I expect them to be closer to cities so that they can be around civilization and give the students an opportunity to go out and have fun and do things to alleviate stress off of them. As I have said before, college is the time to make to make responsible adults out of students. It is the time to make mistakes.

I kind of expect campuses to look similar to the one in the link below. I expect them to be around the city and for them to look urban and new. I expect them the be pretty big; like it'll take an hour to walk around the whole campus. Since I Iive in the modern era, I expect them to be around cities and technology of some sorts. Not to be around no where. I expect campuses to have things for the students to do. College is the time to make mistakes and it is the time to also learn from them all. http://www.gtarc.gatech.edu/

The author makes the claim that Atlanta has a preeminent car based transporation system and that race, class, and racial discrimination has been a determinant in income inequality in Atlanta, stating it to be the highest in the country. Providing data or a referenced source would help to give clarity to Atlanta's ratio compared to all other countries in the U.S.

The authors' thesis is very thought-provoking and descriptive, but can be broken up into two-three sentences.

Overall, the author does a great job in providing claims and arguments, but the draft in totality is not complete and needs the inclusion of citations from sources and data, graphs, etc. to provide evidence for the claims that are being made and also for general reference when mentioning ratios and numbers. Also, the author did not incorporate multiple modes of presentation. To meet the requirement, the authour should provide photographs, videos, charts, etc. which will also help to give stated claims and arguments a varied perspective.

This section makes the claim that Atlanta has an intentional, leading car based transportation system and that it has a connection to past racial segregation.

Listed here seems to be a description of two photographs that are to be compared, however there are no photograpghs posted to compare anything. The author should provide those images for reference and comparison as well as a description on what is being compared and why.

The author makes the claim that the neighborhood of ones upbringing has a direct correlation to their future rank in the economic sphere of the world. Examples on how this statement may be accurate should be provided in this area.

The author provides a list of evidence based sources, but does not provide key details in how the sources benefit the claim. Author needs to provide citations and references from sources to support the claim that is being made

Listed here is a term that was unfamilar and provided research shows that there is a book entitled by this name White Flight by Kevin M. Kruse: http://press.princeton.edu/titles/8043.html

Author could provide a brief description of the term because it will enhance this specific claim amd also include the link to the book's overview and how it possibly relates to the claim.

The author makes the claim that exisitng public transportation does not benefit persons without a vehicle, but acknowledges its benefits to persons that are located in somewhat distant locations from Atlanta.

The author makes the claim that Atlanta neighborhoods are becoming more gentrified due to the incoming masses of middle class persons/families.

Author's claim is gentrification and higher property taxes in Atlanta neighborhoods have caused perons/families of lower incomes to leave cities allowing middle-class persons/families to move in. Specific examples of this scenario in scecific Atlanta areas should be incorparted into the author's claim and provided for reference.

This claim explains the disadvantages that lower-income person families face when leaving areas that provide abundant access to public transportation and move to areas with little to less public transportation prone to be of lower quality. An example of this case should be provided in this area to compare public tranportaion between a city area and an area in which it lacks.

This is a list of the sources that the author included to support the claim, but there are no specific details provided to explain how or why it benefits the argument being made.

The author should provide direct, specific evidence from the listed sources to support the claim.

This is a list of the evidence based sources for the authors claim. The author should add links to the sources and provide specific evidence and citations from the sources that pertains to the claim that is being made.

The author makes note of a photograph that is not posted so there needs to be a photograpgh in this area as well as a description on its relation to the claim.

Here are the sources provided to accomodate the author's claim, but the evidence to back up the claim in not provided.

Sources for this claim focus on the Atlanta Beltline and the Little Five Points Area, however, the author does not include any major points or refernces to enhance the claim on gentrification in Atlanta areas directly. An incorporation of in-text citations is needed.

Provided here are a list of evidence based sources to reiterate the authors claim.

Again, the author should add links to the sources and provide specific evidence and citations from the sources that pertains to the claim that is being made.

This is an important amendment that states "all persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside".

Link: https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/amendmentxiv

What are bollards? Bollards are sturdy posts that help to control heavy flowing traffic and prevent life threatening car accidents.

Image: http://www.syifoundry.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/bollards-syi-1.jpg

Before I read this passage, I thought of one-way streets as a way of traffic regulation. Living in Midtown, Atlanta, majority of the streets are one ways. I understand that one-way streets are necessary because in the city everything is too crowded and it can become dangerous sometimes for not only the drivers but also the pedestrians walking place to place.

A type of physical exclusion exists between North Korea and South Korea that separates these two countries. The area is called the Korean Demilitarized Zone; it is roughly following the 38th parallel line. Image: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Dmz-jsa-korea-4-4-2009.jpg

In context, this is another way to say serving as a superior/good model or pattern.

Also known as Larry, Lessig is a big political,legal activist and reliable attorney. He is the Roy L. Furman Professor of Law and Leadership at Havard Law School. He has begun to revolutionize and tie his intellectual knowledge with law with politics. Listed below is a link that directs to more information about Lessig.

Link: http://www.lessig.org/about/

This statement right here is what I believe the thesis sentence or the main idea of Schindler's article.

Sarah Schindler's article, "Architectural Exclusion: Discrimination and Segregation Through Physical Design of the Built Environment," thoroughly explains the bigger problem behind the built environments that seclude those who make little to no income and of color. Following that, she addresses the judicial and political procedures that should be taken to resolve this issue.

As a supplementary reading, I chose to analyze Robert Rosenberger's article, "How Cities Use Design to Drive Homeless People Away." The author talks similarly to what Schindler implies in her article, which is seclusion and discrimination exhibiting through certain physical designs of architecture. In London, the homeless are extremely unfortunate because there are benches that prevent them from sleeping on them (design shown above).

Rosenberger, Robert, Conor Friedersdorf, John Tierney, David A. Graham, Julia Ioffe, David Frum, David Sims, Emma Green, The Editors, Jaclyn Skurie, Caitlin Cadieux, Alice Roth, and Nadine Ajaka. "How Cities Use Design to Drive Homeless People Away." The Atlantic. The Atlantic , 19 June 2014. Web. 27 Mar. 2017.

Image: https://c1.staticflickr.com/4/3042/2528899062_6f20925f16_b.jpg

Her ethos, also known as her credibility, is shown clearly and professionally in this section about her. Since she is well educated in her field of law, she brings strong evidence and claims regarding this controversy. In addition, she includes/gives credit to her various colleagues and scholars for their research assistance. With everything being said, I feel that Schindler's message is reaching out to those in higher education and power such as lawmakers, legislatures, and courts.

This defines as the study/philosophy of law.

In May 2016, Selden v. Airbnb, Inc., was underway. "Plaintiff Gregory Selden brought this suit against Airbnb, alleging unlawful race discrimination." Airbnb was attacked with "promoting bigotry, racism, hatred, and harassment"

In relation to the Buchanan v. Warley case of 1915, Norrinda Brown Hayat wrote an article for CNN, "Trying to appear "not too black" on Airbnb is exhausting." In her article, Airbnb is featured. Airbnb is a popular website where people can host out their living spaces to people on vacation or other reasons for a cheaper price than hotels and have the luxury of a home whilst on a vacation. Hayat write that trying to get a host to accept you while visiting an area, and not appearing "too black" is hard. Hayat graduated from an Ivy League college, is a professor and a lawyer, who lives in a suburban neighborhood with children who attend a Montessori school. Hayat revelaes a study done by professors at the Harvard Business School shows "that requests from guests with distinctively African-American names are roughly 16% less likely to be accepted than identical guests with distinctively White names."

It's not just benches either, its spikes in flat spaces that deter people from sleeping outside certain buildings and skateboard deterrents. Rosenberger says "The problem remains, but it’s rendered invisible." The general public just doesn't notice the little things, it's the people who are searching for shelter from a thunderstorm or unseasonably cold weather.

