big-bang theory
What is the big-bang theory? Around 13.7 billion years ago, everything in the entire universe was condensed in an infinitesimally small singularity, a point of infinite denseness and heat. Suddenly, an explosive expansion began, ballooning our universe outwards faster than the speed of light
nother strong indication of the big-bang is cosmic microwave background radiation. Cosmic radiation was accidentally discovered by Arno Penzias (1933–) and Robert Woodrow Wilson (1936–) [8] when they were trying to eliminate background noise from a communication satellite. They discovered very faint traces of energy or heat that are omnipresent across the universe. This energy was left behind from the big bang, like an echo.
I remember reading online that being exposed to radiation can damage our DNA in our cells. Also could lead to cancer later in life. That's why many people don't owe microwaves, smartphones, etc...
Spectroscopy confirms that hydrogen makes up about 74% of all matter in the universe.
The processes that control star formation, evolution, and the structure of the universe as a whole are based on the predominance of hydrogen.
Since most stars contain plentiful amounts of hydrogen, the main phase may last billions of years, during which their size and energy output remains relatively steady.
This long period of stability is defined by constant mass and energy release, demonstrating the stellar equilibrium between the gravitational pull from the outside and the nuclear fusion force from within.
In a supernova, the collapse of the core suddenly halts, creating a massive outward-propagating shock wave.
this is the instant when gravity's pull gives way to an enormous energy release, with profound effects on the surroundings space and components created in the process.
The giant phase in a star’s life occurs when the star runs out of hydrogen for fusion. If a star is large enough, it has sufficient heat and pressure to start fusing helium into heavier elements.
It appears that hydrogen is in mainly everything. It's emphasized that it is in mainly all stars.
An element such as hydrogen combines or fuses with other hydrogen atoms in the core of a star to become a new element, in this case, helium.
Does this apply for all elements? If you combine a element together does it become a new element?
The Doppler effect is the same process that changes the pitch of the sound of an approaching car or ambulance from high to low as it passes. When an object emits waves, such as light or sound, while moving toward an observer, the wavelengths get compressed. In sound, this results in a shift to a higher pitch. When an object moves away from an observer, the wavelengths are extended, producing a lower-pitched sound.
This explains the basic principle of the Doppler effect, meaning the shift in the frequency or wavelength of waves when an observer moves relative to the point of origin of the waves. It uses sound as an example to show how pitch varies with object motion.
Fusion is a nuclear reaction in which two or more nuclei, the centers of atoms, are forced together and combine creating a new larger atom. This reaction gives off a tremendous amount of energy, usually as light and solar radiation
Fusion makes two or more nuclei formed into one bit atom therefore creates a big amount of energy, as light and solar radiation.
Even white light from the Sun, which seems like an uninterrupted continuum of wavelengths, has gaps in some wavelengths. The gaps correspond to elements present in the Earth’s atmosphere that act as filters for specific wavelengths
The while light from the sun has wavelengths has gaps, the gaps are element on Earth that acts a filter for some wavelengths.
Spectroscopy confirms that hydrogen makes up about 74% of all matter in the universe.
That's a big percentage!! I'm so surprise
redshift
It is very interesting to see two different things, being sound waves and light waves, be compared using the dopplers effect. In my day to day life I am exposed to the Doppler effect contently when people honk while driving by my work or when a siren goes by. For that effect to be used to find the speed and direction of galixes is mind boggling.
e Doppler effect is the same process that changes the pitch of the sound of an approaching car or ambulance from hi
I wonder how far something is changes color
If the star has enough mass and reaches a point at which the primary fusion element, such as helium, is exhausted, fusion continues using new, heavier elements.
It always fascinated me with how basically ALL of our elements are the result of a star being made or dying.
A black hole and its shadow have been captured in an image for the first time in 2019,
i thought black holes wouldn't have shadows since the gravitational pull is so strong it can distort light.
