Un estudiante que comenzó en 2003 sí llegó 5 años antes que un estudiante que inició en 2008. No obstante, sería una locura para mí dividir el 2008 para el 2003 y decir que el segundo alumno comenzó “1.0024 veces después” que el primero. Eso no tiene ningún sentido en absoluto

En el caso de las variables de escala de intervalo, las diferencias entre los números son interpretables, pero la variable no tiene un valor cero “natural”.

observe que si bien podemos usar el orden natural de estos artículos para construir agrupaciones sensatas, lo que no podemos hacer es promediarlos

Una variable de escala ordinal es aquella en la que hay una manera natural, significativa de ordenar las diferentes posibilidades, pero no se puede hacer nada más

Una variable de escala nominal (también denominada variable categórica) es aquella en la que no existe una relación particular entre las diferentes posibilidades

escalas de medición

However, as can be seen in figure 10.4, there has been a decline in the number of people dying in hospital in the last decade (Hall, Levant, & DeFrances, 2013). This decline can be tied to two changes in the U.S. health care system:

las variables son los “datos” reales con los que terminamos en nuestros conjuntos de datos.

la recolección de datos se puede considerar como una especie de medición

Campbell y Stanley (1963) para la discusión del diseño del estudio, y Stevens (1946) para la discusión de escalas de medición

sinθ=nλ2d

ompared to film, scintillationcounter can measure diffraction intensities and Bragg angles more accurately.

The film is placed around the sample as a circle and records the diffracted X-ray beams. The positions of diffraction lines correspond to Bragg angle. And Photographic film can record both the reflected and transmitted X-ray beams.

It is usually made of single crystal silicon.

Usually, evenly grinded sample powder is dissolved in organic solvent such as acetone or pressed into a plain on a glass slide to make sure the sampel is flat. The sample holder has a press ring to fix the slide.

f Be is close to zero, so it can make sure the X-ray source is monochromatic and does not contain introduced chracteristic X-rays from other metals.

In a reflection geometry instrumentation, X-ray tube usually contains a side window made of Be to allow the generated X-rays to emit at the demanding angle. The reason that Be is used as a X-ray window, is that the fluorescence yield

Powder X-ray diffractometer consists of three components: X-ray source, sample holder and detector.

Body centered, I hkl: h+k+l=2n Face centered, F hkl: h, k, l either all odd or all even

Primitive, P None

The n-type semiconductor is coated by an aluminum contact

ne. The semiconductor is usually composed of silicon; germanium

In a scintillation counter, a phosphor is placed in front of a photomultiplier tube.

A powder X-ray diffractometer consists of an X-ray source (usually an X-ray tube), a sample stage, a detector and a way to vary angle θ.

In powder X-ray diffraction, the diffraction pattern is obtained from a powder of the material, rather than an individual crystal. Powder diffraction is often easier and more convenient than single crystal diffraction since it does not require individual crystals be made.

Bragg’s Law nλ=2dsinθ(1)(1)nλ=2dsin⁡θn\lambda = 2d\sin\theta where: λλ\lambda is the wavelength of the x-ray, ddd is the spacing of the crystal layers (path difference), θθ\theta is the incident angle (the angle between incident ray and the scatter plane), and nnn is an integer

Bragg’s Law was introduced by Sir W.H. Bragg and his son Sir W.L. Bragg. The law states that when the x-ray is incident onto a crystal surface, its angle of incidence, θθ\theta, will reflect back with a same angle of scattering, θθ\theta. And, when the path difference, ddd is equal to a whole number, nnn, of wavelength, a constructive interference will occur.

Understanding gene replication is the key to understanding modern evolutionary theory

if you lose a finger in an accident, that you will have children missing a finger, and that such changes will eventually become characteristics of the species

evolution is not goal directed

as the environment changes, new traits may evolve

. Understanding evolution can give us fresh insights about our psychology and the psychology of other species

Why do humans and other animals move, why do they have particular mental capabilities and not others

Although, as we will discuss, we still learn about the brain from accidents and other traumatic brain events, we have a variety of other techniques that we can use now to study the brain in healthy individuals.

to visualize the parts of the brain that respond when we're exposed to stimuli that upset us or make us happy.

Functional imaging techniques allow researchers to learn about the brain activity during various tasks by creating images based on the electrical activity or the absorption of various substances that occurs while a subject is engaging in a task

he surgeon Burkhardt in 1894 performed a series of surgeries in which he selectively destroyed the frontal lobes of several patients in whom he sought to control psychotic symptoms, being the modern prototype of what was later known through Antonio Egas Moniz as psychosurgery.