In relation to Robert Rosenberger's article titled "How Cities Use Deign to Drive Away Homeless People Away", Schindler also points out two very similar points. First, Rosenberger points out the park benches. As does Schindler. Rosenberger says that its an "example of a pervasive homeless deterrence technology," to have the full-length benches with the vertical arm rests in between the seats. It makes to where only three people can sit on the bench, and not to mention how incredibly uncomfortable they are to it on. This is done on purpose. Schindler Schindler mentions how to the public, unknowing eye, the bench just looks like it is supposed to have three individual seats, but in reality, it's to discourage the homeless from napping or staying on the bench for long periods of time.

According to the 2015 Atlanta homlessness report, 65% of the homless community around and in Atlanta were African American and out of the 14,000 homless people, 74% were unsheltered and male, 26% were unsheltered and female. The terms "sheltered" and "unsheltered" homlessness refers to if they reside in a car, park, or abandoned building. "Sheltered" refers to those who live in an emergency shelter or transitional housing. Regardless of the status, the Atlanta (unsheltered) homless population has since dropped from 11,348 in 2011 to 5,803 in 2015. (http://www.dca.state.ga.us/housing/specialneeds/programs/documents/HomelessnessReport2015.pdf)

MARTA (bus system) travels al over metro-Atlanta. The farthest north it travels is North Point Mall. The Farthest East it travels is Stonecrest Mall in Dekalb County. The Farthest south it travels is Lovejoy City in Clayton County, thus allowing an array of people to "park and ride." (http://www.itsmarta.com/bus-routes.aspx)

I also believe that transit stops throughout the city and entire country plays significant role on architectural exclusion in our country. Good example of this would be, a MARTA bus doesn't in the white wealthy neighborhood, and there is no stops no where near it, and if it is , then it could on the opposite site from the neighborhood.

Racial segregation still exists today. White wealthy communities living up north in our city, while poor blacks and other minorities live in the south, and design of the city prevents poor minorities from entering the neighborhoods up north.

I live outside of the city and I don't have a car to get around, I wish there were side walks, long but sidewalks, because it is so hard to get around when don't live in the city. Even in the here in Atlanta isn't that many sidewalks, we have to rely on public transportation instead. This decisions by developers of city design aren't good, because they limit people's ability to get around city, if they don't have a car.

Reading this part I realized that architectural exclusion is everywhere, whether it's apartments, highways, parks, or even sidewalks, everything was design to the smallest detail, to prevent people access restricted areas.

I think we should not have exclusion in architecture towards minorities, it is unethical and not right, because with public transit unable to reach ends of the city, specifically our city of Atlanta, job opportunities become unreachable for those people, not everyone can afford buying a car.

I personally believe that set regulations on where the new business will be build and what type of business will it be can have a huge impact on communities around it, companies responsible for this businesses should discuss terms and conditions with communities so both can benefit from it.

Great example of human behavior, putting healthier foods on more visible place than junk food, so people can make healthier choices, I think we can say that about modern Architecture in the city as well. Not letting homeless people sleep on benches, apartment corners, not letting skate guys skate on the ledges by installing things throughout city, forcing people to make better choices not necessarily for them but for others.

We never pay attention to the layout of our cities until we start studying vernacular or any architecture, then it surprises us, just like it did me. I never thought that Paris would have small boulevards on purpose, (to prevent big protests). That is a very clever idea. Now can see that in our city as well, wealthy neighborhoods have limited access for public transportation and so on.

Here we can see that, some people my think that Architecture of modern city, such as benches in particular, made to not give homeless people ability to sleep on them, by adding hands on them, but I personally think that it could also means, having your own seat, just like classrooms, be individual.

I believe this is far more psychological than about a racial motivation. People have an inherent belief to block out negative stigma, they do not wish to see homelessness and poverty. They would much rather live theirs lives in ignorant bliss, in the protected bubbles to faves harsh realities and truths and that extends to all races and ethnic groups. Now that is not to say I don't believe race doesn't play a part I believe it does but I don't think it's the primary factor.

I never imagined the importance sidewalks had in blending and connecting different communities. I knew of their use and ease of access for mobility from one place to another but didn't realize the significance they placed on those who relied on the the most from inner city communities to people without motor vehicles.

I had lived in a 2 different gated communities from my early childhood to teen life and with a large scale of diversity and and sense of community. I would say overall the memories are incredibly pleasant with neighborhood picnics enjoying neighbors company and social get togethers. My case may have been more rare as I lived at one point in a immigrant sanctuary where the vast majority of the neighborhood was not natural born citizens, everyone coming from a different nation.

I find it absolutely astounding how if this is the case, how this figure would not be more of a controversial figure. Instead I find his Wikipedia page about him, praising him and how the debate of where this originally cited argument stems into a debate. In his legacy page, the view if he built low overhanging bridges out of racial idealogy is hotly debated between "Do Politics have Artifacts" article and "Do Artifacts have Politics" both taking opposing sides on this stance.

I found this specific detail about 12 foot tall buses very peculiar. It doesn't have any major focus to the article as a whole other than it supported lower income people and at the time, primarily people of color. The buses itself were before modern day air conditioning, there was very limited seats and were far less safe then modern buses we have now in days. this really relates the struggles some of these people went through on a daily basis that we just take for granted.

Did not Know the definition of this word, Google state the definition is "1. of the nature of a paradigm or model. "they offer this database as a paradigmatic example" 2. of or denoting the relationship between a set of linguistic items that form mutually exclusive choices in particular syntactic roles." Hey maybe I'll be able to use the adjective in a paper one day to increase the ethos of my argument one day

This reminds of the Americans with Disabilities Act and how disabled people did not have access to enter public and government buildings because they weren't wheel chair accessible making it harder and more dangerous for them to move around. This in my opinion is one act that is universally loved and can't see many arguments against it.

Citation: "Americans with Disabilities Act." United States Department of Labor. N.p., 06 May 2016. Web. 24 Feb. 2017.

This small paragraph addresses the claim of the entire article focusing on specific examples from New York's Long Island bridges to Atlanta's MARTA system. This claim also links back to the How Cities Use Design to Drive Homeless People Away Article, how building design choices are relatively left unchecked from invasive or negative impacts to a certain group of people. It also shows how subtle and how incredibly hard it was to notice the design choices used that could severely addressing hurt a certain group of people in this case as well, the poor and homeless. They both focus on addressing those of lower incomes as something that need to be kept out of sight and out of mind by making it uncomfortable to be in more wealthy areas or outright not giving them the rescources to go to these places at all

Cited Article: Rosenberger, Robert. "How Cities Use Design to Drive Homeless People Away." The Atlantic. Atlantic Media Company, 19 June 2014. Web. 24 Feb. 2017.

This introductory paragraph really caused me to think back to my childhood parks and benches. It never once occurred to me why benches were so small or why they were uncomfortable or how no more than two people typically could sit on a bench at a time. Even when I did think longer onto it I believed it had to be for artistic value or because of budgetary cuts, and for all fairness it very well could have been, but now I began to look at the community as a whole I like many others avoid homeless people and try to keep it out of mind but now the issue has become more prominent to me because of this opening paragraph and opening my mind.

The Atlantic How Cities Use Design to Drive Homeless People Away deals with an almost identical premise. The paper describes how a Hotel in London had dull spikes indented into the sidewalk and concrete walkways surrounding the building and how they discouraged and harmed homeless people who used the shade and roof of these buildings to sleep away from the elements. Someone who took notice posted photos of these items and caused massive outrage worldwide at the terrible disregard for those less fortunate than ourselves. Mayors from Montreal to London criticized and were appalled by these additions to buildings.

The next paragraph focuses on "skate stoppers" and how these indents are placed into concrete sidewalks or rails to stop skateboarding in that area. These "pig ears" as they are also referred bring up an interesting point saying how damaging and negatively they affect a skateboarders life but not the average passerby, who would not even bat an eye to these additions to structures.