In a supernova, the collapse of the core suddenly halts, creating a massive outward-propagating shock wave. A supernova is the most energetic explosion in the universe short of the big bang. The energy release is so significant the ensuing fusion can make every element up through uranium
it would be so interesting to be able to see a supernova form. the pictures they have produced are mesmerizing.
If the star has enough mass and reaches a point at which the primary fusion element, such as helium, is exhausted, fusion continues using new, heavier elements. This occurs over and over in very large stars, forming progressively heavier elements like carbon and oxygen. Eventually, fusion reaches its limit as it forms iron and nickel.
its amazing how many metals are direct products of the processes of the stars
Applying this process to light from distant stars, scientists can calculate the abundance of elements in a specific star and visible universe as a whole. Also, this spectroscopic information can be used as an interstellar speedometer.
this is fascinating stuff, great minds at work came together to answer some of science's burning questions.
Spectroscopy confirms that hydrogen makes up about 74% of all matter in the universe.
For such a simple gas, it's amazing how much of it there is in the world.
Every light on this image that does not have diffraction spikes is believed to be an entire galaxy, with hundreds of billions of stars, demonstrating the immense size and scope of the universe.
Like the previous videos we watched, understanding just how huge this scale is so difficult. Every light can be a galaxy in itself, that's wild!
Stars start their lives as elements floating in cold, spinning clouds of gas and dust known as nebulas. Gravitational attraction or perhaps a nearby stellar explosion causes the elements to condense and spin into a disk shape. In the center of this disk shape, a new star is born under the force of gravity. The spinning whirlpool concentrates material in the center, and the increasing gravitational forces collect even more mass. Eventually, the immensely concentrated mass of material reaches a critical point of such intense heat and pressure it initiates fusion.
I did not know how stars are born, this is very interesting to learn how stars are born.
Each beam of light is a unique mixture of wavelengths that combine across the spectrum to make the color we see. The light wavelengths are created or absorbed inside atoms, and each wavelength signature matches a specific element.
I did not know any of this information, this is something new that I learned.
Study of asteroids and meteorites help geologist to determine the age of Earth and the composition of its core, mantle, and crust. Jupiter’s gravity may also explain Mars’ smaller mass, with the larger planet consuming material as it migrated from the inner to the outer edge of the solar system
This is very cool that just by studying the asteroids and meteorites they can determine the age of the Earth.
This temperature differentiation resulted in the inner four planets of the solar system becoming rocky, and the outer four planets becoming gas giants.
Just thinking if our planet was either closer/farther away from the sun, what would our planet look like? Would it still have us humans on it?
Jupiter’s massive gravity further shaped the solar system and growth of the inner rocky planets. As the nebula started to coalesce into planets, Jupiter’s gravity accelerated the movement of nearby materials, generating destructive collisions rather than constructively gluing material together [14]. These collisions created the asteroid belt, an unfinished planet, located between Mars and Jupiter.
This shows the impact Jupitar has in the solar system
The planetary composition of the gas giants is clearly different from the rocky planets. Their size is also dramatically different for two reasons: First, the original planetary nebula contained more gases and ices than metals and rocks. There was abundant hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and less silicon and iron, giving the outer planets more building material. Second, the stronger gravitational pull of these giant planets allowed them to collect large quantities of hydrogen and helium, which could not be collected by the weaker gravity of the smaller planets.
This shows why the gas planets are different from the rocky planets.
Jupiter’s gravity accelerated the movement of nearby materials, generating destructive collisions rather than constructively gluing material together [14]. These collisions created the asteroid belt, an unfinished planet, located between Mars and Jupiter. This asteroid belt is the source of most meteorites that currently impact the Earth.
I never really understood why the Asteroid belt never really disbanded, because its in between Mars and a Gas Giant Jupiter.
The nebular hypothesis is the idea that a spinning cloud of dust made of mostly light elements, called a nebula, flattened into a protoplanetary disk, and became a solar system consisting of a star with orbiting planets [12]. The spinning nebula collected the vast majority of material in its center, which is why the sun Accounts for over 99% of the mass in our solar system.
I never really understood how Scientists figured out some of this information since I feel like there really wouldn't be enough to know about.