Gage became irritable, irreverent, rude and profane, aspects that were not part of his way of being. His mind had changed radically.

the frontal lobes were considered silent structures, without function and unrelated to human behavior.

This chemical was later identified as a neurotransmitter

With case studies such as Phineas Gage and invention of methods such as the electroencephalogram (EEG) and computed tomography (CT or CAT) scans, scientists began to link the brain to specific behavior and cognition as biopsychology as a discipline began to emerge.

The problem with PET scans was that an individual receiving a PET scan had to drink or be injected with a mildly radioactive substance, called a tracer.

a person, the heart was saved and buried with the individual but the brain was discarded

since we do not have control over many of the factors in our environment, our genes, and our evolution as a species, our brain function and thus our behavior is actually controlled by causes outside of our control.

If everything in the universe is physical, then applied to psychology, including biopsychology, this means that the mind, our mental processes and subjective mental experiences, must also be entirely physical processes in an entirely material brain.

determinism--the belief that all events in the universe have prior causes and that these causes are external to the human will.

With advances in research methods, more complex topics such as language, reasoning, decision making, intelligence, and consciousness are now being studied intensely by biological psychologists.

If the ether is attached to only primary, secondary, or methyl alkyl groups, a selective cleavage will typically take place using an SN2 mechanism.

notes

sulfuric acid

sodium hydroxide

egiochemistry and stereochemistry

5

Our goal is to differentiate functions such a

the study of the rates at which quantities change. It is one of the two traditional divisions of calculus, the other being integral calculus.

while aging that occurs due to controllable factors, such as an unhealthy lifestyle including lack of physical exercise and poor diet, is called secondary aging (Busse, 1969).

xi−xi

4.4: Formula Mass, Percent Composition, and the Mole

The patient must be enclosed in a metal tube-like device for the duration of the scan, sometimes as long as thirty minutes

it exposes patients to a dose of radiation many times higher than that of X-rays

more modern medical imaging technologies produce data that are integrated and analyzed by computers to produce three-dimensional (3D) images or images that reveal aspects of the body functioning.

MRIs have found a thicker frontal cortex (Carper & Courchesne, 2005) and a thinner temporal cortex (Hardan et al., 2006) in patients with ASD.

Whether this is particularly dangerous is still being debated (McCollough et al., 2015).

however, X-rays are capable of damaging cells and initiating changes that can lead to cancer. This danger of excessive exposure to X-rays was not fully appreciated for many years after their widespread use.

Distrust in research also has other consequences, and as recently as 2021 has been cited as a contributing factor for the disproportionate impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on minority communities

Recording from one area ignores what is happening everywhere else in the brain.

TMS is able to explore neural plasticity, which is the ability of connections between neurons to change. This has implications for treating psychological disorders as well as understanding long-term changes in neuronal excitability.

Glucose and oxygen, two key components for energy production

Direct imaging techniques are extremely useful ways to measure electrical brain activity in a non-invasive way. Both EEG and MEG are most useful at identifying differences in timing patterns of electrical activity.

f(x)=Asin(B(x−α))+C.

2'

Some of this fat is stored within the abdominal cavity, called visceral fat, and some is stored just underneath the skin, called subcutaneous fat.

activated complex

The elements of poetry permit a poet to control many aspects of language—tone, pace, rhythm, sound—as well as language’s effects: images, ideas, sensations. These elements give power to the poet to shape a reader’s physical, emotional, intellectual, and spiritual experience of the poem.

equal

cultivo

cultivo

Separating the ammonia

are

aldehydes,

f(a) ∨

12ωsin2ωt

IR2

then a net reaction will tend to take place that moves the system to a new equilibrium state

constitutes

ans

ans

ans

B. flagelos.

B. membrana citoplasmática.

D. lisosomas.

B. mitocondrias.

el aparato de Golgi

C. retículo endoplásmico rugoso.

Estado 3 diferentes funciones asociadas al citoesqueleto de células eucariotas. (ans)

ans

Indicar qué organismos eucariotas poseen una pared celular y cuáles carecen de una pared celular. (ans)

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The more neuroscientific research progresses, the more clearly it is established that human behavior and mental processes—the key interests for psychological study—are intimately intertwined with activity in the brain.

He further explained that "humidity" inside the head contributed to mood changes and when this moisture inside the brain goes beyond limits, the brain loses control over its rationality and mental disorders appear

The Organization of Behavior, where he introduced the first comprehensive theory on how the brain might create and control complex psychological functioning

In 1950, positron emission tomography (PET) scans were used to look at brain activity or communication in a living patient. Researchers were able to look at different parts of the brain in different situations. In other words, they could look at real time activity of the brain as the person laughed or was scared to see what ares of the brain lit up. This gave an indication of what areas of the brain maybe responsible for different emotions or behaviors.