The article then rounds back around to the issues focusing on the homeless and how important architecture is to our perceived subconscious and repressed ideas or morals for those who use it. It brings up specific benches throughout many different cities that were designed to be either uncomfortable, meant for short term use and just not meant to be laid down on. It also addresses cities anti-loitering laws and how they are specifically used to harass the homeless and less fortunate who, either sleep or spend their days in public establishments. The final conclusion addresses how the public and mayors were outraged by these implementations and calls for actions asking if the mayors or governments would do anything to remove these "additions" and justify their anger.

Sarah Schindler "Architectural Exclusion: Discrimination and Segregation Through Physical Design of the Built Environment" addresses how architecture itself can be used as an invisible and sometime completely unnoticeable divider between people, from social class, religion, ethnic groups to race. It addresses how built environments use their physical features to make some things harder to reach or less obtainable to a focused group of individuals. It gives many examples from lower designed bridges so buses could not pass through them which were characterized by low income, and mostly people of color, basically cutting people's access off to something that was meant to be a public resource for all. It goes into detail to show the ways many communities segregate or monopolize public attractions or services or divides others to a public resource.

Citations: Schindler, Sarah. "Architectural Exclusion: Discrimination and Segregation Through Physical Design of the Built Environment." The Yale Law Journal - Home. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Feb. 2017.

Rosenberger, Robert. "How Cities Use Design to Drive Homeless People Away." The Atlantic. Atlantic Media Company, 19 June 2014. Web. 24 Feb. 2017.

I have learned a lot from this article, the history of MARTA, and why the routes are placed where they are. Most of us know the history of slavery, we do know that industrial North wanted the progress in economy and that's where most of wealthy educated white people loved, while South still were fighting to keep slavery, that was the only way they could profit. IF we look now we aren't gonna see slavery anymore of course, but we still see discrimination through different things and one of them is architecture. This article focuses on architecture of Atlanta and how MARTA transit was build around it. What I noticed is that it doesn't go up north allot, it mostly stay here in the south and middle of Atlanta city. The reason of these being I think, is that people who live at North of Atlanta are mostly upper middle class citizens and higher. And they do not need a transit station, because most of them can afford a car. In addition to that they do not want low class citizens, which are mostly African Americans and Hispanics to have an access to their neighborhoods. This is a great example of discrimination and racism against minorities here in United States. The layout of a MARTA map is so controversial for that particular reason. If we take a look on how city use design to "get rid" of homeless people, which is, making benches that are impossible to sleep on, or spikes on the ground in the corner of an apartment. Here we can see similar situation, which is getting rid of unwanted individuals, even thou it has nothing to do with racism, this actions are still inhuman and ugly. I believe that architecture plays a huge role in people life, and explanation I have stated is a good example of it.

Referencing the other article by rosenberger, this would be an example of a use of architecture to divide communities, and a problem that those unaffected would never know about unless awareness was raised.

I have seen this just outside of Atlanta. Just outside of the areas dominated by businesses such as hotels, education or banking are the transitionary areas in which highway ramps merge in and out of the city. Past these areas are neighborhoods that are primarily low income individuals reliant on public transportation. Between this low income neighborhood and the city, there existed no sidewalks and little to no pedestrian light assistance. Those that do have personal transportations would have to take longer routes as these roads leading into the city were often 1 way streets.

This seems appropriate and fair that only those who are connected in some way to the neighborhood are allowed to use the area to park. I think that this prevents free-riding and doesn't promote segregration.

A few years ago, fully covered bench bus stops were almost always occupied at night with a homeless person, whereas now I have seen the rise of the use of signs to indicate where MARTA buses will stop, and the decline of covered benches.

I have lived in both cities and suburbs and this refusal to expand the transportation system to areas previously unaccessible to those without personal transportation detriments both areas. Suburbs are limited in the amount of development that can be sustainably achieved when the only individuals willing to work minimum or blue collar jobs are either the children of suburban residents or those that live within the city. Since innercity individuals cannot physically access the jobs out in the suburbs as a result of restricted public transportation both communities are harmed simply because citizens and lawmakers wish to keep out those they deem to be lower or undesirable.

This article goes into detail various methods that architects and law makers can implement in the built environment in order to affect neighborhoods or the population that interacts with the environment. Whether by refusing to allow bus stops to reach certain areas, not building sidewalks between low and high income areas or placing physical barriers such as concrete walls or fences, all these methods change how people and traffic move and interact with the environment. Division, whether caused or enforced by the perception of race or class, separates the populace and increases the difficulty of the struggle that an individual must undertake in order to move through economical classes.

This is an idea that both this article and the Atlantic article by Robert Rosenberger share. Rosenberger speaks about how groups not directly targeted by architectural devices would simply pass these deterrents everyday and never know the social implications of these devices. If media and people do not both voice their concerns and listen to those affected, change will never be made. However in the case of anti-homeless spikes public concern banished this specific method of homeless deterrence from occuring in public places. In the yale law journal, those traveling to Jones beach in a car would never realize that the low overpasses prevented poorer residents who rely on public transportation from accessing the beach. In other situations, subtle situations such as the lack of sidewalks or bus stations prevent those in need from accessing resources only those able to afford their own transportation would be able to access.

I noticed that this article focuses heavily on what in the built environment is changed or implemented and how these changes affect populations, but the majority of these changes seem to be made in mind to keep certain groups away, and that the only reasoning for these changes is as a result of classism or racism. Several times in this article it is said that there would be benefits to having low income individuals having access to higher income areas in the form of jobs and increased economy, but it seems ironic to me that these low income individuals who cannot physically access more jobs are kept poor as a result of those architects and lawmakers who designed these areas as to keep low income individuals out, but in turn prevent these individuals from progressing economically. It seems backwards to allow the continuation of this circular logic, in which individuals are held in contempt in the eyes of those that forced the "low class" in that situation.

The Atlantic article, "How Cities Use Design to Drive Homeless People Away" by Robert Rosenberger begins with the exhibition of metal spikes built into the floor of a corner in front of a business. This case of architechural design was implemented in order to deter the homeless away from this area. While public opinion managed to get these metal spikes removed, many other cases where architechture is used to exclude certain individuals are less obvious.

Many deterrents are only obvious to a passerby if you are affected by them. Benches or areas to sit that have what seem to be extra armrests actually prevent the homeless from laying on them for extended periods of time. Studs or large attachments to benches or edges in public space prevent skateboarders from using them to perform tricks. While architecture can be used to subtly divide communities, law and policy can be used visibly to target specific groups such as the homeless from entering unwanted areas.

Rosenberger, Robert. "How Cities Use Design to Drive Homeless People Away." The Atlantic. Atlantic Media Company, 19 June 2014. Web. 19 Feb. 2017.

A gated community is not necessarily harmful to anyone, and it makes sense that most cities would not outlaw this type of architectural exclusion as it does not prevent anyone from trying to live there, it simply prevents the entry of anyone that does not have any real connection. Just as in the case of residential parking permits, this is a appropriate use of architecture. I don't fully understand why this was included, other than to be used as a transitioning point by the author to jump to another subject.

Edit: When positioned in certain areas, gated communities show people a visible difference in wealth and the economic divide between those that live within and those observing from outside. Aside from this, gated communities do not necessarily inhibit others from achieving growth. In many other cases, communities are gated in order to deter unwanted behavior and people such as criminals and solicitors from entering.

This chapter by chapter research procedure reminds me of the scientific method, which is used to characterize natural phenomena in science. I use the scientific method as a reference to easily memorize the steps to studying buildings. Listed below, the scientific method requires 5 steps: make an observation, brainstorm a question, form a hypothesis, conduct an experiment, and evaluate the information/draw a final conclusion.

Image: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/The_Scientific_Method.jpg

In context, extrinsic data means information originating from the heart of matter and presumably irrelevant data. This word helps to emphasize the importance of the sentence. No matter much outside information is given, the most effective method to study architecture is to first hand observe and analyze the physical presence of it.