The XXVIth General Assembly of the International Astronomical Union (IAU) stripped Pluto of planetary status in 2006 because scientists discovered an object more massive than Pluto, which they named Eris.
RIP Pluto.
Jupiter’s gravity accelerated the movement of nearby materials, generating destructive collisions rather than constructively gluing material together
Jupiters formation seems to have had a big impact on the rest of the solar system.
four planets becoming gas giants.
it's amazing that the gas giants are ao huge and don't actually have surfaces.
The nebular hypothesis is the idea that a spinning cloud of dust made of mostly light elements, called a nebula, flattened into a protoplanetary disk, and became a solar system consisting of a star with orbiting planets [12]. The spinning nebula collected the vast majority of material in its center, which is why the sun Accounts for over 99% of the mass in our solar system.
this question tripped me up on the quiz.
proto-planets
What are proto-planets and what do they do?
Blackness, as a community, has endured for generations, and that is a testament to the strength of our legacy.
Powerful acknowledgement of the black community and its strength of resilience as well as milestones of overcoming the societies that have oppressed them .
Black Lives Matter is a unique contribution that goes beyond extrajudicial killings of Black people by police and vigilantes….Black Lives Matter affirms the lives of Black queer and trans folks, disabled folks, Black-undocumented folks, folks with records, women and all Black lives along the gender spectrum. It centers those that have been marginalized within Black liberation movements. It is a tactic to (re)build the Black liberation movement (Garza, 2014).
Interesting and meaning fact about BLM.
Intersectionality is a process of identifying and embracing all aspects of one’s identity, and Lorde emphasizes how this practice allows us to fully see one another’s humanity, as there is strength in diversity and difference.
Intersectionality further explained.
For example, how racial/ethnic identity intersects with gender identity, sexuality, class background, etc. to shape the experiences of women of color. Furthermore, intersectionality examines the intersecting structures of power (such as white supremacy, patriarchy, and capitalism) that limit, marginalize, or oppress people based on race, class, gender, gender identity, immigration status, national origin, sexual orientation, language, religion, spirituality, ability, tribal citizenship, sovereignty, age, and other notable markers of difference. Such intersecting oppressions might extend to an institutional level, interpersonal level (between individuals) or an internalized level (i.e. believing racist and sexist stereotypes about self-worth).
Examples of intersectionality among women of color and others.
_____
una
_____
una
_____
una
_____
los
_____
un
_____
un
When considering beliefs, we are dealing with what we believe “is or isn’t” or “true or false.” We come to hold our beliefs based on what we are taught, experience for ourselves, or have faith in.
I like this quote, mainly because it emphasizes how much we are shaped by our environment. We often learn of how bullying isn't an ok thing and should be frowned upon. For the child who has known only violence his whole life, this might be the only thing they know how to do and to tell them they are wrong and disturbed for it does little to dissuade them from this lifestyle. It takes understanding, empathy, and a new way of life to move them in a different direction.
While this may be unavoidable, speakers can still think critically about what content they include in the speech and the effects it may have.
This is an important subject to consider. Rather than just preparing a speech ahead of time as a script or just rambling on about whatever comes to mind, it may be best to combine both approaches and remain flexible yet still have some form to your speech. Flashcards are a good example of this as they can cover what topics to hit on, but are sparse enough to prevent over-explaining or being too rigid with your topic.
But it would be very uncomfortable to shrink you down to 5mm tall and insert you into the computer just so you could issue a command three billion times per second. So instead, you must write down your instructions in advance. We call these stored instructions a program and the act of writing these instructions down and getting the instructions to be correct programming.
only 5 billion times a second is not slow . kidding.
These days, most computers also have a Network Connection to retrieve information over a network. We can think of the network as a very slow place to store and retrieve data that might not always be "up". So in a sense, the network is a slower and at times unreliable form of Secondary Memory. While most of the detail of how these components work is best left to computer builders, it helps to have some terminology so we can talk about these different parts as we write our programs. As a programmer, your job is to use and orchestrate each of these resources to solve the problem that you need to solve and analyze the data you get from the solution. As a programmer you will mostly be "talking" to the CPU and telling it what to do next. Sometimes you will tell the CPU to use the main memory, secondary memory, network, or the input/output devices.
