Locales primero Trabajamos primero en nuestras propias máquinas y luego subimos cosas a Internet. Diseñamos para lugares con conectividad baja y/o intermitente.

La apropiación social del cono-cimiento es el fundamento de cual-quier forma de innovación, porque el conocimiento es una construcción compleja, que involucra la interacción de distintos grupos sociales (De Greiffy Maldonado, 2010). La producción de conocimiento no es una construc-ción ajena a la sociedad; se desarrolla dentro de ella, a partir de sus intereses, códigos y sistemas. Por otra parte, la innovación entendida como la efectiva incorporación social del conocimiento en la solución de problemas o en el establecimiento de nuevas relaciones, no es más que la interacción entre grupos, artefactos y culturas sociales de expertos y no expertos. La apropiación no es una recepción pasiva; involucra siempre un ejercicio interpretativo y el desarrollo de unas prácticas reflexivas.

apropiación social del conocimiento es entendida como un proceso de comprensión e intervención de las relaciones entre tecnociencia y socie-dad, construido a partir de la participación activa de los diversos grupos sociales que generan conocimiento.

Las políticas bajo la óptica del beneficio privado, sin reparar en daños sociales o ecológicos, se materializan en legislación, directrices, normas regulaciones en fin

resistir los procesos de mercantilización al mismo tiempo que deben ser capaces de dar cauce a la ciudadanía como parte de la esfera pública

This model suggests three important research directions to analyze the role of appro-priation in technology evolution. The first would explore conditions that permit and encourage appropriation, ranging from technology architecture (e.g. technology openness) to legal and policy regimes governing how users are allowed to modify and apply technol-ogy in ways not intended by producers. The second direction would further examine appro-priation practices. Particularly fruitful would be further articulation of user/producer power negotiations that unfold during the appropriation stage and of the resulting innovation modalities. A third research direction would investigate how innovations that emerge from appropriation are later incorporated or blocked by producers through the repossession stage. Together, these three axes will further articulate the user/producer dynamics at work through appropriation, leading to a better understanding of the innovation process.

User practices that create new uses represent forms of technology appropriation: whereas during the adoption stage, users simply used technology as it was given to them, here they modify technology to make it their own and invent practices around its possi-bilities. In doing so, users re-negotiate the relationship tying them to technology provid-ers: claiming technology as their own, they strive for greater control, with results that may not necessarily be congruent with the provider’s interest

Users do new things in new ways. Users explore new possibilities, including some beyond what motivated initial adoption. For instance, users personalize devices and applications to integrate them within their practices. Some users will re-arrange devices in ways that reflect their personalities

Throughout history, Latin American populations have had extensive experience with the appropriation of objects, people, and ideas from abroad, most often in unfavorably asymmetric situations. This tradition continues to pro-duce a culture of its own, born from multiple resistance and appropriation strategies.

Appropriation considers both learn-ing-by-using and learning-by-doing as central to the development of new processes (Rosenberg, 1982). Learning-by-doing in particular assumes that knowledge emerges through bricolage—tinkering with and recombining technology elements, thus enhancing one’s understanding (Lévi-Strauss, 1966). For Tuomi (2002), learning through appropria-tion is a user-centered process whereby users meld culture with material resources to innovate.

Rogers (2003) defines diffusion as the process through which an innovation is communicated and spreads over time. Rogers theorized diffusion as a one-stage process, whereas appropriation adds a more detailed view of actual technology use (Fichman, 2000)

Users re-invent technology when they test features, tweak devices and applications to better fit their needs (Papa and Papa, 1992), invent new ways to use services, and develop novel social, economic, and political practices around technology’s possibilities (Venkatesh etal., 2012). As new practices develop, we need to better understand the dynamics of interaction between social, economic, and political influences

For a technology to evolve in accordance with users’ needs, aiding social and economic development, the focus must move beyond mere adoption. When users appropriate technology and make it their own, new uses and innovations emerge. The appropriation process is a contest for control over a technological system’s configuration, as users, designers, and manufacturers battle over who can use that technology, at what cost, under what conditions, for what purpose, and with what consequences. This confrontation, we argue, constitutes a powerful innovation mechanism.

Appropriation is the process through which technology users go beyond mere adoption to make technology their own and to embed it within their social, economic, and political practices. The appropriation process is a negotiation about power and control over the configuration of technology, its uses, and the distribution of its benefits. The negotiation surrounding technology appropriation echoes earlier creative tensions in the New World regarding the appropriation of cultural objects and ideas from abroad.