Buildings are the "best teachers of ordinary architecture" because one is able to actively go out and investigate/observe them. I agree with this statement because one may examine the small details that one cannot from pictures, books, or written documents. The most effective way to obtain the best kind of information is to have a hands on experience. This is also known as fieldwork.

Based off of Merriam-Webster, axiom is short for saying the self-evident truth that does not require any show of evidence. An example sentence is "According to the axiom, all women have equal opportunity and worth."

The main two cons on why investigating history through buildings is ineffective are time investment and chance of survival of those buildings. It is not often that I see houses or buildings older than the 1800's in my community. A few of the buildings are either restricted due to future construction or some are completely demolished due to natural disasters.

The specific layout of this classroom in the University of Utah is very traditional and lacks active participation. Personally, I feel as if the students who are sitting in the first 2 rows have an advantage because they are closer to the teacher and lecture board. Looking at the back of the classroom, there are students who may not understand or comprehend information easily due to the placement of their desks. Students are only secluded to a particular group of people around them, which can lead to alienation and lack of communication throughout the entire classroom.

Another resource that almost everybody and anybody can utilize is MARTA, also known as the Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority. In the supplementary article,"MARTA Breaks Ground On First Transit-Development Project." Shamma thoroughly explains the plan to build six transit orientated developments near certain MARTA stations such as Edgewood/Candler Park, Chamblee, and Brookhaven/Oglethorpe University. These developments include housing, meal services, and recreation services such a park and performing arts center. MARTA gives back to those less unfortunate and those making low income in their area by committing approximately 20% of their housing complex to them. As an avid MARTA commuter, I think this is an amazing idea because it is convenient and affordable for almost everybody! It is a win win situation.

Image: https://az616578.vo.msecnd.net/files/2015/06/27/6357102149783950631344411160_marta.gif

Within this lengthy article, Carter and Cromley fully provide details and meaning to what our everyday architecture stands for, both physically and culturally. The authors imply the material world that we live in means more than what meets the eye. It mainly informs readers, who are either educated or uneducated in the field of vernacular architecture, how to understand and study various buildings in a thorough and refreshing perspective.

For an additional reading, I chose to analyze Tasnim Shamma's "MARTA Breaks Ground On First Transit-Developed Project". This article explains how six transit-orientated developments will be constructed near MARTA stations in order to increase population density, revenue, and transit riders. These 224 unit developments accommodate for a wide range of people and include housing, recreational services, and meal services. The Edgewood/Candler Park station is the first out of the six to be finished by the end of this year. This certain part of the city populates low income families and individuals that can barely afford necessities and housing. As a way to fix this issue, MARTA issues 20 percent of the living area as affordable housing to the low income families and individuals. In addition, MARTA describes these developments convenient stating, "We want to create new ridership and these are our easiest riders" and "People will be right here to ride our services".

Shamma, Tasnim. "MARTA Breaks Ground On First Transit-Development Project." WABE 90.1 FM. WABE 90.1 FM , 23 Aug. 2016. Web. 26 Mar. 2017.

This implies the raw and distinct comparison between mammals and humans. Not only do humans have to devise various ways for survival, but they also have the ability to self reflect. The only mammal that has almost a similar genetic code as us humans is a chimpanzee. The article below contains more information behind the meaning of self reflection and how it can be used to possess a more spiritual and enlightened state of self.

Link to article: http://wildtruth.net/the-essential-difference-between-animals-and-humans/

Image:https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4e/ChakrasINLS200.jpg/848px-ChakrasINLS200.jpg

This section implies what people do to their community/environment to accommodate for themselves in order to survive and prosper. Countries near Southern Europe such as Monaco, Italy, Spain, and Switzerland tend to maintain a longer life expectancy due to their cultural manifestations. People in these countries hold three keys to a longer life expectancy (around mid 80's) which are healthy diets, social interactions, and physical activities. Unlike Europe, America's life expectancy is late 70's which may result from being the number one most obese country in the world in addition to the American people lacking social and physical activity. The link below provides additional details pertaining to longer life expectancy in certain countries around the world.

http://www.cnn.com/2015/12/11/health/oldest-countries-secret-longer-life/

Vernacular Architecture also gives us an ability to study our past through the ancient buildings, sculptures etc.

For the past 30 years this book offered a great variety of tools for scientists and archaeologists to choose from, which essentially probably helped them in the research study they were doing.

I really like this example where they use vernacular architecture to explain to us, why classrooms were design the way they are. And it is simply because, I think whoever designed classroom wanted for each student to have their own space, to have sense of individuality.

My questioned about this Vernacular Architecture is why it isn't used now, when the new buildings constructed in for example, neighborhood, do they learn what type of architecture is present in that neighborhood and weather they can match the new house with it, to make it more on the same level with other houses?

It is a very interesting thought that through Vernacular Architecture we can also learned something about our self. Perhaps what is more fascinating, is that we can learned something new about relatives who lived in the house before us, or any other people, in it can tell what kinda of person lived here.

I agree with this argument, because I think when we gonna try to learn older generation through the architecture that was build back in the day, it is going to be hard because a lot of the buildings either damaged or destroyed, therefore it is going to be hard to make any statements regarding to the history of the past, because some of them could be just an opinion.

Thanks to this book, next time when we see this type of house we will have a good idea, what type of house it is, for what class it was build and when it was build.

This book explains on how to understand the buildings that were build back in the day, and also by using Vernacular Architecture we can understands how structure for this particular building was used, why it was used, and what were the reason this structure was build.

In the article, Scholl and Gulwadi explains the significance of the relationship between the landscape of university campuses and the effect it has on student learning. I also read the article, "How Slavery Shaped america's oldest and most elite colleges", what connection can i make with these two articles? How could I input race in the article "Recognizing Campus Landscapes as Learning Spaces"? Today's lack of diversity on certain could be explained because of history. Most colleges that lack diversity have a history dealing with slavery and other racist ideas. In this article, they explain the importance of changing landscape and etc to fit in with changes over time and diversity to help all kinds of students learn. Everyone learns differently. Its up to the universty system to adjust to the diversity to increase student learning statistics.

“How Slavery Shaped America’s Oldest And Most Elite Colleges,” NPR.org. [Online]. Available: http://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2013/09/17/223420533/how-slavery-shaped-americas-oldest-and-most-elite-colleges. [Accessed: 26-Mar-2017].

Summary: "Parting Ways" by James F. Deetz is an article that covers the story about four african american men who turned an oppurtunity into something bigger.Their names were Carl Howe, Prince Goodwin, Plato Turner, and Quamany. Carl Howe was granted a small plot of land once he finished serving the continental army. During those times, work oppurtunities and housing were hard to come by for african americans, free or enslaved. So Carl Howe turned his little property to an entire community for african americans who couldnt obtain land themselves. James Deetz states that one of the men, Prince Goodwin, was still a slave due to deserting the war. Don't when a soldier deserts a war or the military he/she is punished with jailtime or even death? But instead Prince Goodwin returned to his original life as a slave which is also bad. The supplemental reading "Black Lives Matter" relates to Parting Ways in numerous ways. BLM article is basically about how the phrase Black Lives Matter became and how it spreadedaround college campuses and the nation as a whole. Black Lives Matter started as just a hashtag then became something bigger and a official organization whish holds a chapter in each major city. Black Lives Matter got their power by occupying public places and causing a disturbance, such as marching on a highway, to give their voice on how life in America is hard for an African American. A relate these two articles together because bother Black Lives Matter Activist and the four african american men turned a small oppurtunity or window into something bigger and better. The four men turned a plot into a coummunity while BLM activist turned a platform such as twitter into something bigger like an official organization. Altman, A. (2015). TIME Person of the Year 2015 Runner-Up: Black Lives Matter. Retrieved February 05, 2017, from http://time.com/time-person-of-the-year-2015-runner-up-black-lives-matter/

In order to get closer to a "universal design," governments, local and federal, should create a board of individuals that are either personally affected or have a family member that is affected by a condition that inhibits daily life. There should be a wide variance in the conditions and age groups represented. The board members could meet 3 times a year to discuss and evaluate the ways in which their town/city is accommodating to the impaired. They could also brainstorm for improvements and petition or fundraise for these improvements to be made.