It's nice to know that I never really figured this out but the secondary memory even stores memory when the computer is off and everything with the networking and that I owe Jax within the module itself the computer part that's cool I mean I get this I know some of this I know a great deal but it's nice to have some defining words to the face if that makes sense
The Secondary Memory is also used to store information, but it is much slower than the main memory. The advantage of the secondary memory is that it can store information even when there is no power to the computer. Examples of secondary memory are disk drives or flash memory (typically found in USB sticks and portable music players).
when no power to the computer...
The Central Processing Unit (or CPU) is the part of the computer that is built to be obsessed with "what is next?" If your computer is rated at 3.0 Gigahertz, it means that the CPU will ask "What next?" three billion times per second. You are going to have to learn how to talk fast to keep up with the CPU.
WOW!
While this book is not intended for professional programmers, professional programming can be a very rewarding job both financially and personally. Building useful, elegant, and clever programs for others to use is a very creative activity. Your computer or Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) usually contains many different programs from many different groups of programmers, each competing for your attention and interest. They try their best to meet your needs and give you a great user experience in the process. In some situations, when you choose a piece of software, the programmers are directly compensated because of your choice.
Well this is very thrilling to hear and understand but I'm just not there yet I mean I would like to know what everything is all about and how it functions it's just at this point in time I see money signs and I just want to make money I want to create the next application or be part of a nice career structure that can handle my life choices and events throughout my life obvious
Our "personal information analysis assistant" quickly told us that the word "to" was used sixteen times in the first three paragraphs of this chapter. This very fact that computers are good at things that humans are not is why you need to become skilled at talking "computer language". Once you learn this new language, you can delegate mundane tasks to your partner (the computer), leaving more time for you to do the things that you are uniquely suited for. You bring creativity, intuition, and inventiveness to this partnership.
Well in that case I better get back down to it so I can learn better how how can I put this you why would why you need to become skilled at talking computer language once you learn the new language you can delegate and mundane task to your partner the computer sounds great with me
If we knew this language, we could tell the computer to do tasks on our behalf that were repetitive. Interestingly, the kinds of things computers can do best are often the kinds of things that we humans find boring and mind-numbing. For example, look at the first three paragraphs of this chapter and tell me the most commonly used word and how many times the word is used. While you were able to read and understand the words in a few seconds, counting them is almost painful because it is not the kind of problem that human minds are designed to solve. For a computer the opposite is true, reading and understanding text from a piece of paper is hard for a computer to do but counting the words and telling you how many times the most used word was used is very easy for the computer:
Well in that case I better get back down to it so I can learn better
We are surrounded in our daily lives with computers ranging from laptops to cell phones. We can think of these computers as our "personal assistants" who can take care of many things on our behalf. The hardware in our current-day computers is essentially built to continuously ask us the question, "What would you like me to do next?"
However although what would you like me to do next is not necessarily the case when the industry is so flooded with hardware specifications that are just not ready to handle the software side of things
You can write programs for many reasons, ranging from making your living to solving a difficult data analysis problem to having fun to helping someone else solve a problem. This book assumes that everyone needs to know how to program, and that once you know how to program you will figure out what you want to do with your newfound skills.
Sometimes always wanted to know what to talk about or write about and maybe these newfound skills will harden my contact with the world better
PS III
I think this is PS II as PS III is not shown here in the figure and my professor explained this in class
And
What do patterns say about the meaning?
Perceptual errors involving people and assumptions of difference can be especially awkward, if not offensive.
I have personally never done this thank god. I'm a normal human being so if I have an assumption about something about someone (say that five times fast), I usually keep it to myself you know. My friend Isaac on the other hand is just out there with it. I can't count on one hand he's made a comment about someone and they've heard him and he ends up being a racist. No lie though, it's funny.