This led to the formation of the neuron doctrine, the hypothesis that the functional unit of the brain is the neuron, also known as a nerve cell. Today, the field accepts neuronal theory which states that the nervous system is made up of individual nerve cells called neurons (Klein and Thorne, 2006).

In 1848, John Martyn Harlow treated Phineas Gage and documented his case. Gage, who was a railroad worker, had his frontal lobe pierced by an iron tamping rod in a blasting accident. He survived the trauma but suffered extensive damage to his left prefrontal cortex (Macmillan, 2001). Through Gage's case study, Harlow showed the connection between the prefrontal cortex damage, executive functioning, and personality changes.

Starting in early 1800's, a series of researchers began to catalog different brain parts and their presumed role in behavior.

Galenic view of anatomy (which emphasized three major systems--the heart, brain, and blood--and the importance of a balance between four bodily fluids--blood, phlegm, and black and yellow bile)

Early philosophers, such as Aristotle (384-322 B.C.E.), believed that one's mind resided in the heart. He believed that since our blood started from the heart, the soul also originated there. Plato (428-347 B.C.E.) argued that the executor of reason was the heart and our animalistic desires and emotions were controlled by the liver (Gross, 1987). Many ancient cultures, including the Chinese, Indian, and Egyptian also shared the same belief (Carlson, 2014). When the Egyptians embalmed a person, the heart was saved and buried with the individual but the brain was discarded (Klein and Thorne, 2006). However, there were early Greeks, such as Hippocrates (460-377 B.C.E.) , who believed that it was the brain and not the heart where the locus of the mind resided. He wrote: "It ought to be generally known that the source of our pleasure, merriment, laughter, and amusement, as of our grief, pain, anxiety, and tears is none other than the brain. It is specially the organ which enables us to think, see, and hear......It is the brain too which is the seat of madness and delirium, of the fears and frights which assail us" (Gross, 1987, p. 843-844).

Examining the history of biopsychology allows us to understand its development over time, highlighting instances where researchers were wrong about the nature of brain-behavior relationships and revealing what we have yet to explain (Saucier and Elias, 2006).

William James in his book, The Principles of Psychology (1890), argued that the scientific study of psychology should be grounded in an understanding of biology (Walinga, 2014). Like many early psychologists, James had extensive training in physiology.

a key organizational principle of the brain: the localization of function

The frequently repeated claim that humans use only 10% of their brains is false.

motivated behavior (such as hunger, thirst, and sex); control of movement; learning and memory; sleep and biological rhythms; and emotion

14

The above method is sometimes called the Complementary Method. There is yet a more specific approach called the Complementary Algorithm. It relies on the idea of complements that we defined in an earlier exercise set. In Base Ten, pairs of complements were 1 & 9, 2 & 8, 3 & 7, 4 & 6 and 5 & 5. For the complementary method, you find a very specific complement of the subtrahend and add it to both the minuend and subtrahend before subtracting. The complement, in this case, is a 1 followed only by zeros such that the number of zeros is the same number of digits in the minuend. First, you'll have to come up with an easy way to find the complement of a given number.

Each to each a looking-glass / Reflects the other that doth pass”1

Neuroscience is the scientific study of the nervous system. The more neuroscientific research progresses, the more clearly it is established that human behavior and mental processes—the key interests for psychological study—are intimately intertwined with activity in the brain. It encompasses the branch of biology that deals with the anatomy, biochemistry, molecular biology, and physiology of neurons and neural circuits. It also encompasses cognition (thinking) and human behavior.

He became a man of bad and rude ways, disrespectful to colleagues, and unable to accept advice. His plans for the future were abandoned, and he acted without thinking about the consequences.

Surgical errors, extreme mistreatment, and tragic accidents are impactful events that can alter individuals significantly, providing unique opportunities to study the effects of experiences which can not be ethically studied experimentally.

A thesis statement that is forceful shows readers that you are, in fact, making an argument.

A factual statement often is not considered arguable.

the creation of a thesis statement begins when you choose a broad subject and then narrow down its parts until you pinpoint a specific aspect of that topic

It is specific and focuses on one to three points of a single idea

For whatever topic your professor gives you, you must ask yourself, “What do I want to say about it?”

It is not enough merely to discuss a general topic or simply answer a question with a yes or no.

You should form your thesis before you begin to organize an essay,

an essay can fall into the same trap of being out of order and confusing.

hat needed further explanation or providing too many details on a meaningless element.

Have you ever known a person who was not very good at telling stories?