Because of the abundance and variations of disabilities that inhabit everyday life, I agree with Jonathan Hsy in the sense that I do not consider a "universal design" to be an attainable goal. Rather, it is a concept such as peace or fairness that should be considered and wanted in order to better society. If everyone stopped striving for peace, fairness, or perfection because it is essentially impossible, the world would begin to decline exponentially. Therefore, even though a "universal design" is impossible, the concept will lead to a better society.

Since disability is, in some way or another, experienced by everyone, why is it not taken into consideration more often? I am confident that most people either have or know others that have a life altering condition. Therefore, it would make since that collectively the community could accommodate to those individuals. With this in mind, I do not think that the issue arises from a lack of knowledge or experience. I believe that funding, laziness, forgetfulness, or some combination of the three is to blame.

I can attest to this statement because by having a blind mother, I am more aware of the obstacles in a setting that might inhibit her from coexisting easily. However, if I did not have a visually impaired mother I don't believe I would have this same awareness.

http://webaim.org/articles/motor/motordisabilities

While reading this article I began to consider all the different disabilities that affect motor skills alone. The website linked above lists and describes a multitude of motor skill related disabilities such as cerebral palsy and muscular dystrophy. It also includes injuries such as spinal chord damage or limb loss. This source helped me to understand the vast number of ways in which someone can be disabled. It also illustrated the high probability of attaining one of these injuries or conditions.

The idea that everyone's body will ultimately begin to fail in one way or another is also highlighted in "Universal Design and Its Discontents." Every day people are getting into accidents, contracting illnesses, and simply aging. These events often times lead to permanent disabilities. Although disability is essentially inevitable, most don't consider it until reality strikes. With this in mind, able bodied citizens should take every opportunity to assist the disabled because one day, the once able will also need assistance.

As technology advances, could it one day be possible to have an entirely universal design of a given space or will the ever growing amount and combination of disabilities and inherent differences, as mentioned in "Universal Design and Its Discontents," perpetuate the exclusion of "abnormal" individuals?

Often times, able bodied individuals overlook the challenges that disabled individuals face in an everyday setting. In the article "Universal Design and Its Discontents," Jonathan Hsy admits that he had never considered how difficult it could be to navigate a web page that was designed with only the non-disabled in mind until he encountered a web journal created for the deaf. He had trouble making use of the information because it was mostly in the form of ASL video clips and had little to no english subtitling.

In the article, “Universal Design and its Discontents,” Rick Godden and Jonathan Hsy assert that no internet platform will ever be accessible to every single individual. Accommodating to a multitude of different impairments, languages, and mediums all in one “universal design” has proven to be quite a tall order and ranks among the tangibility of a unicorn or earthly utopia. This inherent complication persists in spaces, cyber and physical, especially when the creators of these spaces don’t always take possible restraints into consideration. That being said, content creators should always attempt to make their content as user-friendly as possible. Inger Marie Lid also critiques the accessibility of our society for disabled people in the article “Implementing Universal Design in a Norwegian Context: Balancing Core Values and Practical Priorities.” Aside from the accessibility of the internet to the visually and aurally impaired, Lid focuses on the accommodations of those who are wheelchair bound or crippled in urban settings. She argues that a “universal design” of the city is imperative to the social justice of disabled citizens and is more easily attainable with considerate city planning.

Lid, Inger Marie. “Implementing Universal Design in a Norwegian Context: Balancing Core Values and Practical Priorities.” Disability Studies Quarterly 36.2 (2016): n. pag. via.hypothes.is. Web. 26 Mar. 2017.

Social interacton between people in cities seems very common, however I do notice that disabled persons do get ignored/overlooked many times which doesn't open the door for them to have social interaction unless they are the initiators.

Being the child of a blind parent, I understand the struggle faced by those with disabilities in the urban setting. My mother has been blind since she was 27, which means she has been unable to provide transportation for herself. My family always had to take this into consideration when moving to a new city. Accommodations such as audio equipped pedestrian signals and ample public transportation are essential in enabling her to interact with an urban environment safely and effectively. Without these features, my mother would not be able to function normally. She would be invisible.

It is all about consideration and predictability. No one person is the same but things can be made in which everyone can have easy and equal accessibility to facilitate their needs.

"A marginalized community is a group that's confined to the lower or peripheral edge of the society. Such a group is denied involvement in mainstream economic, political, cultural and social activities." (https://www.reference.com/world-view/marginalized-community-517401cfa76aa4eb)

Things can not change , if the initiative is not taken to make a difference or a change for the better. Getting more knowledge and more in depth allows for a more understandable and easier way to navigate around dilemmas and hard to address topics.

Simplifying complex areas could go a long way for not just disabled but anyone as they age. Changes to certain things that were probably meant to help the disable can turn out to help anyone through their daily activities or making their life easier.

There is no need to change those with disability , there is need to support and help them stride forth by bettering their environment.

"There are two traditions: empiricism, which holds that our knowledge is primarily based in experience, and rationalism, which holds that our knowledge is primarily based in reason."(http://www.theoryofknowledge.info/)Not only do you have to experience the sense of inequality or neglect, but you have to understand and reason with the public as to why things should change and how they should for the community as a whole. Not just one particular problem, we have to analyze multiple aspects to make bigger and better changes.

Its not only important to build things to help with accessibility, but it is also very important to not exclude people with disability. Although people with disability have become more visible the idea that we are segregating them to "special buses" or "special schools/work places" takes away the dignity and self-respect because they are made seem as different when in reality , they can probably do everything anyone without a disability can, just in a different way or form.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VAM9nh8WC-8

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vcIEpgwypbY

It is necessary , to not just think of ourselves and how to make navigation easier for us but to also include those that have impairments which forces them to need further assistant than just normal visual signs or a figure signalling you to walk . We have to think not just of one person but of all. In order to have equal status for everyone we just make accessibility for everyone a norm.

I do agree and say that if you want something to be pushed forth and opened up for people to see you must make it visible."The ADA owes its birthright not to any one person, or any few, but to the many thousands of people who make up the disability rights movement"(https://dredf.org/news/publications/the-history-of-the-ada/)

It is sad that we go through our daily lives ignoring things such as this until something, such as an article, news, or someone else opens our eyes to the situation. We may see someone struggling to get up the stairs because they are on crutches and we may proceed to help them but we never take for account that for that person, it is a daily struggle to be out , because of the lack of accessibility.

A few years ago, Brown University commissioned a study of its own historical connection to the Atlantic slave trade. The report found that the Brown family the wealthy Rhode Island merchants for whom the university was named , were "not major slave traders, but they were not strangers to the business either."

So you might think that Brown or the College of Rhode Island, as it was known in the early days would figure prominently into Craig Steven Wilder's new book Ebony & Ivy: Race, Slavery, and the Troubled History of America's Universities. And while Brown does make an appearance, so does Harvard, Princeton, Columbia, Yale, Dartmouth, Pennsylvania, and William and Mary.

Wilder, who chairs the history department at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, wasn't lacking for material."The academy never stood apart from American slavery," Wilder writes in the book. "In fact, it stood beside church and state as the third pillar of a civilization built on bondage."

But those early colleges also made a point to reach out to wealthy families in the Caribbean, where there were few colleges and universities.Wilder argues that the academy was also central to the development of scientific racism pseudoscience meant to establish the provable inferiority of certain racial groups that would serve as a pretext for enslavement.

American farmers would leave to study in Europe, and they would be seen as experts on Native Americans and Africans because of their closer contact with them. Those people gave lectures and dissertations on the bodily and mental inferiority of these various groups.But the relationship those institutions had to slavery was not neatly pro- or anti-slavery. At one early Yale event, honorary degrees were bestowed to both a slave owner and to an abolitionist.A group of slave traders at what is now Columbia University created a medal to be awarded to the author of the best essay arguing against slavery.