For example, have you ever been waiting to be helped in a business and the clerk assumes that you and the person standing beside you are together?
One of the most awkward moments of my life was when I took my sister to see Napoleon and the dude at the counter was like "Oh well aren't you guys a cute couple" I don't think I've ever wanted to give someone the peoples elbow in my life. After that my sister and I just went home didn't even see the movie.
We tend to pay attention to information that we perceive to meet our needs or interests in some way.
This is an extremely true fact. I don't normally pay attention if it doesn't meet my needs or interests. I think it's because most things bore me to death. For example, my heater went out on my car and when I went to go pick it up BOB at Midas (shoutout Bob he's a dog), was talking to me about all the parts and what they did. To be honest I am not a car guy so I did not care.
Think about the couple that won’t stop talking during the movie
Very annoying. I can not stand when people talk. Honest to god if it is a genuinely interesting movie I want to watch it, but if it's like Minions or something like that then talk all you want you feel?
Some of the most common elements in a piece of literature include: Setting Characters Plot (story or play) or structure (poem) Tone/Mood Themes Symbolism and Figurative Language
questions to consider when writing about literature
to write a strong paper, you will need to examine a text both subjectively and objectively. If you only write about your personal reaction to a book, there won't be much to support your argument except your word alone. Thus, you will need to use some facts from the text to support your argument. Rather than trying to evaluate every nuance of a text all at once, you should start with the basics: character and plot. From there, you can examine the theme of the work and then move on to the finer points such as the writing itself. For instance, when determining how you want to analyze a piece of literature, you might want to ask yourself the following series of questions: Who are the characters? What are they doing? Why and how are they doing it? Do their actions relate to any broader topics or issues? How does the author convey this through their writing?
how to write a strong literature
Sidney would probably consider most people momes
lol
Exercise 2: What is a program?
A program is a set of instructions that a computer follows in order to perform a particular task.
Primary type (the one I identify with most closely)
Realistic, social and enterprising. Im outgoing like to work with hands I like to make a difference and I'm also confident..
Geoscientists use the geological time scale to assign relative age names to events and rocks, separating major events in Earth’s history based on significant changes as recorded in rocks and fossils.
It is always interesting to see thes different layers of rocks and sediments on wonder what the earth looked like back during the formation of each individual layer.
Earth cooled
What does it mean by Earth cooled?
T
True
F
False
F
False
T
True
__________________________________________________________________
The work will be harder and it will be harder to manage my time.
__________________________________________________________________
I will have less time and money to spend on my friends, family, and relationship.
__________________________________________________________________
I value having a good job and a college education will help with that in the future.
All of the above
Participating in clubs, organized activities
3
Going to parties
3
Talking on the telephone, texting, e-mail
4
Going to religious services
3
Attending classes
5
Cleaning house
5
Volunteering your time for a good cause
4
Setting your own schedule
4
Engaging in your hobbies
5
Having a positive romantic relationship
5
Being your own boss
1
Exercising, being physically active
5
Eating nice meals out
3
Going to movies or entertainments
4
Meeting new people
4
Looking good, personal hygiene
5
Working your job
5
Getting out in nature
4
Enjoying time alone
2
Watching television
2
Having nice clothing
4
Studying and reading textbooks
3
Being liked by others
2
Shopping
2
Traveling to new places
2
5
5
4
4
1
1
3
3
0
0
5
5
5
5
3
3
2
2
2
2
5
5
5
5
3
3
________________________________________________________
Yes because I am determined when I set my mind to something.
________________________________________________________
I think the most difficult part of college will be managing my time.
________________________________________________________
I am not sure because I am taking dual credit and plan todo a college apprenticeship program.
________________________________________________________
I plan on being in college for about 4 years.
T
T
F
F
F
F
T
T
__________________________________________________________________
You have to finish work on your own time.
__________________________________________________________________
Buying cute clothes
__________________________________________________________________
I will value having a fulfilling job.