⋂X∈CX={x∈U | x∈X for some X∈C}

Since 𝑥∈𝑓(𝐴)x∈f(A)x \in f(A) and 𝑦∈𝑓(𝐵)y∈f(B)y \in f(B), 𝑦∈𝑓(𝐴)∩𝑓(𝐵

When we read good writing, we get lost in the experience and in the images the words are creating in our minds. We are transported.

Sometimes this concept confuses my students. “But I can feel love,” they say. “I can feel anger.” And, yes, of course we can recall what those emotions feel like when they are referenced in a poem. And, in fact, we feel actual sensations brought on by these emotions when they happen. Our blood races when we’re in love, our stomach jumps when our lover or someone we desire walks into sight. We feel our chests swell when we think about our mothers and our fathers, but when we read abstract words like “love” and “anger” we experience them in a vague, cloudy way, reliant more on our own individual memories that involved our five senses to make, rather than the poem itself using our five senses through imagery to create a new experience and memory.

the poem shifts its spotlight on the feelings of the speaker

Ideally, the poem should recreate the experience of a poem through concrete details so the reader isn’t merely told about the experience through the speaker, but shown the experience which the poet recreates in a way that engages the reader’s five senses.

v2+v1)

. What distinguishes listening from hearing?

If you chose (d), you may be a kinesthetic learner. You learn best through doing, and prefer hands-on activities. In long lectures, fidgeting may help you focus.

You would start putting the pieces together and figure out the process through trial and error, consulting the directions as you worked.

Most people have one channel that works best for them when it comes to taking in new information.

handshakes

The duodenum contains Brunner’s glands that produce bicarbonate, and pancreatic juice that contains bicarbonate to neutralize hydrochloric acid in the stomach.

reproduce in kind

Diatomic Molecules

The unions of the Bay Area looked anxiously at LA, for lower wages there tempted companies to relocate. Bay Area unions were also pressured by employers who competed with southern California companies and their lower labor costs. Extremists in the International Association of Bridge and Structural Iron Workers, including John and James McNamara, had begun to set bombs to terrorize opponents of unions. In 1910, they targeted the Los Angeles Times building. In the early hours of October 1, an explosion ripped open the building and ignited a roaring fire. Twenty-one people died. William Burns, whose detective agency had aided the San Francisco graft investigation, tracked down the bombers. Most union leaders considered it a “frame-up” and

Africans were often prevented from learning to read and write as a form of control.

It conveys its message comically through certain conventions that come along with the meme genre, such as the syntactic structure "me, a [insert noun]

s take the form of text superimposed on an image.

Literary genres include creative nonfiction, fiction, drama, and poetry.

uses different colors, paintbrushes, mediums, canvases, and techniques, the writer us

distinctions

What counts as a credible website in this tier

We have to balance our energy and our focus to get what we really want.

But these explanations for success or failure aren’t necessarily accurate.

unhappy with anything less than an A in a course although maybe this depends on the difficulty of the subject.

Maybe success means receiving a certificate of completion or finishing skill-based training.

today's college graduates lacking in interpersonal skills, problem solving, effective written and oral communication skills, the ability to work together in teams, and critical and analytical thinking"

In college writing classes, students study specific topics in depth, research ideas, and then, in a process that involves planning, reading, writing, researching, and revising, present their ideas in a well-organized format

If you want to be professional, you need to interact frequently with others. You have to be someone who can anticipate and solve complex problems and coordinate your work with others. Whether you're in business, an entrepreneur, or in a corporation, all of these skills depend on effective communication.

found that 89 percent of employers believe that colleges and universities should place more emphasis on teaching students to "effectively communicate orally and in writing”

how to write is an essential skill that is as relevant today as ever!

Eo cell ΔGΔG\Delta G Q & K Relationship Reaction Direction Spontaneity (as written)

Revision can be one of the most important, instructive, and even pleasurable parts of the writing process.

Once you have an idea of the points you will cover in your essay, an outline can help you plan how you will support each one.

Annotating a text can help us engage, understand, assess, and respond, all of which lay a foundation for writing about that text.

Having peers, tutors, friends, or family members read and respond to our papers can help us see what we can improve.

To write a complete first version of a piece of writing, we need to pace ourselves and give ourselves permission to write something we're not satisfied with.

A variety of tricks can help us get started coming up with ideas.

The writing process will help us form our ideas if we take it step by step, reflecting on which strategies we need at each stage.

Describe the stages of the writing process Identify strategies for annotation, brainstorming, outlining, and drafting Choose what to focus on in revision Give constructive feedback on a peer's draft Evaluate and incorporate peer feedback.

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