The official histories of Northern universities have long failed to describe the role of slaves. Early on, these histories included descriptions of the black slaves on campus as caricatures. "By dehumanizing them, you can actually make their presence unremarkable," Wilder said. "Through a kind of comedy and lampooning, they were barbaric figures that no one needed to take seriously."

Even tho the universities had different beliefs about slavery they still "did their job" heres an example of Yale University presenting degress to both parties ;(slave owners), (Abolitionists)

A list of the colleges Ill be refering too throughout my annotations

Some evidence thatt many colleges tried to acheieve what the ones talked about throughout the article did ,but were often times unsuccessful

This is from a flier that was published by thr New-York Post Boy and Weekly Gazette that announced the swearing -in ceremony for the trustees of Kings College (Columbia University) his point was to demonstrate just how ingrained slavey was to the 18th centyury academy.

Evidence that agains backs up Wilders knowledge and education on the topics dicussed thorughout this article.

This is saying that the report showed that the Brown family which the university is named after had some experience with slavery.

This is very intriguing to me, europeans thought that just because american farmers owned slaves , they thought that they understood them more; which confuses me .

This is one of Wilders important arguments ;that the academy was also central to the development of scientific racism, they started to use pseudoscience to try to try and come up with another way to exert their prejudice .

This is key information because Wilder is the chair of the history department at The Massachusetts Institute of Technology,and this shows his knowledge and vouches for his crediability.

This is giving the main idea of the article ;esentially the who;what;when;where, and why of the article. This introductory line sets the reader up for the rest of the article

I realized throughout my academic life, I learned the best in classes where the teacher allowed more freedom to the students. Classes where my seating was assigned i tend to be less engaged in. However, when I was allowed to choose my seat, it gave me more emotion to my learning, Combine that with a teacher who allowed multiple ways to do things from handouts to group assignments to videos in the course and no day is going to be dull. That creativity helps keep students anticipated since they do not know what they are in for on any given day. I speak from experience as it reflected in my test scores from individual courses.

As the population continues to increase, open space is becoming more and more scarce. Many find it hard to believe that open space would be considered in the same sentence with the likes of water or fossil fuels but it is true, the earth is running out of open space. We as human beings need three main things to survive: food, shelter, and water. We also like to have plenty of shelter, so that requires the construction of more housing. With more students enrolling to colleges, campuses are going to need more student housing on campus, and that takes away from the holistic learning students could have. But think about it, which one will eventually pay for itself, updating the landscape to provide more green space or housing that students will immediately fill within a year?

Is it really challenge? Colleges may look at this "potential challenge" as pure speculation. College presidents will take a look at all the statistics and if they think those statistics are A-okay then they will not consider this a real challenge. They will more likely look at it as bad attempt to get them to spend money. College presidents have an abundance of other problems they have to solve in the long run and I think this holistic learning challenge is one that is only on a few,if any, of their minds

The bulk of my major learning breakthroughs almost always come outside of class. It usually occurs when i look at the material from a different viewpoint of my peers. Regardless of where I am, I doubt the scenery made a big difference in me finding that breakthrough. The argument to say I could not find that breakthrough in a noisy urban city can be made. My response to that is most of the time when I am doing work outside of class, outside noise is nonexistent to my ears therefore it can not be a distraction. I deem the scenery around me as an irrelevant factor since it has no real affect on my learning.

As of late, more and more people are wanting their own individual automobile. It makes transportation less of a hassle and allows the owner a freedom that one may deem necessary. To accommodate for this rise in automobile owners, colleges had to build parking lots and garages for there future students being that a good amount of them will have car keys. This takes away from possible landscapes that could be used for holistic learning but allows more students to easily attend the college. The lack of parking would mean that students would have to resort to public transport to get around or there two feet. Based on what i hear, people are really lazy and do not want to walk or they hate the bus or they hate the subway. Either way, they like the option of having a car on campus. Some colleges try to limit who can drive on campus like university of albany has a ban for freshman. I find it that there is no coincidence that university of albany has more green space than that of georgia state university who allows freshman to drive cars to there campus. http://www.natcom.org/uploadedImages/More_Scholarly_Resources/Doctoral_Program_Resource_Guide/Albany%20Campus.jpg

In "A Campus Landscape and the Student", it is argued that a student's learning abilities are based primarily on the environment in which he/she is learning. Often, a learning environment is overlooked, but it is proven that the landscape of learning environments have a large affect on attainment. A campus is defined as "just the grounds a university is placed on". Some prefer traditional campuses to attend, rather than campuses with little privacy, such as Georgia State. For instance, private schools are ore traditional than public universities, which some may find a better environment for their studies. While schools that are less traditional are viewed as distracting to some people. Nonetheless, both areas are "campuses" and people can succeed in both. Importantly, their are many resources at all universities, but the way to obtain certain resources have different styles, depending on location of the school. Those that support traditional campuses more argue that those colleges offer more history, which causes students to value their education more. However, at every school, there are legacies; therefore, education is still valued, and there are students that attend traditional campuses and still are unaware of the history and background of the school;. These students attend the schools just because of the name it has, rather than learning the history of the school first. In "Recognizing Campus Landscapes as Learning Spaces", it is argued that colleges receive the names they have based on their history, especially private schools. Also, the image of the school, such as the landscape, receives more attention than the curriculum of the school. This may be found true, since first impressions always matter and school do their best to look their best to students and their parents interested in admission, without including real facts about their curriculum. Overall, less traditional campuses are stepped on when compared to schools with traditional campuses, because landscapes are most important to most people. Oliver, Kathleen. "A Campus Landscape and the Student." Edspace.american.edu. N.p., 31 Oct. 2016. Web. 27 Feb. 2017.

I can not completely agree with this statement. While natural scenery may have that effect on some, it certainly does not do that for me. If I am outside and I am just observing its beauty and whatnot, I will fall asleep. I am not saying nature is boring, it just has that effect on me. Natural scenery also naturally makes me drowsy and I am sure I can not be the only one this happens too. Maybe adding natural scenery might do more harm than good to mental fatigue of college students.

Even if colleges were to recognize this article and agree with its contents, I do not think that it would be enough to make universities update there landscape. Most of the colleges have been around for decades now and have not really seen any significant drop in there attendance. This is due to students knowing that they need the education and willing to put in the extra effort regardless of the landscape they are in whether it is desirable or not. Colleges know this and it is a major cause for them to keep things the same. Another major reason would be that it would cost a decent amount of money in order to update the campus to meet these holistic learning needs for the students. Colleges are trying to give a secondary education as their main priority, however they are also trying to make as much money as possible or else college would not be so expensive right. Maybe colleges might see this as a bad investment as their attendance may or may not increase after they spend the money to update there campus. This reasonable doubt is enough of a risk for them to not challenge the status quo.

This is an image of a floor plan for the first level of the Georgia State Recreation Center found on the school's website. I believe that these structures are suitable for leisure activity and play. However, I believe that they are too rigid and distracting for completing homework or relaxing the mind. Natural environments don't have inflexible floor plan and thus are more encouraging of creativity and movement

In "The College Amenities Arms Race" Cara Newlon suggests that some of the less prestigious schools add flashy services in order to make their campus more attractive to incoming students. I believe that, although laboratories and recreational centers may be important to a holistic school environment, too many amenities can be distracting and thus hindering of a student's educational experience. In the words of Ben Franklin "moderation in all things, including moderation."

Could libraries and other campus buildings with technological components such as computers and televisions be counteractive to the learning process? Or do the advantages of these learning tools outweigh the potential risk of distraction? Does there need to be a balance of added amenities and natural spaces for the learning experience to be complete?