All of the above
5
5
5
0
0
3
3
5
5
4
4
5
5
3
3
5
5
4
4
5
5
5
5
3
3
5
5
3
3
5
5
5
5
3
3
1
1
3
3
5
5
2
2
5
5
5
5
3
3
5
5
4
4
2
2
4
4
0
o
5
5
2
2
0
0
2
2
4
4
3
3
5
5
5
5
________________________________________________________
Yes
________________________________________________________
Taking initiative and finishing my work
________________________________________________________
4
________________________________________________________
4 years
The word Phanerozoic means “visible life.”
i don't understand the meaning?
Ediacaran fauna
this my first time learn that Ediacaran fauna is an animal. interesting.
Proterozoic Eon
what Proterozoic Eon mean and what is do?
The Proterozoic Eon, meaning “earlier life,” is the eon of time after the Archean eon and ranges from 2.5 billion years old to 541 million years old. During this time, most of the central parts of the continents had formed and the plate tectonic process had started.
I don't understand when it says, "Most of the central parts of the continents had formed and the plate tectonic process had started." wouldn't there need to be plate tectonics already in order for the continents to be formed the way they were?
The formation of the banded iron lasted a long time and prevented the oxygen level from increasing significantly in the oceans since the rocks literally took the oxygen out of the water and formed alternating layers of iron-oxide minerals and red chert
This is very interesting to learn that banded iron lasted a long time and prevented the oxygen level from increasing.
They use several credit cards so they don’t have to worry about finances until after graduation.
no
They have few friends, because social relationships distract one from academics.
no
They eat fast food so they have more time for studying.
no
They develop their writing skills.
yes
They avoid talking with their instructors, so they can remain anonymous.
no
They know how to speed-read so they don’t have to underline or highlight in their textbooks.
yes
They know better than to try to think on their own.
yes
because
No
They know how to stay motivated.
Yes
__________________________________________________________________
I am a traditional student. One advantage is I don't have a family that I have to worry about and take care of.
They develop their writing skills.
✓
They know how to stay motivated.
✓
__________________________________________________________________
I am a traditional student and there are advantages to being this type of student. An advantage I have as a traditional student is the fact that I am already used to taking notes and being in a classroom environment.
They use several credit cards so they don’t have to worry about finances until after graduation.
X
They have few friends, because social relationships distract one from academics.
X
They eat fast food so they have more time for studying.
X
They develop their writing skills.
✓
They avoid talking with their instructors, so they can remain anonymous.
X
They know how to speed-read so they don’t have to underline or highlight in their textbooks.
X
They know better than to try to think on their own.
X
They don’t need to schedule study periods because they study at every available moment every day.
X
They know how to stay motivated.
✓
__________________________________________________________________
I am a traditional student. One advantage I have is that I am used to staying up to complete school work.
__________________________________________________________________
im a traditional student. some advantages i have are being used to taking notes and being used to reading textbooks. My parents are returning students and i saw how it was kinda hard for them to adjust because a lot of stuff has changed with schools.
used 3 of the communication Characteristics
Irreversible is one of the characteristics of communication listed above, but I don't understand how it could be used. Unlike the other characteristics, it's more of a fact since it can't be adapted to circumstance.
In order for plate tectonics to work as it does currently, it necessarily must have continents. However, the easiest way to create continental material is via assimilation and differentiation of existing continents (see Chapter 4).
Then how did plate tectonics work when the entire world was just one country called Pangea?
The layers of the Earth.
How many layer of the earth?
Self-fulfilling prophecies are thought and action patterns in which a person’s false belief triggers a behavior that makes the initial false belief actually or seemingly come true (Guyll et al., 2010). For example, let’s say a student’s biology lab instructor is a Chinese person who speaks English as a second language. The student falsely believes that the instructor will not be a good teacher because he speaks English with an accent. Because of this belief, the student doesn’t attend class regularly and doesn’t listen actively when she does attend.
I have heard of a self-fulfilling prophecies but that's not what I remember them being. These can be silent downfall. Most people don't even know that they are doing this to themselves. I wonder if these can work in reverse? This is why you should keep an open mind about people.