Perhaps building planners could get a sense of what environments students benefit most from by studying the physical environments already created for some institutions. They could make inferences from the evidence in the buildings just like the excavators in "Parting Ways." The grassy spot near the Urban Life Center is left in exceptional condition every time I return. However there are some areas that are altered or vandalized by students. For example, there is a television in the library that no longer works because a student punched the screen. This to me is evidence of a disrespected and perhaps disliked environment.

The author of "The College Amenities Arms Race" argues that students do not need fancy "resort-like" features to perform well. In fact, these extra accommodations are most likely to cause distractions and lead to lower student retention rates. That being said, the author of "Recognizing Campus Landscapes as Learning Spaces," while recognizing that spaces outside of the rigid structure of the classroom are important to a holistic learning environment, does not impose a need for day spas and steakhouses. Simple spaces in nature such as farms and trails have exceptional mind stimulating qualities.

This author may believe that Georgia State students are at a disadvantage due the environment in which our school is placed. Being constantly surrounded by tall buildings and loud traffic can leave some feeling deprived of an "involuntary attention" environment in which to relax. There are few spots, however, that students often take advantage of. One in particular is the small patch of grass near the urban Life Building. There, students can sit on a bench swing and debrief for a bit. Although the area is small and enclosed, it is a nice place for city dwellers to get back in touch with nature.

In my experience as a student, I have found that at least 75% of the work I do for a class, whether that is assigned homework, projects, or test prep, is completed outside of the classroom setting. This means that most of the work I complete will be produced in a setting most like the natural environments described by the author. So, not only are these "involuntary attention settings" good for relaxation and information retention, they also have a heavy impact on a student's productivity and performance.

This is an overhead view of Princeton University found on the school's website homepage. The building is completely surrounded by greenery. This setting is what the author deems ideal for a conductive learning environment. There are areas fit for direct attention as well as involuntary attention.

Cara Newlon trivializes and condemns the addition of recreational amenities on college campuses in her article "The College Amenities Arms Race." She compares the steady retention rate of students at a university with minimal resources to the declining one of a school with more lavish features to show that these extra amenities actually do not contribute to the overall learning experience for the students. Newlon shows that usually "less selective" schools tend to add these features in order to support the suggestion that this trend is more of a business move than an effort to create a healthier learning environment. Throughout this article, she exposes the frivolous actions of these schools with a critical tone.

This attitude contrasts heavily with that of Kathleen School in her article "Recognizing Campus Landscapes as Learning Spaces." Kathleen does not criticize the addition of recreational amenities, rather she extols them and argues that they are necessary for a proper learning environment. Although School didn't express the need for gourmet restaurants and resort style spas (the specific features Newlon denounced), she acknowledged that students learn and retain information best when they are not constantly surrounded by stress inducing classroom settings.

Newlon, Cara. “The College Amenities Arms Race.” Forbes. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Feb. 2017.

What specifically is the author referring to here? Also, is it proven that these "outside lures" actually hinder the educational process in any way?

Summary: "Recognizing Campus Landscapes as Learning Spaces" by Scholl and Gulwadi, the article talks about the inclusion of nature in college campuses. All campuses need to have learning that is beneficial to all students. The article gives examples of what a holistically designed campus looks like. They discuss how nature actually exercises the mind without tiring it out and give it a refreshing rest. Green space has a way of improving the quality of school work.The article discusses how attention affect learning. Nature has a way of focusing the attention on the work. Open space is necessary to having a great learning area for the students to stay focused on their school work.

This reminds me of meditating because while meditating you have to clear your mind and just do instead of thinking , you can also visualize on one thing such as a color or an action but you have to focus on that one thing and direct attention actually reminds me of the times where I used to meditate.

A spatial pattern is a perceptual structure, placement, or arrangement of objects on Earth. https://www.una.edu/geography/lights_night/step_1.htm

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attention_restoration_theory

https://positivepsychologyprogram.com/attention-restoration-theory-nature-lets-solve-problems/

Just to enlighten one on this topic

While reading this statement, one would have to think that this is true because in this century there are many changes in the country and schools now. There is so much more diversity in our schools and technology is always improving and refining itself and many of us students always use technology so you would think that the schools would base learning off of technology and with the people you encounter.

This would be fantastic if all universities could obtain these natural landscapes. The picture below was taken at Cornell University and is yet another example of why I question the authors ability to make a sound case for extraordinary natural landscape and visuals on campus space that are feasible for the majority of universities.

This is an interesting statement that is both correct and incorrect in certain ways depending on the context. For instance, the author argues that disciplinary boundaries are being replaced with more integrative designs on campuses. In a sense, this is true in regards to campuses like Georgia State University that integrate with their city and share space, but not so much for many private and liberal arts colleges that create built environments that isolate them from the rest of the city. However, if you are applying this argument contextually to the landscape inside of the university campus, then it would be safe to say that universities have evolved to become more integrative.

In Schindler's argument she discusses mostly about architectural discrimination among the African American community, but in Marak's argument the issue revolves around the elderly community; this raises the question of how many of the elderly are African American or are living in African American communities? It could strengthen both arguments if there is some form of correlation between the to issues.

https://www.forbes.com/sites/nextavenue/2016/09/08/elder-orphans-have-a-harder-time-aging-in-place/#3783a7e43bae

How can architecture not be seen as a form of regulation or agenda? Sidewalks are built so people can walk, roads are built to drive cars. Some buildings require gates and codes, others do not. Whether we recognize it or not, anything that is built, is built for a purpose and with that comes rules and regulations.

The article, "The morbid and mortal toll of sprawl" by Robert Steuteville used to explain Invitation to Vernacular Architecture. Focuses on how the architecture/ design of roadways has played a large role in traffic deaths. It’s interesting how the article connects to the major points of how architecture can both physically and psychologically divide a society.

Definition: existing everywhere; at the same time

The use of the word "ubiquitous" helps to exemplify how race is everywhere. Especially in the United States, that is known for being a Melting Pot of cultures and languages. The same way laws are made to protect people's freedom and liberty. Those laws should also be applied to Built Environments and architectural design.

In my neighbor, Henderson Mill Rd is a dangerous road for pedestrians. We are located near two major expressways, I-25 and I-285. Often, drivers will get off the expressways and cut through my neighborhood to avoid traffic. My neighborhood only has one sidewalk for us to walk on. The sidewalk is located on the less populated side. On the other side, they are three sets of apartments and two sets of condominiums. This side is filled with a lot of immigrants and families. But there is no sidewalk located on this side, there is only a dirt path filled with debris and broken glass. If you wanted to travel across the street, you must run while avoiding incoming cars. I get the impression that I’m not wanted on the other side.

Then: Now: Today, the 8-mile wall is painted with large murals. Artist tend to paint on the side facing Alfonso Wells Playground, because there is an exposed stretch of wall with no homes behind it. In 2006, community activist and Detroit residents came together to paint the wall. On the wall, scenes of the civil rights movements including Rosa Park boarding the bus, neighborhood children blowing bubbles, and a group of a cappella singers. Now, the wall is a symbolic piece, because the message represents harmony and unity rather than segregation.

Bollard-is a short post in the street used to guide traffic protect vehicle collusion

In Atlanta, driving can be a stressful experience for commuters and visitors. The downtown roads are not only packed but difficult to navigate. Some of the roads are one ways or dead ends. Different roads unexpectedly end or merge into another road out of nowhere. The lack of signage make this situation even more stressful to drivers. For example, a restaurant is located on your right but the restaurant is located on a one-way street. A driver must past their destination and navigate their way back to the restaurant to enter. This makes drivers avoid the downtown Atlanta area when driving.

This example shows how architectural decisions manipulate our minds in the simplest way. A cafeteria manger simply switches the placement of the healthier food options to the front to guide people towards healthier choices. Now, the junk food options are switched to the back out of eye range. If a person usual order is junk food but does not see it displayed in front of them, it creates a switch in their mind. They just want the option in their line of vision and decide to select the healthier option over their usual order. This person is so programmed to the mandate that he does not expand or breach out to other choices.

In Atlanta, homelessness is a growing issue facing the city. Homeless people often tend to sleep or station themselves in public parks. They create their own community with each other and form their own village. For example, Hurt Park located outside of Georgia State University hosts many homeless people. When I pass by the park on the way to class, I notice homeless people either sleeping on the ground or on park benches. I understand when a new park is built; these types of benches are not built. I did not know they were built to deter homeless people from sleeping in the park. I think instead of preventing homeless people from sleeping in the park; we need to assist them in getting back onto their feet.

In the article, “How Cities Use Design to Drive Homeless People Away”, journalist Rosenberger explains how cities use architecture to deter the homeless population from loitering in park, subways stations, and bus stations. In London, spikes were placed outside of an apartment building to prevent homeless people from sleeping there. People were outraged about this and started a petition to remove the spikes. The spikes were a visible display of homeless-detergent technology, but there is more subtle design out there. An example, the design of park benches. Benches are7/ designed with slats/ large armrest create individual seats for each person to prevent comfortable sitting on them and laying down across them. They create this design to prevent homeless people+ in the park from sleeping there. Also, the same designs are implied in bus stops and transit systems. Ordinary people would not notice the reasoning behind the design, but if you’re a homeless person this sends a message that you’re not wanted here. Architectural design only truly impacts a person if they are the issue themselves.

In the United States, the term ghetto is often associated with the African American community, but other ethnic groups reside there such as Hispanics and whites. Ghettos tend to be made up of ethnic minorities, but neighborhoods filled with majority ethnic minority residents are not considered ghettos. For example, African Americans were segregated into northern communities such as Chicago’s Bronzevile. The residents were affluent African American families and the neighborhood had successful businesses in it.

In modern times, regardless of race or ethnicity, forty percent or more ghettos residents are poor. A neighborhood is considered a ghetto if there is a prevalence of poverty. There is a difference between other racially or ethnically homogenous communities and ghettos. The difference is ghetto residents cannot relocate even if they desire to. Poverty makes it difficult for residents to migrate out of these neighborhoods. Ghettos do not have many residential choices compared to non-ghetto locations. In the past, historic ghettos were formed due to indirect or direct racial or ethnic coercion and isolation. Now ghettos are based on class-based information which results in isolation.

http://www.encyclopedia.com/literature-and-arts/art-and-architecture/architecture/ghetto#A

In my neighborhood, there’s a bridge underpass that creates an invisible division. One side, the neighborhood is primary white. The people living there either own or lease their house; the houses are very cookie cutter style and maintain a presentable appearance. But once you go under the underpass, there are more apartments compared to houses. Most of the residents are non-white or immigrants, new to the neighborhood. It creates these two separate neighborhoods when they are the same.

Just like when you fill an application for a job or a program, they ask for your gender and race. Why? Because it helps schools get funding, and it allows for special accommodations. Maybe there is a need for signage in a different language or an interpreter. The same idea applies to architecture. When designing a building, a park, or a bus line. It would be negligent not to consider the types of people who would come in contact or utilize the structures being built. So, I definitely think that the separation and discrimination is intentional, because there is nothing that we can do in our society today without considering race.

There is an article called, “UT Austin’s School of Architecture Establishes Initiative on Race, Gender and the Built Environment” by Kathleen Stimpert. The article addresses the 21st century concern of design and planning. The article states, their “effort[s] aims to facilitate diversity among design and planning professionals and students, and foster innovation in teaching and research on race, gender and inequality in American cities” The University of Texas at Austin realizes the effect that culture and practices has on a city. So much, that they have opened a new department dedicated to researching those effects. I think that this goes to show how it would be very difficult to build a successful city without considering all the components.

https://news.utexas.edu/2016/09/07/soas-initiative-on-race-gender-and-the-built-environment

I think that is very similar to what Airbnb host were doing to potential residents. Both are subtle forms of discriminatory action. Airbnb would be bashed if it publicly came out and stated that they were racist especially in today’s age where people are looking for any reason to point out institutionalized racism.

Although, Airbnb has publicly stated that they are completely against such actions it would not be surprising to find that these accusation are true and intentional.

I find this interesting because I live in a gated community, and while reading, I never once considered my living status as a form of segregation. The area I live in is made up of predominately young black families and college students. When I think of a gated area, I think of a place that is closely monitored for the safety of the residents not as a means of separation. I may think this way because I live in a gated area but after reading this, I have a new outlook on the purpose of gated areas/residences.

In the article “Architectural Exclusion: Discrimination and Segregation Through Physical Design of the Built Environment”, Schindler discusses how the architectural design of an environment creates unknown discrimination and segregation. Schindler describes how a certain architectural choice such as one way roads, benches with arm rests in between, and the lack of sidewalk in an area creates segregation in communities. One way roads created segregation by deterring other drivers from entering a certain area or neighborhood. For example, if an African America cannot navigate into a white neighborhood because of the configuration of a street this is a form of segregation.

Architecture gives a different message to each person. A design can communicate something to a certain population that another population would not notice. In the article, “How Cities Use Design to Drive Homeless People Away”, journalist Rosenberger describes how one city added skateboard studs to edges of handrails to ledges. If I saw those studs, I would not understand the meaning behind them. I might think it adds an interesting design to the railing but to skateboarders it means do not skate here. The studs were added to the railing to prevent skateboards from sliding along the edges. Those edge studs did not communicate that message to me, but the message was not meant for me. Architectural design has different implications that give a certain message to an individual.

This is definitely the theis statement. To be honest, when I first realized that we would be doing alot of studying "built environment" i was confused. Like why are we studying buildings? But the more we got into it, it definitely interest me more. Finding out that the architecture of a building or a street was meant to keep lower income and POC having access to it isn't something I would initially think of when I see a bridge. Very interesting.

Things that are currently happening is sending African Americans a message. For example, The black lives matter movement isnt protected by the police but once you see a picture of a KKK parade, the police is protecting them. Is it because they are racist or is it because the KKK is seen as more likely to be in danger. Very controversial to me.

1974? That wasn't that long ago. A lot of people like to claim that racism ended over a 100 years ago. My mom was born during this time. Racism is alive and well. People argued that it was for lesser traffice and promoting safety. Is being connected to a black neighborhood dangerous?

Before Christmas break I relied entirely on MARTA and ubers/lyfts for transportation. It was very hard for me to find a job walking distance. Thankfully, I was able to bring my car to Atlanta from home. My experience with MARTA was not bad. It is a fact that most of MARTA users are from lower income classes.

This is very surprising to me. But then again it isn't. Wouldn't expect Atlanta to have this issue. Although most wealthy, powerful, people are white, I would consider Atlanta the "Black Hollywood". Many black people make a name for themselves here. Want to see a wealthy black person? Come to Atlanta.

"Trying to appear "not too black" on Airbnb is exhausting" by Norrinda Brown Hayat touches on the discrimation in the Airbnb business. It is said that some of the airbnb listings are discriminating against african americans. Some of the Airbnb listers are intentionally declining people with typical African American names and accepting a white man with the same profile but with a "white sounding" name. I find this article very interesting because I have a friend that is interested in listing his apartment as Airbnb and he said in order for him to do it he has to appear "more white". I chose this supplemental reading becuase it gave another example of discrimation and oppression in the "business" world and in less obvious ways.

So basically, Moses DID have these bridges built low intentionally. What time period was this? Was this around the 60s? I always new America was a racist country, some would say it still is (I agree). Many poor people and POC did use buses so this method may have been effective. It is sad how much somebody could do just to oppress minorites.

So was Robert Moses racist? Since he was the person behind the building of the low-hanging overpasses, as mentioned previously. The article states that the bridges being built low was an attempt to keep POC from coming to the beaches. Is their any proof?

Interesting Schindler mentions one way streets. In Atlanta their is a lot of one way streets and I never really thought it was because of the attempt in isolating neighborhoods. Is this what Schindler is implying?